Stages in the Development of New Englishes

The stages that a variety of English goes through on its way to becoming
accepted as standard variety in a society.
According to Kachru (1992b: 56)New Englishes has three stages. First, is
marked by non-acceptance of the emerging variety, with locals preferring the
colonial or relevant Inner-Circle variety. The second stage sees local and
imported varieties existing side-by-side. Finally, the local variety becomes
accepted as the standard.
Schneider (2007: 56) identifies five stages in the developmental cycle.
Foundation: English first arrives in the area.
Exonormative Stabilization: standards are provided by the colonial
variety. British English originally provided the norms in many
colonies.
Nativization: bilingual and multilingual speakers create a new local
variety of English which is influenced by the linguistic systems and
cultural norms of the speakers first languages. During this stage, the
new variety is usually considered deficient, so norms are still provided
by the colonial variety, especially in the classroom.
Endonormative Stabilization: the new variety becomes socially
accepted and provides the classroom model. In Kachrus terms, this is
when Outer-Circle varieties become norm providing rather than
norm dependent.
Differentiation: the new variety itself develops sub-varieties.
The varieties of English can reach Schneiders final stage of differentiation
linguistically, but sociolinguistically they remain in an earlier stage when
language planners are not prepared to accept local varieties as classroom
models.
The distinction between spoken and written are the spoken codes allow
significant variation, while the written code is more uniform. Many Asian and
African writers use local varieties of English to represent their cultures.
Recent developments
Today, English acts as a lingua franca through the world. A lingua franca can
be defined as a language that I used for communication between different
groups of people, each speaking a different language (Richards et al. 1985:
214). ELF, the most common use of English in the world, tends to describe
the function rather than a specific variety. Thus, it is not only sheds light on
the linguistic features of ELF but also offers important observations on how
language is actually used in intercultural communication.
The fundamental role of ELF communication is to facilitate cross-cultural
communication, while the fundamental role of World Englishes is to reflect
local phenomena and cultural values.
The post-Anglophone role of English is people use it to communicate rather
than to think it is all about linguistic imperialism.
The choice of English as ELF is natural.
The influence of the new technology
New technology has had a big influence on the development of worldwide
varieties of English. It is also helping the mixture between global and local
language.
Summary
World Englishes is fresh field study. It showed that variation is normal. It is
also noted the remarkable number of linguistic features shared by New
Englishes and how this phenomenon has given rise to a theory of vernacular
universal. Additional suggestion is the role of English as a lingua franca
should be studied as part of the World Englishes paradigm. Last, the
technology helps to combine the global and local features.













CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN FILIPINOS AND INDONESIAN
STUDENTS IN PRONOUNCING THE WORDS
WITH ION AND ABLE SUFFIX

1. Theoretical Framework
Nowadays, English is widely spoken among the people around the
world. In the development of the technology, information and innovation, the
use of English is inevitable. Thus, some of the countries in the world use
English as their official language. It also depends on the process of
colonization which has been done by the native of English in some countries.
For instance, Philippine was colonized by America which English as their first
language. Consequently, English becomes the second language in Philippine.
In other word, Philippine can be classified as the outer circle country of
English. As stated by Kachru about three circle of English as follows:
The current sociolinguistic profile of English may be viewed in terms
of three concentric circles The Inner Circle refers to the traditional
cultural and linguistic bases of English [e.g. Britain, USA, Australia].
The Outer Circle represents the institutionalized non-native varieties
(ESL) in the regions that have passed through extended periods of
colonization [e.g. Singapore, India, Nigeria] The Expanding Circle
includes the regions where the performance varieties of the language
are used essentially in EFL contexts [e.g. China, Japan, Egypt].
(Kachru 1992c: 3567)

On the other hand, comparing with Indonesia, it uses English as foreign
language. As we know that Indonesia had never been colonized by Britain,
America, or any other English speaking country, but Netherland.








2. Methodology and Data Collection and Interpretation Protocols
This research will be conducted as contrastive analysis. The data will
be collected and taken from Angeles University Foundation students and
Indonesia students who study in Angeles University Foundation. The subjects
in this research are 20 students from native Philippines and 20 students of
Indonesia who are chosen randomly. Meanwhile, the procedure will be done
by observation, interview and note taking, and questionnaire.
Below is the chart how the procedure to be carried out:


The data obtained based on the steps above will be analyzed qualitatively
and it will be contrasted related to the similarity and differences between
Indonesian English and Philippines English.
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire