Guia de Ejercicios

EXERCISES 1
1. Change the following pairs of words into sentences, using the correct forms of the Simple Present
of the verb to be. For example: I, cautious I am cautious. the!, friendl! "he! are friendl!.
1. !ou, careful
2. it, warm
3. he, here
4. we, bold
5. the!, careless
6. she, clever
7. we, read!
8. !ou, rec#less
9. I, sh!
10. the!, polite
$. Change the affirmative statements resulting from %xercise 1 into &uestions. For example:
I am cautious.'m I cautious( "he! are friendl!. 're the! friendl!(
). Change the affirmative statements resulting from %xercise 1 into negative statements. For
example: I am cautious. I am not cautious. "he! are friendl!. "he! are not friendl!.
*. Change the affirmative statements resulting from %xercise 1 into negative &uestions. %xcept
where the sub+ect of the verb is I, write both the form without contractions and the form with
contractions. For example: I am cautious. 'm I not cautious(
"he! are friendl!. 're the! not friendl!( 'ren,t the! friendl!(
-. 'dd negative tag &uestions to the ends of the affirmative statements resulting from %xercise 1.
%xcept where
the sub+ect of the verb is I, use contractions for the tag &uestions. For example:
I am cautious.I am cautious, am I not( "he! are friendl!."he! are friendl!, aren,t the!(
.. /sing the Simple Present of the verb to be, and ma#ing sure that the word order is correct, form
the following groups of words into grammaticall! correct statements or &uestions. If the 0?) s!mbol
is present, form the words into a &uestion. If the word not is present, form the words into a
negative statement or negative &uestion. 1o not use contractions in this exercise. For example:
it, brownIt is brown. !ou, (, excited 're !ou excited(
I, satisfied, not I am not satisfied. not, (, the!, read! 're the! not read!(
1. !ou, (, hungr!
2. we, (, not, correct
3. he, (, happ!
4. not, (, it, cold
5. she, here
6. I, earl!, (
7. the!, wrong, not
8. !ou, (, comfortable
9. the!, (, not, strong
10. not, (, I, fortunate
11. it, slipper!, (
12. not, !ou, late
13. it, not, (, important
14. we, famous
15. the!, present, (
EXERCISES 2
1. /sing the Simple Present tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown in
brac#ets. For example: I 2222222 to the radio. 0to listen3 I listen to the radio.
1. She2222222the guitar. 0to pla!3
2. 4e2222222soccer 0to pla!3
3. "he! 2222222to tal# 0to li#e3
4. 5e22222 ice cream 0to li#e3
5. 6ou 2222!our friends often 0to call3
6. 5e2222222the office ever! da! 0to call3
7. She222222 regular! 0to practice3
8. "he!2222222once a wee# 0 to practice3
9. 4e2222here 0 to shop3
10. It22222delicious 0to taste3
$. /sing the Simple Present tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verb to have. For
example: I 2222 a pen. I have a pen. 5e 2222two pencils.5e has two pencils.
1. I222 man! boo#s.
2. 6ou2222 an apartment.
3. 5e22222 a bic!cle.
4. 4e22222fun.
5. "he!2222two sleds.
6. She 222 mil# in her tea.
7. I222a warm sweater.
8. 4e222brea#fast at eight o7cloc#.
9. 5e2222 an alarm cloc#.
10. "he!222 a sense of humor.
). Pa!ing attention to which verbs change their spelling before adding 0s3 in the third person
singular, fill in the blan#s with the Simple Present of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
5e alwa!s 2promptl!. 0to repla!35e alwa!s replies promptl!.
She222222222little 0to sa!3.she sa!s little.
"he!2222222bridge once a wee#.0to pla!3 "he! pla! bridge once a wee#.
1. 5e22222it. 0to den!3
2. "he! 22222to be on time 0to tr!3
3. It22222to be careful. 0to pa!3
4. She2222hard. 0to stud!3
5. 6o!2222good manners. 0to en+o!3
6. 5e22222alwa!s himself. 0to en+o!3
7. She22222to Ireland once a !ear. 0to fl!3
8. 4e222222five people. 0to emplo!3
9. 5e222222his friend. 0to accompan!3
10. She2222chocolate chip coo#ies ever! wee#. 0to bu!3.
*. Pa!ing attention to which verbs ta#e s and which ta#e es in the third person singular, fill in the
blan#s with the Simple Present of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
5e 2222 ever!where on foot. 0to go3 5e goes ever!where on foot.
It 222222 surprising. 0to seem3 It seems surprising.
"he! 22222 s#iing. 0to teach3 "he! teach s#iing.
1. She 2222222222 a great deal of wor#. 0to do3
2. 5e 2222222222 television ever! evening. 0to watch3
3. She 2222222222 a horse. 0to own3
4. 4e 22222222222 the dishes ever! night. 0to do3
5. She 22222222222 she had a pair of s#ates. 0to wish3
6. 5e 2222222222 us to call him. 0to want3
7. She 2222222222 she made a mista#e. 0to confess3
8. 5e usuall! 22222222222 the truth. 0to tell3
9. "he! 2222222222 apples to ma#e cider. 0to press3
18. It 22222222222 out easil!. 0to wash3
-. For each of the following verbs, underline the letter or letters representing the sound preceding
the es ending, and then indicate the number of s!llables in the verb. For example:
wishes 22wishes $9 laces 22 laces $ 9 ta#es 22 ta#es 1
1. watches 22
2. teases 22
3. li#es 22
4. rushes 22
5. faces 22
6. dines 22
7. misses 22
8. tames 22
9. scares 22
10. passes 22
11. pinches 22
12. wades 22
.. Change the following affirmative statements into &uestions. For example:
She wal#s to wor#. 1oes she wal# to wor#( "he! ta#e the bus. 1o the! ta#e the bus(
1. I hurr! home.
2. 5e drives a truc#.
3. 6ou follow the news.
4. "he! want a pet.
5. She li#es flowers.
6. 4e need tea.
7. She answers the &uestions.
8. 5e drin#s coffee.
9. I learn &uic#l!.
10. It rains heavil!.
:. Change the affirmative statements given in %xercise . into negative statements. For example:
She wal#s to wor#. She does not wal# to wor#. "he! ta#e the bus. "he! do not ta#e the bus.
;. Change the affirmative statements given in %xercise . into negative &uestions. <ive both the
forms without contractions, and the forms with contractions. For example:
She wal#s to wor#. 1oes she not wal# to wor#( 1oesn,t she wal# to wor#(
"he! ta#e the bus. 1o the! not ta#e the bus( 1on,t the! ta#e the bus(
=. 'dd negative tag &uestions to the affirmative statements given in %xercise .. /se contractions for
the tag &uestions. For example:
She wal#s to wor#. She wal#s to wor#, doesn,t she(
"he! ta#e the bus. "he! ta#e the bus, don,t the!(
EXERCISES 3
1. /sing the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown
in brac#ets. For example:
5e 22 hard. 0to wor#3 5e is wor#ing hard.
4e 22 anxious. 0to feel3 4e are feeling anxious.
1. I 222222222222222 the &uestions. 0to answer3
2. 6ou 22222222222222222 boots. 0to wear3
3. 4e 222222222222222 for wor#. 0to loo#3
4. She 22222222222222 her friend. 0to call3
5. 5e 2222222222222222 a house. 0to build3
6. "he! 222222222222222 supper. 0to coo#3
7. 4e 222222222222222 a stor!. 0to tell3
8. 6ou 222222222222222 for the bus. 0to wait3
9. I 222222222222222 a boo#. 0to read3
18. "he! 222222222222222 berries. 0to pic#3
$. /sing the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown
"he! 22 the lemons. 0to s&uee>e3 "he! are s&uee>ing the lemons.
It 2222 on the sidewal#. 0to lie3 It is l!ing on the sidewal#.
I 2222 the groceries. 0to carr!3 I am carr!ing the groceries.
1. She 2222222222222222 a letter. 0to write3
2. "he! 22222222222222222 about it. 0to worr!3
3. 5e 22222222222222222 +am. 0to ma#e3
4. It 22222222222222222 . 0to die3
5. 4e 2222222222222222 to school. 0to hurr!3
6. She 222222222222222222 us to do it. 0to dare3
7. 6ou 22222222222222222 on the blan#et. 0to lie3
8. 5e 222222222222222222 the problem. 0to solve3
9. I 22222222222222222 now. 0to leave3
18. "he! 22222222222222222 to help us. 0to tr!3
). /sing the Present Continuous tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown
4e 22to come. 0to plan3 4e are planning to come.
"he! 222222222the lawn. 0to mow3 "he! are mowing the lawn.
It 2222222222 .0to rain3 It is raining.
1. I 222222222222222 the grass. 0to cut3
2. It 2222222222222222 downstream. 0to float3
3. "he! 22222222222222222 the game. 0to win3
4. 4e 222222222222222222 the present. 0to wrap3
5. She 22222222222222222 lettuce. 0to grow3
6. 5e 22222222222222222 for us. 0to loo#3
7. I 22222222222222222 a sweater. 0to #nit3
8. "he! 22222222222222222 wood. 0to saw3
9. She 22222222222222222 the windows. 0to clean3
10. 4e 222222222222222222 the floor. 0to scrub3
11. I 2222222222222222 the toaster. 0to fix3
12. 5e 22222222222222222 his coffee. 0to sip3
13. "he! 222222222222222222 the hedge. 0to trim3
14. 6ou 222222222222222222 the duc#s. 0to feed3
15. She 22222222222222222 her head. 0to nod3
*. %ach of the following sentences is preceded b! a bare infinitive, the most heavil! stressed
s!llable of which is underlined. Pa!ing attention to whether or not the final consonant should be
doubled before ing is added, fill in the blan#s with the present participles corresponding to the bare
infinitives. /se the 'merican spelling for verbs ending in l. For example:
whisper: "he! are 2222222222 to their friends. "he! are whispering to their friends.
refer: I was 2222222222 to !our letter. I was referring to !our letter.
1. open: I am 2222222222222 the door.
2. displa!: She is 22222222222222 her talents.
3. submit: 5e is 2222222222222222 his report tomorrow.
4. limit: "he store is 22222222222222 the number of items on sale.
5. permit: 4e are not 22222222222222 him to go.
6. sharpen: "he! are 2222222222222222 the pencils.
7. confer: She is 2222222222222222 with her colleagues.
8. focus: 5e is 2222222222222222 the camera.
9. repel: "he! are 2222222222222222 the attac#.
10. shovel: I am 2222222222222222 the steps.
11. destro!: 5ail is 222222222222222 the crops.
12. dispel: "he! are 222222222222222 our doubts.
13. s&uander: 5e is 222222222222222 his mone!.
14. prefer: 4e are 2222222222222222 our new school to the old one.
15. color: "he child is 22222222222222 the picture.
16. unravel: 4e are 22222222222222 the wool.
17. propel: ?et engines are 222222222222222 the plane.
18. flower: "he pansies are 222222222222222
19. infer: "he! are 22222222222222 that we do not want to come.
20. listen: "he children are 222222222222222 to us.
-. Change the following affirmative statements into &uestions. For example: It is snowing. Is it snowing(
cautious. 're the! being cautious(
1. I am learning %nglish.
2. 6ou are carr!ing a parcel.
3. It is growing colder.
4. 4e are living in 5alifax.
5. "he! are running a race.
6. 5e is drin#ing coffee.
7. She is shopping for presents.
8. I am cleaning the window.
9. 4e are bu!ing pencils.
18. "he! are pla!ing football.
.. Change the affirmative statements given in %xercise - into negative statements. For
example:
It is snowing.
It is not snowing.
"he! are being
cautious. "he!
are not being
cautious.
:. Change the affirmative statements given in %xercise - into negative &uestions. %xcept when the
sub+ect of
the verb is I, write both the form without contractions and the form with contractions. For
example:
It is
snowin
g. Is it
not
snowin
g( Isn,t
it
snowin
g(
"he! are being
cautious. 're the!
not being cautious(
'ren,t the! being
cautious(
;. 'dd negative tag &uestions to the affirmative statements given in %xercise -. %xcept when the
sub+ect of the
verb is I, use contractions for the tag &uestions. For example:
It is snowing.
It is snowing, isn,t it(
"he! are being cautious.
"he! are being cautious, aren,t the!(
=. For each of the following sentences, determine whether the Simple Present tense or the Present
Continuous
tense is more appropriate, and fill in the blan# with the correct form of the verb given in brac#ets.
For example:
@ight now, he 222222222 ridiculous. 0to be3
@ight now, he is being ridiculous.
She 222222 to S!dne! ever! wee#end. 0to drive3
She drives to S!dne! ever! wee#end.
1. 't the moment, I 222222222222222222 supper. 0to coo#3
2. 5e 2222222222222222 the paper ever! wee#da!. 0to read3
3. 4e 22222222222222222 right now. 0to stud!3
4. She 2222222222222222 ever! da!. 0to stud!3
5. Aow it 2222222222222222 . 0to rain3
6. "he! 22222222222222 to Bexico ever! !ear. 0to travel3
7. ?ust now we 22222222222222222 the shopping. 0to do3
8. She alwa!s 22222222222222222 correctl!.0 to answer3
9. 6ou 22222222222222222 never late. 0to be3
10. Aow I 2222222222222222 to the radio. 0to listen3
11. %ach Sunda!, we 22222222222222222 the flea mar#et. 0to visit3
12. 't present, I 22222222222222222 for wor#. 0to loo#3
EXERCISES 4
1. /sing the Present Perfect tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown in
brac#ets. For example:
4e 2222222222222 the contest. 0to enter3
4e have entered the contest.
5e 2222222222222 the wor#. 0to finish3
5e has finished the wor#.
1. "he! 222222222222222 a pi>>a. 0to order3
2. It 222222222222222 to rain. 0to start3
3. 6ou 2222222222222222 the &uestion. 0to answer3
4. I 222222222222222 the eggs. 0to coo#3
5. 4e 2222222222222222 the sauce. 0to heat3
6. 5e 2222222222222222 the room. 0to clean3
7. She 222222222222222 the car. 0to start3
8. "he! 222222222222222 on the door. 0to #noc#3
9. 6ou 2222222222222222 on the lights. 0to turn3
18. She 222222222222222 them to come. 0to as#3
$. @ewrite the following sentences, using the contracted form of the auxiliar! to have. For
example: It has started. It,s started.
4e have
telephoned.
4e,ve
telephoned.
1. I have agreed.
2. 6ou have moved.
3. 5e has loo#ed.
4. 4e have argued.
5. "he! have explained.
6. 6ou have waited.
7. She has answered.
8. 4e have finished.
9. It has cooled.
18. I have ordered.
). Pa!ing attention to the spelling of the past participles, fill in the blan#s using the Present Perfect
tense of the regular verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
She 2222222222 hard. 0to tr!3
She has tried hard.
5e 222222222222 his friend. 0to anno!3
5e has anno!ed his friend.
1. 4e 2222222222222222 them. 0to env!3
2. She 2222222222222222 the clarinet for five !ears. 0to pla!3
3. 6ou 222222222222222222 for the +ob. 0to appl!3
4. 4e 2222222222222222 the eggs. 0to fr!3
5. "he! 22222222222222222 six people. 0to emplo!3
6. 5e 2222222222222222 the wall with paint. 0to spra!3
7. I 2222222222222222 home. 0to hurr!3
8. "he! 22222222222222222 unusual intelligence. 0to displa!3
9. It 22222222222222222 our chances. 0to destro!3
18. 6ou 22222222222222222 on !our bic!cle. 0to rel!3
*. Pa!ing attention to the spelling of the past participles, fill in the blan#s using the Present Perfect
tense of the regular verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
5e 2222222222 the child. 0to scare3
5e has scared the child.
"he! 222222222222 the hillside. 0to scar3
"he! have scarred the hillside.
1. She 222222222222222222 . 0to apologi>e3
2. I 22222222222222222 the soup. 0to stir3
3. It 222222222222222222 . 0to stop3
4. 4e 222222222222222222 what happened. 0to explain3
5. "he! 2222222222222222222 a concert. 0to plan3
6. 6ou 22222222222222222 the table. 0to wipe3
7. 4e 222222222222222222 our hopes on !ou. 0to pin3
8. She 222222222222222222 the choir. 0to +oin3
9. "he! 22222222222222222 an eagle. 0to spot3
10. It 222222222222 ever! da!. 0to rain3
11. 6ou 2222222222222222 the cream. 0to whip3
12. She 222222222222222 ever!thing. 0to arrange3
-. Ceeping in mind that the ending ed forms a separate s!llable onl! when it follows the letter d or
t, indicate the number of s!llables in each of the following past participles. @ead each of the the
past participles aloud. For example: 22 pained
1 pained
22 painted
$ painted
1. waited
$. wailed
). pinned
*. printed
-. acted
.. added
:. wanted
;. warned
=. raced
18. rated
11. +oined
1$. +umped
1). folded
1*. frowned
1-. passed
1.. patted
1:. raided
1;. rained
1=. stared
$8. started
.. @eferring to the table of irregular verbs if necessar!, fill in the blan#s with the Present Perfect
tense of the
irregular verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
"he! 222222222222 tall. 0to grow3
"he! have grown tall.
5e it. 0to choose3
5e has chosen it.
l. 4e 222 lunch. 0to eat3
$.1 the floor. 0to sweep3
). She 2222 in a choir. 0to sing3
*. "he! to wor#. 0to go3
-. 6ou 22222 !our wa!. 0to lose3
.. 5e 222 earlier than usual. 0to rise3
:. 4e to ever!one. 0to spea#3
;.1 the #ingfisher. 0to see3
=. "he! 2 each other a long time. 0to #now3
18. She here from France. 0to fl!3
11. 5e ver! helpful. 0to be3
1$.1 the blue cloth. 0to cut3
1). 4e two letters. 0to write3
1*. "he! the competition. 0to win3
1-. She no one. 0to tell3
1.. It 22222 a long time. 0to ta#e3
1:. 6ou to do it. 0to forget3
1;.1 it. 0to hear3
1=. "he! town. 0to leave3
$8. 5e the problem. 0to understar
:. Following the model of the examples, rewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions,
negative statements, negative &uestions without contractions, negative &uestions with contractions,
and affirmative statements followed b! negative tag &uestions. For example:
I have read this boo#.
5ave I read this boo#(
I have not read this boo#.
5ave I not read this boo#(
5aven,t I read this boo#(
I have read this boo#, haven,t I(
5e has found the answer.
5as he found the answer(
5e has not found the answer.
5as he not found the answer(
5asn,t he found the answer(
5e has found the answer, hasn,t he(
1. "he! have eaten the coo#ies.
2. She has told the truth.
3. 5e has run fast.
4. 4e have watered the plants.
5. 6ou have hurried.
;. Pa!ing attention to the spelling of the present participles, fill in the blan#s using the correct forms
of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
I 2222222222222222 all night. 0to wor#3
I have been wor#ing all night.
She 2222222222222222222 the trumpet. 0to practise3
She has been practising the trumpet.
1. 4e 22222222222222222222222 for !ou. 0to wait3
2. "he! 222222222222222222222222222 a race. 0to run3
3. 5e 2222222222222222222222222222 a boo#. 0to read3
4. 6ou 2222222222222222222222222222 a letter. 0to write3
5. I 22222222222222222222222222 the table. 0to set3
6. It 222222222222222222222222222 for hours. 0to rain3
7. 4e 222222222222222222222222222 here for three !ears. 0to live3
8. She 22222222222222222222222222222 to us. 0to spea#3
9. 6ou 2222222222222222222222222222 presents. 0to bu!3
18. "he! 222222222222222222222222222 a trip. 0to plan3
=. Following the model of the example, rewrite the following two affirmative statements as
&uestions, negative statements, negative &uestions without contractions, negative &uestions with
contractions, and affirmative statements followed b! negative tag &uestions. For example:
"he! have been en+o!ing themselves.
5ave the! been en+o!ing themselves(
"he! have not been en+o!ing themselves.
5ave the! not been en+o!ing themselves(
5aven,t the! been en+o!ing themselves(
"he! have been en+o!ing themselves, haven,t the!(
1. It has been snowing.
2. 6ou have been visiting !our friends.
EXERCISES 5
1. /sing the Simple Past tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verb to be. For
example: I 222 calm.
I was calm.
6ou right.
6ou #vere right.
l. 5e happ!.
$. 4e students.
). "he! ambitious.
*. 6ou clever.
-. It hot.
..1 bus!.
:. 4e patient.
;. She 22222222 eleven !ears old.
=. "he! intelligent.
18. 5e 22222222 in a hurr!.
$. @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
&uestions without contractions, negative &uestions with contractions, and affirmative statements
followed b! negative tag &uestions. For example:
6ou were on time.
4ere !ou on time(
6ou were not on time.
4ere !ou not on time(
4eren,t !ou on time(
6ou were on time, weren,t !ou(
It was warm enough.
4as it warm enough(
It was not warm enough.
4as it not warm enough(
4asn,t it warm enough(
It was warm enough, wasn,t it(
1. I was late.
2. "he! were in a hurr!.
3. 5e was an artist.
4. 4e were right.
5. She was there.
). Pa!ing attention to the correct spelling, fill in the blan#s with the Simple Past of the regular verbs
shown in brac#ets. For example:
It 22222222 raining. 0to stop3
It stopped raining.
I 222222222 m!self. 0to disguise3
I disguised m!self.
1. She 22222222222222 through the boo#. 0to flip3
2. 4e 22222222222222 the traffic. 0to watch3
3. 6ou 22222222222222 the flowers carefull!. 0to arrange3
4. 5e 22222222222222 about his success. 0to brag3
5. "he! 22222222222222 sightseeing. 0to en+o!3
6. 5e 2222222222222 us with pencils. 0to suppl!3
7. I 2222222222222 the child. 0to reassure3
8. 4e 22222222222222 for them. 0to wait3
9. "he! 2222222222222 the boo#s overseas. 0to ship3
18. She 222222222222 too much. 0to worr!3
*. @eferring to the table of %nglish irregular verbs if necessar!, fill in the blan#s with the Simple
Past tense of the irregular verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
"he! 222222 a song. 0to write3
"he! wrote a song.
4e 222222 the floor. 0to sweep3
4e swept the floor.
1. She 222222222222 the dishes. 0to do3
2. "he! 22222222222 for a wal#. 0to go3
3. 5e 22222222222 his time. 0to ta#e3
4. I 22222222222 the beds. 0to ma#e3
5. "he! 22222222222 to catch the bus. 0to run3
6. She 22222222222 up &uic#l!. 0to get3
7. 6ou 222222222222 the coffee. 0to drin#3
8. 4e 222222222222 soundl!. 0to sleep3
9. 5e 222222222222 his boo#s. 0to forget3
18. I 22222222222 the house. 0to leave3
-. Pa!ing attention to the correct forms of the bare infinitives, change the following affirmative
statements into &uestions. For example:
5e lifted the suitcase.
1id he lift the suitcase(
I paid
the
rent.
1id I
pa! the
rent(
1. She hurried to school.
2. "he! carried the parcels.
3. 6ou closed the door.
4. I plugged in the lamp.
5. "he! planned the part!.
6. 4e taught the class.
7. She told a stor!.
8. "he! struc# a bargain.
9. 5e met his friends.
18. I shoo# hands.
.. Pa!ing attention to the correct forms of the bare infinitives, change the following affirmative
statements into negative statements. For example:
I scanned the newspaper.
I did not scan the newspaper.
"he! flew to
"oronto. "he! did
not fl! to "oronto.
1. 4e en+o!ed ourselves.
2. She pinned on the brooch.
3. I fanned m!self.
4. "he! emptied their poc#ets.
5. 6ou replied at once.
6. 5e went to wor#.
7. 4e swam across the river.
8. "he! too# the bus.
9. I shut the windows.
18. 6ou ran fast.
:. Pa!ing attention to the correct forms of the bare infinitives, change the following affirmative
statements into negative &uestions. <ive both the forms without contractions and the forms with
contractions. For example:
6ou wal#ed &uic#l!.
1id !ou not wal# &uic#l!(
1idn,t !ou wal# &uic#l!(
5e burst the balloon.
1id he not burst the balloon(
1idn,t he burst the balloon(
1. 6ou watched the game.
2. I climbed the ladder.
3. 4e pleased the visitors.
4. "he! canned the peaches.
5. 5e received the letter.
6. 6ou saw the firewor#s.
7. It cost five dollars.
8. She hit the ball.
9. 5e did his homewor#.
18. "he! cut the ribbon.
;. @ewrite the following sentences, changing the underlined verbs from the Simple Past to the form
with used followed b! the infinitive. For example:
"he! too# the bus.
"he! used to ta#e the bus.
She traveled ever!
!ear. She used to
travel ever! !ear.
1. It snowed heavil!.
2. I came often.
3. 4e were neighbors.
4. 5e wrote man! letters.
5. "he! wal#ed to wor#.
6. 5e teased us.
7. She told us stories.
8. 6ou rode a bic!cle.
EXERCISES 6
1. /sing the Past Continuous tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown in
I 2222222222 a salad. 0to ma#e3
I was ma#ing a salad.
"he! to find some boots. 0to tr!3
"he! were tr!ing to find some boots.
l. 5e a boo#. 0to read3
$. 4e mone!. 0to save3
). She school. 0to attend3
*. It . 0to thunder3
-. "he! for the exam. 0to stud!3
.. 4e ourselves. 0to sun3
:. "he! the! wa!. 0to lead3
;. 6ou 2222 b! bus. 0to leave3
=. 4e through the snow. 0to plod3
18. 6ou !our goals. 0to attain3
6ou were learning French.
4ere !ou learning French(
6ou were not learning French.
4ere !ou not learning French(
4eren,t !ou learning French(
6ou were learning French, weren,t !ou(
1. 4e were starting a business.
2. She was waiting outside.
3. 5e was singing.
). /sing the Past Continuous tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown in
2222 !ou 22222222 last night( 0to wor#3
4ere !ou wor#ing last night(
It 222 not 22222222 . 0to rain3
It was not raining.
"he! 2222222222222 home. 0to hurr!3
"he! were hurr!ing home.
1. 4e 222222222222222222 for the test. 0to prepare3
$. 222222 she 222222222222 notes( 0to ta#e3
3. I 222222 not 222222222222 long. 0to wait3
4. "he! 222222222222222222 at 4oolco. 0to shop3
-. 2222222 it not 222222222222 outside( 0to free>e3
.. She 22222222222222222 on 'lmond Street last !ear. 0to live3
:. 2222222 !ou 2222222222222 supper when the phone rang( 0to eat3
;. 5e 2222222222222222 asleep b! the time the lesson ended. 0to fall3
=. 2222222 we not 2222222222222 the next chapter( 0to discuss3
18. "he! 222222222222 their boo#s awa!, when their friends arrived. 0to put3
11. 6ou_______not_______________the news. 0to follow3
1$._______I_____________too much noise( 0to ma#e3
*. /sing the Past Perfect tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown in
I__________the parcel. 0to open3
I had opened the parcel.
"he! 22 to the opera. 0to be3
"he! had been to the opera.
1.She a sweater. 0to bu!3
$.5e to wor#. 0to start3
).6ou the message. 0to understand3
*.4e the appointment. 0to forget3
-."he! us. 0to convince3
..She the boo#. 0to find3
:.5e the envelope. 0to tear3
;.6ou !our brea#fast. 0to finish3
=.4e to school. 0to go3
18. "he! the beds. 0to ma#e3
-. @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
5e had attended the concert.
5ad he attended the concert(
5e had not attended the concert.
5ad he not attended the concert(
5adn,t he attended the concert(
5e had attended the concert, hadn,t he(
1. 6ou had entered the contest.
2. I had wanted to come.
3. 4e had arrived on time.
.. /sing the Past Perfect tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs shown in
5e 2222222222222 hard. 0to practise3
5e had practised hard.
the! 2222 a good +ob( 0to do3
5ad the! done a good +ob(
I 222 not 22222 the news. 0to hear3
I had not heard the news.
1. 6ou 22222222222222222 it carefull!.0to consider3
2. She 222222222222222222 her wa! in the woods. 0to lose3
). 222222 he not 2222222222222 his hands( 0to wash3
*. 22222 the! 2222222222222 the letter( 0to read3
5. I 22222 not 22222222222222 the words. 0to forget3
6. 4e 2222222222222 to come even before we received the letter. 0to decide3
:. 222222 he not 22222222222222 ever!thing well( 0to organi>e3
8. "he! 22222 not 2222222222 a holida! in a long time. 0to have3
9. She 222222222222222222 to tal# to us. 0to stop3
18. 5e 222222 not !et 222222222222 . 0to arrive3
11. 222222 !ou 222222222222 to meet him( 0to plan3
1$. I 22222 not 2222222222222 her for a long time. 0to see3
:. /sing the Past Perfect Continuous tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs
4e 2222222222222222222 for an apartment. 0to search3
4e had been searching for an apartment.
She 22 extra courses. 0to ta#e3
She had been ta#ing extra 9ourses.
l. 4e the grass. 0to cut3
$. 6ou at the photographs. 0to loo#3
). "he! !ou the letters. 0to give3
*. 5e for us. 0to wait3
-. She a business. 0to run3
.. It 2 all night. 0to rain3
:. 4e them. 0to encourage3
;. 6ou on the beach. 0to lie3
=. "he! 2222 the sauce. 0to taste3
18. 5e behind. 0to lag3
;. @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
&uestions without
contractions, negative &uestions with contractions, and affirmative statements followed b!
negative tag
&uestions. For example:
She had been #eeping a diar!.
5ad she been #eeping a diar!(
She had not been #eeping a diar!.
5ad she not been #eeping a diar!(
5adn,t she been #eeping a diar!(
She had been #eeping a diar!, hadn,t she(
1. 4e had been ra#ing the leaves.
2. 6ou had been visiting !our cousins.
3. "he! had been swimming in the la#e.
=. /sing the Past Perfect Continuous tense, fill in the blan#s with the correct forms of the verbs
shown in
4e 2222222222222222 . 0to argue3
4e had been arguin
y
he 5ad he been
feeling
well(
well(
0to feel3
I not
I had not been doing
much wal#ing. 0to do3
much wal#ing.
1.
$.
).
*.
-.
..
:.
6ou
She
4e
I
"he!
not
the! not
it not
he not
the stove. 0to clean3
regularl!. 0to come3 on !ou(
0to count3 for shoes. 0to loo#3
that da!( 0to snow3 for
groceries. 0to shop3
to the news( 0to listen3
;. not to drive far. 0to intend3
=. 222222 we 22222222222222222222 on time( 0to leave3
18. 222222 !ou 222222222222222222222 that( 0to expect3
11. "he! 222222222222222222222222 television. 0to watch3
12. 5e 222222 not 222222222222222222 long when the bus arrived. 0to wait3
18. For each of the following sentences, pa!ing attention to whether the underlined auxiliar! is a
form of to be, to do or to have, fill in the blan# with the bare infinitive, present participle, or past
participle of the verb given in brac#ets, as appropriate. @efer if necessar! to the table summari>ing
the formation of the %nglish present and past tenses. For example:
5e was
5e was studving
6ou have
2 medicine. 0to stud!3
medicine.
22 the food. 0to bring3
6ou have brought the food.
4e had been 222222222 a long time. 0to wait3
4e had been waiting a long time.
1oes she 22222222 classical music( 0to li#e3
1oes she li#e classical music(
1. She was 2222222222222222 a picture. 0to draw3
$. 4e have 22222222222222222 our homewor#. 0to finish3
). I have been 22222222222222222 for an opportunit!. 0to wait3
*. 1o !ou 22222222222222222 a bic!cle( 0to own3
-. 4e are 22222222222222222 coffee. 0to drin#3
.. 1id he 22222222222222222 the boo#( 0to en+o!3
:. "hev were
;. 6ou had
= 5e is
18. It had been
11. 4e had
us. 0to expect3 a +ob. 0to find3 the
truth. 0to tell3
all morning. 0to snow3 the
window. 0to open3
1$.1 am
1). 6ou did not
1*. It does not
1-. I have
potatoes. 0to peel3
m! letter. 0to answer3 . 0to
matter3 this movie before. 0to
see3
11. Ba#e the following statements emphatic.
For example: 5e li#es cats. 5e does li#e
cats.
6ou
have
finishe
d. 6ou
have
finishe
d.
"he!
were
here.
"he!
were
here.
4e are
not
read!.
4e are
not
read!.
1. I en+o! reading.
2. "he! do not li#e music.
3. It snowed.
4. I have found m! pen.
5. She coo#s well.
6. 6ou were listening to the radio.
7. "he! found the answer.
8. 5e was right.
9. She understands.
10. "he! had loc#ed the door.
11. 5e did not arrive late.
12. 6ou ran fast.
EXERCISES 7
1. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with the
Simple
Future of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
I 22222222222222 . 0to agree3
I shall ag ree o! I will agree.
6ou the results. 0to publish3
6ou will publish the results.
1.4e . 0to succeed3
$."he! 22222222222222 the site. 0to excavate3
).5e the situation. 0to stud!3
*.4e . 0to hurr!3
-.I soon. 0to follow3
..It 22222222222 a surprise. 0to be3
:.5e us. 0to remind3
;.She tomorrow. 0to depart3
=.I 2222222222 here. 0to remain3
18. "he! 2222222222222222 universit!. 0to ente
She will notice us.
4ill she notice us(
She will not notice us.
4ill she not notice us(
4on,t she notice us(
She will notice us, won,t she(
1. 6ou will wash the windows.
2. "he! will help !ou.
3. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with the
Simple Future of the verbs shown in brac#ets. /se shall in the first person for &uestions in which a
re&uest for permission is implied. For example:
I 22222222 out soon. 0to go3
I shall go out soon. o! I will go out soon.
222222 we 222222 now( 0to leave3
Shall we leave now(
the!______France( 0to visit3
4ill the! visit France(
It_____not______long. 0to ta#e3
It will not ta#e long.
1. 4e222222222222222222!ou at the museum. 0to meet3
$.________!ou_________me a pen( 0to lend3
).________the! not________the competition( 0to win3
*. She________not_____________to come. 0to forget3
-.________he not_________the boat( 0to sail3
.. 6ou222222222222222222the expedition. 0to en+o!3
:.________I__________this( 0to order3
;. !ou not for me( 0to wait3
=. 4e not 2222 late. 0to be3
18. 5e us the news. 0to send3
11.1 not 22 m! wa!. 0to lose3
1$. the! the program( 0to watch3
*. /sing the Simple con+ugation which expresses determination and compulsion, fill in the blan#s
with the
verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
4e 2222222222222 the exam. 0to pass3
4e will pass the exam.
6ou the wor# on time. 0to fini
6ou shall finish the wor# on time.
l. "he! 2222 the tic#ets. 0to bu!3
$.1 home. 0to go3
). 5e our guide. 0to be3
*. 6ou 2222 with me. 0to come3
-.1 it. 0to remember3
.. She us. 0to cali3
:. 4e the mone!. 0to earn3
;. "he! us. 0to respect3
=.1 !ou. 0to help3
18. It not us. 0to hinder3
11. 4e it. 0to find3
1$. 6ou not it. 0to regret3
-. "he following sentences refer to future events. Complete each sentence b! filling in the blan#
with the correct form of the Present Continuous tense of to go, followed b! the infinitive of the
verb shown in brac#ets. For example:
She 22222222222222222 swimming. 0to teach3
She is going to teach swimming.
222 we 22222222222222 home( 0to wal#3
're we going to wal# home(
5e not
5e is not going
to find
"S. "S.
0to find3
1.
$.1
he 2222 horsebac# riding( 0to lear
22 the windows. 0to wash3
). *.
It
-.
!ou
not he
not
with us( 0to come3 cold
tonight. 0to be3 the letter(
0to answer3
.. 4e
:.
;.
=.1
18. "he!
she
!ou not
not
to the librar!. 0to go3 a
sweater( 0to bu!3 us(
0to cali3 late. 0to sta!3
supper. 0to coo#3
.. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with the
Future Continuous of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
4e 2222222222222222 !ou tomorrow. 0to see3
4e shall be seeing !ou tomorrow. o! 4e will be seeing !ou tomorrow.
5e222222222222222222school next !ear. 0to attend3
5e will be attending school next !ear.
1. 6ou 2222222222222222222222 with us. 0to come3
2. It 2222222222222222222222 warmer. 0to grow3
3. "he! 222222222222222222222 new furniture. 0to bu!3
4. She 2222222222222222222222 the cloc#. 0to watch3
5. I 222222222222222222222 downtown. 0to go3
6. 6ou 2222222222222222222222 the ca#e. 0to cut3
7. "he! 22222222222222222222 the newspaper. 0to read3
8. 4e 2222222222222222222 the museum. 0to visit3
:. @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
&uestions without
negative tag
"he! will be serving the dessert.
4ill the! be serving the dessert(
"he! will not be serving the dessert.
4ill the! not be serving the dessert(
4on,t the! be serving the dessert(
"he! will be serving the dessert, won,t the!(
1. 5e will be needing this.
2. "he! will be living here.
;. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with the
Future
Continuous of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
I 2222222222222222 soon. 0to leave3
I shall be leaving soon. o! I will be leaving soon.
!ou coffee( 0to ma#e3
4ill !ou be ma#ing coffee(
5e not 22 the bus. 0to use3
5e will not be using the bus.
l. 5e a new language. 0to learn3
$. she help( 0to need3
). !ou not !our +ac#et( 0to mend3
*. 5e not here. 0to sta!3
-. we not them a card( 0to mail3
.. "he! the telephone. 0to answer3
:. !ou downtown( 0to go3
;.1 not 222 at the school. 0to stop3
=. she not 22222222 a trip( 0to plan3
18.1 the arrangements. 0to ma#e3
11. "he! not tired. 0to feel3
1$. we at the librar!( 0to meet3
=. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with the
Future Perfect of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
She222222222222222222b! then. 0to arrive3
She will have arrived b! then.
4e_______________ever!one. 0to meet3
4e shall have met ever!one o! 4e will have met ever!one.
1. 6ou 2222222222222222222222222 the advertisement. 0to stud!3
2. 5e 22222222222222222222222222 the newspapers. 0to scan3
3. I 2222222222222222222222222 here for five !ears. 0to be3
4. "he! 222222222222222222222222 the proposal. 0to consider3
5. It 222222222222222222222222 raining b! tomorrow. 0to stop3
6. 6ou 222222222222222222222222 !our plans. 0to ma#e3
7. I 22222222222222222222222 the flowers. 0to pic#3
8. "he! 2222222222222222222222222 their minds. 0to change3
18. @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
&uestions without
negative tag
She will have foreseen the difficult!.
4ill she have foreseen the difficult!(
She will not have foreseen the difficult!.
4ill she not have foreseen the difficult!(
4on,t she have foreseen the difficult!(
She will have foreseen the difficult!, won,t she(
1. It will have happened b! then.
2. 6ou will have paid the rent.
11. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with
the Future
Perfect of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
5e 2222222222222222222 it soon. 0to finish3
5e will have finished it soon.
6ou not 2 time to read the boo#. 0to have3
6ou will not have had time to read the boo#.
the! before( 0to fl!3
4ill the! have flown before(
1.1 for a wal#. 0to go3
$. "he! not !et . 0to arrive3
). she not the apples( 0to eat3
*. !ou the letter( 0to send3
-. "he! an apartment b! then. 0to find3
.. 5e not soundl!. 0to sleep3
:. I not !ou before then( 0to see3
;. he 222 the pu>>le( 0to solve3
=. 4e the parcel b! Bonda!. 0to receive3
18. she not the chairs( 0to sell3
11. we 2222 the bus schedules( 0to stud!3
1$. 6ou not the rabbits. 0to feed3
1$. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with
the Future Perfect Continuous of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
6ou 22222222222222222222222 all night. 0to wait3
6ou will have been waiting all night.
"he! 222222222222222222222 a good time. 0to have3
"he! will have been having a good time.
1. She
2. 4e
with them. 0to argDe3 the cit!. 0to tour3
3. 5e 2222222222222222222222222222222222222 what happened. 0to wonder3
4. I 222222222222222222222222222222222222 inventor!. 0to ta#e3
5. It 222222222222222222222222222222222222 for two da!s. 0to snow3
6. "he! 22222222222222222222222222222222222 to come. 0to long3
7. 6ou 2222222222222222222222222222222222222 a speech. 0to give3
8. 4e 222222222222222222222222222222222222 our breath. 0to hold3
1). @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
&uestions without
negative tag
6ou will have been reading the timetable.
4ill !ou have been reading the timetable(
6ou will not have been reading the timetable.
4ill !ou not have been reading the timetable(
4on,t !ou have been reading the timetable(
6ou will have been reading the timetable, won,t !ou(
1. 5e will have been guarding the luggage.
2. "he! will have been preparing the meal.
1*. /sing either the auxiliar! shall or the auxiliar! ill for the first person, fill in the blan#s with
the Future
Perfect Continuous of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
"he! 22222222222222222222222 the house. 0to clean3
"he! will have been cleaning the house.
!ou to cal i( 0to tr!3 4ill vou have been
trving to cali(
5e not the paper. 0to read3 5e will not have
been reading the paper.
1. She to help us. 0to offer3
$. it not
). 4e not
*. the!
-.1
2222 b! then( 0to snow3
2222222 to leave. 0to plan3
222 for rain( 0to hope3 2
m! friends. 0to visit3
.. 5e not
:. she
;. we not
=. "he!
the pictures. 0to develop3 the
hedge( 0to clip3 them often( 0to
see3 for twent!four hours. 0to
wait3
18. he not
11. !ou
1$. "he! not
222222 down( 0to lie3
222 cro&uet( 0to pla!3
2222222 here long. 0to live3
1-. For each of the following sentences, pa!ing attention to the tense of the underlined verb,
complete the sentence correctl! b! filling in the blan# with either the Past Perfect or the Simple
Present of the verb shown in brac#ets. For example:
4hen I first met him, he 222 alread! 2222222222 . 0to graduate3
4hen I first met him, he had alread! graduated.
4e will read the information before we 2222 a decision.
0to ma#e3 4e will read the information before we ma#e
a decision.
1. "he! 222222 alread! 2222222222222222 the letter when the! heard the news.
2. "he! will wait until he 222222222222222222 . 0to come3
3. She will help us if we 2222222222222222222 for assistance. 0to as#3
4. 'lthough I 2222222222222222 him to come, he sta!ed awa!. 0to beg3
5. 5e will send for us as soon as he 222222222222222222222 time. 0to have3
6. 'fter I 222222222222222222 the grass, it started to rain. 0to water3
7. 4hen we called, the! 2222222 alread! 222222222 the house. 0to leave3
8. 5e will watch while the! 22222222222222222222222 their tric#s. 0to perform3
9. E! the time I 22222222222222222222 ever!thing, it was past nine o,cloc#. 0to organi>e3
10. "he! will signal when the! 222222222222222222222 read!. 0to be3
11. %ven though we 22222222222222222 warm clothes, we became &uite cold. 0to bring3
12. If it 2222222222222222222 tomorrow, we will go s#iing. 0to snow3
13. 4e 22222222 +ust 22222222222222222 supper, when the phone rang. 0to finish3
14. I will let !ou #now when I 2222222222222222222222 it. 0to find3
EXERCISES #
5e would li#e to help us.
4ould he li#e to help us(
5e would not li#e to help us.
4ould he not li#e to help us(
4ouldn,t he li#e to help us(
5e would li#e to help us, wouldn,t he(
1. She would find it eas!.
2. "he! would be on time.
$. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple con+ugation with the
auxiliar! ould. For example:
I 2222222222 some coffee. 0to li#e3
I would li#e some coffee.
222222 he 2222222 us( 0to believe3
4ould he believe us(
"he! 222222 not 2222 the interruption. 0to mind3
"he! would not mind the interruption.
222222 !ou not 222222 to sta! at home( 0to prefer3
4ould !ou not prefer to sta! at home(
1. 4e 2222222222222 our best. 0to tr!3
$. 22222222 !ou not 22222222222 !our glasses( 0to need3
). I 2222222222222222 ever!thing carefull!. 0to plan3
*. 22222222 the! 22222222222222 us( 0to remember3
-. 2222222 he not 222222222 willing to help them( 0to be3
.. 22222222 she not 22222222 a good +ob( 0to do3
:. 4e 22222222 not 22222222222 much luggage. 0to bring3
;. 22222222 the! 22222222222222 their decision( 0to reconsider3
=. 6ou 2222222222222222 a great deal. 0to learn3
18. 22222222 he not 222222222222 the tic#ets ahead of time( 0to purchase3
). Complete the following polite re&uests and suggestions, using the indicated verbs in the Simple
con+ugation with the auxiliar! ould. For example:
222222 !ou 2222 some help( 0to li#e3
4ould !ou li#e some help(
222222 !ou please 2222 me the wa! to the post office( 0to tell3
4ould !ou please tell me the wa! to the post office(
1. 2222222222 !ou 2222222222 for some coffee( 0to care3
$. 22222222 !ou not 222222222 to visit the librar!( 0to prefer3
). I thin# it 222222222222222 wise to let them #now. 0to be3
*. 2222222222 !ou please 2222222222 here( 0to wait3
-. I 222222222 not 22222222222222 that excursion. 0to recommend3
.. 2222222222 !ou 222222222222 the door open( 0to hold3
*. @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
&uestions without
contractions, negative &uestions with contractions, and affirmative statements followed b! negative
tag
She would be arriving b! bus.
4ould she be arriving b! bus(
She would not be arriving b! bus.
4ould she not be arriving b! bus(
4ouldn,t she be arriving b! bus(
She would be arriving b! bus, wouldn,t she(
1. 6ou would be coming with us.
2. 5e would be setting an example.
-. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Continuous con+ugation with
the auxiliar!
ould. For example:
I 22222222222222222 for good weather. 0to wish3
I would be wishing for good weather.
222222 !ou 222222222222 them( 0to visit3
4ould !ou be visiting them(
5e 222222 not 222222222222 to come. 0to expect3
5e would not be expecting to come.
222222 the! not 2222 their car( 0to drive3
4ould the! not be driving their car(
1. I 2222222 not 22222222222222 overtime. 0to wor#3
$. 22222222 she not 222222222222222 to sta!( 0to intend3
). 5e 222222222222222222 for us to call. 0to wait3
*. 2222222 the! 222222222222 warm clothes( 0to wear3
-. 6ou 222222222222222222222 twent! dollars on boo#s. 0to spend3
.. 2222222 we 22222222222222 earl!( 0to arrive3
:. 22222222 I not 22222222222222 the guests( 0to receive3
;. "he! 2222222 not 2222222222222 him for a long time. 0to see3
=. 22222222 he not 2222222222222 what to do( 0to wonder3
18. She 2222222 not 22222222222222 her bic!cle. 0to ride3
.. @ewrite the following affirmative statements as &uestions, negative statements, negative
&uestions without
tag
It would have been a disaster.
4ould it have been a disaster(
It would not have been a disaster.
4ould it not have been a disaster(
4ouldn,t it have been a disaster(
It would have been a disaster, wouldn,t it(
1. 4e would have told !ou.
2. "he! would have won.
:. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect con+ugation with
the auxiliar!
ould. For example:
"he! 2222222222222222 this interesting. 0to find3
"he! would have found this interesting.
222222she____________without us( 0to come3
4ould she have come without us(
5e______not__________the map. 0to lose3
5e would not have lost the map.
222222we not__________him the news( 0to tell3
4ould we not have told him the news(
1.1______________________ever!thing. 0to arrange3
$. She________not________________to come. 0to forget3
).________the! not________________what to do( 0to #now3
*.________he_________________this route( 0to choose3
-. 4e222222222222222222222222them ma#e a contribution. 0to let3
..________!ou not222222222222222222it was missing( 0to notice3
:. 5e_______not_________________it to !our oFd address. 0to send3
;._______!ou222222222222222222it( 0to mentFon3
=.1_____________________able to find !ou. 0to be3
18.________the! not________________us( 0to +oin3
;. @ewrite the following sentences so that the! refer to the past, b! changing the verbs from the
Simple
con+ugation to the Perfect con+ugation. For example:
I would li#e to come.
I would have li#ed to come.
4ould he appreciate it(
4ould he have
appreciated it(
"he! would not mind.
"he! would not have minded.
4ould she not remember us(
4ould she not have remembered
us(
1. "he! would mail us their address.
2. 4ould !ou recogni>e him(
3. 5e would not order pi>>a.
4. 4ould I not need !our help(
5. She would prefer to pla! the violin.
6. 4ould the! not provide clear instructions(
7. It would not be a good idea.
8. 4ould !ou feel left out(
9. @ewrite the following sentences so that the! refer to the present, b! changing the verbs from the
Perfect con+ugation to the Simple con+ugation. For example:
It would have been
preferable. It would be
preferable.
4ould we have
succeeded( 4ould we
succeed(
"he! would not have
understood. "he! would not
understand.
4ould !ou not have preferred to
go( 4ould !ou not prefer to go(
1. 4ould she have drun# the lemonade(
2. 6ou would not have wanted to be late.
3. 4e would have begun at once.
4. I would not have sta!ed up all night.
5. 4ould he not have eaten the ice cream(
6. 4ould the! have made the dessert(
7. She would have #nown what to do.
8. 4ould !ou not have recommended it(
&uestions without
tag
I would have been pla!ing in the orchestra.
4ould I have been pla!ing in the orchestra(
I would not have been pla!ing in the orchestra.
4ould I not have been pla!ing in the orchestra(
4ouldn,t I have been pla!ing in the orchestra(
I would have been pla!ing in the orchestra, wouldn,t I(
1. 5e would have been listening to the radio.
2. She would have been watering the lawn.
11. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect Continuous
con+ugation with the
auxiliar! ould. For example:
5e 222222222222222222222 to see us. 0to hope3
5e would have been hoping to see us.
222222 !ou 2222222222222222222 to come( 0to plan3
4ould !ou have been planning to come(
4e 222222 not 222222222222222222 rubber boots. 0to wear3
4e would not have been wearing rubber boots.
222222 she not 2222222222222222222 this( 0to expect3
4ould she not have been expecting this(
1. I 22222222222222222222222 to catch the bus. 0to hurr!3
$. 22222222 !ou 2222222222222222222 with us( 0to sta!3
). 5e 22222222 not 22222222222222222222 b! train. 0to travel3
*. 22222222 we not 222222222222222222222 !ou here( 0to meet3
-. "he! 22222222222222222222222 to 5alifax. 0to come3
.. 22222222 we 222222222222222222 a report( 0to ma#e3
:. 22222222 she not 22222222222222222222 the parcels( 0to open3
8. 4e 22222222 not 22222222222222222222 to the radio. 0to listen3
9. 6ou 222222222222222222222222 for a long time. 0to wait3
18. 22222222 the! 2222222222222222222222 the operation( 0to run3
1$. Put each of the following sentences into the past, b! changing the verb from the Continuous
con+ugation to
the Perfect Continuous con+ugation. For example:
I would be en+o!ing it.
I would have been en+o!ing it.
4ould she be preparing for the
trip( 4ould she have been
preparing for the trip(
4e would not be entertaining such suspicions.
4e would not have been entertaining such suspicions.
4ould he not be organi>ing the evidence(
4ould he not have been organi>ing the
evidence(
1. I would be investigating the report.
2. 4ould he be following the shoreline(
3. 6ou would not be listening to rumors.
4. It would be growing colder.
5. "he! would not be exceeding the speed limit.
6. 4ould she not be weeding the garden(
7. 4ould we be receiving the messages(
8. "he! would be reporting to us.
1). For each of the following sentences, change the verb in the main clause from the Simple
Present to the Simple Past9 and change the verb in the subordinate clause from the Simple Future to
the $utu!e in the %ast. If necessar!, alter the adverb or adverb phrase referring to time. For
example:
5e thin#s it will snow tomorrow.
5e thought it would snow the next da!.
4e believe she will
succeed. 4e believed she
would succeed.
I thin# she will come next wee#.
I thought she would come the next wee#.
1. I promise I will help !ou.
2. She sa!s the letter will arrive tomorrow.
3. "he bo!s are certain that their plane will fl!.
4. 4e expect the weather will improve.
5. 5e maintains that he will win next !ear.
6. 4e feel that the plan will not wor#.
7. 6ou #now I will return next wee#.
8. "he! tell us that the harvest will be good.
9. 5e hopes the circus will come tomorrow.
10. I am sure the! will be welcome.
11. 4e thin# the fruit will be ripe next month.
12. "he! sa! the! will follow us.
EXERCISES &
1. Fill in the blan#s with the Simple Present Sub+unctive of the verbs shown in brac#ets. For
example:
"he! insisted that she 222222 at once. 0to come3
"he! insisted that she come at once.
"he proposal that she 222222 us has merit. 0to meet3
"he proposal that she meet us has merit.
1. 5e suggested that I 222222222 read! b! eight o,cloc#. 0to be3
2. 4e re&uest that she 2222222222 the window. 0to open3
3. "he! demanded that he 222222222 the room. 0to leave3
4. I will as# that she 2222222222222 me. 0to accompan!3
5. "he! recommended that he 222222222 to Eermuda. 0to fl!3
6. "he re&uest that we 222222 read! to leave at six is a nuisance. 0to be3
7. "he recommendation that she 222222 a holida! was carried out. 0to ta#e3
8. It is necessar! that !ou 222222222 able to come with us. 0to be3
9. "he! as#ed that we 222222222 standing. 0to remain3
10. "he re&uirement that he 222222222 wor# will be hard to meet. 0to find3
11. It is important that he 222222222 ever!thing he can. 0to learn3
12. "he demand that she 2222222222 the report has been carried out. 0to complete3
$. Complete each of the following sentences with the Past Perfect Sub+unctive of the verb shown in
"he! wished the! 222 not 2222. 0to come3
"he! wished the! had not come.
I wish I 22222222 read! on time. 0to be3
I wish I had been read! on time.
4ill she wish she 22222222222 her bic!cle( 0to ride3
4ill she wish she had ridden her bic!cle(
1. I wish I 222222 not 2222222222222 the answers. 0to lose3
2. "he! wished the! 2222222 not 22222222222222 the appointment. 0to forget3
3. 5e will wish he 222222222222222222 us the boo#. 0to show3
4. 4ill the! wish we 2222222222222222222 them some food( 0to give3
5. 4e wish it 2222222222222222 !esterda!. 0to snow3
6. She wished she 2222222 not 222222222 the window. 0to open3
7. I wished I 222222222222222 the news. 0to hear3
8. 6ou wish !ou 2222222222222222 what to do. 0to #now3
). Complete each of the following sentences with the Simple Past Sub+unctive of the verb shown in
5e wished he 2222 able to do it. 0to be3
5e wished he were able to do it.
I wish I 222222 with !ou. 0to agree3
I wish I agreed with !ou.
"he! will wish the! 222222 time to come. 0to have3
"he! will wish the! had time to come.
1. I wish it 222222222 possible to finish the wor# tonight. 0to be3
2. 4ill he wish he 2222222 read!( 0to be3
3. She wished she 2222222222 how to sing. 0to #now3
4. 4e wish the! 2222222222222 to come with us. 0to want3
5. 6ou wished !ou 222222222222 better. 0to feel3
6. "he! will wish it 222222222 warmer. 0to be3
7. 1oes he wish he 2222222222222 !ounger( 0to be3
8. I wish I 222222222 the sub+ect more interesting. 0to find3
*. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple con+ugation with
ould. For example:
"he! wished the sun 222222222222 . 0to shine3
"he! wished the sun would shine.
1oes she wish it 22222222222 ( 0to snow3
1oes she wish it would snow(
6ou will wish the bell 2222222222 . 0to ring3
6ou will wish the bell would ring.
1. "he! wished she 222222222222222222 the arrangements. 0to ma#e3
2. 5e will wish !ou 222222222222222222 him. 0to help3
3. She wishes the mail 222222222222222 . 0to come3
4. 4e wished the! 222222222222222222 . 0to hurr!3
5. 6ou will wish the door 222222222222222222 . 0to open3
6. "he! wish we 22222222222222222 for them. 0to wait3
7. I wish !ou 222222222222222222 to me. 0to write3
8. 4ill she wish !ou 2222222222222222 her( 0to +oin3
-. Pa!ing attention to the underlined adverbs indicating time, complete each of the following
sentences with the correct form of the verb shown in brac#ets. /se the Past Perfect Sub+unctive,
the Simple Past Sub+unctive, or the Simple con+ugation with ould, depending on whether the
time of the action referred to in the subordinate clause is earlier than, the same as, or later than, the
time of ma#ing the wish. For example:
4e wished the! 2222222222 us earlier. 0to call3
4e wished the! had called us earlier.
She wishes she 2222 in
@ome now. She wishes
she were in @ome now.
I wish !ou 22222222222 with us tomorrow. 0to come3
I wish !ou would come with us tomorrow.
1. I wish he 222222222222 here now. 0to be3
2. I wish that !ou 22222222222222 here !esterda!. 0to be3
3. 4e wish !ou 22222222222222222 tomorrow. 0to come3
4. 6ou will wish !ou 222222222222222 earlier. 0to leave3
5. "he! wished he 222222222222222222 with them the next da!. 0to come3
6. 4e wish !ou 22222222222222222 !esterda!. 0to arrive3
7. I wish that he 222222222222222 us next !ear. 0to visit3
8. She wishes that she 22222222222 at home now. 0to be3
9. 6ou wish that he 222222222222222 !ou last wee#. 0to help3
10. 5e will alwa!s wish he 2222222222222 rich. 0to be3
11. "he bo! wished that he 222222222222 the competition the next da!. 0to win3
12. She will wish she 2222222222222 the arrangements earlier. 0to ma#e3
13. I wish the weather 2222222222222 warmer now. 0to be3
14. 4e alwa!s wished we 2222222222222 fluent in other languages. 0to be3
15. "he! wish he 22222222222222222 them next wee#. 0to telephone3
.. For each of the following sentences, rewrite the subordinate clause, using the form in which the
word i$ is
omitted. For example:
If I were in !our position, I would pa! close
attention. 4ere I in !our position, I would pa!
close attention.
If it had been raining, we would have used our
umbrellas. 5ad it been raining, we would have
used our umbrellas.
1. If he were here, he would lend us his car.
2. If I had remembered their address, I would have sent them a card.
3. If we were not waiting for a telephone call, we would go downtown.
4. If the! had recogni>ed her, the! would have spo#en to her.
5. If I had been intending to go shopping, I would have let !ou #now.
6. If !ou had seen the movie, !ou would have li#ed it.
7. If it were not snowing, we would go out.
8. If he had been shoveling the wal#, we would have seen him.
:. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple con+ugation with
ould. For example:
4e 22222222222 if we were read!. 0to come3
4e would come if we were read!.
22222 !ou 222222 more if !ou had time( 0to travel3
4ould !ou travel more if !ou had time(
If the! saw us, the! 222222 not 2222222222 us. 0to recogni>e3
If the! saw us, the! would not recogni>e us.
222222 !ou not 2222 glad if !ou were rich( 0to be3
4ould !ou not be glad if !ou were rich(
1. If we were hitchhi#ing, 222222222 !ou 222222222 to pic# us up( 0to stop3
2. If we waited for him, we 222222222 not 22222222 on time. 0to be3
). 222222222 he 22222222 us #now if we made a mista#e( 0to let3
4. I 22222222 not 22222222 to have a part! if !ou were not there. 0to want3
5. If !ou #new more about her, !ou 22222222222222222 !our opinion. 0to change3
.. 222222222 !ou 222222222 pi>>a if !ou did not li#e it( 0to order3
:. 222222222 the! not 22222222 to come if we as#ed them( 0to agree3
;. 4e 222222222 not 2222222222 a car unless we were insured. 0to drive3
;. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect con+ugation with
ould. For example:
If it had rained, I 22222222222222222 at home. 0to sta!3
If it had rained, I would have sta!ed at home.
222222 !ou 2222222222 with us if we had as#ed !ou( 0to come3
4ould !ou have come with us if we had as#ed !ou(
If he had hurried, he 22222 not 222222222222 the bus. 0to miss3
If he had hurried, he would not have missed the bus.
222222 she not 22222222222 if she had seen us( 0to wave3
4ould she not have waved if she had seen us(
1. If he had arrived late, 22222222 we 222222222222222 without him( 0to begin3
2. If the! had felt thirst!, 222222222 the! not 2222222222222 the lemonade( 0to drin#3
3. If we had been here, we 22222222 not 222222222222222 the firewor#s. 0to miss3
4. If his office had called, 22222222 he not 2222222222222222 to wor#( 0to return3
5. She 2222222 not 2222222222222222 earl! if she had not had a good reason. 0to leave3
6. If the! had searched more carefull!, the! 2222222222222222222222 the watch sooner. 0to find3
7. If !ou had visited @ome, 2222222 !ou 2222222222222 to the opera( 0to go3
8. She 22222222222222222222222 down if she had been tired. 0to lie3
9. "he following statements contain false or improbable conditions. Pa!ing attention to the
underlined adverbs indicating time, complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in
the appropriate con+ugations with ould. use the Simple con+ugation for actions pertaining to the
present or the future, and use the Perfect con+ugation for actions pertaining to the past. For
example:
If !ou came with us now, !ou 222222222 ever!thing. 0to see3
If !ou came with us now, !ou would see ever!thing.
222222 he 2222222222 us !esterda! if we had slept in( 0to wa#e3
4ould he have wo#en us !esterda! if we had slept in(
1. If he were here now he 22222222 not 22222222222 to help us. 0to hesitate3
2. I 2222222222222222222 the boo# last wee# if I had #nown !ou wanted it. 0to finish3
). 2222222 !ou 222222222222222 to him last night if !ou had seen him( 0to spea#3
*. If the! were old enough, the! 222222222222222222 the contest next wee#. 0to enter3
-. 2222222 she not 222222222222 a vacation now if she had more time( 0to ta#e3
6. If he had sent a message, we 2222222222222222222222 it two da!s ago. 0to receive3
7. I 22222222222222222222 it if !ou came with me now. 0to appreciate3
;. 2222222 she not 22222222 grateful if we offered to help her tomorrow( 0to be3
=. 2222222 he 22222222222222 !esterda! if he had entered the race( 0to win3
18. 2222222 the! not 2222222222222222222 more boo#s last month if the! had noticed the stoc#
was low( 0to
order3
11. 22222222 she not 22222222222 us now if she #new where we lived( 0to visit3
1$. 22222222 !ou 222222222222222222 cucumbers !esterda! if the! had been on sale( 0to bu!3
18. For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Simple Past
Sub+unctive of the verb shown in brac#ets. For example:
If he 2222 in town, he would call us. 0to be3
If he were in town, he would call us.
4ould !ou go to the part! if !ou 222222222 an invitation( 0to receive3
4ould !ou go to the part! if !ou received an invitation(
If he 222 not 2222 his wor#, he would find another +ob.
0to li#e3 If he did not li#e his wor#, he would find
another +ob.
1. If he 22222222 rich, he would travel. 0to be3
$. 2222222222 I not anxious to meet him, I would sta! at home. 0to be3
3. 5e would have more free time if he 2222222 not 222222222 so hard. 0to wor#3
4. If I 222222222 a car, I would visit Cape Ereton. 0to have3
5. 4e would ta#e the bus if it 2222222222 to snow. 0to begin3
6. If !ou 222222222 him, !ou would surel! recogni>e him. 0to see3
7. I would not confide in him if I 2222222 not 2222222222 him. 0to trust3
8. If we 2222222 not 2222222222 time, we would let !ou #now. 0to have3
9. If he 2222222222222 an expedition, I would certainl! +oin it. 0to organi>e3
10. I would not worr! about it if I 2222222222 !ou. 0to be3
11. For each of the following sentences, complete the subordinate clause with the Past Perfect
Sub+unctive of the verb shown in brac#ets. For example:
If I 22222222222 him to do it, he would have obe!ed me. 0to order3
If I had ordered him to do it, he would have obe!ed me.
5ad it not 222222 !esterda!, we would have ra#ed the leaves. 0to snow3
5ad it not snowed !esterda!, we would have ra#ed the leaves.
1. I would not have got lost if I 22222222222222 the map. 0to stud!3
$. 22222222 he 222222222 at home, we would have visited him. 0to be3
3. 4e would have invited him if we 22222222222222222 he would come. 0to thin#3
4. 5e would have applied for the +ob if he 2222222222222222 the advertisement. 0to see3
5. 4e would not have ordered tea, 2222222 we 22222222222 how late it was. 0to #now3
.. 2222222 it not 2222222222 , the! would have held the part! in the par#. 0to rain3
7. 4e would have agreed with !ou if we 222222222222222222 what !ou meant. 0to understand3
8. If !ou 2222222222222 salt on the steps, the! would not have been so slipper!. 0to put3
=. 2222222 he 22222222222 to us, we would have #nown when to expect him. 0to write3
18. If he 2222222222222222 to ta#e the course, he would have had to wor# hard. 0to choose3
1$. "he following statements contain false or improbable conditions. Pa!ing attention to the
underlined adverbs indicating time, complete the subordinate clauses with the correct forms of the
verbs shown in brac#ets. /se the Simple Past Sub+unctive for actions pertaining to the present or
the future, and use the Past Perfect Sub+unctive for actions pertaining to the past. For example:
If she 2222 here now, she would be admiring the rose bushes. 0to be3
If she were here now, she would be admiring the rose bushes.
222 he 2222222 here last wee#, we would have met him. 0to sta!3
5ad he sta!ed here last wee#, we would have met him.
1. If he 222222222 here now, we would as# his opinion. 0to be3
2. 4e would have forgotten our tic#ets last night, if she 2222not 222222222 us. 0to remind3
). 222222 I 222222222 earlier, I would have arrived on time !esterda!. 0to leave3
4. 4ould !ou visit Spain next summer, if !ou 2222222222 enough mone!( 0to have3
5. If it 222222222222222222 !esterda!, we would not need to water the lawn. 0to rain3
6. If he 2222222222 !ou last 4ednesda!, he would have as#ed !our advice. 0to see3
7. If the! 2222222222 to leave now, the! would need special permission. 0to want3
;. 222222 the! 2222222222 of the concert !esterda!, the! would have arranged to go. 0to #now3
=. 4ould !ou not have sta!ed longer last wee#, if !ou 222222222222 able to( 0to be3
10. If the! 2222222222222 the letter tomorrow, the! would receive an answer in two wee#s. 0to
write3
11. If he 2222222222222 the boo# now, he would en+o! it. 0to read3
12. If we 22222222222222 more attention !esterda!, we would #now what time to be there. 0to pa!3
13. Change each of the following sentences from a statement containing a probable condition to a
statement containing a false or improbable condition. Following the model of the examples, change
the underlined verb in the subordinate clause from the Simple Present Indicative to the Simple Past
Sub+unctive9 and change the underlined verb in the main clause from the Simple Future to the
Simple con+ugation with ould. For example:
If she is angr!, she will scold us.
If she were angr!, she would scold us.
If he wins, we will
congratulate him. If he won,
we would congratulate him.
"he! will +oin us, if we send them a
message. "he! would +oin us, if we
sent them a message.
1. If the! want to see !ou, the! will come to the part!.
2. If he is curious, he will as# what we are doing.
3. She will help us, if she has time.
4. If the! wor# hard, the! will succeed.
5. If I find the culprits, I will teach them a lesson.
6. If she recogni>es us, she will wave.
7. "he! will treat !ou well, if !ou are honest with them.
8. If she li#es !ou, she will tell !ou.
9. If he is read!, we will invite him to come.
18. If the! see me, the! will want to spea# to me.
1*. Complete the following sentences b! filling in the blan#s with the Imperative form of the verbs
2222 the door. 0to open3
Gpen the door.
1on,t 2222222 to come. 0to forget3
1on,t forget to come.
1. 1on,t 2222222222 out late. 0to sta!3
2. Please 2222222222 read! on time. 0to be3
3. 1on,t 22222222222 about that. 0to worr!3
4.__________ !our own businessH 0to mind3
5.__________ careful not to trip. 0to be3
6. 1o not 222222222222 ever!thing !ou hear. 0to believe3
7. 'lwa!s 222222222222 both wa!s before crossing the street. 0to loo#3
8. 6ou 22222222222 here while I go into the store. 0to wait3
9.___________ meH 0to excuse3
10.__________ me a postcard if !ou have time. 0to send3
EXERCISES 1'
1. Change the following affirmative statements into &uestions.
For example: I ma! go. Ba! I go(
4e could have
found it.
Could we have
found it(
1. I must leave at four o,cloc#.
2. 5e might be leaving for wor# now.
3. 4e can solve the pu>>le.
4. 6ou should have called him.
5. "he! could have been waiting for the bus.
6. I shall go out now.
7. 6ou will have finished the boo#.
8. 4e should be ma#ing the arrangements.
9. She would li#e to #now the answer.
18. "he! can explain what happened.
$. Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements. For
example: I can answer the &uestion. I cannot answer the &uestion.
5e shall be
sorr!. 5e
shall not be
sorr!.
1. 6ou must come with us.
2. It ma! be sunn! tomorrow.
3. She could have won the race.
4. 4e might be right.
5. 6ou would have li#ed that movie.
6. "he! can swim ver! well.
7. She might be finishing school now.
8. 5e should have been wal#ing to wor#.
9. I shall be happ! to see him.
18. 6ou will have been wor#ing all night.
). Change the following affirmative statements into negative &uestions. 1o not use contractions in
this exercise. For example:
5e must be at wor# now.
Bust he not be at wor# now(
"he! might call
us later. Bight
the! not call us
later(
1. 6ou should be wearing a warm hat.
2. 5e could have decided to sta! at home.
3. "he! might have forgotten the message.
4. She will see !ou again next wee#.
5. "he! would en+o! riding on the ferr!.
6. 5e ma! decide to go camping.
7. "he! could have been pla!ing football !esterda!.
8. 4e shall visit our friends.
9. She must have wanted to +oin us.
18. 5e should be getting more sleep.
*. For each of the following sentences, change the verb in the main clause from the Simple
Present to the Simple Past9 and change the modal auxiliar! from the present to the past. For
example:
5e sa!s he can do it.
5e said he could do it.
1o !ou thin# she will
manage it( 1id !ou thin# she
would manage it(
1. She sa!s he ma! go.
2. I thin# we can finish on time.
3. "he! #now we will help them.
4. 5e sa!s he must leave.
5. 4e believe she will be there.
6. 1o !ou hope the! will repl! soon(
7. 1oes he not reali>e we ma! meet him there(
8. 6ou thin# we can reach our destination b! nightfall.
9. I suppose he must be at home.
18. I predict I shall succeed.
-. For each of the following sentences, change the verb in the main clause from the Simple Past to
the Simple Present9 and change the modal auxiliar! from the past to the present. For example:
"he! felt the! could not win.
"he! feel the! cannot win.
5e believed he would reach the 'ma>on @iver in a
few da!s. 5e believes he will reach the 'ma>on
@iver in a few da!s.
1. 5e thought he might arrive earl!.
2. She felt she must ma#e a phone call.
3. I maintained the! would not have an! difficult!.
4. "he! reali>ed the! could not do all the wor# in one da!.
5. 4e #new we should not be able to return home for Christmas.
6. "he! hoped the! could find their wa!.
7. 5e imagined he would be able to convince us.
8. She suspected the! must be living nearb!.
9. I hoped !ou would en+o! the pla!.
18. 4e thought !ou might #now him.
.. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple con+ugation with the
auxiliar! (ould. For example:
I wish I 22222222222 Portuguese. 0to spea#3
I wish I could spea# Portuguese.
"he! will wish the! 2222222222222 the &uestions. 0to answer3
"he! will wish the! could answer the &uestions.
6ou wished !ou 2222222222 some chocolate. 0to bu!3
6ou wished !ou could bu! some chocolate.
1. 5e wishes he 22222222222222 them. 0to call3
2. 4e wish we 2222222222222222 more time sightseeing. 0to spend3
3. She wished she 222222222222222 !ou. 0to visit3
4. "he! will wish the! 2222222222222222 to the concert. 0to go3
5. I wished I 222222222222222 m! wa! home. 0to find3
6. 5e wishes he 2222222222222222 famous. 0to become3
:. I wish I 222222222222222 it to !ou. 0to describe3
:. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Simple con+ugation with
the auxiliar! (ould. For example:
If he wanted to, he 222222222222 how to sail a boat. 0to learn3
If he wanted to, he could learn how to sail a boat.
If we 2222222222222 an!where, we would visit <reece. 0to travel3
If we could travel an!where, we would visit <reece.
1. If I 22222222222222 !ou, I would be glad to do it. 0to help3
2. If she pla!ed the piano, she 22222222222222 !our singing. 0to accompan!3
3. 4e 22222222222222 before dawn if we made all our preparations tonight. 0to depart3
4. 5e would be thrilled if he 22222222222 to ride a horse. 0to learn3
5. If she came with us, we 22222222222222 her all the sights. 0to show3
6. If the! gave us their address, we 222222222222222 them a card. 0to send3
7. 5e would move at once if he 2222222222222 a better place to live. 0to find3
8. Complete the following sentences, using the indicated verbs in the Perfect con+ugation with
the auxiliar! (ould. For example:
5ad I studied harder, I 22222222222222222222 ever! &uestion. 0to answer3
5ad I studied harder, I could have answered ever! &uestion.
222222 she 222222222 !ou earlier, she would have spo#en to !ou. 0to see3
Could she have seen !ou earlier, she would have spo#en to !ou.
1. If !ou 2222222222222222222 him tr!ing to s#ate, !ou would have laughed. 0to see3
2. If I had experienced difficulties, I 2222222222222222222 him for help. 0to as#3
3. It would have been better if we 2222222222222222222 ever!thing to her. 0to explain3
4. 5ad the! had permission, the! 222222222222222 the arrangements themselves. 0to ma#e3
5. 4e 22222222 easil! our wa! if we had not brought a compass with us. 0to lose3
.. 2222222 the! 22222222222222 what he had in mind, the! would not have been so complacent. 0to
#now3
7. 5ad a fl!ing saucer landed on the roof, he 22222222 not 22222222222 more surprised. 0to be3
8. If onl! I 222222222222222222 them of the truth, much time and trouble would have been
saved. 0to
convince3
=. If !ou 222222222222222222222 what might happen, would !ou have acted differentl!( 0to
guess3
18. 5ad I reali>ed he was in town, I 2222222222222222222 him. 0to contact3
=. Fill in the blan#s, indicating whether each of the following sentences is somewhat polite 0S3,
&uite polite 0I3, or ver! polite 0J3. Aotice the indirect phrasing of the most polite re&uests and
suggestions. For example:
Could !ou pass the butter( S
4ould !ou please pass the butter( I
Bight I trouble !ou to pass the butter( J
1. Could !ou help me( 222
2. 4ould !ou li#e some help( 222
3. Bight I be of assistance( 222
4. 6ou could come with us. 222
5. 6ou might wish to accompan! us. 222
6. 4ould !ou li#e to come with us( 222
7. Bight I trouble !ou for two pounds of fish( 222
8. I would li#e to bu! two pounds of fish, please. 222
9. Could !ou give me two pounds of fish( 222
10. Could I have !our opinion on this( 222
11. 4ould !ou please tell me what !ou thin#( 222
12. Bight I #now !our feelings on the matter( 222
18. Complete each of the following sentences with the auxiliar! )a*, )ight or )ust. /se )a* or
)ight when the event described seems somewhat probable, and use )ust when the event
described seems ver! probable. For example:
6ou 222 be right9 we shall have to wait and see.
6ou ma! be right9 we shall have to wait and see. o! 6ou might be right9 we shall have to wait
and see.
"hat 2222 be our landlord9 I would recogni>e him
an!where. "hat must be our landlord9 I would
recogni>e him an!where.
1. 'lthough it 2222222222 be true, it seems unli#el!.
2. "hat 2222222222 have been the number 18 bus, because no other bus runs on this street.
3. 4e 22222222222 have to wait a long time for a bus, because the! do not run ver! fre&uentl!.
4. "hat 222222222 be the right answer9 there is no other possibilit!.
5. "ell me !our problem9 I 2222222222 be able to help !ou.
6. It 222222222 have been he who answered the phone, because no one else was at home.
7. Since we have never been to this store before, we 2222222222 have difficult! finding what we
want.
8. 6ou 2222222222 be pleased that !ou are doing so well in !our new +ob.
9. I 222222222 go downtown tomorrow9 it depends on the weather.
10. 'lthough he is a ver! careful wor#er, it is possible that he 2222222222 have made a mista#e.
11. @ewrite the following sentences, putting the underlined verbs into the future. For
example: "he! can explain the situation to us. "he! will be able to explain the
situation to us.
Ba! the! leave whenever the! wish(
4ill the! be allowed to leave whenever the! wish(
She must obtain a license.
She will have to obtain a license.
1. She can describe it to !ou.
2. 6ou must loc# the doors when !ou leave.
3. 5e can follow the instructions.
4. Ba! the! sta! overnight(
5. 4e must remember to bu! groceries.
6. She can finish the wor# on time.
7. Bust he ta#e his glasses with him(
8. Can the! bu! the tic#ets in advance(
9. She must learn to be more careful.
18. 6ou ma! choose !our own seat.
1$. 'dd negative tag &uestions to the following affirmative statements. For
example:
"he! are luc#!.
"he! are luc#!, aren,t the!(
6ou #now what I mean.
6ou #now what I mean, don,t !ou(
4e will tell him the truth.
4e will tell him the truth, won,t we(
She could tr! harder.
She could tr! harder, couldn,t she(
1. 6ou are cold.
2. "he! passed the test.
3. I can do this well.
4. 6ou live near the school.
5. 5e went downtown.
6. 4e should call them.
7. She li#es toffee.
8. "he! could help us.
9. I won the race.
10. 6ou were reading.
11. 5e rides a bic!cle.
12. 4e would need more time.
1). 'dd affirmative tag &uestions to the following negative statements. For example:
She isn,t well.
She isn,t well, is she(
6ou don,t eat fish.
6ou don,t eat fish, do !ou(
5e hadn,t found it.
5e hadn,t found it, had he(
"he! won,t mind.
"he! won,t mind, will the!(
1. "he! won,t reach their destination before five o,cloc#.
2. 5e doesn,t want to come with us.
3. She hasn,t eaten brea#fast !et.
4. "he! aren,t ver! clever.
5. I couldn,t have persuaded !ou.
6. 6ou won,t forget to come.
7. 4e weren,t expecting compan!.
8. "he! wouldn,t li#e that.
1*. 4rite affirmative short answers to the following &uestions. For example:
Is he thirst!(
6es, he is.
5aven,t the! read the boo#( 6es, the!
have.
Can the! finish the wor# b! themselves( 6es, the! can.
Should she leave now( 6es, she
should.
1. 1o we need an! butter(
2. Ba! the! send for !ou(
3. Is she sure she is right(
4. 1oes he en+o! stud!ing(
5. 5ad the! been meaning to call us(
6. Couldn,t he send us the information(
7. 4ould she li#e to listen to the radio(
8. 5ad he been wanting to travel(
1-. 4rite negative short answers to the following &uestions. For
example:
4asn,t he thirst!(
Ao, he wasn,t.
4ere the! watching
television( Ao, the!
weren,t.
Should we turn
left here( Ao,
we shouldn,t.
4ill the! want some
coffee( Ao, the!
won,t.
1. Isn,t she driving her own car(
2. 4ill he be visiting 1enmar#(
3. 4ould she mind(
4. Could the! understand ever!thing(
5. 4ill she have to get up earl!(
6. Should he warn them(
7. 1idn,t we sell all the chocolate bars(
8. Couldn,t the! find an! evidence(
1.. 'dd the short form construction using the words and so to each of the following affirmative
statements.
/se the sub+ects shown in brac#ets. For example:
5e is luc#!. 0I3
5e is luc#!, and so am I.
She li#es chocolate. 0!ou3
She li#es chocolate, and so do !ou.
"he! can swim well. 0we3
"he! can swim well, and so can we.
1. 4e are thirst!. 0the!3
2. 6ou have been helpful. 0she3
3. I swam to the island. 0he3
4. 5e was riding a horse. 0!ou3
5. "he! can understand 1utch. 0we3
6. She en+o!ed the trip. 0I3
7. 6ou should stud! hard. 0the!3
8. 5e reads a great deal. 0she3
1:. 'dd the short form construction using the words and neithe! to each of the following negative
statements.
/se the sub+ects shown in brac#ets. For example:
5e is not angr!. 0we3
5e is not angr!, and neither are we.
"he! didn,t visit !ou. 0I3
"he! didn,t visit !ou, and neither did I.
I couldn,t understand it. 0she3
I couldn,t understand it, and neither could she.
1. 6ou haven,t finished supper. 0she3
2. 5e couldn,t tell the time. 0the!3
3. She is not planning to go. 0we3
4. 4e didn,t wait long. 0he3
5. 5e has not been feeling well. 0I3
6. She cannot run fast. 0the!3
7. 4e do not own a canar!. 0he3
8. 6ou won,t be needing an umbrella. 0we3
EXERCISES 11
1. In each of the following sentences, underline the direct ob+ect of the verb. For
example: She forgot the pencils. She forgot the pencils.
4as he
writing a
letter( 4as
he writing a
letter(
6ou did not answer
the &uestion. 6ou
did not answer the
&uestion.
1. I watched the birds.
2. 5e did not close the window.
3. She rang the bell.
4. 1id !ou find the answer(
5. I opened the door.
6. 1id she pla! the violin(
7. 6ou will need an umbrella.
8. "he! are not carr!ing the parcels.
9. 6ou organi>ed the race.
18. 4ere the! using the blan#ets(
$. In the following sentences, the direct ob+ects of the verbs are printed in bold t!pe. In addition,
each sentence contains an adverb or adverb phrase indicating time. 1epending upon whether or not
there is a direct ob+ect, complete each sentence using either to la* or to lie, as appropriate. /se the
Present Continuous tense if the action ta#es place in the present, and use the Simple Past tense if
the action too# place in the past. For example:
"he! 2222222222 the b!i(+s now.
"he! are la!ing the b!i(+s now.
I 2222222 the )one* on the counter last night.
I laid the )one* on the counter last night.
@ight now, the dogs 2222222222 in the middle of the road.
@ight now, the dogs are l!ing in the middle of the road.
6esterda!, he 222 in bed until ten
o,cloc#. 6esterda!, he la! in bed
until ten o,cloc#.
1. Aow I 222222222222222 too close to the fire.
2. Kast night he 2222222222222 twent! dolla!s on top of the boo#case.
3. @ight now she 222222222222222 a $i!e.
4. /ntil last !ear, the treasure 222222222222222 hidden under the earth.
5. 6esterda! she 222222222222222 her (oat on the bed.
6. 5is boo#s 22222222222222 on the floor all last wee#.
7. @ight now he 2222222222222222 low in order to sta! out of danger.
8. 6esterda! morning he 222222222222222 the %a!(el close to the door.
9. Kast night the! 22222222222222 in wait for the thieves.
18. Aow the! 2222222222222222 their (a!ds on the table.
). In the following sentences, the direct ob+ects of the verbs are printed in bold t!pe. In addition,
there is a direct ob+ect, complete each sentence using either to !aise or to !ise, as appropriate. /se
the Present Continuous tense if the action ta#es place in the present9 and use the Simple Past tense
if the action too# place in the past. For example:
@ight now, he 22222222222 shee%.
@ight now, he is raising shee%.
Kast night he_______their e,%e(tations.
Kast night he raised their e,%e(tations.
"he price of housing__________now.
"he price of housing is rising now.
Kast !ear she_______at six o,cloc# ever! morning.
Kast !ear she rose at six o,cloc# ever! morning.
1. Kast night, when we heard the news, our hopes______________.
2. Kast !ear the!__________six hundred dol-ais b! selling chocolate bars.
3. Aow the!_______________the %!i(e of gasoline.
4. "he price of gold______________!esterda!.
5. 't the moment, he_______________(o!n.
6. @ight now mist________________from the water.
7. Kast wee#, !ou______________a difficult .uestion.
8. "he temperature______________at the moment.
9. Aow he______________his hat.
18. "he water level last wee#.
*. In the following sentences, the direct ob+ects of the verbs are printed in bold t!pe. In addition,
there is a direct ob+ect, complete each sentence using either to set or to sit, as appropriate. /se the
Present Continuous tense if the action ta#es place in the present9 and use the Simple Past tense if
the action too# place in the past. For example:
Aow the! 222222222222 the table.
Aow the! are setting the table.
Kast night we 222 our alarm (lo(+ for
six o,cloc#. Kast night we set our
alarm (lo(+ for six o,cloc#.
't the moment, the cat 2222222222 on top of the car.
't the moment, the cat is sitting on top of the car.
6esterda! he 222 at his des# all
afternoon. 6esterda! he sat at his
des# all afternoon.
1. @ight now the! 22222222222222 down to a good meal.
2. 6esterda! the! 22222222222222 the empt! bottles on the front step.
3. 't the moment, she 222222222222222 in front of the fire.
4. Aow we 222222222222222 the suit(ases on the moving belt.
5. In ancient times, Cing 'rthur,s #nights 2222222222222 at the @ound "able.
6. 6esterda! morning the doctor 22222222222222 the bro#en bone.
7. @ight now, we 2222222222222222 around the table.
8. 5e 22222222222222 a good e,a)%le last wee#, b! stud!ing hard.
9. Aow she 22222222222222 her at(h to the correct time.
18. 6esterda! afternoon we 222222222222 at the end of the doc#, in the sun.
-. In the following sentences, the direct ob+ects of the verbs are printed in bold t!pe. Pa!ing
attention to whether or not there is a direct ob+ect, for each sentence, choose the correct verb
from the pair given in brac#ets, and complete the sentence using the Present Perfect tense of
the verb. For example:
I 22222222 two blan+ets on the bed. 0to la!, to lie3
I have laid two blan+ets on the bed.
5e 222222222 down for half an hour. 0to la!, to lie3
5e has lain down for half an hour.
"he! 22222222222 the $lag. 0to raise, to rise3
"he! have raised the $lag.
Gur opinion of them 222222222 . 0to raise, to rise3
Gur opinion of them has risen.
4e 222222222 the electric t!ain in motion. 0to set, to sit3
4e have set the electric t!ain in motion.
She 222 +ust 222 down. 0to
set, to sit3 She has +ust sat
down.
1. "he! 222222222222 a li)it of four cartons per customer. 0to set, to sit3
2. 4e 222222222222222 our %lans carefull!. 0to la!, to lie3
3. 6ou 2222222222222 ver! earl! for the past three wee#s. 0to raise, to rise3
4. 4e 2222222222222222 in the car all afternoon. 0to set, to sit3
5. "he! 222222222222222 four (hild!en. 0to raise, to rise3
6. 5e 2222222222222 a !e(o!d for endurance. 0to set, to sit3
7. I 2222222222222 awa#e half the night. 0to la!, to lie3
8. "he! 222222222222222 the table. 0to la!, to lie3
9. She 222222222222222 still for fifteen minutes. 0to set, to sit3
10. 6ou 2222222222222222 !our standa!ds. 0to raise, to rise3
11. 6our standards 22222222222222222 . 0to raise, to rise3
12. 6our gloves 22222222222222222 on the table all wee#. 0to la!, to lie3
.. @ewrite each of the following sentences, omitting the underlined preposition which precedes the
indirect ob+ect, and ma#ing the necessar! changes in word order. For example:
I bought a rose for the singer.
I bought the singer a rose.
She gave an apple to
the bo!. She gave
the bo! an apple.
1. I handed the boo# to the student.
2. 5e wrote a letter to the twins.
3. She made a scarf for the girl.
4. I told the stor! to the audience.
5. 4e paid the mone! to the dentist.
6. 5e sent a repl! to the doctor.
7. 4e offered the +ob to the students.
8. She told the news to her friends.
:. @ewrite each of the following sentences, inserting the preposition to before the indirect ob+ect,
and ma#ing the necessar! changes in word order. For example:
I wrote the president a letter.
I wrote a letter to the president.
"he! showed the visitor the
garden. "he! showed the
garden to the visitor.
1. 4e sent the reporters a photograph.
2. "he! mailed the agenc! a postcard.
3. I paid the manager the fee.
4. 4e sold the students the doughnuts.
5. 6ou read the teacher the stor!.
6. She mailed the seamstress the material.
7. I sent the wor#ers a message.
;. 5e offered his guest the wine.
EXERCISES 12
1. Change the following affirmative statements into &uestions.
For example: 6ou are re&uired to attend the meeting. 're
!ou re&uired to attend the meeting(
1. "he! should be notified.
2. 5e might have been allowed to come.
3. 6ou had been told about it.
4. "he! will be needed.
5. It has been ad+ourned.
6. "he! were being prepared.
$. Change the following affirmative statements into negative statements. For
example: "he! would have been instructed to +oin us. "he! would not
have been instructed to +oin us.
It was sent
on time. It
was not
sent on
time.
1. 4e could have been seen from the island.
2. It is being dealt with satisfactoril!.
3. "he! were being #ept under observation.
4. 6ou will be held responsible.
5. "he! were expected at six o,cloc#.
6. 5e will be as#ed to participate.
). Change the following affirmative statements into negative &uestions. 1o not use contractions in
this exercise. For example:
5e is respected b! ever!one.
Is he not respected b! ever!one(
She should be
consulted. Should
she not be
consulted(
1. "he! were recogni>ed immediatel!.
2. 4e were being assisted b! volunteers.
3. It had been delivered.
4. "he! should have been guarded more carefull!.
5. 4e will be given financial assistance.
6. It had been organi>ed b! the club members.
*. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the underlined verb, and then
change the verb from the 'ctive Joice to the corresponding tense in the Passive Joice. "a#e note of
the resulting change in the meaning of the sentence. For example:
"he! drive to wor# at seven o,cloc# ever! morning.
Simple Present: "he! are driven to wor# at seven o,cloc# ever! morning.
1id he notice(
Simple Past: 4as he noticed(
She is not telling the truth.
Present Continuous: he is not being told the truth.
4e have sent a message.
Present Perfect: 4e have been sent a message.
I will pa!.
Simple Future: I will be paid.
1. 1o the! expect to leave( 222222222222222222
2. 5e is giving instructions. 222222222222222222
3. "he! have moved to a new location. 2222222222222222222
4. She will fl! to Kondon. 222222222222222222
5. 5e has offered a discount. 2222222222222222222
6. "he! have stopped. 2222222222222222222
7. 4ill !ou have given the order( 222222222222222222
8. 4e sent a favorable repl!. 2222222222222222222
9. 4e were teaching <erman. 2222222222222222222
10. I understand. 2222222222222222222
11. 5e is offering free advice. 222222222222222222
12. She will rush to the reception. 222222222222222222
-. For each of the following sentences, first indicate the tense of the underlined verb, and then
change the verb from the Passive Joice to the corresponding tense in the 'ctive Joice. "a#e note of
the resulting change in the meaning of the sentence. For example:
4e are paid regularl!.
Simple Present: 4e pa! regularl!.
She is not assisted ever! da!.
Simple Present: She does not assist ever! da!.
4as he not being flown to Eoston(
Past Continuous: 4as he not fl!ing to Eoston(
It has been grown here for the past twent! !ears.
Present Perfect: It has grown here for the past twent! !ears.
Bight the! be called at nine o,cloc#(
Simple con+ugation with )ight: Bight the! call at nine o,cloc#(
1. 4e can be heard easil!. 222222222222222222
2. She is being given advice. 2222222222222222222
3. 4ere the! not flown over the la#e( 22222222222222222
4. I had been transferred to another department.
5. 5e is being stopped. 2222222222222222222
6. 4e have been sent a letter. 2222222222222222222
7. 5e is not being taught music theor!. 222222222222222222
8. Should the! have been flown to their next destination( 222222222222222
9. "he! will be watched constantl!. 2222222222222222222
10. 4e had been driven to the beach this morning. 2222222222222222222
11. 5as he been chec#ed into the hotel( 222222222222222
12. Could I have been told the news !esterda!( 2222222222222222222
.. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the 'ctive Joice to the
corresponding tenses in the Passive Joice. Preserve the meaning of the sentences b! using the
preposition b* and ma#ing the necessar! changes in word order. For example:
"he teenager rowed the boat.
"he boat was rowed b! the teenager.
"he girl is riding the horse.
"he horse is being ridden b! the girl.
"he student has prepared the lunch.
"he lunch has been prepared b! the student.
"he president will than# the members.
"he members will be than#ed b! the president.
"he children can understand the poem.
"he poem can be understood b! the children.
1. "he woman founded the club.
2. "his entr! too# the pri>e.
3. "he girl is pla!ing the guitar.
4. "he mailman has delivered the letter.
5. "he chauffeur can drive the car.
6. "he child chose the hat.
7. "he cat chased the mouse.
8. "he wor#ers will weave the carpet.
9. "he stranger could have bought the hi#ing boots.
10. "he dealer has sold the car.
11. "he dog splashed the water.
12. "he man has watered the garden.
:. Change the underlined verbs in the following sentences from the Passive Joice to the
corresponding tenses in the 'ctive Joice. Preserve the meaning of the sentences b! omitting the
preposition b* and ma#ing the necessar! changes in word order. For example:
"he news was heard b! ever!one.
%ver!one heard the news.
"he orders were followed b! the
officials. "he officials followed
the orders.
"he mone! is being counted b!
the cashier. "he cashier is
counting the mone!.
"he duc#s have been fed b! the
tourists. "he tourists have fed the
duc#s.
"he flowers will be photographed b! the
naturalist. "he naturalist will photograph
the flowers.
1. "he bill was paid b! the manager.
2. "he bread was made b! the ba#er.
3. "he wiring must be chec#ed b! the electrician.
4. "he crow was being scolded b! the s&uirrel.
5. "he boo# was written b! a doctor.
6. "he house was painted b! a student.
7. "he seeds were ta#en b! the chic#adee.
8. "he cider has been drun# b! the guest.
9. "he mail is opened b! the secretar!.
10. "he ingredients have been measured b! the coo#s.
11. "he bird was seen b! the photographers.
12. 5is wor# will be published b! the maga>ine.
;. Complete the following sentences using the Simple Present Sub+unctive of the Passive Joice of
the verbs shown in brac#ets. For example:
She ordered that the most important details 22222222 #nown. 0to ma#e3
She ordered that the most important details be made #nown.
5e advises that the plane 222222222 at a high altitude. 0to fl!3
5e advises that the plane be flown at a high altitude.
1. "he! demand that the change of plans 22222222222222 at nine o,cloc#. 0to announce3
2. 4e as# that permission to compete 2222222222222 to ever!one. 0to grant3
3. It is important that their accomplishments 2222222222222 . 0to recogni>e3
4. It is crucial that we 2222222222222 of an! change. 0to advise3
5. 5e as#s that his affairs 222222222222 in order. 0to put3
6. "he! re&uested that their &ualifications 222222222222222 . 0to accept3
7. 4e insist that he not 22222222222222 his rights. 0to den!3
8. It is necessar! that the re&uirements 22222222222222 . 0to meet3
9. She re&uests that the most experienced candidate 222222222222 . 0to choose3
10. It is recommended that care 22222222222 in ma#ing the repairs. 0to ta#e3
11. 5e insists that smo#ing 22222222222222 . 0to forbid3
12. It is essential that supplies 2222222222222 well in advance. 0to order3
EXERCISES 13
1. For each of the following sentences, change the sub+ect of the verb to the plural, and change the
verb so that it agrees with its sub+ect. For example:
"he room is large.
"he rooms are large.
"he letter was delivered
!esterda!. "he letters
were delivered !esterda!.
"he tourist has a
map. "he
tourists have a
map.
"he girl
studies
hard. "he
girls stud!
hard.
1. "he boo# was heav!.
2. "he train has left.
3. "he bird was singing.
4. "he door was closed b! the superintendent.
5. "he shoe fits well.
6. "he parcel is being opened.
7. "he newspaper is read b! man! people.
8. "he flame is flic#ering.
9. "he ship has been sighted.
18. "he street was being cleaned.
$. For each of the following sentences, change the sub+ect of the verb to the plural, and change the
"he beach is supervised b! lifeguards.
"he beaches are supervised b! lifeguards.
"he singer performs
twice a wee#. "he singers
perform twice a wee#.
"he class was visiting the
museum. "he classes were
visiting the museum.
"he vase has been filled with
flowers. "he vases have been
filled with flowers.
1. "he box was empt!.
2. "he river flows to the sea.
3. "he bush has grown in the last two months.
4. "he hat was on sale.
5. "he bench is made of stone.
6. "he plant has been watered.
7. "he hedge is being trimmed.
8. "he process was invented last !ear.
9. "he s#etch is nearl! finished.
10. "he bree>e was warm.
11. "he wall is being painted.
12. "he church is two hundred !ears old.
13. "he bridge will soon be completed.
14. "he carpet has been cleaned.
15. "he branch is covered with ice.
). For each of the following sentences, change the sub+ect of the verb to the plural, and change the
"he part! was held downtown.
"he parties were held downtown.
"he societ! accomplishes a
great deal. "he societies
accomplish a great deal.
"he da!
seemed
long. "he
da!s
seemed
long.
1. "he berr! was red.
2. "he #e! was difficult to use.
3. "he valle! is ver! beautiful.
4. "he edd! can be dangerous for swimmers.
5. "he +ourne! was underta#en b! pilgrims.
6. "he dais! was pic#ed b! the child.
7. "he mon#e! is considered to be sacred.
8. "he gull! is full of water.
9. "he bo! ran to school.
10. "he facilit! is open to the public.
11. "he secretar! wor#s overtime.
12. "he to! was being sold at a discount.
13. "he tra! is being piled high with dishes.
14. "he dair! opens at nine o,cloc#.
15. "he chimne! has been repaired.
*. @ewrite each of the following sentences, adding the word to before the proper noun. Change the
proper noun to the plural, and change the verb so that it agrees with its sub+ect. For example:
Smith lives in this building.
"wo Smiths live in this building.
5arr! was nominated for the position.
"wo 5arr!s were nominated for the position.
'lex is here.
"wo 'lexes are here.
1. Baurice is volunteering.
2. ?ones was ordered to leave.
3. 5arrison owns land.
4. Sand! has telephoned us.
5. Susan met us.
6. "rish is stud!ing French.
7. Pat does well in school.
8. Ki> has arrived earl!.
9. ?ac#! was ma#ing the ca#e.
10. @uss #nows all the answers.
11. %ric is planning the part!.
12. "err! has difficult! understanding Spanish.
-. For each of the following sentences, change the sub+ect of the verb to the plural, and change the
"he #nife has been sharpened.
"he #nives have been sharpened.
"he reef
attracts
tourists. "he
reefs attract
tourists.
"he thief will be
caught. "he
thieves will be
caught.
1. "he leaf has turned red.
2. "he fife had the solo.
3. "he calf is hungr!.
4. "he scarf #ept him warm.
5. "he #nife will be useful.
6. "he giraffe was eating leaves.
7. "he cliff is being explored b! geologists.
8. "he wolf howls ever! night.
9. "he loaf is rising.
10. "he chief will decide.
11. "he shelf is being used.
12. "he proof is convincing.
.. For each of the following sentences, change the sub+ect of the verb to the plural, and change the
"he hero was enthusiasticall! welcomed.
"he heroes were enthusiasticall! welcomed.
"he studio is used b!
man! artists. "he studios
are used b! man! artists.
1. "he radio is broadcasting news ever! hour.
2. "he tomato was being ba#ed.
3. "he mos&uito wo#e us up.
4. "he soprano performed with the orchestra.
5. "he solo was pla!ed b! the violinist.
6. "he archipelago lies off the coast of South 'merica.
7. "he silo is used for storing corn.
8. "he potato has been boiled.
9. "he volcano is not active.
10. "he casino was open until one o,cloc# in the morning.
11. "he innuendo should be ignored.
12. "he ratio has been favorable.
:. For each of the following sentences, change the sub+ect of the verb to the plural, and change the
"he h!pothesis is still tentative.
"he h!potheses are still tentative.
"he nebula has been studied b! man!
scientists. "he nebulae have been studied
b! man! scientists.
"he thesis will have been reviewed b!
experts. "he theses will have been
reviewed b! experts.
1. "he s!nopsis is accurate.
2. "he phenomenon surprised us.
3. "he stratum contains fossils.
4. "he anal!sis was proved correct.
5. "he crisis has caused concern.
6. "he spectrum includes man! different colors of light.
7. "he axis of rotation will be investigated.
8. "he stimulus has been found to be effective.
9. "he criterion was used to +udge which proposals should be accepted.
10. "he oasis is visited b! man! travelers.
11. "he honorarium is being presented toda!.
12. "he parenthesis was omitted.
;. For each of the following sentences, change the sub+ect of the verb to the plural, and change the
"he goose li#es to eat daisies.
"he geese li#e to eat daisies.
"he ox was being led to
the barn. "he oxen were
being led to the barn.
"he salmon has been caught b!
the bear. "he salmon have been
caught b! the bear.
1. "he child is happ!.
2. "he sheep has been sheared.
3. "he man was being given directions.
4. "he deer is eating the ha!.
5. "he woman has visited us.
6. "he mouse ma#es a great deal of noise at night.
7. "he gentleman would li#e to have brea#fast earl!.
8. "he louse is a nuisance.
9. 6our foot is si>e ten.
10. "he fisherman has had a good season.
11. "he tooth needs to be filled.
12. "he policewoman was directing traffic.
EXERCISES 14
1. @ewrite each of the following sentences, changing the sub+ect of the verb to the singular,
inserting a or an before the sub+ect, as appropriate, and changing the verb to agree with the
sub+ect. For example:
Jiolins are difficult to pla!.
' violin is difficult to pla!.
/nions have
been formed. '
union has been
formed.
'nswers are alwa!s
provided. 'n answer
is alwa!s provided.
5eirs have man!
friends. 'n heir
has man!
friends.
1. 'vocados are expensive.
2. 4indows are an important feature of an artist,s studio.
3. /mbrellas should not be used during a thunderstorm.
4. 5orses can be useful in the mountains.
5. Cashews are a t!pe of nut.
6. Gnions can be used for flavoring soup.
7. "ruc#s have man! uses.
8. 5ours passed.
9. Sentences should have proper punctuation.
10. %scalators are ver! convenient.
11. /niforms must be worn.
12. Eoxes were found on the floor.
13. Barshes lie be!ond the cit! boundar!.
14. Ideas can be valuable.
15. %ggs are a good source of protein.
$. Fill in each blan# with either the indefinite article 0a or an3 or the definite article 0the3. /se a or an
with nouns referring to people or things which have not been mentioned previousl!, and use the with
nouns referring to people or things which have been mentioned previousl!.
I had never visited Seretna! Par# before. Kast wee# I went to 2222 par# and chose 2222 tour to ta#e.
"here were twent! tourists and one guide. 2222 guide as#ed what we wanted to see. I said I had never
seen 2222 eagle, and I would li#e to see one. 2222 child on 2222 tour said he would li#e to see 2222
beaver, since he had heard there were man! in 2222 par#. 2222 guide said he would do his best. First
he led us along 2222 road, and then we turned off onto 2222 path. "o our right was 2222 marsh!
pond.
Suddenl! 2222 child who had spo#en before shouted, LKoo#H I see 2222 beaverHL Gf course 2222
beaver was startled. It slapped its tail and disappeared into pond.
Gur guide pointed to 2222 pile of stic#s and said, L"hat,s where 2222 beaver lives. "hat,s his house.L I
had m! camera with me, and too# 2222 photograph of 2222 house.
's we were standing there, 2222 guide was loo#ing across 2222 pond through 2222 small telescope.
'fter a minute, he tapped m! shoulder and handed me 2222 telescope. 5e pointed to 2222 tall tree
and said, L1o !ou see that white spec#( "hat,s 2222 bald eagle.L
I had difficult! focusing 2222 telescope, but finall! I saw 2222 eagle. 's I watched, 2222 eagle spread
its wings and soared over the water.
It was 2222 wonderful experience for me to see some of the wild creatures that live in 2222 par#.
). Fill in each blan# with a, an or the. Ee prepared to +ustif! !our choice. For example: 222 moon is
full tonight. "he moon is full tonight.
5e is 222 singer. 5e is a singer.
Please sit in 222 center of the boat. Please sit in the
center of the boat.
"he room costs twent! dollars 222 da!. "he room costs
twent! dollars a da!.
222 wheel is considered one of man#ind,s most important inventions. "he wheel is
considered one of man#ind,s most important inventions.
1. 5is aunt is 2222 teacher.
2. 2222 architect is trained in design, drafting, and economics.
3. 2222 ostrich is the world,s largest bird.
4. Euses pass this point two or three times 2222 hour.
5. Plants gain energ! from the light of 2222 sun.
6. I wo#e up in 2222 middle of the night.
7. She is 2222 doctor.
8. 2222 seal is an excellent swimmer.
9. Gur e!es usuall! blin# several times 2222 minute.
10. 't 2222 e&uator, sunrise occurs at the same time each da!.
11. 5e is 2222 author.
12. "he! wanted to hear 2222 end of the stor!.
13. Such a severe storm occurs onl! once 2222 decade.
14. Bount %verest is tallest mountain in 2222 world.
15. "here is an index at 2222 bac# of the boo#.
EXERCISES 15
1. @ewrite the following general statements using singular nouns. Ba#e sure that the verbs agree
with their sub+ects. For example:
%ngineers must be familiar with computers.
'n engineer must be familiar with computers.
"rees
produce
ox!gen. '
tree
produces
ox!gen.
1. 'utomobiles should be #ept in good repair.
2. Eats locate insects b! means of sonar.
3. 1iplomats should, if possible, be multilingual.
4. 5ats are useful in cold weather.
5. Ph!sicists must stud! a great deal.
6. %lephants can be dangerous.
$. @ewrite the following general statements using plural nouns. Ba#e sure that the verbs agree with
their sub+ects. For example:
' bic!cle is a convenient means of transportation.
Eic!cles are a convenient means of transportation.
' secretar! should be proficient in spelling and
grammar. Secretaries should be proficient in
spelling and grammar.
1. ' sportsman needs to remain calm under pressure.
2. 'n eagle has good e!esight.
3. ' conference re&uires careful planning.
4. ' roc# is composed of minerals.
5. ' potato is rich in starch.
6. 'n omelette is made of eggs and other ingredients.
). @ewrite the following general statements using singular nouns. Ba#e sure that the verbs agree
with their sub+ects. For example:
Frogs are amphibians.
' frog is an amphibian.
4rench
es are
tools. '
wrench
is a
tool.
1. Pines are evergreens.
2. Gtters are mammals.
3. Computers are machines.
4. Crabs are crustaceans.
5. Cric#ets are insects.
6. Ga#s are hardwoods.
*. @ewrite the following general statements using plural nouns. Ba#e sure that the verbs agree with
their sub+ects. For example:
' robin is a bird.
@obins are birds.
' refrigerator is an
appliance.
@efrigerators are
appliances.
1. ' schooner is a ship.
2. ' mallard is a duc#.
3. ' rhododendron is a bush.
4. ' beech is a tree.
5. ' #angaroo is a marsupial.
6. 'n emerald is a gem.
-. Pa!ing attention to whether the people and things referred to have been mentioned previousl!, fill
in each blan#
with a, an or the, or leave the blan# empt! if no determiner is re&uired.
I once had the chance to see 222 Chinese opera. It was ver! exciting. 's well as 222 singers, there
were 222 dancers and 222 acrobats. 222 acrobats staged 222 fights. 1uring 222 fights, some of 222
acrobats wielded 222 swords, and others leaped over 222 swords. Ban! of 222 dancers carried
scarves. 222 dancers 222 flourished 222 scarves to ma#e 2222 patterns in the air.
Eehind 222 screen was a group of 222 musicians. 222 musicians pla!ed various oriental instruments.
222 instruments included 222 drums, 222 c!mbals, 222 flutes and 222 gong. 222 flutes usuall! pla!ed
the melod!, and 222 gong was sounded at particularl! exciting moments.
Gf course there were 222 hero and 222 heroine. 222 hero had to rescue 222 heroine from 222
magician. 222 hero and 222 heroine had both proved their courage b! the end of 222 opera.
.. Fill in each blan# with the or leave it empt!, as appropriate. Ee prepared to +ustif! !our choices.
For example:
"hose participants are
2222 law!ers. "hose
participants are law!ers.
2222 eagles are
birds of pre!.
%agles are birds
of pre!.
222 deaf have their own
language. "he deaf have
their own language.
222 1utch are members of the
%uropean /nion. "he 1utch are
members of the %uropean /nion.
2222 planets
circle the sun.
"he planets
circle the sun.
1. 2222 %nglish have a reputation for being animal lovers.
2. 2222 wounded were treated immediatel!.
3. 5is friends are 2222 scientists.
4. 2222 crows are blac#.
5. 2222 stars are covered b! clouds.
6. 2222 French ma#e excellent pastries.
7. "wo of the women are 2222 reporters.
8. 2222 turtles are reptiles.
9. 2222 wealth! generall! have a good #nowledge of finance.
10. 2222 'mericans li#e to watch television.
11. "he! are 2222 businessmen.
:. Pa!ing attention to the rules for the use of the with proper nouns, fill in the blan#s with the or
leave them empt!, as appropriate. For example:
222 @ic# is one of 222 Smiths who live on our street.
@ic# is one of the Smiths who live on our street.
222 Channel Islands lie south of
222 %ngland. "he Channel Islands
lie south of %ngland.
222 @hine @iver flows through 222 Ka#e
Constance. "he @hine @iver flows through
Ka#e Constance.
2222 Isle of Ban lies in 2222
Irish Sea. "he Isle of Ban lies
in the Irish Sea.
Part of 222 Aew 6or# Cit! is situated on 222
Kong Island. Part of Aew 6or# Cit! is situated
on Kong Island.
1. 2222 5awaiian Islands are in the middle of 2222 Pacific Gcean.
2. 2222 Salt Ka#e Cit! is the capital of /tah.
3. 2222 Kondon lies on 2222 "hames @iver.
4. 2222 Sue> Canal connects 2222 Bediterranean Sea with @ed Sea.
5. 2222 Ka#e 5uron and 2222 Ka#e %rie are two of 2222 <reat Ka#es.
6. 2222 Calcutta lies north of 2222 Ea! of Eengal.
7. 2222 Aorth Sea separates Eritish Isles from 2222 Aorwa! and 2222 1enmar#.
8. 2222 Ea! of Eisca! lies to the west of 2222 France.
9. 2222 Gr#ne! Islands are in the north of 2222 Scotland.
10. 2222 'nticosti Island lies in 2222 <ulf of St. Kawrence.
11. Part of 2222 Sahara 1esert lies in 2222 'lgeria.
12. 2222 <err!, one of 2222 ?ohnsons, lives on 2222 Eelleview Street.
13. 2222 Bount Ciliman+aro is southeast of 2222 Ka#e Jictoria.
14. 2222 Jancouver Island lies off the west coast of 2222 Canada.
15. 2222 Serengeti Aational Par# lies in 2222 "an>ania.
;. Pa!ing attention to whether a singular or plural verb should be used, complete each of the following
sentences b! filling in the blan# with is or a!e. For example:
B! scissors 222 ver! sharp.
B! scissors are ver! sharp.
Gne pair of scissors 22 not enough for the
whole class. Gne pair of scissors is not
enough for the whole class.
Five pairs of scissors 222 sufficient for a
small class. Five pairs of scissors are
sufficient for a small class.
1. 5er +eans 222222 white.
2. Gnl! one pair of +eans 222222 clean.
3. "hree pairs of +eans 222222 being washed.
4. ' good pair of pliers 222222 hand! for repairing a bic!cle.
5. 5is pliers 222222 e&uipped with a sharp edge for cutting wire.
6. Several pairs of pliers 222222 on sale.
EXERCISES 16
1. For the following sentences, fill in the blan#s with a or an or leave the blan#s empt!, as
appropriate. Fill in the blan#s with a or an before countable nouns, and leave them empt! before
uncountable nouns. For example:
22 bird is singing outside the window.
' bird is singing outside the window.
222 copper is used in ma#ing
electrical wiring. Copper is used in
ma#ing electrical wiring.
1. 222 air is made up of elements such as 222 ox!gen and 222 nitrogen.
2. 222 boo# is l!ing on the floor.
3. 222 @ussian is a difficult language.
4. 222 onion is 222 vegetable.
5. 222 butter and 222 cream are made from 222 mil#.
6. 222 letter has been delivered to the wrong house.
7. 222 child is pla!ing on the sidewal#.
8. 222 asbestos is a fireproof material.
9. 222 tree is growing outside the house.
10. 222 curiosit! is considered a sign of 222 intelligence.
11. "he! want to bu! 222 camera.
12. 222 egg was added to the soup.
13. 222 rain is expected this evening.
14. "he farmers wished for 222 peace and 222 prosperit!.
15. 222 bic!cle is par#ed in front of the store.
$. Pa!ing attention to whether the nouns in the following paragraphs are countable or uncountable,
and to whether or not the nouns refer to things which have been mentioned before, fill in the blan#s
with a or the, or leave the blan#s empt!, as appropriate.
Phil ?ones was 2222 prospector, who was loo#ing for 2222 gold. 5e had to travel a long wa!,
crossing 222 mountains and 2222 streams to reach his destination.
Previousl!, he had been 2222 miner and had mined 222 copper and 222 coal. Eut 2222 copper had
given out, and mining 2222 coal was dangerous wor#. 4hen he had heard about 222 gold in 2222
mountains, Phil had left his +ob and traveled west. 5e #new he would need 222 courage and 222
determination to reach his goal.
Gne evening he camped beside 222 stream. 4hen he tested 2222 stream, he found there was a small
amount of
glittering gold dust in it. 's usual, Phil made 222 fire to prepare his evening meal. 5e too# 2222 222
flour and
222 salt from his #napsac#, and got 222 water from 2222 stream. "hen he mixed 222 salt with 222
flour, and
graduall! added 222 water, to ma#e 222 panca#es over 222 fire.
's 222 fire died awa!, Phil loo#ed up and down 222 stream. %xpecting to see onl! 222 dar#ness, to
his surprise, he saw 2222 lights from man! small fires. 5e #new the! must be 2222 fires of other
prospectors. LI,ve reached end of m! +ourne!L, he thought. Aow he was in the goldfields, and with
222 luc#, he would find 222 gold he had come to see#.
). For each of the following sentences, change the word one to to, put the sub+ect of the verb into
the plural, and ma#e sure that the verb agrees with its sub+ect. For example:
Gne bar of soap will be provided.
"wo bars of soap will be provided.
Gne bag of flour is on the
counter. "wo bags of
flour are on the counter.
1. Gne piece of luggage is allowed per passenger.
2. Gne bottle of water is enough.
3. Gne +ar of hone! is larger than the others.
4. Gne piece of furniture will be delivered.
5. Gne grain of rice has fallen onto the table.
6. Gne buc#et of sand was needed to build the sand castle.
7. Gne cup of sugar should be mixed with the flour.
8. Gne game of chess will be pla!ed at four o,cloc#.
*. Fill in each blan# with a or an if the noun following the blan# is used as a countable noun, or leave
the blan# empt! if the noun following the blan# is used as an uncountable noun. For example:
"he bowl is made of 222 glass.
"he bowl is made of glass.
4ould !ou li#e 22 glass
of water( 4ould !ou li#e
a glass of water(
1. "he sun gives off 222 heat and 222 light.
2. "here is 222 light suspended from the ceiling.
3. She will bu! 222 paper to find out what movies are being shown.
4. 222 paper can be made from 222 wood or 222 cloth.
5. She has a #een sense of 222 honor.
6. It is 222 honor to be invited to spea#.
7. "here is 222 bed near the window.
8. 5e has gone to 2222 bed earl! because he is tired.
9. 222 iron used in ma#ing 222 steel.
10. If I had 222 iron, I would press m! new suit.
11. "he! alwa!s eat 222 lunch at twelve o,cloc#.
12. 4e will pac# !ou 2222 lunch to ta#e with !ou.
-. Pa!ing attention to which verbs can be followed b! an infinitive and which can be followed b! a
gerund, for each sentence, fill in the blan# with the infinitive or gerund of the verb shown in
Please stop 22222 thatH 0to do3
Please stop doing thatH
5e has decided 2222222 a holida!. 0to ta#e3
5e has decided to ta#e a holida!.
1. 5as he finished 2222222222 the report( 0to read3
2. 4e plan 2222222222 the concert. 0to attend3
3. "he! will discuss 2222222222 a club. 0to organi>e3
4. She offered 222222222 the letter. 0to write3
5. "he! as#ed 2222222222 us. 0to accompan!3
6. 6ou should practise 22222222222 the speech. 0to give3
7. I would suggest 2222222222 the wor# b! next wee#. 0to finish3
8. 5e has not dared 2222222222 !ou. 0to contradict3
9. "he! dela!ed 222222222 us. 0to call3
10. She deserves 22222222222 . 0to succeed3
11. 4e forgot 2222222222 the letter. 0to mail3
12. 5e en+o!s 2222222222 . 0to s#i3
13. "he! would not ris# 222222222 the bus. 0to miss3
14. 1o !ou want 2222222222 the boo#( 0to borrow3
15. I don,t mind 222222222 . 0to wait3
16. 5er daughter is learning 2222222222 a bic!cle. 0to ride3
17. It has stopped 2222222222 . 0to snow3
18. 5e is preparing 2222222222 a business. 0to open3
19. "he! hesitated 2222222222 the invitation. 0to accept3
20. I miss 2222222222 from them. 0to hear3
EXERCISES 17
1. For each of the following phrases, change the noun indicating possession from the singular to the
plural. For example:
the man,s experiences
the men,s experiences
the
doctor,s
office
the
doctors,
office
1. the musician,s instruments
2. the child,s adventures
3. the animal,s habitat
4. the wor#man,s instructions
5. the ship,s passengers
6. the pilot,s vacation
7. the officer,s friends
$. For each of the following phrases, change the noun indicating possession from the plural to the
singular. For example:
the owners, permission
the owner,s permission
the
mice,s
nest the
mouse,
s nest
1. the surgeons, s#ill
2. the policemen,s warning
3. the directors, decision
4. the secretaries, correspondence
5. the eagles, aerie
6. the women,s errand
7. the managers, assistants
). Show the relationships between the possessors and the things possessed b! using the ending /s or
the word o$, as appropriate. For example:
0ossesso! 1hins 0ossessed Indi(atins 0ossession
visitor map the visitor,s map
stairs top the top of the stairs
1. woman scarf
$. children answers
). door color
*. concert beginning
-. instructor advice
.. dMficit si>e
:. girl tric!cle
;. building height
=. hen cac#ling
18. bo! parents
11. chair arm
1$. street length
*. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with either the singular or the plural verb form
shown in brac#ets. Ee prepared to explain wh! the form !ou have chosen is correct. For example:
"he committee 2222 put forward a new proposal. 0has, have3 "he committee
has put forward a new proposal. In this example the committee is acting as a
whole. "herefore a singular verb is used.
"he committee 2222 disagreed on what polic! to adopt. 0has, have3 "he committee have
disagreed on what polic! to adopt. In this example, the members of the committee are acting as
individuals. "herefore a plural verb is used.
"wo tons of coal 22 re&uired. 0is, are3 "wo tons of coal is re&uired. In this example,
the amount to tons is considered as a whole. "herefore a singular verb is used.
1. "he crew 222222 preparing the ship to go to sea. 0is, are3
2. "he crew 222222 different levels of experience. 0has, have3
3. "wo pounds of butter 22222 too much. 0is, are3
4. "he class 22222 not agree on what should be done. 0does, do3
5. "he class 22222 contributed eight! dollars to the cause. 0has, have3
6. "hree ounces of gold 22222 worth more than three ounces of copper. 0is, are3
7. "he group 22222 decided to hold a meeting once a month. 0has, have3
8. "he group 22222 varied bac#grounds. 0has, have3
9. Fift! cents 22222 the regular price. 0was, were3
18. Six dollars 22222 been collected. 0has, have3
-. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with either the singular or the plural verb form
shown in brac#ets. Ee prepared to explain wh! the form !ou have chosen is correct. For example:
Eoth the s#! and the water 222 blue. 0is, are3 Eoth the s#! and the water are blue. "he two nouns of
a compound sub+ect with and refer to two different things. "herefore a plural verb is used.
4ilson and Erothers 22 a compan! dealing in anti&ues. 0is, are3 4ilson and Erothers is a
compan! dealing in anti&ues. "he two nouns of a compound sub+ect with and refer to one
thing. "herefore a singular verb is used.
%ither @ichard or his uncle 22 sure to be there. 0is, are3 %ither @ichard or his uncle is sure
to be there. ' singular noun is nearest the verb in a compound sub+ect with o!. "herefore a
singular verb is used.
Aeither the main office nor the branch offices 222 open. 0is, are3 Aeither the main
office nor the branch offices are open. ' plural noun is nearest the verb in a compound
sub+ect with no!. "herefore a plural verb is used.
1. %ither a large +ar or two small +ars 222222 re&uired. 0is, are3
2. Aeither the road nor the highwa! 2222222 to Pictou. 0leads, lead3
3. ' duc# and a heron 222222 in the pond. 0is, are3
4. %ither spring or summer 22222 a good time to visit our region. 0is, are3
5. Eoth the bow and the arrows 2222222 to the instructor. 0belongs, belong3
6. Aeither the boats nor the raft 22222 in good repair. 0was, were3
7. Bil# and porridge 22222 a nutritious brea#fast. 0is, are3
8. %ither his brother or his sister 222222 here. 0lives, live3
9. Eoth bo!s and girls 22222 eligible to appl!. 0is, are3
10. Aeither threats nor persuasion 22222 proved effective. 0has, have3
11. Eread and potatoes 22222 staple foods in man! parts of Aorth 'merica. 0is, are3
12. %ither the twins or their friend 222222 in the class. 0is, are3
13. "he Picts and the Bart!rs 22222 a boo# I would li#e to read again. 0is, are3
14. Eoth feathers and fur 222222 to #eep animals warm. 0helps, help3
15. @ope or string 22222 re&uired. 0is, are3
16. %ither plates or saucers 22222 suitable. 0is, are3
17. Smith and Smith 22222 a famil! business. 0is, are3
18. Aeither the apples nor the plums 222222 ripe. 0was, were3
.. For each of the following sentences, place brac#ets around the phrase which describes the noun
sub+ect. "hen, using the Simple Present tense, fill in the blan# with the correct form of the verb shown
"he tools, including the hammer, 222 made of iron. 0to be3
"he tools, Nincluding the hammer,O are made of iron.
"he ferr!, as well as the other boats, 222 at
anchor. 0to be3 "he ferr!, Nas well as the other
boats,O is at anchor.
1. "he letter, as well as the postcards, 222222 on the table. 0to be3
2. "he windows at the front of the house 222222 to be repaired. 0to need3
3. 5is friends, as well as his sister, 22222 about to leave. 0to be3
4. "he meadow, filled with flowers, 222222 a beautiful sight. 0to be3
5. "he children in the class 22222 eager to learn. 0to be3
6. "he #ettle, in contrast to the saucepans, 222222 pitch blac#. 0to be3
7. "he boo#s, although purchased onl! last !ear, alread! 222222 worn. 0to loo#3
8. "he leader of the musicians 222222 responsible for the arrangements. 0to be3
9. "he table, together with the chairs, 222222 &uite old. 0to be3
18. "he members of the club 22222222 attending the meetings. 0to en+o!3
EXERCISES 1#
1. In the sentences below, fill in the blan#s with the personal pronouns which agree with the
underlined antecedents. For example:
"he man wal#ed slowl!, because 22 was carr!ing a heav! parcel.
"he man wal#ed slowl!, because he was carr!ing a heav! parcel.
'lthough 222 #new it was dangerous, the girl wanted to ride the
horse. 'lthough she #new it was dangerous, the girl wanted to ride
the horse.
"he tree is ver! tall, but 22 does not give much
shade. "he tree is ver! tall, but it does not give
much shade.
She and I are not coming, because 22 are
too bus!. She and I are not coming, because
we are too bus!.
1oughnuts taste best when 2222
are fresh. 1oughnuts taste best
when the! are fresh.
1. "he children are happ! because 22222222 have a holida! toda!.
2. B! father and I had planned to visit the par#, but since it was raining 22222222 decided not to go.
3. "his chair is valuable because 2222222 is so old.
4. "he woman is pleased because 22222222 has found wor#.
5. /ntil 2222222 retired, their father managed a business.
6. 'fter the apples have been cut up, 22222222 should be sprin#led with cinnamon.
7. Eecause her husband used to stud! music, 22222222 #nows how to pla! several musical
instruments.
8. B! neighbor and I li#e to go shopping together, so that 22222222 can help each other choose what
to bu!.
9. 5er daughter li#es to stud!, because 22222222 finds the wor# interesting.
18. "he car is in good condition, but 2222222 needs a new muffler.
$. Pa!ing attention to the meanings of the sentences below, fill in each blan# with he, she, it, e or
the*, and underline the antecedent of the pronoun. For example:
B! grandfather does not want to retire, because 22 li#es his wor#.
B! grandfather does not want to retire, because he li#es his wor#.
5is wife will be there if 22 can find a bab!
sitter. 5is wife will be there if she can find
a bab!sitter.
"he bic!cle must be repaired before 22 can be ridden
again. "he bic!cle must be repaired before it can be
ridden again.
B! cousin and I live in different towns, but 22 write to each other
often. B! cousin and I live in different towns, but we write to
each other often.
"he bananas are &uite soft, but 222 can be used in banana
ca#e. "he bananas are &uite soft, but the! can be used in
banana ca#e.
1. 4hen the moon is full, 222222 rises +ust as the sun sets.
2. "rac! and I li#e spending time together, because 22222222 share man! interests.
3. 4hen m! uncle was !oung, 22222222 en+o!ed pla!ing soccer.
4. "he students wor#ed hard, because 22222222 were anxious to complete the assignment.
5. 4hen the lad! entered the hotel, 2222222 as#ed to spea# with the manager.
6. "he man was surprised when 2222222 heard the news.
7. B! friend and I had to leave earl! so that 222222 could catch the bus.
8. I li#ed the picture so much that I had 2222222 framed.
9. 6our grandmother is old, but 2222222 is still beautiful.
18. "he boats loo# pictures&ue when 22222222 are tied up in the harbor.
). "he underlined pronouns in the following sentences are ambiguous, since it is not obvious to which
antecedents the! refer. For each sentence, first underline the two possible antecedents of the pronoun.
"hen ma#e the sentence unambiguous b! choosing one of the antecedents and repeating it, instead of
using the pronoun. 4hen repeating the antecedent, it is also necessar! to repeat an! words which
modif! it. For example:
I invited the woman and her sister, but she could not come.
I invited the woman and her sister, but her sister could not come.
o! I invited the woman and her sister, but the woman could not come.
<eorge gave "om a boo#. "hen he went home.
<eorge gave "om a boo#. "hen "om went home.
o! <eorge gave "om a boo#. "hen <eorge went home.
"he bo!s challenged the girls to a game, but the! did not pla!
well. "he bo!s challenged the girls to a game, but the bo!s
did not pla! well. o! "he bo!s challenged the girls to a game,
but the girls did not pla! well.
1. I used !our pen to finish the assignment, but then I lost it.
2. B! father told m! uncle the stor!, but he did not believe it.
3. 4hen the students met the teachers for the first time, the! were not sure what to expect.
4. "he girl was dressed li#e her mother, except that she was not wearing a hat.
5. "he man had arranged to meet his son at four o,cloc#, but he was late.
6. "he box was the same si>e as the trun#, but it was much heavier.
7. "he lad! wanted to visit m! aunt, but she had to leave town unexpectedl!.
8. "he riders slowed down their horses because the! were growing tired.
9. "he butterfl! was sitting close to the flower, but it could not be seen in the photograph.
18. "he cups were supposed to match the saucers, but the! were a lighter shade of blue.
*. @ewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction with the pronoun it, followed
b! the verb, followed b! an infinitive. For example:
"raveling b! ship was &uite relaxing.
It was &uite relaxing to travel b! ship.
Finding the right path could ta#e a
long time. It could ta#e a long time
to find the right path.
1. Pa!ing close attention can be crucial.
2. Crossing the mountains would be ver! difficult.
3. Kearning ever!thing was not eas!.
4. S#iing down the mountain was exciting.
5. 4al#ing on a glacier can be dangerous.
6. Jisiting @ome was a wonderful experience.
-. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the personal pronoun which agrees with
the underlined word. "he ob+ective case must be used, since the pronouns in these sentences are the
ob+ects of verbs. For example:
I am loo#ing for the post office. Can !ou help 22(
I am loo#ing for the post office. Can !ou help me(
Since !ou are new here, I will show
222 the wa!. Since !ou are new here, I
will show !ou the wa!.
If m! father is at home, I will as# 222
what to do. If m! father is at home, I
will as# him what to do.
B! aunt and uncle invited me to
visit 222. B! aunt and uncle
invited me to visit them.
1. Eecause she is !our friend, I offered to help 2222222 .
2. I wish someone would tell 222222 the answer.
3. "he! loo# familiar. I am sure we have met 22222222 before.
4. If !ou are read!, we will drive 22222222 home.
5. 4e would li#e !ou to call 222222 .
6. 5e is our neighbor. 4e have #nown 22222222 for !ears.
7. "his is the boo# I need. Ba! I borrow 2222222 (
8. If !ou li#e, I will call 2222222 when we arrive.
9. 4e were surprised the! remembered 2222222 .
10. "hat man waved to us, but I do not recogni>e 2222222 .
11. I thin# the! expect 222222 to come.
12. "he piano is out of tune, but I am having 2222222 tuned tomorrow.
13. 4ill she mind if I as# 2222222 a &uestion(
14. "he beans will grow faster if !ou water 2222222 .
.. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the personal pronoun which agrees with
the underlined word. /se the sub+ective case if the pronoun is the sub+ect of a verb, and use the
ob+ective case if the pronoun is the ob+ect of a verb. For example:
"he! invited me to come, but 22 did not have time.
"he! invited me to come, but I did not have time.
?ust after we had mailed !ou the letter, 222
called us. ?ust after we had mailed !ou the
letter, !ou called us.
"hat bo! is &uite friendl!. I
li#e 222. "hat bo! is &uite
friendl!. I li#e him.
5e offered to lend me two boo#s, but I had read 222
alread!. 5e offered to lend me two boo#s, but I had
read them alread!.
1. I saw !our brother after school. 22222 lent me his bic!cle.
2. 4ould !ou li#e me to help 2222222 (
3. B! friend and I expect the woman to call 2222222 .
4. If I am read! in time, 222222 will meet !ou there.
5. "his woman is one of our relatives, 2222222 is m! husband,s cousin.
6. 5er grandfather is a wise man. %ver!bod! respects 2222222 .
7. "he chimne! is old. 222222 needs to be repaired.
8. B! sister li#es sports. 4e should invite 2222222 to +oin us.
9. "hose people are !our new neighbors. 5ave !ou met 22222222 !et(
10. She and I will call !ou if 222222 are late.
11. I waited for !ou for twent! minutes, but 2222222 did not come.
12. "he camera was heav!, but he carried 2222222 ever!where he went.
13. Some duc#s swim underwater when 22222222 are searching for food.
14. I waved to !ou. 1id !ou see 2222222 (
:. Pa!ing attention to the case of the personal pronouns, rewrite each of the following sentences
so that the meaning is reversed. For example:
4e gave them the pen.
"he! gave us the pen.
I
li#
e
!o
u.
6o
u
li#
e
me
.
1. She helped us.
2. 5e as#ed them to come.
3. I recogni>ed her.
4. 6ou warned me.
5. 4e reminded them to call.
6. "he! told him the truth.
7. She invited us for tea.
8. 5e offered me a sandwich.
;. Fill in each blan# with either the sub+ective case or the ob+ective case of the pronoun given in
brac#ets. /se the sub+ective case if the pronoun follows the verb to be. Gtherwise, use the ob+ective
case. For example:
"hat is 22. 0he3
"hat is he.
4e
remember
222. 0he3
4e
remember
him.
It was 22 who
did it. 0we3 It
was we who did
it.
5e threw 2 the ball. 0we3
5e threw us the ball.
1. It was 0I3
$. Please hand the boo#. 0I3
). I told the secret. 0she3
*. It was who was here. 0she3
-. It was who #new the answer. 0the!3
.. Ket go. 0the!3
:. "his is . 0he3
;. I #new before. 0he3
=. "hose were . 0the!3
18. It is who will be there. 0we3
=. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the personal pronoun which agrees with
the underlined word. "he ob+ective case must be used, since the pronouns in these sentences are the
ob+ects of prepositions. For example:
I want !ou to address the letter to 22.
I want !ou to address the letter to me.
"his +ar is the largest. @ice was stored in
22. "his +ar is the largest. @ice was stored
in it.
"he girl was sh!, but we had an en+o!able conversation with
222. "he girl was sh!, but we had an en+o!able conversation
with her.
4e went to the post office, but there was no mail for
22. 4e went to the post office, but there was no mail
for us.
1. "he! want us to go with 22222 .
2. I would li#e !ou to wrap this gift for
3. She thin#s we are tal#ing about 2222
4. "he wall was so high that I could not see over
5. 6our nephew wants us to write to 2222222 .
6. 6ou should as# them to send it to 2222222 .
7. Aanc! and I would li#e !ou to come with
8. 5e as#ed us to wait for 222222 .
9. I would be grateful if !ou would explain this to 2222222 .
10. Eecause !ou were late, we saved some food for 2222222 .
11. 4e told !ou that the costumes were designed b! 2222222
12. "he swans were so beautiful that we wrote a song about
13. "he car is worth more than !ou paid for 2222222 .
14. 6our daughter wants me to read to 2222222 .
18. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the personal pronoun which agrees
with the underlined word. /se the sub+ective case if the pronoun is the sub+ect of a verb, and use the
ob+ective case if the pronoun is the ob+ect of a verb or the ob+ect of a preposition. For example:
"he! loo#ed at me, but 22 did not recogni>e them.
"he! loo#ed at me, but I did not recogni>e them.
4e told !ou what would happen, but 222 did
not listen. 4e told !ou what would happen, but
!ou did not listen.
4e saw them, but the! did not
see 22. 4e saw them, but the!
did not see us.
"he! as#ed us a &uestion, but we could not tell 2222 the
answer. "he! as#ed us a &uestion, but we could not tell
them the answer.
"heir son did not #now the wa!, but we pointed it
out to 222. "heir son did not #now the wa!, but we
pointed it out to him.
"he girl is so mischievous, we do not #now what to do
with 222. "he girl is so mischievous, we do not #now
what to do with her.
1. 5is father wor#s hard. 222222 is a doctor.
2. Eecause the woman seemed friendl!, we as#ed 2222222 for directions.
3. "he cupboards are so full, we cannot put an!thing else into 222222 .
4. 6ou will be surprised if we beat 2222222 in the race.
5. 5ave !ou been loo#ing for me( 2222222 had to run an errand.
6. B! niece wants us to send the photographs to 2222222 .
7. 4e have invited them to visit 2222222 .
8. "he store was open, but we did not have time to go into 2222222 .
9. She will be angr! if we ma#e fun of 2222222 .
10. 6ou and I are good friends, 2222222 hardl! ever argue.
11. 6our soninlaw as#ed us to describe it to 2222222 .
12. "he windows are ver! stiff. 4e open 22222222 onl! in the summer.
13. "he bas#et is heav!. 2222222 is full of oranges.
14. 6our husband does not li#e an!one to contradict 2222222 .
15. I hope !ou were not anxious about 2222222 .
16. 4ould !ou li#e me to mail the information to 2222222
17. "he leaves rustled in the bree>e, 2222222 were alread! starting to change color.
18. "he road was long, but we followed 2222222 to the end.
19. I as#ed him to tell 222222 the time.
20. 6ou will en+o! !ourself if 2222222 come to the concert.
21. 4e want !ou to wait for 222222 .
11. Fill in each blan# with the possessive ad+ective which agrees with the underlined antecedent. For
example: I am loo#ing for 22 #e!s. I am loo#ing for m! #e!s.
"he lad! left 222 gloves on
the counter. "he lad! left her
gloves on the counter.
Personal pronouns must agree with 222222 antecedents.
Personal pronouns must agree with their antecedents.
1. I opened 2222222 boo#.
2. 1id the man finish 2222222 wor#(
3. "he bear is lic#ing 2222222 paws.
4. Please show us to 2222222 seats.
5. She has alread! purchased 2222222 tic#et.
6. 5ave !ou heard from 2222222 friends recentl!(
7. "he students live near 2222222 school.
8. "he gentleman would li#e to have 22222222 watch repaired.
9. 4e eat 2222222 brea#fast at the same time ever! morning.
10. "hat woman alwa!s wal#s 22222222 dog in the par#.
11. I would li#e to renew 2222222 subscription.
12. "he eagle was holding something in 22222222 claws.
13. 4ill !ou give me 2222222 address(
14. "he g!mnasts as#ed 22222222 coach for advice.
1$. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the possessive ad+ective which agrees
with the noun
or pronoun shown in brac#ets. For example:
222 bar#ing #ept us
awa#e. 0the dog3 Its
bar#ing #ept us awa#e.
222 arriving on time was
fortunate. 0we3 Gur arriving
on time was fortunate.
22222 swooping and darting was a sign that it would rain. 0the swallows3
"heir swooping and darting was a sign that it would rain.
1. 22222222 following the guidelines was a good idea. 0!ou3
$. 2222222 agreeing to forward the mail was helpful. 0the students3
). 222222222 answering the &uestions so easil! was unexpected. 0he3
*. 22222222 driving the car saved a great deal of time. 0I3
5._________ spea#ing so forcefull! impressed the audience. 0the woman3
6._________ entering the race was intended as a gesture of goodwill. 0we3
:. 22222222 chiming told us the time. 0the cloc#3
1). Fill in each blan# with the possessive pronoun which agrees with the underlined antecedent. For
example:
If !ou cannot find !our pen, I will lend !ou 2222.
If !ou cannot find !our pen, I will lend !ou mine.
I failed m! exams, but m! brother
passed 222. I failed m! exams, but
m! brother passed his.
"heir umbrellas are rather tattered, but we have
mended 2222. "heir umbrellas are rather tattered,
but we have mended ours.
1. 6our coat ma! be warm, but I thin# 22222222 is more elegant.
2. Eecause I had no gloves, m! niece offered me 22222222 .
3. I forgot to bring m! camera. 1id !ou bring 22222222 .
4. 4hen I lost m! map, !our son lent me 22222222 .
5. "he! discarded their old telephone directories, but we #ept 22222222 .
6. 4e have not planted our peas !et, but the farmers have planted 2222222 alread!.
7. I never cut m! hair, but m! sister cuts 22222222 once a month.
8. "he neighbors, children are ver! independent, but we have to help 22222222 .
9. 4e store our bic!cles in the shed, but the! leave 222222222 outside.
10. I water m! plants ever! da!, but !ou never water 222222222 .
11. 'lthough she li#es her school, I prefer 22222222 .
12. B! niece studies for all her tests, but m! nephew refuses to stud! for 222222222 .
1*. Fill in each blan# with either the possessive ad+ective or the possessive pronoun which
agrees with the
underlined antecedent. @emember that the possessive ad+ective must precede a noun or gerund,
whereas the
possessive pronoun is used independentl!. For example:
Kast night I wrote to 22 sister.
Kast night I wrote to m! sister.
I thought the boo# was !ours, but in fact, it was
2222. I thought the boo# was !ours, but in fact, it
was mine.
She has ordered 222 tic#ets in advance.
She has ordered her tic#ets in advance.
'lthough the! do not #now it !et, the pri>e is 2222222 .
'lthough the! do not #now it !et, the pri>e is theirs.
"he rain continued 222 pattering on the
roof. "he rain continued its pattering on the
roof.
1. I alwa!s en+o! 2222222 vacation.
2. I mailed m! letter. 1id !ou mail 2222222 (
3. 5e is eager to tr! out 2222222 s#is.
4. I am sure 2222222 handling of the situation was correct.
5. I rarel! use a car, but the! drive 22222222 ever!where.
6. B! aunt visits 2222222 cousins once a !ear.
7. 4e are proud of 22222222 record.
8. I have never met !our children. 5ave !ou met 22222222 (
9. "he gate swung noiselessl! on 2222222 hinges.
10. I have received m! diploma, but she has not !et received 22222222 .
11. 5ave !ou filled out 2222222 application(
12. "he bird continued 2222222 twittering long after dus#.
13. "he! are going to sublet 2222222 apartment.
14. I got m! driver,s license last month, but he got 22222222 a !ear ago.
15. Bost businesses tr! to expand, but we have #ept 2222222 small.
16. "he! saw 2222222 friend on television.
17. I finished m! assignment !esterda!. 5ave !ou finished 22222222 (
1-. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the reflexive pronoun which agrees with
the underlined word. For example:
I found 222222 in a difficult situation.
I found m!self in a difficult situation.
"he children warmed 2222222222 in front of the fire.
"he children warmed themselves in front of the fire.
1. 5e should ta#e better care of 22222222222222 .
2. 6ou ma! help 222222222222 .
3. I saw it 22222222 .
4. She li#es to involve 222222222222 in communit! affairs.
5. 4e could see 22222222222222 reflected in the mirror.
6. "he bird perched 2222222222222 on the window sill.
7. "he students found the solution 22222222222222 .
8. 6ou 2222222222222 must decide what to do.
9. "he teenagers amused 22222222222222 b! telephoning their friends.
10. 4e 22222222222222 were surprised at the news.
11. 5e li#es to hear 222222222222 tal#.
12. She prides 2222222222222 on her abilit! to spea# French.
13. I told 222222222222 not to lose hope.
14. "he fox hid 2222222222222 under a bush.
EXERCISES 1&
1. For each of the following general statements, change all of the pronouns and possessive ad+ectives
to agree with the pronoun given in brac#ets. For example:
4e must wor# to #eep our environment health!. 0!ou3
6ou must wor# to #eep !our environment health!.
6ou should alwa!s pa! !our income tax before the
deadline. 0one3 Gne should alwa!s pa! one,s income tax
before the deadline.
Gne should not thin# onl! of
oneself. 0we3 4e should not thin#
onl! of ourselves.
1. 4e should wor# in order to reali>e our ambitions. 0one3
2. 4hen !ou are overwor#ed, !ou should tr! to give !ourself time to relax. 0we3
3. Gne can never be sure whether one,s intuitions are correct. 0!ou3
4. If one organi>es one,s time properl!, one can accomplish a great deal. 0we3
5. If !ou own propert!, !ou should protect !ourself with a good insurance polic!. 0one3
6. 4e should never be afraid to state our views. 0!ou3
7. Gne should tr! to educate oneself as well as possible. 0!ou3
8. 4e should tr! to teach our children a sense of responsibilit!. 0one3
9. Gne can choose one,s friends, but one cannot choose one,s relatives. 0we3
10. 4e become mature when we learn to trust our own +udgement. 0!ou3
11. 6ou learn from !our mista#es. 0we3
12. 6ou should alwa!s treat !our friends well. 0one3
$. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with this or these. /se this to refer to a single
person or thing, and use these to refer to more than one person or thing. For example:
2222 is her bic!cle.
"his is her bic!cle.
Is 2222 +ac#et
too large( Is this
+ac#et too large(
22222 are our boo#s.
"hese are our boo#s.
22222 boots are warm.
"hese boots are warm.
1. 1oes 2222222222 bus go downtown(
$. 2222222222 are their suitcases.
). 2222222222 is his camera.
*. 2222222222 trees are over one hundred !ears old.
-. Is 2222222222 flower a daffodil(
6.___________ women will perform the s#it.
7.___________ is the main entrance.
;. 2222222222 la#es are ver! deep.
=. 222222222 is their school.
18. 're 2222222222 radishes(
). For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with that or those. /se that to refer to a single
person or thing, and use those to refer to more than one person or thing. For example:
2222 is a hovercraft.
"hat is a hovercraft.
plaPe flies to <eneva.
"hat plaPe flies to <eneva.
22222 are peacoc#s.
"hose are peacoc#s.
're 22222 children on vacation(
're those children on vacation(
1. 2222222222 is his pen.
$. 2222222222 girls are 'ustralian.
). 5as 2222222222 chair been painted(
*. 2222222222 watches are not expensive.
5. 1oes 2222222222 train usuall! arrive on time(
6. 4as 2222222222 !our friend(
:. 2222222222 are m! cousins.
;. 22222222222 is a swan.
=. 1o 2222222222 noteboo#s belong to !ou(
18. 2222222222 are the places we will visit.
*. @ewrite the following sentences, changing the sub+ects and verbs from the singular to the plural.
For example: Is this read!( 're these read!(
"his towel is
fluff!. "hese
towels are fluff!.
"hat measures the
temperature. "hose
measure the
temperature.
"hat pail is made of
aluminum. "hose pails
are made of aluminum.
1. "his was finished last wee#.
2. Is that radiator wor#ing(
3. "his picture is ours.
4. "hat has been completed.
5. "his was designed b! his aunt.
6. "hat does not need to be altered.
7. "his table is made of wood.
8. 5as that student seen the pla!(
9. "his umbrella is new.
18. "hat river flows through the mountains.
-. @ewrite the following sentences, changing the sub+ects and verbs from the plural to the singular.
For example: "hese were on sale. "his was on sale.
're these boo#s
interesting( Is this
boo# interesting(
"hose have been
useful. "hat has
been useful.
"hose pla!s
were popular.
"hat pla! was
popular.
1. "hese were necessar!.
2. "hose colors are beautiful.
3. 're these bells too loud(
4. 5ave those been polished(
5. "hese shirts are clean.
6. "hose windows are on the west side of the house.
7. 're these correct(
8. "hese bo!s li#e to pla! soccer.
9. "hose are sufficient.
18. "hose curtains are crimson.
.. Pa!ing attention to correct word order, arrange each of the following sets of words to form
&uestions beginning with interrogative pronouns which are the ob+ects of the verbs. If necessar!, add
the auxiliar! do, does or did. For example:
!ou, prefer, which
4hich do !ou prefer(
the!,
heard,
what
4hat
did
the!
hear(
we, have
found, what
4hat have
we found(
I, should
choose,
which
4hich
should I
choose(
1. the!, have decided, what
2. !ou, want, which
3. I, should wear, what
4. she, said, what
5. he, li#es, what
6. !ou, are reading, what
7. one, can do, what
8. the!, bought, which
9. he, will be stud!ing, what
10. I, saw, which
11. she, expects, what
12. the!, had discovered, what
13. it, costs, what
14. !ou, would have done, what
15. he, will submit, which
16. she, received, what
:. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the interrogative pronoun ho or ho).
/se ho if the pronoun is the sub+ect of the verb, and use ho) if the pronoun is the ob+ect of the
verb or the ob+ect of a preposition. For example:
222 is there(
4ho is there(
222 has
been
notified(
4ho has
been
notified(
2222 are we
expecting(
4hom are we
expecting(
For 2222 did !ou bu! the
flowers( For whom did
!ou bu! the flowers(
1. 2222222 has read the boo#(
$. "o 22222222 did he give the letter(
3.________ is at the door(
4.________ was awarded the pri>e(
5.________ did he tell(
6.________ answered the &uestion correctl!(
7.________ does she li#e the best(
8.________ would be the most suitable person for the +ob(
=. For 2222222 are the! waiting(
18. 2222222 has been informed of the situation(
11. 22222222 can we as#(
12.________ will be read! b! eight o,cloc#(
13.________ is watering the flowers(
1*. 2222222 did !ou photograph(
15.________ attended the meeting(
16.________ was at the part!(
17.________ could be heard most easil!(
1;. 222222 do !ou believe(
1=. "o 22222222 did !ou sell !our car(
$8. 222222 will be waiting for us(
;. Pa!ing attention to grammaticall! correct usage, for each of the following sentences, fill in the
blan# with ho, ho) or hose. In these sentences, use hose onl! as a possessive ad+ective,
preceding a noun. For example:
222 is ra#ing the leaves(
4ho is ra#ing the leaves(
2222
did !ou
call(
4hom
did !ou
call(
"o 2222 was he
spea#ing( "o
whom was he
spea#ing(
22222 bic!cle is leaning against the steps(
4hose bic!cle is leaning against the steps(
1. E! 2222222 was this written(
2.________ gloves are l!ing on the table(
3.________ lives here(
4.________ did the! help(
-. 2222222 child is this(
6.________ was allowed to enter the competition(
7.________ handwriting is the most legible(
;. 4ith 2222222 was she spea#ing(
=. 2222222 sang the song(
10.________ does she #now(
11.________ shoes are these(
12.________ will ma#e the ca#e(
13.________ was present(
14.________ curiosit! would not be aroused b! such a tale(
15.________ will he teach(
=. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with either hat or hi(h. For example:
2222 is happening(
4hat is happening(
22222of m! coats do !ou li#e the best(
4hich of m! coats do !ou li#e the best(
2222 a surpriseH
4hat a surpriseH
1.__________ time does the train leave(
2.__________ of the three schools do !ou attend(
3.__________ is !our name(
4.__________ a wonderful ideaH
5.__________ planet is larger, ?upiter or Saturn(
6.__________ of !our children is the cleverest(
7.__________ a messH
;. 2222222222 is !our favorite dessert(
=. 222222222 would !ou prefer, tea or coffee(
18. 222222222 of these bic!cles is !ours(
18. /sing the introductor! phrase 0lease tell )e, rewrite the following direct &uestions as indirect
&uestions. Ba#e sure that the sub+ects precede the verbs in the indirect &uestions. For example:
4ho will choose the winners(
Please tell me who will choose the winners.
4hom did the! choose(
Please tell me whom the!
chose.
For whom had !ou bought the present(
Please tell me for whom !ou had bought the present.
1. 4ho was selected(
2. 4hom have !ou consulted(
3. "o whom will she address the letter(
4. 4hat did !ou accomplish(
5. 4hich bo! opened the door(
6. "o which cities has he traveled(
7. 4hich music did the orchestra perform(
8. For whose sa#e has he come(
9. 4hat caused the dela!(
10. 4hose house did the! visit(
11. 4hose dog chased the cat(
12. 4hich boo#s have !ou read(
11. /sing the introductor! phrase 2e ill as+, and pa!ing attention to the correct word order, rewrite
the following direct &uestions as indirect &uestions. For example:
4ho is that(
4e will as# who that is.
4hat was that noise(
4e will as# what that noise was.
4ho is here(
4e will as# who is here.
1. 4hat is this(
2. 4ho was there(
3. 4ho was first(
4. 4hich was it(
5. 4hich is read!(
6. 4ho is she(
7. 4hose boo# is this(
8. 4hose wor# is read!(
9. 4ho was right(
10. 4ho was that singer(
11. 4hich students are here(
1$. 4ho were the!(
1$. Pa!ing attention to correct word order, use the phrases given in brac#ets to rewrite the
following direct &uestions as indirect &uestions. For example:
4ho ba#ed the ca#e( 0"he! will as#3
"he! will as# who ba#ed the ca#e.
4hom did !ou tell( 04e want
to #now3 4e want to #now
whom !ou told.
"o which student had she given the pri>e( 01id !ou
find out3 1id !ou find out to which student she had
given the pri>e(
4ho was that(
0Please tell me3
Please tell me who
that was.
1. 4ho are !ou( 0I want to #now3
2. 4ho swept the floor( 04e will as#3
3. For whom did !ou organi>e the part!( 0"ell me3
4. 4hom had the! met( 0I as#ed3
5. 't what time will !ou reach the station( 0I need to #now3
6. 4hich horse won the race( 0"he! will as#3
7. 4hose answer is correct( 0I wonder3
8. 4hich hill did the! climb( 04e will as#3
9. 4hat do !ou mean( 0Please tell us3
10. 4hat made that noise( 0I wonder3
11. 4hich students are read!( 04ill !ou tell me3
12. For what purpose has he called the meeting( 0's# him3
13. 4hom can we trust( 0I am not sure3
14. 4hose wor# was chosen( 0"he! will as#3
15. 4hich boo# has she ordered( 04e will find out3
16. 4ho am I( 01o !ou #now3
1). For each of the following sentences, underline the relative clause, and indicate whether the clause
is defining
or nondefining. For example:
"he s#!, which was perfectl! clear, was covered with stars.
"he s#!, which was perfectl! clear, was covered with stars. NAondefiningO
"he shoes which are b! the bed are mine.
"he shoes which are b! the bed are mine. N1efiningO
1. "he new appliances, which are &uite expensive, will be on sale next wee#.
2. "he picture which is hanging on the wall was painted b! our friend.
3. "he people who own the hotel have a great deal of business experience.
4. 5is uncle, who sings in the choir, is a friend of m! father.
5. "he building, which is in excellent repair, is over two hundred !ears old.
6. "he door that is open leads to the stud!.
7. B! friend, who is coming for a visit, is anxious to meet !ou.
8. 1id !ou see the exhibition which was held here last wee#(
1*. Pa!ing attention to grammaticall! correct usage, for each of the following sentences, fill in the
blan# with
ho, ho) or hose. For example:
"he person 222 owns the boo#store is
m! friend. "he person who owns the
boo#store is m! friend.
"he singer to 2222 we gave the bou&uet will be performing again
tonight. "he singer to whom we gave the bou&uet will be
performing again tonight.
"he contestants 22222 names were announced should prepare to start.
"he contestants whose names were announced should prepare to start.
1. B! best friend, 22222222 I see ever! da!, alwa!s has something new to tell me.
2. Bost students 22222222 live in residence find it eas! to ma#e friends.
3. Gur neighbors, to 22222222 we lent our lawnmower, are conscientious and considerate.
4. "he volunteers, 22222222 enthusiasm was obvious, finished the wor# &uic#l!.
5. "he musicians 22222222 we heard !esterda! have pla!ed together for man! !ears.
6. Parents 22222222 children do well in school usuall! consider themselves fortunate.
7. Children 22222222 li#e music are often good at mathematics.
8. "he student to 22222222 the pri>e was awarded had an impressive record.
9. B! friend, 22222222 I visited last wee#, is ta#ing a holida! soon.
10. "he class treasurer, to 22222222 we gave the mone!, announced the balance of the account.
11. "he engineers 22222222 designed the building received an award.
12. "he townspeople, 22222222 pride in their communit! is well#nown, raised enough mone! to
build a new
town hail.
1-. Pa!ing attention to grammaticall! correct usage, for each of the following sentences, fill in the
blan# with ho, ho) or hi(h. /se ho or ho) for antecedents which refer to persons, and use
hi(h for antecedents which refer to things. For example:
"he woman 222 borrowed the boo#s is a librarian.
"he woman who borrowed the boo#s is a librarian.
"he #e! 22222 opens this door is difficult to turn.
"he #e! which opens this door is difficult to turn.
"he children 2222 we met are
wellbehaved. "he children whom
we met are wellbehaved.
"he stor! 22222 !ou heard is true.
"he stor! which !ou heard is true.
"he man to 2222 !ou told the news is m!
brother. "he man to whom !ou told the
news is m! brother.
I have not !et received the letter to 222222 !ou refer.
I have not !et received the letter to which !ou refer.
1. "he window 22222222 is open is the #itchen window.
2. "he girl 222222222 recited the poem is m! niece.
3. "he woman to 22222222 we were introduced was &uite helpful.
4. "he opportunit! to 222222222 she owed her success came unexpectedl!.
5. "he man 22222222 the! trusted was unreliable.
6. "he boo# 222222222 !ou read is the best boo# b! that author.
7. "he Pacific Gcean, 222222222 ma! have been crossed b! raft during the Stone 'ge, is the world,s
largest
ocean.
8. 5is mother, 222222222 he visited fre&uentl!, ran her own business.
9. "he bo!, 22222222 was friendl! and intelligent, soon found wor#.
10. 5er husband, to 222222222 she told the stor!, was +ust as surprised as I was.
11. "he pictures, 222222222 were ta#en in 'lgeria, were ver! stri#ing.
12. "he newspaper to 22222222 we subscribe is delivered regularl!.
EXERCISES 2'
1. Pa!ing attention to whether reference is being made to a group of two ob+ects, or a group of more
than two ob+ects, for each of the following sentences fill in the blan# with the correct word chosen
from the pair given in brac#ets. For example:
"here are two trees on the lawn. 2222 of them are spruce trees. 0'll, Eoth3
"here are two trees on the lawn. Eoth of them are spruce trees.
I had three pencils. 5ave !ou seen 222 of them(
0an!, either3 I had three pencils. 5ave !ou seen
an! of them( 0an!, either3
"here are four bushes in the garden, but 2222 of them are rhododendrons.
0neither, none3 "here are four bushes in the garden, but none of them are
rhododendrons.
1. I have three winter coats, but 22222222 of them are new. 0neither, none3
2. "here are two umbrellas here, but 2222222222 of them is mine. 0neither, none3
3. 5e owns twelve cows. 2222222 of them are ?erse!s. 0'll, Eoth3
4. She has painted do>ens of pictures. 5ave !ou seen 222222222 of them( 0an!, either3
5. 'm! and Eeth are twins. "he! 22222222 pla! the guitar. 0all, both3
6. "wo people said L5elloL to me, but I did not recogni>e 222222222 of them. 0an!, either3
7. B! wife and I 2222222 en+o! classical music. 0all, both3
8. I found all of the &uestions difficult. 1id !ou answer 222222222 of them correctl!( 0an!, either3
9. I as#ed six different people, but 222222222 of them #new where 4alnut Street was. 0neither, none3
18. B! friends and I would li#e to than# !ou for !our hospitalit!. 4e 22222222 en+o!ed ourselves
ver! much. 0all,
both3
11. "here are two public libraries in the cit!, but 222222222 of them is located close to where I live.
0neither, none3
12. "wo wrist watches were left here. Is 2222222222 of them !ours( 0an!, either3
13. 5e has three nephews. 22222222 of them have graduated from universit!. 0'll, Eoth3
14. I have two violins. 6ou are welcome to use 222222222 of them. 0an!, either3
15. B! aunt and uncle are 2222222 coming for a visit. 0all, both3
16. <eorge and "om li#e pla!ing chess together, but 2222222222 of them li#es to lose a game.
0neither, none3
17. "he bush is covered with blueberries. 're 222222222 of them ripe !et( 0an!, either3
18. I have read five boo#s on the sub+ect, but 222222222 of them were ver! helpful. 0neither, none3
$. Pa!ing attention to whether the singular or the plural form is correct, fill in the blan#s with the
correct words chosen from the pairs given in brac#ets. For example:
Several of m! friends 2222 present. 0was, were3
Several of m! friends were present.
Gne of his friends 222 absent.
0was, were3 Gne of his friends
was absent.
%ach of the dogs pric#ed up 222 ears.
0its, their3 %ach of the dogs pric#ed up
its ears.
'll of the dogs pric#ed up 22222 ears. 0its, their3
'll of the dogs pric#ed up their ears.
1. %ach of her friends 22222222 a universit! degree. 0has, have3
2. Ban! of the birds in this par# 222222222 here throughout the !ear. 0live, lives3
3. Eoth of the children wanted to finish 2222222222 wor# earl!. 0his, their3
4. %ver! writer should learn from 2222222222 own experiences. 0his or her, their3
5. %ither of m! daughters can lend !ou 2222222222 s#is. 0her, their3
6. Few of her ideas 22222222 as intriguing as this one. 0are, is3
7. 'll of the visitors expressed 222222222 than#s. 0his or her, their3
8. %ach of our customers 22222222 important. 0are, is3
9. Gne of the canaries ate onl! half 2222222222 food. 0its, their3
18. %ither of the routes 22222222 a good choice. 0are, is3
11. Aeither of the bo!s forgot 222222222 boo#s. 0his, their3
12. Eoth of the drawings 2222222 beautiful. 0are, is3
13. Aeither of m! uncles 222222222 to us often. 0write, writes3
14. %ver! girl clapped 222222222 hands. 0her, their3
). Pa!ing attention to whether an ad+ective, pronoun or adverb is re&uired, complete the following
sentences b! filling in the blan#s with no, none or not, as appropriate. For example:
"here is 22 danger.
"here is no danger.
2222 of the trees are
evergreens. Aone of the
trees are evergreens.
It was 222 raining when I
left home. It was not
raining when I left home.
1. "here is 22222222 wind this morning.
2. I have 22222222 finished reading the boo#.
). 2222222 of the children were late for school.
4. 4e did 222222222 tell an!one the secret.
5. I have 22222222 idea what time it is.
6._________ of the streets have been plowed.
7._________ bic!cles are allowed on the grass.
;. 5e is 22222222 read!.
=. 22222222 harm was done.
10. "here is 22222222 time to lose.
11. She is 22222222 expected to arrive until tomorrow.
1$. 22222222 of the stores are open.
*. @ewrite the following sentences as negative statements, in which the word so)e is replaced b! the
word an*. For example:
5e has sold some apples.
5e has not sold an! apples.
I need to bu! some shoes.
I do not need to bu! an! shoes.
1. I will ma#e some salad.
2. 4e need some onions.
3. I have met some of !our friends.
4. 5e has photographed some of the most beautiful parts of the cit!.
5. She wants to ta#e some courses in 'rchaeolog!.
6. I recogni>ed some of the students.
7. 4e have visited some of the offshore islands.
8. I have read some boo#s b! that author.
9. "here is some danger involved.
10. I have some reservations about !our plan.
11. "he! have interviewed some of the contestants.
12. She bought some of the boo#s secondhand.
-. @ewrite each of the following sentences to express a negative meaning. %ach sentence contains a
word beginning with so)e. If the word beginning with so)e occurs at the beginning of the sentence,
change the word beginning with so)e to the appropriate word or phrase beginning with no. For
example:
So)e of the coats are expensive.
Aone of the coats are expensive.
So)eone is at home.
Ao one is at home.
If the word beginning with so)e occurs later in the sentence, change the sentence to a negative
statement, and change the word beginning with so)e to the appropriate word beginning with an*.
For example:
I have so)e paper.
I do not have an! paper.
I saw !our glasses so)ehe!e.
I did not see !our glasses an!where.
1. 5e has some relatives in the cit!.
2. I #now someone here.
3. Some of us were surprised b! the announcement.
4. I plan to go somewhere on m! vacation.
5. Some tic#ets were sold this morning.
6. I heard someone pla!ing the bagpipes.
7. I gave her some advice.
8. Something is wrong.
9. 4e bought something at the flea mar#et.
10. "he! had some exciting adventures.
11. Someone offered to help me.
12. She #nows someone wor#ing at the Kibrar!.
13. 5e lives somewhere near here.
14. Somebod! left earl!.
15. I saw someone arriving b! taxi.
16. Some boo#s are missing.
17. I have something to do this afternoon.
18. Some of the maga>ines are worth reading.
.. Pa!ing attention to the grammatical structure, complete each of the following sentences b! filling in
the blan# with anothe!, othe!, othe!s or else, as appropriate. For example:
4ould !ou li#e 2222222 cup of tea(
4ould !ou li#e another cup of tea(
"he 22222 guests have alread! arrived.
"he other guests have alread! arrived.
Five of the boo#s were returned on time , but three 2222222 were overdue.
Five of the boo#s were returned on time, but three others were overdue.
4ho 2222 was at the
part!( 4ho else was
at the part!(
1. I want to borrow 22222222222 boo# from the librar!.
2. "hree people moved out, and two 2222222222222 moved in.
3. 4ho 22222222222 #nows the secret(
4. "here are several 222222222222 possibilities.
5. 4here 222222222222 should I loo#(
6. Some students en+o!ed the film, but 2222222222222 did not.
7. 5e lives on the 222222222222 side of the la#e.
8. I have 2222222222222 idea.
=. 222222222222 people soon followed her example.
10. 1o !ou #now an!one 222222222222 here(
11. 4e are going to move to 22222222222 cit!.
12. Some birds feed on insects, while 222222222222 eat berries.
13. Somebod! 222222222222 should have a turn now.
14. Few 222222222222 people attended the ceremon!.
15. 6ou ma! borrow this eraser. I have several 2222222222222
16. 4hat 222222222222 have !ou decided(
:. "he following five sentences, labelled 3 to E, are identical except for the position of the word onl*:
'. B! onl! friend drew the picture of the child !esterda!.
E. B! friend drew onl! the picture of the child !esterda!.
C. B! friend drew the onl! picture of the child !esterda!.
1. B! friend drew the picture of the onl! child !esterda!.
%. B! friend drew the picture of the child onl! !esterda!.
"he meanings of the preceding five sentences are given in the five sentences below. For each
sentence, fill in the blan# with the letter 03 to E3 which corresponds to the sentence above which has
the same meaning.
1. 222 B! friend drew the one existing picture of the child !esterda!.
2. 222 B! friend drew nothing except the picture of the child !esterda!.
3. 222 B! friend drew the picture of the child as short a time ago as !esterda!.
4. 222 "he one friend that I have drew the picture of the child !esterda!.
5. 222 B! friend drew the picture of the one child in the famil! !esterda!.
;. %xplain the differences in meaning of the sentences in the following pairs.
1. "here is a little butter left.
2. "here is little butter left.
3. 4e encountered a few difficulties.
4. 4e encountered few difficulties.
=. Pa!ing attention to the grammatical structure, for each of the following sentences, fill in the blan#
with su(h, so or too, as appropriate. In some of the sentences, the word that has been omitted. For
example:
I saw 2222 beautiful flowers, I wished I had brought m! camera with me.
I saw such beautiful flowers, I wished I had brought m! camera with me.
"he sun was 22 bright that we had to wear
sunglasses. "he sun was so bright that we
had to wear sunglasses.
I saw 22 man! flowers that I could not
identif! them all. I saw so man! flowers
that I could not identif! them all.
E! the time I received !our message, it was 222 late
to call !ou. E! the time I received !our message, it
was too late to call !ou.
1. She sang 22222222 soothing lullabies that the bab! was soon asleep.
2. 5e owned 22222222 man! boo#s that his walls were lined with boo#cases.
3. "he bo!s were 2222222 excited to sit still.
4. 5e has 22222222 varied interests, one never #nows what he will do next.
5. "he! have 22222222 few enemies, the! are accepted wherever the! go.
6. "he snow was 22222222 deep for us to wal# across the field.
7. 6esterda! I wal#ed 222222222 far that I fell asleep immediatel! after supper.
8. I had 22222222 a good time at the part!, I did not want to leave.
9. I see her 22222222 often that I feel I #now her &uite well.
10. "he visibilit! was 22222222 poor for the mountains to be seen.
11. "his is 22222222 an interesting boo#, I sta!ed up all night to read it.
12. "his pu>>le is 22222222 eas! that a child could do it.
13. "here was 22222222 much traffic, I could not cross the street.
14. She was 22222222 tired to watch the video.
15. "he! have 2222222 little furniture, it will be eas! for them to move.
EXERCISES 21
1. Combine each of the following phrases with the ad+ective given in brac#ets b! changing the
ad+ective to a pronoun, and using the word o$. For example:
an original recipe 0our3
an original recipe of ours
these red
scarves 0either3
either of these
red scarves
the old movies
0no3 none of the
old movies
1. that new bic!cle 0m!3
2. the students 0each3
3. those leather briefcases 0neither3
4. these two boo#s 0!our3
5. her latest inventions 0some3
6. that secondhand t!pewriter 0his3
7. their unusual experiences 0another3
8. these rubber boots 0no3
9. that velvet dress 0her3
18. those blac# shoes 0an!3
$. Place the ad+ectives given in brac#ets before the accompan!ing nouns, arranging the ad+ectives in
the correct order. For example:
cats 0two, m!3
m! two cats
apples
0these,
three3 these
three apples
people
0other, four3
four other
people
chairs
0more,
seven3
seven more
chairs
1. maps 0our, ten3
2. cows 0twent!five, all3
3. boo# 0one, that3
4. soc#s 0other, six3
5. lamps 0those, twent!3
6. icicles 0two, the3
7. manuscripts 0her, three3
8. folders 0twelve, these3
9. mista#es 0other, seven3
10. pencils 0more, two3
11. &uestions 0another, five3
12. children 0three, which3
). Place the ad+ectives given in brac#ets before the accompan!ing nouns, arranging the ad+ectives in
bags 0heav!, three3
three heav! bags
windows 0two, large, the3
the two large windows
1. envelopes 0large, four, her3
2. tables 0small, both, the3
3. birds 0tin!, those, three3
4. brothers 0tall, two, her3
5. &uilts 0six, thic#, all3
6. coats 0heav!, his, two3
7. rooms 0these, four, huge3
8. pump#ins 0ten, his, mediumsi>ed3
*. Place the ad+ectives given in brac#ets before the accompan!ing nouns, arranging the ad+ectives in
the correct order. Ba#e sure that the general descriptive ad+ectives are separated from one another b!
commas. For example:
mirror 0small, octagonal, the, highl!polished3
the small, highl!polished, octagonal mirror
horses 0fris#!, their,
!oung, three3 their three
fris#!, !oung horses
1. +ac#et 0light, !our, shortsleeved3
2. lenses 0curved, small, three3
3. pupp! 0fourwee#old, our, damp, warm3
4. discoveries 0two, unexpected3
5. carpet 0heav!, a, round, thic#3
6. climate 0humid, hot, the3
7. blan#ets 0dr!, warm3
8. table 0low, oval, their3
-. Place the ad+ectives given in brac#ets before the accompan!ing nouns, arranging the ad+ectives in
cloth 0cotton, purple3
purple cotton cloth
vases
0Chinese,
blue3 blue
Chinese
vases
1. tents 0canvas, green3
2. houses 0Jictorian, crimson3
3. curtains 0white, lace3
4. cheese 0Swiss, !ellow3
5. ladders 0wooden, brown3
6. blinds 0pin#, Jenetian3
7. hats 0felt, blac#3
8. cabinets 0@enaissance, red3
.. Place the ad+ectives given in brac#ets before the accompan!ing nouns, arranging the ad+ectives in
the correct order. Ba#e sure that the general descriptive ad+ectives are separated from one another b!
commas. For example:
s#irt 0beautiful, blac#, new, velvet, a3
a beautiful, new blac# velvet s#irt
fossils 01evonian, three,
white, small3 three small
white 1evonian fossils
box 0brass, her,
s&uare, heav!3 her
heav!, s&uare brass
box
1. belt 0green, beautiful, leather, a3
2. hood 0dr!, his, warm3
3. actors 0old, two, Sha#espearian, famous3
4. beads 0glass, round, blue, tin!3
5. bab! 0livel!, her, sixmonthold3
6. dress 0satin, a, white, long3
7. steps 0narrow, cement, ten3
8. basement 0cool, damp, the3
9. wolfhounds 0@ussian, two, gre!, huge3
18. carvings 0delicate, sandalwood, three3
:. @ewrite the following phrases, changing the underlined words to defining ad+ectives. For
example: blac# boots used for hi#ing blac# hi#ing boots
a plastic cup used for
holding eggs a plastic
egg cup
a green carton used for storing
mil# a green mil# carton
1. a new beater used for beating eggs
2. a wooden ladle used for serving soup
3. a large tin used for storing coo#ies
4. an old brush used for scrubbing
5. a glass plate used for ba#ing pies
6. a light shovel used for shoveling snow
7. a metal rac# used for storing hats
8. leather shoes used for +ogging
9. a small house used for storing boats
18. a wic#er bas#et used for holding bread
;. Pa!ing attention to the usual order of attributive ad+ectives, place the ad+ectives given in brac#ets
before the accompan!ing fixed expressions. Insert commas between the ad+ectives where
appropriate. For example:
cuc#oo cloc# 0brown, a, Swiss, small3
a small brown Swiss cuc#oo cloc#
life +ac#ets 0foam, thic#, orange, three,
new3 three thic#, new orange foam life
+ac#ets
1. watering can 0round, a, heav!, metal3
2. salt sha#er 0white, beautiful, porcelain, her3
3. computer games 0Aintendo, new, two, exciting3
4. rose bush 0pric#l!, small, two!earold, this3
5. table cloths 0cotton, these, pin#3
6. willow branches 0green, trailing, long3
7. fire engines 0mediumsi>ed, red, two3
8. coffee cup 0his, !ellow, heav!3
9. flower beds 0heartshaped, five, beautifull!designed3
10. front door 0imposing, the, blue3
11. flower pot 0green, big, plastic, that3
12. bath towel 0damp, a, white, warm, flannel3
13. cit! buses 0beige, ten, efficient, large3
14. watch dog 0one!earold, fierce, small, their3
=. %xplain how the following expressions differ in meaning:
the last interesting chapter
the interesting last chapter
18. /nderline the attributive ad+ectives in the following paragraph, and insert commas where
necessar!.
't one end of the large old rectangular room was a long low sofa covered with an orange cotton cloth.
'gainst the two wooden arms of the sofa rested red velvet cushions with beautiful long dangling sil#
tassels. Aear the sofa was a small intricatel!woven Persian carpet with a fascinating design. "wo
proud elegant peacoc#s with shimmering tur&uoise feathers were depicted against a bac#ground of
short lush grass, clear reflecting pools, and white marble statues in a delightful palace garden.
11. Pa!ing attention to the t!pes of ad+ectives which immediatel! precede the nouns, for each of the
following
phrases, underline the word or words which receive the most stress in spo#en %nglish. For example:
a
big
bla
c#
bo
x a
big
bla
c#
bo
x
a
!ellow
straw
hat a
!ellow
straw
hat
convenient
downtown shopping
convenient
downtown shopping
an ordinar!
Bonda!
morning an
ordinar!
Bonda!
morning
a
to
we
l
rac
# a
to
we
l
rac
#
1. soup bowls
2. a convenient cupboard
3. underwater photograph!
4. the telephone director!
5. rubber gloves
6. a bread board
7. a sunn! da!
8. a new #itchen sin#
9. long green grass
10. a fine Sunda! afternoon
11. a red pencil sharpener
12. the bac# door
13. a prancing horse
14. an egg beater
15. a gold watch
16. a glass +ar
17. a librar! card
18. the evening star
19. a thic# carpet
20. a butter dish
the livel!, interesting, entertaining festivals
1$. /sing the Simple Present of the verb to be, rewrite the following phrases as sentences, changing the
attributive ad+ectives to predicate ad+ectives, and ma#ing an! other changes that are re&uired. For example:
the strong wind
"he wind is strong.
the thic#, warm shirts
"he shirts are thic# and warm.
"he festivals are livel!, interesting and entertaining.
the long, broad, wellmanaged, intensivel!cultivated estate
"he estate is long, broad, wellmanaged and intensivel!cultivated.
the threeda!old
colts "he colts are
three da!s old.
1. the hot water
2. the large, threatening gre! clouds
3. the thin blue boo#
4. the Spanish recipe
5. the one!earold par#
6. the collapsible umbrellas
7. the large white basins
8. the detailed, colorful, captivating painting
9. the two!earold child
10. the purple cloth
11. the fast, efficient service
12. the tenmonthold houses
13. the intelligent, hardwor#ing, responsible, reliable student
14. the long, wellwritten, informative letters
1). Pa!ing attention to which ad+ectives are normall! used onl! attributivel! and which are normall!
used onl!
predicativel!, write phrases or sentences in which the ad+ectives shown in brac#ets modif! the
accompan!ing
nouns. 4rite a phrase if the ad+ective can be used onl! attributivel!, and write a sentence if the
ad+ective can be
used onl! predicativel!. For example:
nonsen
se
0utter3
utter
nonsen
se
the bird
0alive3
"he
bird is
alive.
1. the children 0asleep3
2. the street 0main3
3. our friends 0here3
4. their assistant 0afraid3
5. the consideration 0principal3
6. her brother 0alone3
7. the performers 0read!3
8. the cliffs 0sheer3
9. the house 0there3
18. the reason 0chief3
1*. /sing the Simple Past tense of the verbs shown in brac#ets, change the following phrases into
sentences in
which the ad+ectives are used as predicate ad+ectives. For example:
the beautiful music
0to sound3 "he music
sounded beautiful.
the delicious stew 0to
smell3 "he stew
smelled delicious.
1. the sour lemon 0to taste3
2. the rough surface 0to feel3
3. the excited child 0to grow3
4. the relieved students 0to seem3
5. the aw#ward silence 0to become3
6. the sweet roses 0to smell3
7. the golden wheat 0to turn3
8. the confident singer 0to loo#3
1-. For each of the following sentences, insert commas where appropriate, in order to separate the
interpolated
ad+ectives from the rest of the sentence. For example:
"he marshes broad and wind! stretched as far as the e!e
could see. "he marshes, broad and wind!, stretched as far
as the e!e could see.
1elighted and encouraged the researchers continued their
efforts. 1elighted and encouraged, the researchers
continued their efforts.
1. Keaping and dancing the flames lit up the la#eshore.
2. "he bells deep and resonant could be heard a mile awa!.
3. "he flowers sweetsmelling and colorful attracted man! bees.
4. Sunn! and warm the climate was ideal for tourists.
5. "he shears heav! and aw#ward were difficult to use.
6. Eeautiful and delicate the flowers could be found onl! in the high mountains.
7. "wittering and chirping the birds circled overhead.
8. "he children silent and attentive watched the magician closel!.
1.. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with either the present participle or the past
participle of
the verb shown in brac#ets. /se a present participle to refer to something being done b! the thing
being described9
and use a past participle to refer to something which has been done to the thing being described. For
example:
"he evidence is 2222222222 . 0to convince3
"he evidence is convincing.
"he 222222 treasure was discovered accidentall!. 0to hide3
"he hidden treasure was discovered accidentall!.
1. 6esterda! she heard 2222222222222222 news. 0to surprise3
2. "he 22222222222222 tools must be returned b! five o,cloc#. 0to rent3
3. "he 22222222222222 rabbit sta!ed perfectl! still. 0to frighten3
4. 4e had a 2222222222222222 experience. 0to frighten3
5. "he pla! is 2222222222222222 . 0to entertain3
6. "he 22222222222222 picture hung on the wall. 0to complete3
7. "hat is an 2222222222222222 stor!. 0to interest3
8. "he #ing sat on a 222222222222222 chair. 0to raise3
9. "he situation is 222222222222222 . 0to alarm3
10. 'n 22222222222222 bowl covered the ca#e. 0to invert3
11. "he 2222222222222 lullab! sent the infant to sleep. 0to soothe3
12. ' 22222222222222 wal#wa! +oined the two buildings. 0to cover3
13. "he! laid the 22222222222222 clothes on the bed. 0to fold3
1*. 222222222222222 smells floated out of the #itchen. 0to entice3
1-. 5e stac#ed the 22222222222222 wood near the fireplace. 0to chop3
1:. %ach of the following sentences contains an interpolated ad+ectival phrase which is separated from
the noun or
pronoun to be modified b! another noun or pronoun. For each sentence, underline the word to be
modified, and
correct the sentence b! moving the ad+ectival phrase so that it is positioned close to the word to be
modified. For
example:
"he bird perched in the tree,
folding its wings. Folding its
wings, the bird perched in the tree.
Kighting a cigarette, the door was opened b! a !oung
woman. "he door was opened b! a !oung woman,
lighting a cigarette.
5e searched for his #e!s, tired from the
+ourne!. "ired from the +ourne!, he
searched for his #e!s.
1. 4anting to entertain us, the stor! was told to us b! a nurse.
2. She decided to appl! for the position, attracted b! the advertisement.
3. 1riving a brightl! colored van, the parcel was delivered b! a courier.
4. 5e loo#ed through the boo#, glancing from time to time at his watch.
5. 4ilted from the sun, we replaced the flowers.
6. "he fire delighted the children, crac#ling and throwing off spar#s.
7. Gur friend made us a ca#e, wishing to do us a favor.
8. 'nticipating an entertaining evening, the arena was soon filled with eager spectators.
1;. "his exercise contains sentences in which the noun or pronoun to be modified b! the interpolated
ad+ectival
phrase is missing. Eelow each sentence is a rewritten, partiall! corrected version of the sentence.
Stud! the
corrections which have alread! been made, and complete the sentences with personal pronouns which
ma#e sense
in the sentences. For example:
Incorrect: Following in his footsteps, our destination was
soon reached. Corrected: Following in his footsteps, 22 soon
reached our destination. Following in his footsteps, we soon
reached our destination.
Incorrect: Finding no one at home, his plans had to
be changed. Corrected: Finding no one at home, 22
had to change his plans. Finding no one at home,
he had to change his plans.
1. Incorrect: 'nxiousl! waiting for her guests to appear, the hands of the cloc# seemed to stand still.
Corrected: 's 222222222 anxiousl! waited for her guests to appear, the hands of the cloc# seemed to
stand still.
2. Incorrect: 4anting to ma#e a good impression, his hair was
carefull! combed. Corrected: 4anting to ma#e a good impression,
carefull! combed his hair.
3. Incorrect: Cnowing what we did, the message was eas! to
interpret. Corrected: Cnowing what we did, easil! interpreted
the message.
4. Incorrect: Iuic#l! opening her presents, wrapping paper was scattered all over
the floor. Corrected: Iuic#l! opening her presents, scattered wrapping paper all
over the floor.
5. Incorrect: 'ttempting to dr! the dishes, one of the plates slipped out of his
hand. Corrected: 's 22 attempted to dr! the dishes, one of the plates slipped out
of his hand.
6. Incorrect: 5aving been elected president, her plans could now be
carried out. Corrected: 5aving been elected president, could
now carr! out her plans.
7. Incorrect: 4ondering what had happened, our &uestions remained unanswered.
Corrected: 'lthough 22222 wondered what had happened, our &uestions remained
unanswered.
8. Incorrect: %ntering the room, all e!es were turned in her
direction. Corrected: 's entered the room, all e!es were
turned in her direction.
9. Incorrect: @earranging her papers, her notes fell onto the
floor. Corrected: 's 2 rearranged her papers, her notes fell
onto the floor.
18. Incorrect: Pretending not to mind, their disappointment was obvious.
Corrected: 'lthough 22222 pretended not to mind, their disappointment
was obvious.
1=. %xplain the two possible meanings of each of the following sentences.
"he flag was lowered at noon.
"he wor# was finished !esterda! evening.
EXERCISES 22
1. Ba#e up !our own comparisons, using the pronouns he, she and I with the ad+ectives given
below. For example:
brave
She is as brave as a lion.
stubborn
5e was as stubborn as a mule.
1. strong
2. beautiful
3. slow
4. frightened
5. bus!
6. happ!
$. "he following table gives the ages of five children:
Child/s 4a)e 3ge 5*ea!s)
@uth 1;
'ngela 1$
"om .
Ba! )
?oe 1
4rite sentences comparing the ages of the children in each of the pairs indicated below. /se
expressions such as ti(e, th!ee ti)es, $ou! ti)es, $ive ti)es, one6hal$, one6thi!d and one6
.ua!te!. For example:
@uth and "om
@uth is three times as old as "om.
'ngela and "om
'ngela is twice as old as "om
Ba! and 'ngela
Ba! is one&uarter as old as 'ngela.
1. 'ngela and Ba!
2. "om and Ba!
3. "om and 'ngela
4. @uth and Ba!
5. "om and @uth
6. "om and ?oe
7. Ba! and "om
8. 'ngela and ?oe
9. ?oe and Ba!
18. Ba! and ?oe
). @ewrite each of the following sentences as a comparison, using the word or words given in
brac#ets as the second part of the comparison. For example:
5e has a heav! wor#load. 0"om3
5e has as heav! a wor#load as "om.
She was a good actress. 0her
cousin3 She was as good an
actress as her cousin.
"he! are talented musicians. 0their
parents3 "he! are as talented
musicians as their parents.
1. She is a s#illed carpenter. 0her father3
2. "err! is an efficient manager. 0Ca!3
3. "he! are wonderful performers. 0their predecessors3
4. 5e won a prestigious pri>e. 0his competitor3
5. "he white hens are good la!ers. 0the brown ones3
6. @upert is an able administrator. 0his boss3
7. She is carr!ing a heav! parcel. 0!ou3
8. 5e is a brilliant engineer. 0we had been told3
9. She found an important clue. 0an!one3
18. "he! are experienced directors. 0one could wish3
*. Complete each of the following sentences b! filling in the blan# with the sub+ective case of the
personal pronoun indicated in brac#ets, followed b! the form of the Simple Present of the verb to be
which agrees with the pronoun. For example:
I am as clever as 22222 . 0he, him3
I am as clever as he is.
"he! are as curious as 222222 . 0us, we3
"he! are as curious as we are.
1. 4e are as proud as 2222222222222 . 0the!, them3
2. 5enrietta is as sill! as 2222222222222 . 0!our, !ou3
3. "he! are as confident as 2222222222222 . 0her, she3
4. 'manda is as surprised as 2222222222222 . 0I, me3
5. I am not as patient as 22222222222 . 0he, him3
6. @a! is as old as 2222222222222 . 0them, the!3
7. 1an is as eager to attend the concert as 22222222222222 . 0we, us3
8. 6ou are as &uic#witted as 2222222222222 . 0she, her3
9. She is almost as sh! as 2222222222222 . 0him, he3
18. Keonora is +ust as beautiful as 2222222222222 . 0me, I3
-. Pa!ing attention to the correct spelling, complete the following sentences b! filling in the
blan#s with the comparative forms of the ad+ectives shown in brac#ets. For example:
"his room is 222222 than that one. 0warm3
"his room is warmer than that one.
"his sand is 22222 than that sand. 0fine3
"his sand is finer than that sand.
B! towel is 22222 than !ours. 0dr!3
B! towel is drier than !ours.
"he grass is 222222 than it was !esterda!. 0wet3
"he grass is wetter than it was !esterda!.
"here are 22222 people here than I expected. 0few3
"here are fewer people here than I expected.
5er room is 222222 than mine. 0neat3
5er room is neater than mine.
1. "he village is 222222222222 than the cit!. 0prett!3
2. "his building is 222222222222 than the one next to it. 0big3
3. 6our watch is 222222222222 than mine. 0slow3
4. 5er roses smell 222222222222 than ours. 0sweet3
5. "he corner store is 222222222222 than the supermar#et. 0close3
6. "he temperature is 222222222222 toda! than it was !esterda!. 0high3
7. 5is cat is 222222222222 than !ours. 0fat3
8. 4e arrived 222222222222 than she had expected. 0soon3
9. It is 222222222222 on this side of the valle!. 0sunn!3
10. She is 2222222222222 than her sister. 0!oung3
11. "he afternoon is usuall! 222222222222 than the morning. 0hot3
12. 5e is 222222222222 than !ou are. 0wea#3
13. "he table is 222222222222 at this end. 0low3
14. "his boo# is 2222222222222 than that one. 0thin3
15. "he bag is 2222222222222 than the suitcase. 0heav!3
.. Complete the following sentences b! filling in the blan#s with the comparative forms of the
irregular ad+ectives given in brac#ets. For example:
Pam is a 222222 student than @oger. 0good3
Pam is a better student than @oger.
5is cough is 22222 than !ours. 0bad3
5is cough is worse than !ours.
1. I have 22222222222 eggs than I need. 0man!3
2. "he bread tastes even 22222222222 than the rolls. 0good3
3. She does not want to travel 222222222222 than necessar!. 0far3
4. 'lice drin#s 22222222222 coffee than ?err! does. 0little3
5. 4e have 22222222222 hone! than we need. 0much3
6. "hings ma! be 22222222222 than !ou thin#. 0bad3
7. Eusiness is 222222222222 this !ear than it was last !ear. 0good3
8. 'lan has 22222222222 mone! than Een. 0little3
9. She has 22222222222 selfconfidence than I do. 0much3
18. "he weather was 22222222222 !esterda! than it is toda!. 0bad3
:. "he following table gives the ages and heights of five children:
Child/s 4a)e 3ge 5*ea!s) 7eight 5(enti)ete!s)
Aanc! 1. 1-8
1ic# 1- 1.8
Korne 1$ 1*8
Sara ; 118
Earbara : 11-
Following the model of the examples, write sentences comparing the age or height of the children in
each of the following pairs. For example:
1ic# and Korne 0age3
1ic# is older than Korne.
Korne and 1ic#.
0height3 Korne is
shorter than
1ic#.
Sara and 1ic# 0age3
Sara is !ounger than 1ic#.
1ic# and
Sara
0height3
1ic# is
taller than
Sara.
1. Aanc! and 1ic# 0age3
2. 1ic# and Aanc! 0height3
3. Aanc! and Korne 0age3
4. Korne and Aanc! 0height3
5. Sara and Korne 0age3
6. Korne and Sara 0height3
7. Sara and Earbara 0age3
8. Sara and Earbara 0height3
9. Earbara and Sara 0age3
18. Earbara and Sara 0height3
;. @ewrite the following sentences as comparisons, using the comparative form of the ad+ective, and
the word than. For each sentence, use the word or words given in brac#ets as the second part of the
comparison. For example:
"rac! is a fast wor#er. 0I am3
"rac! is a faster wor#er than I am.
5e is a #ind person. 0his brother is3
5e is a #inder person than his brother is.
Eob is a good
student. 0"om3 Eob
is a better student
than "om.
1. She is a fine musician. 0her cousin is3
2. 5e has a strong voice. 0he used to have3
3. "his chair has short legs. 0that one does3
4. 4e are having a hot summer. 0!ou are3
5. She is a good doctor. 0her friend is3
6. 5e has a big boo#. 0!ou do3
7. "he! have new boots. 0we do3
8. 5e too# an earl! train. 0I did3
9. She is a bad t!pist. 0her colleague is3
18. 4e order a sweet dessert. 0Susan did3
=. Complete each of the following sentences b! filling in the blan# with the sub+ective case of the
personal pronoun indicated in brac#ets, followed b! the form of the Simple Present of the verb to be
which agrees with the pronoun. For example:
She is luc#ier than 2222. 0I, me3
She is luc#ier than I am.
4e are faster than 22222222222. 0them, the!3
4e are faster than the! are.
1. She is older than . 0we, us3
$. "he! are slower than 2222222. 0him, he3
). 5e is fatter than 222. 0me, I3
*. 6ou are stronger than 222222. 0the!, them3
-. 4e are !ounger than 2222222. 0her, she3
.. I am taller than 2222222222 . 0he, him3
:. She is shorter than 2222. 0I, me3
;. 5e is happier than . 0them, the!3
=. "he! are no better than . 0us, we3
18. I am thinner than .0she, her3
18. @ewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in which the comparative
form of the ad+ective is repeated. For example:
"he wind is becoming increasingl! strong.
"he wind is becoming stronger and stronger.
"he bag seemed to grow increasingl! heav!.
"he bag seemed to grow heavier and heavier.
1. "he s#! is growing increasingl! dar#.
2. "he grass is becoming increasingl! green.
3. Gur hands became increasingl! dirt!.
4. "he situation is growing increasingl! bad.
5. "heir opponents are growing increasingl! wea#.
6. "he mist became increasingl! thic#.
7. 5is singing is becoming increasingl! good.
8. "he trees are growing increasingl! tall.
9. "he soil is becoming increasingl! dr!.
10. "he time remaining grew increasingl! short.
11. Pa!ing attention to the correct spelling, complete the following sentences b! filling in the
blan#s with the superlative forms of the ad+ectives shown in brac#ets. For example:
5e is the 2222222 runner on the team. 0fast3
5e is the fastest runner on the team.
5ave !ou heard the 222222 news( 0late3
5ave !ou heard the latest news(
"he! are the 2222222 people I #now. 0la>!3
"he! are the la>iest people I #now.
"his is the 2222222 part of the da!. 0hot3
"his is the hottest part of the da!.
"he blac# horse was the 2222222 horse in the race. 0slow3
"he blac# horse was the slowest horse in the race.
She is the 2222222 student in the class. 0poor3
She is the poorest student in the class.
1. "his is the 2222222222222 highwa! in the countr!. 0wide3
2. "hat was the 2222222222222 sunset I have ever seen. 0red3
3. 6esterda! was the 2222222222222 da! of the !ear. 0cold3
4. "his is the 2222222222222 wa! to do it. 0eas!3
5. "he #itchen is the 2222222222222 room in the house. 0clean3
6. "his is the 2222222222222 model currentl! available. 0new3
7. "his is the 2222222222222 ca#e I have ever eaten. 0sweet3
8. "he third act is the 2222222222222 part of the pla!. 0sad3
9. "he 222222222222 temperature on record was minus fort! degrees. 0low3
10. "hat is probabl! the 2222222222222 thing to do. 0wise3
11. "his is the 222222222222 route into town. 0short3
12. She is the 2222222222222 girl I #now. 0luc#!3
1$. Complete the following sentences b! filling in the blan#s with the superlative forms of the
irregular ad+ectives shown in brac#ets. For example:
Pam is the 2222 student in the class. 0good3
Pam is the best student in the class.
"hat is the 22222 essa! I have ever read. 0bad3
"hat is the worst essa! I have ever read.
1. "his is the 222222222222 we have ever traveled in one da!. 0far3
2. "heir farm has produced the 2222222222222 tomatoes. 0man!3
3. Gur strawberries have the 2222222222222 flavor. 0good3
4. 5e ate the 2222222222222 +am. 0little3
-. "hat is the news I have heard !et. 0bad3
.. She has the 22222222222 cheese. 0much3
:. "he! have eaten the panca#es. 0man!3
;. "hat is the thing that could happen. 0bad3
=. 4e have used the hone!. 0much3
18. "hat is the suggestion we have heard !et. 0good3
11. "his is the stretch of road. 0bad3
1$. "he! produced the butter this !ear. 0little3
1). "he following table gives the age, height, and weight of each child in a group of eight children,
together with the amount of mone! possessed b! each child. "he highest and lowest numbers in each
column have been underlined.
3ge 5*ea!s) 7eight -()) 2eight -+g) 8onev -dolla!s)
1$ 1*8 *8 =8
11 1-* *) :8
18 1)- *- $-
= 1)8 *$ 188
; 1$- )- 18
: 11- $; )8
. 118 )$ $8
- 11$ $= 1-
Child/s 4a)e
1enise
"ed
@a!
Eev
Carl
'mber
Jictor
Sall!
Following the model of the examples, complete the rest of the sentences, indicating which is the
!oungest, shortest, heaviest, lightest, richest, and poorest child in the group. For example:
1enise is
1enise is the oldest child in the group.
"ed is
"ed is the tallest child in the group.
1. @a! is
2. Eev is
3. Sall! is
4. Jictor is
5. 'mber is
6. Carl is
1*. @ewrite each of the following sentences, changing the positive form of the ad+ective to the
superlative form, and using the definite article the. /se the words given in brac#ets as the second
part of the comparison. For example:
"his is a cold room. 0in the house3
"his is the coldest room in the house.
"hat is a good example. 0he
could find3 "hat is the best
example he could find.
1. "his is an old house. 0on the street3
2. "hat is a large store. 0in the cit!3
3. "his is a cool evening. 0we have had this wee#3
4. 5e is a #ind man. 0I #now3
5. "his is a fine view. 0in the area3
6. "hat is a new building. 0in town3
7. "his is a dust! road. 0I have ever wal#ed along3
8. "hat was a bad storm. 0we have had for ten !ears3
9. "his is a long river. 0in the countr!3
18. "hat is a funn! stor!. 0!ou have ever told3
EXERCISES 23
1. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the comparative form of the ad+ective
indicated in brac#ets. For example:
"he! are 22222222222 than the! used to be. 0careful3
"he! are more careful than the! used to be.
1. 4ool is 222222222222222 than cotton. 0resilient3
2. 5e is 222222222222222 than I had expected. 0excited3
3. She is a 222222222222222 scholar than her sister is. 0diligent3
4. Eev is a 222222222222222222 engineer than Pat. 0experienced3
5. @ussian is a 222222222222222 language to learn than %nglish is. 0difficult3
6. "his boo# is 222222222222222 than that one. 0interesting3
$. Pa!ing attention to which ad+ectives form the comparative with the adverb )o!e and which
form the comparative with the ending e!, fill in the blan#s with the comparative forms of the
ad+ectives indicated in brac#ets. For example:
"he clothes are 22222 than I had expected. 0dr!3
"he clothes are drier than I had expected.
4alter Scott is 2222222222 than 4alter Eroo#s. 0famous3
4alter Scott is more famous than 4alter Eroo#s.
1. "he pears are 222222222222222 than the plums. 0hard3
2. "he roses are 22222222222222 than the nasturtiums. 0beautiful3
3. "he tomatoes are 222222222222222 than the apples. 0expensive3
4. B! bic!cle is 222222222222222 than !ours. 0new3
5. Cold lemonade is 222222222222222 than water. 0refreshing3
6. "he front !ard is 222222222222222 than the bac# !ard. 0big3
7. "his map is 222222222222222 than that one. 0good3
8. Spinach is 22222222222222 than Swiss chard. 0delicate3
9. 5is room is 222222222222222 than !ours. 0tid!3
18. 5er report is 222222222222222 than ours. 0accurate3
). Pa!ing attention to which ad+ectives form the comparative with the adverb )o!e and which form
the comparative with the ending e!, rewrite the following sentences as comparisons, in the manner
indicated b! the examples. /se the words given in brac#ets as the second parts of the comparisons.
For example:
Collies have long hair. 0dalmations do3
Collies have longer hair than dalmations do.
5e is an experienced architect. 0we thought3
5e is a more experienced architect than we thought.
1. "err! is a good coo#. 0I am3
2. "hat is a complex &uestion. 0!ou reali>e3
3. B! pupp! has big feet. 0!ours does3
4. It was a difficult decision. 0!ou might thin#3
5. "hat is a sand! part of the beach. 0this is3
6. 5e runs a successful business. 0his father did3
7. Cliff has a bad temper. 0his brother does3
8. "his rose bush has small flowers. 0that one does3
9. "he! own expensive bic!cles. 0we do3
10. @obin proved to be a courageous leader. 0an!one had expected3
11. "he school has a large auditorium. 0the cit! librar! does3
12. "hat car has an efficient engine. 0this one does3
*. Pa!ing attention to which ad+ectives form the comparative with the ending e! and which form the
comparative with the adverb )o!e, rewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in
which the word )o!e or the comparative form of the ad+ective is repeated. For example:
"he water grew increasingl! warm.
"he water grew warmer and warmer.
I became increasingl!
impatient. I became more
and more impatient.
1. "he rain became increasingl! heav!.
2. "he crowd grew increasingl! enthusiastic.
3. 4e became increasingl! uneas!.
4. Banufacturing companies were becoming increasingl! large.
5. "he weather grew increasingl! bad.
6. "he compilation of accurate statistics is becoming increasingl! necessar!.
7. Bethods of diagnosis are becoming increasingl! accurate.
8. "heir contribution to the pro+ect became increasingl! important.
9. Standards are becoming increasingl! high.
18. "he! became increasingl! optimistic.
-. @ewrite each of the following sentences as comparisons, using the form of the ad+ective with less
and the word than. For each sentence, use the words given in brac#ets as the second part of the
"he plot of the movie was predictable. 0we expected3
"he plot of the movie was less predictable than we expected.
"he second explanation was confusing. 0the first3
"he second explanation was less confusing than the first.
1. "he issue is important. 0I thought3
2. "he train is punctual. 0it used to be3
3. "he spoons are valuable. 0the candlestic#s3
4. Aora is excited. 0Caren is3
5. "he bus is crowded. 0the subwa!3
6. "his movie is entertaining. 0the one we saw last night3
.. @ewrite each of the following sentences, using the construction in which the word less is
repeated. For example:
"he idea became decreasingl! attractive.
"he idea became less and less attractive.
1. "he wind grew decreasingl! fierce.
2. "he tune became decreasingl! recogni>able.
3. 4ord processors are becoming decreasingl! expensive.
4. "he rainbow grew decreasingl! bright.
5. "he children became decreasingl! alert.
6. "he service became decreasingl! convenient.
7. Pa!ing attention to which ad+ectives form the superlative with the adverb )ost and which form the
superlative with the ending est, fill in the blan#s with the superlative forms of the ad+ectives
indicated in brac#ets. For example:
"he first &uestion is the 22222222222222 . 0difficult3
"he first &uestion is the most difficult.
"he last &uestion is the 2222222 . 0eas!3
"he last &uestion is the easiest.
1. Sarah is the22222222222222222girl in the class. 0intelligent3
$. 5e is the 22 bo! in the school. 0luc#!3
). "his is the boo# I have ever read. 0good3
*. "hat is the painting in the museum. 0valuable3
-. 6esterda! was the da! of the !ear. 0hot3
.. She is the student in the school. 0new3
:. "his movie is the . 0entertaining3
;. 5e is the 22 man in the village. 0brave3
=. Summer is usuall! the 2222222222222222 time of the !ear. 0dr!3
18. 5e is the 222222 pla!er on the team. 0talented3
11. "his is the route into town. 0direct3
1$. "he librar! is the building on the street. 0oFd3
;. Pa!ing attention to whether the noun to be modified is countable or uncountable, complete each of
the following sentences b! filling in the blan# with the correct ad+ective chosen from the pair given in
2222 schools were closed because of the snowstorm. 0man!, much3
Ban! schools were closed because of the snowstorm.
2222 time could have been saved. 0man!, much3
Buch time could have been saved.
"here are 222 buildings as beautiful as the "a+ Bahal. 0few,
little3 "here are few buildings as beautiful as the "a+ Bahal.
"here was 222222 furniture in the room. 0few, little3
"here was little furniture in the room.
"he storm caused 2222 damage than had been expected.
0fewer, less3 "he storm caused less damage than had been
expected.
1. "here are 2222222222 duc#s in the par#. 0man!, much3
2.___________ water is left in the pond. 0few, little3
3.___________ authors are as famous as Sha#espeare. 0few, little3
4. 5ow 2222222222 rice do !ou have( 0man!, much3
5. "here are 2222222222 boo#s on the sub+ect which she has not read. 0few, little3
.. 2222222222 attention has been paid to the importance of the mass media. 0man!, much3
:. 222222222 people prefer soccer to football. 0man!, much3
;. "here are 22222222222 stores downtown than there are in the suburbs. 0fewer, less3
9.___________ information was available. 0few, little3
10.__________ sports are as fastpaced as hoc#e!. 0few, little3
11. She made the 222222222222 mista#es of all the children in the class. 0fewest, least3
1$. 2222222222 wor# remains to be done. 0few, little3
13. "here is often 2222222222 wind in the evening than there is at midda!. 0fewer, less3
14. 5e does not have 222222222 mone!. 0man!, much3
15. 5e did the 2222222222 wor# of all the bo!s in the class. 0fewest, least3
16. She told 2222222222 stories to amuse the children. 0man!, much3
=. "he following table shows the number of boo#s and amount of mone! possessed b! each of eight
children.
Child/s 9a)e 4u)be! o$ :oo+s
1ebbie 1$
Penn! .
'lex *
"im $*
Chns ;
Kisa )
"err! 1.
3)ount o$ 8one* 5;)
$8 )8 18
-
$ 1-
.
5elen $ )
Following the model of the examples, use the ad+ectives )u(h and )an* to write sentences
comparing the number of boo#s or the amount of mone! possessed b! the children in each of the
following pairs. For example:
1ebbie and Penn! 0boo#s3
1ebbie has twice as man! boo#s as Penn!.
'lex and 1ebbie 0mone!3
'lex has half as much mone! as 1ebbie.
Kisa and 5elen 0mone!3
Kisa has five times as much mone! as 5elen.
1. Penn! and 'lex 0mone!3
2. Chris and "err! 0boo#s3
3. Penn! and Kisa 0boo#s3
4. 1ebbie and "im 0mone!3
5. "im and 'lex 0mone!3
6. Penn! and "im 0boo#s3
7. "err! and 5elen 0mone!3
8. "err! and 5elen 0boo#s3
9. "im and Chris 0boo#s3
18. Penn! and "im 0mone!3
18. @ewrite each of the following sentences as a comparison, using the comparative form of the
underlined ad+ective, and the word than. Aote that the phrase a g!eat deal o$ is used instead of the
ad+ective )u(h. For each sentence, use the word or words given in brac#ets as the second part of the
4e too# man! photographs. 0he did3
4e too# more photographs than he did.
5e drin#s a great deal of
coffee. 0tea3 5e drin#s
more coffee than tea.
She has few responsibilities.
0I do3 She has fewer
responsibilities than I do.
"here is little danger.
0!ou thin#3 "here is less
danger than !ou thin#.
1. She reads man! boo#s. 0I do3
2. "he! have had little success. 0!ou have3
3. 4e bought a great deal of rice. 0flour3
4. 4e had few accidents, we had expected3
5. "he proposal has man! advantages. 0disadvantages3
6. She uses a great deal of hone!. 0sugar3
7. 4e eat little cheese. 0meat3
8. "he! entertain few visitors. 0we do3
9. 5e can spea# man! languages. 0an!one else I #now3
10. "he! have few customers. 0the! would li#e3
11. "he pro+ect will ta#e a great deal of time. 0!ou thin#3
12. "his stove re&uires little fuel. 0one would expect3
11. @ewrite each of the following sentences as a progressive comparison using the comparative
form of the underlined ad+ective. For example:
Ban! duc#s flew overhead.
Bore and more duc#s flew overhead.
Few leaves were falling.
Fewer and fewer leaves were falling.
1. 4e had man! adventures.
2. Few visitors remained.
3. "here was little danger that we would lose our wa!.
4. Few trees were planted.
5. Ban! tourists visit our cit! each !ear.
6. I saw few cars on the road.
7. "he weather caused little difficult!.
8. "he! met man! people.
12. 4rite three sentences of !our own, using the phrases si)ila! to, di$$e!ent $!o) and the sa)e as.
13. @ewrite each of the following sentences, #eeping the meaning of the sentence, but using one of
the phrases si)ila! to, di$$e!ent $!o) or the sa)e as, as appropriate. Ba#e sure that the verb of the
rewritten sentence agrees with the sub+ect of the sentence. For example:
B! essa! and !our essa!
are similar. B! essa! is
similar to !our essa!.
"heir results and our results are
different. "heir results are
different from our results.
"he price of the scarf and the price of the gloves are
the same. "he price of the scarf is the same as the
price of the gloves.
1. B! s#ates and his s#ates loo# similar.
2. "his boo# and that boo# are different.
3. "he child,s height and the height of the table are the same.
4. "his stor! and that stor! seem similar.
5. "he date of the concert and the date of the pla! are the same.
6. "he view from the window and the view from the door are different.
7. B! sister and m! cousin loo# similar.
8. "his ca#e and that ca#e taste the same.
9. B! experiences and !our experiences are different.
18. 5is schedule and !our schedule are the same.
1*. %ach of the following sentences contains a comparison which is logicall! incorrect. @ewrite the
sentences,
adding whatever nouns or phrases are necessar! in order to ma#e the comparisons logicall! correct.
For example:
"he price of hone! was higher than sugar.
"he price of hone! was higher than the price of sugar.
"he average rainfall for September is the same as Februar!.
"he average rainfall for September is the same as the average rainfall for Februar!.
1. "he vegetation of %urope differs from Aorth 'merica.
2. "he taxes in Singapore are lower than Canada.
3. "he invention of the clarinet occurred more recentl! than the flute.
4. "he speed limit in residential areas is lower than uninhabited areas.
5. "he grammar of %nglish is simpler than 'rabic.
6. "he climate of California is somewhat similar to <reece.
7. "he boiling point of oil is higher than water.
8. "he geometr! of a pentagon is more complex than a s&uare.
9. "he densit! of water is greater than ice.
18. "he location of the librar! is more convenient than the post office.
1-. Simplif! each of the following sentences b! using that or those to replace the noun or phrase
which is
repeated in the second part of the comparison. For example:
"he song of the chic#adee is more melodious than the song of the nuthatch. "he
song of the chic#adee is more melodious than that of the nuthatch.
"he landforms of eastern Canada are similar to the landforms of Finland. "he
landforms of eastern Canada are similar to those of Finland.
1. "he cuisine of France is more famous than the cuisine of %ngland.
2. "he fruits of the tropics are more varied than the fruits of temperate regions.
3. "he growth form of the strawberr! differs from the growth form of the raspberr!.
4. "he free>ing point of salt water is lower than the free>ing point of fresh water.
5. "he traditions of 'ustria are as fascinating as the traditions of <reece.
6. "he nutritional value of whole grain flour is greater than the nutritional value of refined flour.
7. "he mountains of Aepal are higher than the mountains of %urope.
8. "he teaching methods of toda! differ from the teaching methods of one hundred !ears ago.
9. "he tone of an old violin is often more beautiful than the tone of a new violin.
18. "he flowers of alpine pastures are more colorful than the flowers of the lowlands.
EXERCISES 24
1. @ewrite each of the following sentences, placing the adverb of fre&uenc! given in brac#ets in
the middle position of the main clause. For example:
She is late for wor#. 0rarel!3
She is rarel! late for wor#.
4e visit him on Sunda!s.
0sometimes3 4e sometimes
visit him on Sunda!s.
I have read that boo#
before. 0never3 I have
never read that boo#
before.
6es, I
do.
0usuall
!3 6es,
I
usuall!
do.
1. I had wanted to see the ocean. 0alwa!s3
2. "he! do. 0fre&uentl!3
3. She is ver! friendl!. 0usuall!3
4. "he! have the opportunit! to travel. 0seldom3
5. I am at home in the mornings. 0generall!3
6. 5e has. 0alwa!s3
7. 4e were given free transportation to the school. 0fre&uentl!3
8. Eirds return to the place where the! were born to build their nests. 0often3
9. 'lbatrosses are seen close to shore. 0seldom3
10. 4e would. 0never3
11. "he! follow the news. 0rarel!3
12. Baple wood is used to ma#e violins. 0sometimes3
$. @ewrite each of the following sentences, placing the adverb of fre&uenc! given in brac#ets in
the middle position of the main clause. For example:
5ave !ou visited Aew 6or#( 0ever3
5ave !ou ever visited Aew 6or#(
I do not go to the librar! on the
wee#end. 0alwa!s3 I do not alwa!s go
to the librar! on the wee#end.
1. 5e did not arrive on time. 0ever3
2. 1o !ou visit Eoston( 0often3
3. 're the! surprised at the results( 0fre&uentl!3
4. "he children do not follow our instructions. 0alwa!s3
5. 1o !ou wonder what will happen next( 0sometimes3
6. 1id the! find the missing information( 0ever3
7. 4e do not sta! out after dar#. 0usuall!3
8. "he facts are not #nown. 0generall!3
). For each of the following sentences, place the adverbs given in brac#ets in their most usual
positions in the sentence. Place connecting adverbs in the beginning position, place adverbs of
fre&uenc! in the middle position, and place adverbs of manner and adverbs of time in the end
position. 'dverbs of manner should precede adverbs of time. For example:
"he! left. 0earl!, usuall!3
"he! usuall! left earl!.
4e proceeded. 0cautiousl!,
therefore3 "herefore, we
proceeded cautiousl!.
4e will review our options. 0tomorrow, carefull!3
4e will review our options carefull! tomorrow.
1. 4e pic# the flowers. 0carefull!, usuall!3
2. She answers. 0correctl!, rarel!3
3. 5e is wrong. 0however, seldom3
4. 4e will attend the concert. 0therefore, tonight3
5. 4e found the hotel. 0easil!, nevertheless3
6. "he! left. 0&uietl!, this morning3
7. She wins first pri>e. 0alwa!s, furthermore3
8. 5e finished. 0late, often3
9. 4e reached the station. 0&uic#l!, conse&uentl!3
10. 6ou spea#. 0loudl!, never3
11. 4e would have gone to the beach. 0otherwise, !esterda!3
12. "he! wor#ed. 0&uic#l!, toda!3
13. I want to anal!>e the boo#. 0carefull!, sometime3
14. 4e arrive. 0earl!, sometimes3
*. "he following sentences do not contain verbs of motion. Complete each sentence b! placing the
adverbs and adverb phrases given in brac#ets in the end position, in the following order:
'dverb of Banner
'dverb of Kocation
'dverb of "ime
'dverb of Purpose
For example:
"he tic#ets sold. 0at the box office, &uic#l!, this
afternoon3 "he tic#ets sold &uic#l! at the box
office this afternoon.
I bought some film. 0to photograph the parade, at the
store, !esterda!3 I bought some film at the store
!esterda! to photograph the parade.
1. 4e ate. 0at the restaurant, well, !esterda! evening3
2. "he! will be. 0next month, on business, in France3
3. "he children whispered. 0on Christmas %ve, excitedl!, in front of the tree3
4. 4e hung the picture. 0on the wall, carefull!3
5. "he birds twittered. 0this morning, outside the window, loudl!3
6. "he bo!s and girls waited. 0for the parade to pass b!, impatientl!3
7. 4e slept. 0all afternoon, on the grass, soundl!3
8. "he choir sang. 0last wee#, beautifull!, at the competition3
9. 4e watched the s#aters. 0to determine who might win the competition, avidl!, this morning3
18. "he moon shone. 0over the water, long after the sun had set, brilliantl!3
-. For each of the following sentences, pa!ing attention to whether or not the sentence contains a verb
of motion, place the adverbs and adverb phrases given in brac#ets in the correct order in the end
position of the sentence. For example:
5e lived. 0for six !ears, happil!, in Copenhagen3
5e lived happil! in Copenhagen for six !ears.
"he! returned. 0from 5olland, last wee#,
unexpectedl!3 "he! returned from 5olland
unexpectedl! last wee#.
1. "he! stood. 0at the bus stop, for twent! minutes, patientl!3
2. 4e arrived. 0here, last night, on foot3
3. "he !oung child wal#ed. 0b! herself, this morning, to school3
4. "he! were waiting. 0at seven o,cloc#, eagerl!, outside the fairgrounds3
5. She arrived. 0in a blac# limousine, at the hotel3
6. Chic#adees build their nests. 0in dense evergreens, in the earl! spring, secretivel!3
7. "he waves crashed. 0against the shore, loudl!3
8. I wal#ed. 0in the rain, to wor#, !esterda!3
9. 5e sat. 0until the announcements were finished, on the edge of his chair, expectantl!3
10. 4e left. 0this morning, home, in a hurr!3
11. She went. 0b! bus, downtown, toda!3
12. "he! tal#ed. 0for an hour, animatedl!, on the front lawn3
.. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with is or a!e, as appropriate.
For example: 5ere 22 one of the computations. 5ere is one of the computations.
"here all of the results.
"here are all of the results.
1. "here his brother and sister.
$. 5ere the news.
). "here several of her classmates
*. 5ere both of the dis#s.
-. "here a pair of pliers.
.. 5ere 222 a few chocolates.
:. 5ere 222 a box of eggs.
;. "here two of the boo#s.
=. 5ere another of the maga>ines.
18. 5ere some of the answers.
ii. "here one of his brothers.
1$. 5ere the essa!s.
:. @ewrite the following sentences, replacing the underlined phrases with personal pronouns, and
changing the word order as necessar!. For example:
Gver the treetops sailed the #ite.
Gver the treetops it sailed.
5ere comes
our teacher.
5ere he
comes.
1. /p the stairs dashed the reporter.
2. Gnto the stage glided the ballerina.
3. 5ere is the butter.
4. "here go the geese.
5. "o and fro rode the girl on the horse.
6. 5ere come the children.
7. 5igh in the heavens shone the lights of a million stars.
8. "here goes the train.
9. Into the hotel darted the bo!.
10. 5ere are !our #e!s.
11. Gver the grass rolled the ball.
12. "here is m! aunt.
;. "he following sentences are incorrect, because each contains a double negative. %ach sentence can
be corrected b! omitting or altering one of the negative expressions. 4rite two corrected versions for
each sentence. For example:
4e have not got no sugar.
4e have got no sugar.
o! 4e have not got an! sugar.
I have never seen nothing li#e it before.
I have seen nothing li#e it before.
o! I have never seen an!thing li#e it before.
1. 5e does not need no advice.
2. 4e never go nowhere interesting.
3. I did not get none of the answers right.
4. She does not #now nothing.
5. 4e had not met neither of the bo!s before.
6. "he! did not do no harm.
7. 5e never spea#s to nobod!.
8. 6ou do not have no reason to behave li#e that.
9. I do not #now nothing about it.
18. I do not have no time for such things.
=. For each of the following sentences, add the negative expression shown in brac#ets at the beginning
of the sentence, and ma#e an! other changes that are necessar!. For example:
I had reached home when I remembered the message. 0hardl!3
5ardl! had I reached home when I remembered the message.
4e had the opportunit! to do whatever we wanted.
0seldom3 Seldom did we have the opportunit! to do
whatever we wanted.
1. 4e had entered the room when the telephone rang. 0scarcel!3
2. I have seen a more beautiful ballet than that one. 0never3
3. 4e reali>ed that a dangerous stretch of road la! ahead of us. 0little3
4. I have wor#ed as hard as I could. 0never before3
5. ' writer can express his exact feelings in words. 0rarel!3
6. 4e perceive ever!thing that is around us. 0hardl! ever3
7. Gne can find a more stri#ing example of erosion than the <rand Can!on. 0nowhere3
8. "he! guessed what was about to happen. 0little3
9. I am entirel! satisfied with m! situation. 0seldom3
18. Gne comprehends a complex situation immediatel!. 0rarel!3
18. Pa!ing attention to the correct word order, rewrite the underlined indirect &uestions as direct
I would li#e to #now wh! !ou are here.
4h! are !ou here(
I wonder how often he
comes here. 5ow often
does he come here(
"ell me where !ou
have been. 4here
have !ou been(
1. I want to #now how much mone! !ou collected.
2. I wonder where the! were.
3. "ell me wh! I should attend the meeting.
4. I would li#e to #now when he finds time for his hobbies.
5. 1o !ou #now wh! she left school(
6. I am curious to #now how man! times !ou have seen this movie.
7. 4ill !ou tell me when !ou completed the assignment(
8. 5e will as# how long it will ta#e.
9. "ell me where !ou are.
10. I wonder wh! she did not repl!.
11. Find out when the ban# opens.
12. Can !ou tell me where she is sta!ing(
11. Pa!ing attention to the correct word order, use the phrases given in brac#ets to rewrite the
following direct &uestions as indirect &uestions. For example:
4here is the nearest store( 0Please find out3 Please find out where the nearest store
is.
5ow man! boxes of paper did he order( 04e need to #now3 4e need to #now how man! boxes
of paper he ordered.
4h! has she not finished the assignment( 0I will as# her3 I will as# her wh! she has not finished
the assignment.
1. 4h! is the information not here( 0Please tell me3
2. 4hen will the! finish wor#( 01id !ou as#3
3. 4here has she studied( 0I wonder3
4. 5ow man! pounds of cherries did !ou sell( 0"ell us3
5. 4h! was the meeting cancelled( 04ill !ou tell me3
6. 5ow long will the trip ta#e( 0I wonder3
7. 5ow is he( 01id !ou hear3
8. 4h! do the! have difficult! with the wor#( 0I wonder3
9. 4hen does she plan to leave( 0's# her3
10. 5ow much time do !ou have( 0Please let me #now3
11. 4here is the post office( 0I am not sure3
12. 4here did !ou bu! that boo#( 0"ell me3
EXERCISES 25
1. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the adverb which corresponds to the
ad+ective given in brac#ets. For example:
"he letter was 22222222 legible. 0scarce3
"he letter was scarcel! legible.
5e did the wor# as 222222222 as possible. 0careful3
5e did the wor# as carefull! as possible.
"he! won the game 222222 . 0eas!3
"he! won the game easil!.
She handled the situation ver! 2222222 . 0capable3
She handled the situation ver! capabl!.
I 22222 expected that to happen. 0full3
I full! expected that to happen.
"he view was 22222 magnificent. 0true3
"he view was trul! magnificent.
"he theor! has never been 22222222222222 proved. 0scientific3
"he theor! has never been scientificall! proved.
1. I was 2222222222 impressed b! their courage. 0due3
2. "he children chattered 2222222222222 . 0nois!3
) "he sun shone 2222222222222 behind the clouds. 0pale3
4. "he! have settled in 22222222222222 . 0comfortable3
5. 5e 222222222222222 maintained his point of view. 0dogmatic3
6. %ver!thing is proceeding 22222222222 . 0normal3
7. Please drive 222222222222 . 0slow3
8. She wor#ed 2222222222222 until nine o,cloc#. 0stead!3
9. "he cost of fuel has risen 22222222222222 . 0dramatic3
18. 5e 2222222222222 scrambled up the slope. 0agile3
ii. %ver!thing was explained clearl! and 2222222222222 . 0simple3
1$. "he train whistle blew 222222222222 at the crossing. 0shrill3
1). 222222222222 , it stopped raining before we had to leave. 0luc#!3
14. She was signaling 22222222222222 . 0frantic3
15. "hat was 222222222222 unexpected. 0whole3
16. 4e arrived 2222222222222 . 0punctual3
17. %ngland is a 222222222222 populated countr!. 0dense3
18. "he! are 22222222222 dependent on coal for fuel. 0sole3
19. "he material was produced 222222222222222 . 0s!nthetic3
20. "he! 22222222222 agreed to the proposal. 0read!3
$. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blan# with the adverb which corresponds to the
ad+ective given in brac#ets. For example:
5e hit the ball 2222. 0hard3
5e hit the ball hard.
Please ciQse the door . 0&uiet3
"he newspaper is delivered______. 0dail!3
"he newspaper is delivered dail!.
She did_____in the competition. 0good3
She did well in the competition.
Please ciQse the door &uietl!.
1. I drove 222222222222 home. 0straight3
2. 4e came to wor# 2222222222222 . 0earl!3
3. She 222222222222 filled in the answers. 0&uic#3
4. 5e li#e to drive 222222222222 . 0fast3
5. 4e proceeded 22222222222222 . 0cautious3
6. 5e threw the ball 222222222222 into the air. 0high3
7. 5ow 2222222222 do !ou #now her( 0good3
8. 4e arrived 2222222222 . 0late3
9. "he! did the wor# 22222222222 . 0bad3
18. 5e spo#e 22222222222 . 0little3
ii. "he gathering is held . 0annual3
12. "he! replied 2222222222222 . 0immediate3
13. "he wor#ers met 222222222222 . 0wee#l!3
14. I will deal with that problem 222222222222 . 0first3
15. "he! were 22222222222222 dressed for the occasion. 0suitable3
). For each of the following sentences, pa! attention to whether the word to be placed in the blan#
modifies a noun or a verb, and complete the sentence with either the ad+ective given in brac#ets or the
corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
It is necessar! to wear 22222 clothes in the winter. 0thic#3
It is necessar! to wear thic# clothes in the winter.
Snow fell 2222222 on the ground. 0thic#3
Snow fell thic#l! on the ground.
1. 4e 22222222222222 concluded the deal. 0successful3
2. 5e is a 22222222222222 businessman. 0successful3
3. "here was a 22222222222 rain in the morning. 0light3
4. She ran 222222222222 up the steps. 0light3
5. "he path was 222222222222 mar#ed. 0clear3
6. 4e gave him a 2222222222222 signal to continue. 0clear3
7. I 22222222222 disagree with !ou. 0strong3
8. "here is a 222222222222 wind from the north. 0strong3
9. She waved 2222222222222 . 0cheerful3
10. I ga>ed at the 2222222222 water of the la#e. 0tran&uil3
11. "he engine operates as 22222222222222 as possible. 0efficient3
12. Is that a 222222222222 decision( 0recent3
13. 5e has behaved ver! 22222222222222 . 0responsible3
1*. 222222222222 snow is forecast for tomorrow. 0heav!3
15. I opened the door 222222222222 and stepped outside. 0&uiet3
16. Icicles hung from the 222222222222 needles of the pine trees. 0dar#3
*. For each of the following sentences, pa! attention to whether the word to be placed in the blan#
modifies a noun or an ad+ective, and complete the sentence with either the ad+ective given in brac#ets
or the corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
' 2222 wooden fence surrounded the pla!ground. 0high3
' high wooden fence surrounded the pla!ground.
' 222222 s#illed wor#er will be re&uired for this +ob. 0high3
' highl! s#illed wor#er will be re&uired for this +ob.
1. "he! have a 222222222 front lawn. 0wide3
2. 5e has challenged a 2222222222 held theor!. 0wide3
3. %ver! author li#es to receive 22222222222 boo# reviews. 0favorable3
*. 222222222222 situated farms often produce higher !ields than other farms. 0favorable3
-. Ban! 22222222222222 incomprehensible phenomena have been explained with the help of
modern science.
0previous3
.. Ban! 2222222222222 cit! councils have succeeded in balancing the budget. 0previous3
:. 222222222222 weather conditions have prevailed for the past ten da!s. 0unusual3
;. 'n 22222222222222 large number of variables must be ta#en into account. 0extreme3
=. 22222222222222 few people understand the situation. 0relative3
10. She wrote a 22222222222222 short stor!. 0humorous3
11. "hat was a 222222222222 occurring event. 0fre&uent3
12. Gur cit! boasts a 2222222222222 bus service. 0fre&uent3
13. It was a 2222222222 %aster Sunda!. 0hot3
14. It was a 2222222222 debated issue. 0hot3
-. For each of the following sentences, pa! attention to whether the word to be placed in the blan#
modifies the verb or the sub+ect of the verb, and complete the sentence with either the ad+ective given
in brac#ets or the corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
4e tasted the soup 222222222222 . 0suspicious3
4e tasted the soup suspiciousl!.
"he meal tasted 222222222 . 0delicious3
"he meal tasted delicious.
1. "he moon appeared 222222222222 between the clouds. 0brief3
2. 5e loo#ed 22222222222222 . 0happ!3
3. 5e loo#ed 22222222222222 at the timetable. 0attentive3
4. 4e felt 222222222222 after supper. 0sleep!3
5. 'fter the lights went out, we felt our wa! 2222222222222 to our rooms. 0sleep!3
6. "he maple tree grew 222222222222 . 0&uic#3
7. "he s#! grew 222222222222 . 0dar#3
8. 5e became 22222222222222 at the thought of giving a speech. 0excited3
9. She became a teacher 22222222222222 after graduating. 0immediate3
10. "he pastries smelled 222222222222 . 0sweet3
11. 4e 222222222222 smelled the aroma of fresh bread. 0eager3
.. @ewrite the following sentences as comparisons, using the comparative form of the adverb, and the
word than. For each sentence, use the word or words given in brac#ets as the second part of the
"he living room was furnished elegantl!. 0the stud!3
"he living room was furnished more elegantl! than the stud!.
Eecause the! were nervous, the! performed badl!. 0the!
should have3 Eecause the! were nervous, the! performed
worse than the! should have.
1. "he train travels fast. 0the bus3
2. In the morning, the sun shone brightl!. 0in the afternoon3
3. "he footpath runs straight. 0the road3
4. ?oe sings badl!. 0@ic#3
5. I got up earl!. 0!ou did3
6. "he wild deer came near. 0I had expected3
7. 5er son pla!s the violin well. 0her daughter does3
8. Captain Coo# sailed far. 0Columbus did3
9. 6ou are late. 0the others3
10. "he stream flows swiftl!. 0the river3
11. She studies hard. 0her classmates3
12. "he pro+ect was completed successfull!. 0we had anticipated3
:. @ewrite the following sentences, using progressive comparisons instead of the adverb in(!easingl*,
and using the expression less and less instead of the adverb de(!easingl*. For example:
"he rain fell increasingl! heavil!.
"he rain fell more and more heavil!.
"he wind blew
increasingl! hard. "he
wind blew harder and
harder.
Finall!, the rain drummed decreasingl! loudl!
on the roof. Finall!, the rain drummed less and
less loudl! on the roof.
1. 's the evening wore on, we spo#e decreasingl! animatedl!.
2. "he spectators cheered increasingl! loudl!.
3. "he chirping of the cric#ets disturbed us increasingl! little.
4. 's he grew older, he wal#ed increasingl! far.
5. "he new shuttle service functioned increasingl! reliabl!.
6. "he sun shone decreasingl! intensel!.
7. 's I became tired, I wrote increasingl! slowl!.
8. "he bo! learned to read increasingl! well.
;. @ewrite each of the following sentences, changing the positive form of the adverb to the superlative
form, and using the definite article the. /se the words given in brac#ets as the second part of the
"his window opens easil!. 0of all the windows in the room3
"his window opens the most easil! of all the windows in the room.
5e pla!s this piece well. 0of an!one in
the band3 5e pla!s this piece the best
of an!one in the band.
1. She understood the lesson readil!. 0of all the pupils in the class3
2. "his #ite flies badl!. 0of all the #ites I have ever made3
3. "hat train leaves earl!. 0of all the trains departing from this station3
4. Kast night it snowed hard. 0of an! night in the !ear3
5. "he potato field produces little. 0of all the fields on the farm3
6. "his highwa! runs straight. 0of all the highwa!s in the countr!3
7. She spea#s &uietl!. 0of all the people I #now3
8. "he bass sings low. 0of all the singers3
9. %agles fl! high. 0of all the birds which live in the mountains3
10. She prepares meals well. 0of all the students in the class3
11. "he! regard his proposal favorabl!. 0of all the proposals the! have received3
12. Eill ran far. 0of all the bo!s3
13. 5is arrow came near. 0to the center of the target3
14. "his bus travels slowl!. 0of all the buses3
=. Pa!ing attention to the sentence structure, complete each of the following sentences correctl! b!
filling in the blan# with the positive, comparative, or superlative form of the adverb given in
4e clapped as 2222222 as we could. 0loudl!3
4e clapped as loudl! as we could.
"he! arrived 2222222222222 than the! had expected. 0promptl!3
"he! arrived more promptl! than we had expected.
She swam the 22222222 of all the girls in the school. 0far3
She swam the farthest of all the girls in the school.
"he more !ou stud!, the 222222 !ou will do on the test. 0well3
"he more !ou stud!, the better !ou will do on the test.
1. Cheetahs run the 222222222222222 of all mammals. 0fast3
2. 4e described our experiences as 222222222222222 as we could. 0vividl!3
3. "he more encores she sings, the 222222222222222222222 the audience applauds.
0enthusiasticall!3
4. 5e practises the 2222222222222222222 of all the members of the team. 0diligentl!3
5. "he 22222222222 !ou stud!, the poorer !our mar#s will be. 0little3
6. 5e explains his ideas 22222222222222222222 than !ou do. 0convincingl!3
7. "he! wrote as 22222222222222222 as possible. 0intelligibl!3
8. Seagulls fl! 22222222222222 than duc#s do. 0well3
9. Eirds of pre! soar the 22222222222222222 of all birds. 0impressivel!3
10. "he 22222222222222 !ou exercise, the stronger !ou will become. 0much3
11. "he! have traveled as 222222222222222222 as possible. 0widel!3
12. She examined the material 222222222222222222 than I did. 0thoroughl!3
13. 5e explains the sub+ect the 222222222222222222 of all the teachers in the school. 0well3
14. 'dvanced s#iers complete the course twice as 2222222222222222 as beginners. 0rapidl!3
15. I have written out the assignment 222222222222222222 than !ou have. 0neatl!3
16. "he 22222222222222 I wal#, the more refreshed I feel. 0far3
EXERCISES 26
1. Pa!ing attention to the meanings of the prepositions, fill in the blan#s with the most appropriate
prepositions chosen from those given in brac#ets. For example:
She made a speech 22222 the future of the school. 0about, around3
She made a speech about the future of the school.
< comes 2222222 C and E in the alphabet. 0between, be!ond3
< comes between C and E in the alphabet.
1. "his train travels from Kondon 2222222 Paris. 0at, to3
2. 4e stood at the bac# 2222222 the theater. 0of, on3
3. She went to @ome 2222222222 France. 0versus, via3
4. "he store is open dail! 22222222 Bonda! to Frida!. 0for, from3
5. I too# m! hat 22222222 the table. 0of, off3
6. 5e loo#s 22222222 his brother. 0despite, li#e3
7. "he children ran 22222222 the school. 0of, out of3
8. 5e opened the box 22222222 a screwdriver. 0at, with3
9. I will wor# 222222222 five o,cloc#. 0until, up3
10. 4e wal#ed 2222222222 the restaurant. 0despite, past3
11. 't three o,cloc# we reached the top 22222222 the hill. 0of, off3
12. 6ou have delivered all of the papers 22222222222 this one. 0between, but3
13. "he ban# is 222222222 the school. 0opposite, out of3
1*. 2222222222 the danger, he decided to climb the mountain. 0despite, except3
15. "he treasure was hidden 2222222222 the earth. 0under, up to3
16. 3 comes 2222222222 : in the alphabet. 0before, behind3
17. I went to wor# 222222222222 m! umbrella. 0out of, without3
18. 4hen it is heated, water changes 2222222222 steam. 0in, into3
19. Aocturnal animals usuall! sleep 22222222222 the da!. 0during, underneath3
20. "he s&uirrel ran 222222222 the wall. 0along, among3
$. Pa!ing attention to the uses of the prepositions a)ong, at, beside, besides, beteen, $o!, in, on
and sin(e, fill in the blan#s with the correct prepositions chosen from those given in brac#ets. For
example:
"he! live 22 )-= Southdale 'venue. 0at, on3
"he! live at )-= Southdale 'venue.
"he meeting will ta#e place 22
"uesda!. 0at, on3 "he meeting will ta#e
place on "uesda!.
4e have been traveling 222 several da!s.
0for, since3 4e have been traveling for
several da!s.
She has been wor#ing 22222 six o,cloc# this morning. 0for, since3
She has been wor#ing since six o,cloc# this morning.
1. 5e lives 222222 1= "ower @oad. 0at, on3
2. 4e will be gone 22222222 two da!s. 0for, since3
3. "om and his friend will divide the mone! 222222222222 themselves. 0among, between3
4. "he! will be returning 222222 Aovember. 0in, on3
5. I have #nown him 22222222 three !ears. 0for, since3
6. Ban! foods 222222222222 mil# contain calcium. 0beside, besides3
7. I will arrive 222222 six o,cloc#. 0at, in3
8. 5e has been gone 2222222222 Frida!. 0for, since3
9. "he store is located 222222 Aorth Street. 0at, on3
10. She is leaving 222222 five minutes. 0at, in3
11. Eridget, Keslie and Sarah will discuss the matter 2222222222 themselves. 0among, between3
12. I have #nown her 2222222222 last !ear. 0for, since3
13. 4e expect them 222222 4ednesda!. 0in, on3
14. "he cat was sitting 22222222222 the stove. 0beside, besides3
15. "he pla! begins 222222 seven thirt!. 0at, on3
16. 4e waited 22222222222 fifteen minutes. 0for, since3
17. Columbus crossed the 'tlantic 2222222 1*=$. 0at, in3
18. "here are man! possibilities 22222222222 the ones I have mentioned. 0beside, besides3
19. She will call us 222222 half an hour. 0at, in3
20. 5is birthda! is 222222 the ;th of ?anuar!. 0in, on3
). Fill in the blan#s with the missing prepositions. For
example: She wants to leave 22 once. She wants to
leave at once.
I brought the wrong boo# 22
mista#e. I brought the wrong
boo# b! mista#e.
1. Since the restaurant is usuall! crowded, it is advisable to ma#e reservations 2222222222 advance.
2. Eecause we have no car, we go ever!where 222222222 foot.
3. I was 2222222222 breath after running up the long flight of stairs.
4. 4e wal#ed out of the room 222222222 tiptoe, so as not to disturb the sleeping bab!.
5. Inside !our passport, !ou should write the name of !our next 2222222 #in.
6. 4e made out the report 22222222 triplicate.
7. Citrus fruits, 222222222 example oranges and lemons, re&uire a long growing season.
8. "he movie seemed to go on forever, but 22222222 last it was over.
9. She is so bus!, she alwa!s seems to be 22222222 a hurr!.
10. Ban! people believe birds are incapable of reasoning, but 2222222 fact, some birds are &uite
intelligent.
11. Since he is not ver! trustworth!, I advise !ou to ta#e what he sa!s 222222222 a pinch of salt.
12. I went to the librar!, but the boo# I wanted was out 22222222 loan.
13. "o save mone!, we usuall! bu! flour and rice 22222222 bul#.
14. Since he could offer us no proof, we had to ta#e his stor! 2222222 trust.
15. She #nows hundreds of poems 22222222 heart.
16. Since we cannot find a place to live, 222222222 the time being, we are sta!ing at a cheap hotel.
17. Kittle 2222222 little, the clouds dispersed and the sun became brighter.
18. Eecause of its importance, we studied the report 2222222 detail.
19. 'll of the clothes sold in this store were made 22222222 hand.
20. 't an intersection, pedestrians usuall! have the right 22222222 wa!.
*. For each underlined word or phrase, substitute an idiom containing the preposition indicated in
She came punctuall!. 0on3
She came on time.
5is remar#s were brief and
relevant. 0to3 5is remar#s were
brief and to the point.
1. Incidentall!, I heard that there is a sale at the boo#store. 0b!3
2. 4hat do !ou do as a profession( 0for3
3. "he bo! left his boo#s at school deliberatel!. 0on3
4. "here is a great deal to be won or lost. 0at3
5. Eefore long, the ship had cast off and was moving. 0under3
6. "he violin strings are not at the correct pitch. 0out of3
7. 5er paintings are being exhibited at the librar!. 0on3
8. "he universit! operates with a ver! small amount of mone!. 0on3
9. Gccasionall! we have a picnic b! the river. 0in3
10. "here are no +ob openings in the compan! now. 0at3
11. 4e have a large variet! of produce available. 0on3
12. I want to spea# to !ou not in front of other people. 0in3
13. /nder those circumstances, we should proceed cautiousl!. 0at3
14. <raduall!, we began to unravel the m!ster!. 0b!3
15. 't the beginning, it was not obvious what to do. 0at3
16. 4hen loo#ing bac# over past events, we can see that important changes have ta#en place. 0in3
17. "he two friends sat beside one another. 0b!3
18. I could see immediatel! that something was wrong. 0at3
19. I see her occasionall!. 0from3
20. 1oes the store have an! paint brushes available( 0in3
-. Pa!ing attention to the nouns which are usuall! followed b! certain prepositions, fill in the blan#s
with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brac#ets. For example:
1o !ou have an! ob+ection 222 m! plan( 0on, to3
1o !ou have an! ob+ection to m! plan(
She has a good attitude 222222 her +ob. 0of, toward3
She has a good attitude toward her +ob.
1. 4e pla!ed a +o#e 2222222 him. 0of, on3
2. 4ho else has access 222222 the computer files( 0of, to3
3. I have no recollection 222222 the event. 0of, on3
4. Bissing the bus is no excuse 22222222 being late. 0for, of3
5. I have confidence 2222222 his abilit!. 0for, in3
6. "hat is onl! one example 222222 what I mean. 0in, of3
7. Pa! close attention 2222222 the traffic signals. 0for, to3
8. She ta#es an active interest 222222 communit! events. 0in, of3
9. 1o !ou have an! proof 222222 that( 0of, to3
10. 6ou should ma#e allowances 22222222 their lac# of experience. 0for, on3
11. "here is a lac# 2222222 information on this sub+ect. 0for, of3
12. "he report should shed some light 22222222 the situation. 0for, on3
13. 5e has a talent 2222222 putting people at ease. 0for, with3
14. I received no repl! 22222 m! letter. 0on, to3
15. 4e soon too# command 2222222 the situation. 0of, with3
16. "he! are constantl! finding fault 22222222 other people. 0of, with3
17. I have faith 222222 their good intentions. 0in, to3
18. She has a reputation 2222222 having the abilit! to deal with an! situation. 0for, of3
19. People often ma#e fun 222222 what the! do not understand. 0of, to3
20. 4e will ta#e a surve! 2222222 the participants. 0of, on3
.. Pa!ing attention to the ad+ectives which are usuall! followed b! certain prepositions, fill in the
blan#s with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brac#ets. For example:
4e were curious 222222 what the! were doing. 0about, for3
4e were curious about what the! were doing. 0about, for3
"he design of most computers is based 22 binar! arithmetic.
0for, on3 "he design of most computers is based on binar!
arithmetic.
1. 4e are read! 22222222 an!thing. 0for, to3
2. I was anxious 22222222 her. 0about, to3
3. Photographic film is sensitive 2222222 light. 0of, to3
4. Seals are adapted 222222 life in the water. 0at, to3
5. 5e is descended 22222222 Bar!, Iueen of Scots. 0from, of3
6. Cotton is more resistant 2222222 fire than n!lon is. 0for, to3
7. 'fter the show, the radio station was besieged 222222222 telephone calls. 0from, with3
8. She was praised 2222222 her achievements. 0for, to3
9. "he public librar! is accessible 22222222 ever!one. 0to, with3
10. 're !ou familiar 22222222 the procedures( 0for, with3
11. "he! were over+o!ed 222222 the news. 0at, to3
12. 4e are proud 22222222 our accomplishments. 0for, of3
13. I was pleased 22222222 the results. 0of, with3
14. 're !ou aware 22222222 the ris#s involved( 0of, with3
15. Kac# of exercise can be detrimental 2222222 one,s health. 0of, to3
16. 4e are satisfied 222222222 the arrangement. 0for, with3
17. She is interested 2222222 animals. 0for, in3
18. 5e is well &ualified 2222222 the +ob. 0for, to3
19. 6oung children are often suspicious 2222222 strangers. 0of, to3
20. ' #nowledge of mathematics is essential 222222222 an engineer. 0to, with3
:. Pa!ing attention to the verbs which are usuall! followed b! certain prepositions, fill in the blan#s
with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brac#ets. For example:
5e li#es listening 22 music. 0on, to3
5e li#es listening to music.
"he! cooperated 2222 one another. 0of,
with3 "he! cooperated with one
another.
1. 5eat and light radiate 22222222 the sun. 0from, of3
2. 4here the event will be held depends 2222222 the weather. 0of, on3
3. She loves to &uote 22222222 Sha#espeare,s pla!s. 0from, to3
4. 6ou need to concentrate 22222222 what !ou are doing. 0into, on3
5. "he students protested 2222222222 the high student fees. 0against, from3
6. ' balanced meal consists 22222222 vitamins, minerals, proteins and carboh!drates. 0of, with3
7. "went! people applied 22222222 the +ob. 0for, with3
8. She li#es to participate 22222222 extracurricular activities. 0in, with3
9. 5e paid 22222222 the meal. 0for, on3
10. 4e do not approve 22222222 that t!pe of behavior. 0of, in3
11. 5e subscribes 222222 four maga>ines. 0of, to3
12. "he dog bar#ed 222222 the mailman. 0at, to3
13. Please refrain 22222222 smo#ing. 0from, to3
14. 1o !ou concur 22222222 m! conclusions( 0for, with3
15. "he problem stems 22222222 a lac# of proper training. 0for, from3
16. 4e apologi>ed 22222222 our absence. 0for, to3
17. 5e is engaged 2222222 starting a business. 0in, on3
18. "he two children stared 222222 each other. 0at, to3
19. "he! registered 2222222 the course. 0for, of3
20. 4e rel! 222222222 the cit! bus service. 0on, with3
EXERCISES 27
1. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brac#ets for the
underlined word or phrase. For example:
I will re&uest a bus schedule. 0as# for, stand for3
I will as# for a bus schedule.
1on,t worr!. "he! won,t ma#e fun of !ou. 0call
on, laugh at3 1on,t worr!. "he! won,t laugh at
!ou.
1. She resembles her mother. 0loo#s after, ta#es after3
2. 4e perused the report. 0sided with, waded through3
3. I will adhere to what I said before. 0burst into, stic# to3
4. 4e will demand a review of the situation. 0call for, guard against3
5. 5is parents disapprove of his participating in so man! extracurricular activities. 0ban# on, frown
on3
6. 4ithout hesitating, she started her speech. 0launched into, hinged on3
7. I am depending on !our support. 0counting on, pic#ing on3
8. 5e will ta#e care of ever!thing. 0loo# after, settle for3
9. 4hat do these initials represent( 0provide for, stand for3
18. 'll of our plans depend on the availabilit! of transportation. 0hinge on, touch on3
$. @ewrite the following sentences, changing the ob+ect of the preposition to a pronoun. For
example: 5e lived on a small allowance. 5e lived on it.
I sided with
m! brother.
I sided with
him.
1. 4e are counting on our friends.
2. 4ill !ou stic# to the agreement(
3. She ta#es after her grandmother.
4. Ao one has tampered with the letters.
5. 6esterda! I ran into !our uncle.
6. "he! saw through the plot.
7. 5e cut across the vacant lot.
8. I confided in m! niece.
). For each of the following sentences, place the adverb of manner given in brac#ets between the verb
and the preposition. For example:
5e deals in rare stamps. 0exclusivel!3
5e deals exclusivel! in rare stamps.
"he introduction touches on the main
points. 0briefl!3 "he introduction touches
briefl! on the main points.
1. 5e dealt with ever! ob+ection to his plan. 0confidentl!3
2. She sided with her friend. 0unhesitatingl!3
3. 4e cut across the lawn. 0&uic#l!3
4. Since we were ver! hungr!, we settled for bread and potatoes. 0uncomplainingl!3
5. I leafed through the material. 0rapidl!3
6. "he! watched over the children. 0patientl!3
7. 6ou cannot survive on tea and biscuits. 0solel!3
8. 4e entered into the discussion. 0eagerl!3
*. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brac#ets for the
5e will leave tomorrow morning.
0level off, set off3 5e will set off
tomorrow morning.
"he storm will soon pass. 0blow over,
boil over3 "he storm will soon blow
over.
1. I hope she arrives soon. 0sta!s up, shows up3
2. 5e usuall! sleeps after lunch. 0buc#les down, nods off3
3. 4e saw the plane land. 0settle down, touch down3
4. I told her to beware. 0pass out, watch out3
5. Someone should intervene before the situation gets worse. 0pull in, step in3
6. "he! waited until the train left. 0logged off, pulled out3
7. 1on,t let them escape. 0get awa!, wear off3
8. 4e were worried when she fainted. 0moved out, passed out3
9. "he barometric pressure has stopped rising. 0leveled off, settled in3
18. I hope !ou will all help. 0give in, pitch in3
-. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brac#ets for the
5e refused to support what I had said. 0bac# up, hold bac#3
5e refused to bac# up what I had said.
"he game was canceled because of the rain. 0called off,
phased out3 "he game was called off because of the
rain.
1. 5e raised a difficult &uestion. 0brought up, filled up3
2. She is good at assessing people. 0buttering up, si>ing up3
3. 4e should deemphasi>e the dangers of the situation. 0hand down, pla! down3
4. I am returning the raincoat I borrowed. 0bac#ing up, giving bac#3
5. "he wine had been diluted. 0pla!ed down, watered down3
6. I want to organi>e m! photographs. 0sort out, tr! out3
7. 4e discussed the situation. 0shouted down, tal#ed over3
8. Ba! I test !our bic!cle( 0point out, tr! out3
9. 6ou can collect the tic#ets at the box office. 0fill up, pic# up3
18. I erased the notes in the margins of the boo#. 0bailed out,
rubbed out3
ii. 1o !ou thin# the! invented the whole stor!( 0hung up, made
up3
1$. She summari>ed what we had learned so far. 0sounded out,
summed up3
.. "he following sentences contain transitive phrasal verbs which consist of verbs followed b!
adverbs. @ewrite each sentence, changing the ob+ect of the verb to a pronoun, and placing the
pronoun ob+ect in the correct position in the sentence. For example:
I pic#ed up the clothes.
I pic#ed them up.
1. 4e ironed out the difficulties.
2. She called up her sister.
3. 4e sent bac# the material.
4. 5e sent out the invitations.
5. I gave awa! the bic!cle.
6. She brought along her !ounger brother.
7. 4e wrote down the answer.
8. She let in the cats.
9. 5e turned over the stone.
18. 4e emptied out the bas#ets.
:. For each of the following sentences, determine whether the underlined ob+ect indicates where the
action too# place, or what was acted upon, and fill in the blan# with he!e or hat, as appropriate.
"hen rewrite the
sentence, changing the ob+ect to a pronoun, and placing the pronoun ob+ect in the correct position in
the sentence. If the ob+ect indicates he!e, place the pronoun ob+ect after the preposition9 however, if
the ob+ect indicates hat, place the pronoun ob+ect before the adverb. For example:
I loo#ed up the staircase. 22222
I loo#ed up the staircase. where
I loo#ed up it.
I loo#ed up the
word. 2222 I
loo#ed up the
word. what I
loo#ed it up.
1. I turned off the light. 22222222
2. She wal#ed into the room. 222222222
3. 5e climbed up the ladder. 222222222
4. "he! sent in the report. 222222222
5. Children should not pla! on the road. 2222222222
6. 4e set off the firewor#s. 222222222
7. Please put on some music. 222222222
8. 4e turned off the main road. 222222222
9. I cut up the ca#e. 222222222
10. "he plane flew over the la#e. 222222222
11. She lives down the street. 222222222
12. Please pass on the information. 2222222222
13. 5e put down the box. 222222222
14. "he! wor# in this building. 222222222
15. "he ball rolled down the hill. 22222222
16. 4e handed over the document. 2222222222
17. 5e wal#ed off the stage. 222222222
18. She turned down the offer. 222222222
19. "he! sat on the floor. 22222222
20. I wound up the cloc#. 222222222
;. Following the instructions for the previous exercise, fill in each blan# with he!e or hat. "hen
rewrite each sentence to include the adverb of manner given in brac#ets. If the ob+ect indicates
he!e, place the adverb of manner between the verb and the preposition9 however, if the ob+ect
indicates hat, place the adverb of manner before the verb. For example:
I wal#ed across the bridge. 22222 0&uic#l!3
I wal#ed across the bridge. where
I wal#ed &uic#l! across the bridge.
4e tidied up the papers. 2222
0hurriedl!3 4e tidied up the
papers. what 4e hurriedl!
tidied up the papers.
1. "he car slipped off the road. 222222222 0suddenl!3
2. 4e lifted up the buc#ets. 222222222 0wearil!3
3. "he cable cars moved up the hill. 222222222 0slowl!3
4. She let down the dress. 222222222 0carefull!3
5. "he boo# had been placed on the table. 2222222222 0neatl!3
6. 5e was leaning against the wall. 22222222 0idl!3
7. She filed awa! the new material. 222222222 0methodicall!3
8. 4e shut off the power. 222222222 0hastil!3
9. "he! closed up the cottage. 222222222 0sadl!3
18. "he swallows flew over our house. 222222222 0swiftl!3
=. Pa!ing attention to whether the last word in the clause is a preposition or an adverb, for each of the
following sentences, underline the word which would usuall! be stressed in spo#en %nglish. For
example: 4h! did !ou go out(
4h! did !ou go out(
"his is what !ou
as#ed for. "his
is what !ou
as#ed for.
1. 4hat time did !ou get up(
2. 4hat are !ou loo#ing at(
3. "he following idea has been put forward.
4. 4hich group did !ou come with(
5. 4hat are the! searching for(
6. Is he moving awa!(
7. 4hat #ind of music do !ou li#e to listen to(
8. 4hen did !ou get bac#(
9. 5ow did he find out(
10. 4hen !ou loo# at this picture, what are !ou reminded of(
11. 4hich diving board did she +ump from(
12. 4h! did !ou +ump bac#(
18. For each of the following sentences, pa!ing attention to whether the word following the verb is
usuall! used as a preposition or as an adverb in a phrasal verb, change the ob+ect to a pronoun ob+ect
and place it in the correct position in the sentence. For example:
5ow did !ou deal with the situation(
5ow did !ou deal with it(
4e put
awa! the
boo#s. 4e
put them
awa!.
1. Ket us loo# into the possibilit!.
2. 4ho brought up the &uestion(
3. @emember to rub out the mista#es.
4. Perhaps we can reason with !our uncle.
5. "he! had to turn awa! twent! people.
6. 4e have scaled down our operation.
7. She loo#ed after the bab! girl.
8. @emember to stic# to the plan.
9. 1id !ou give bac# the dictionar!(
10. 5ow did !ou dispose of their ob+ections(
11. 4e confided in her sister.
12. 5ave !ou figured out the answer(
11. For each of the following sentences, pa!ing attention to whether the phrasal verb consists of a verb
followed b! a preposition or a verb followed b! an adverb, change the ob+ect to a pronoun, and place
it in the correct position in the sentence. For example:
S&uirrels can survive on nuts.
S&uirrels can survive on them.
1id !ou tr! on the
new shoes( 1id !ou
tr! them on(
1. I #now I can count on m! friends.
2. "he! put off the rehearsal.
3. I stumbled across an interesting stor!.
4. 5e is good at putting across his ideas.
5. 4e watched over the children.
6. She hung around the museum.
7. I would li#e to hand on the responsibilit!.
8. She leafed through the exercises.
9. I came across a cit! map.
10. 4ould !ou li#e to thin# over the proposal(
11. 're !ou going to trade in !our old machine(
12. 'll our plans hinge on the weather.
1$. For each of the following sentences, substitute the appropriate phrasal verb given in brac#ets for
the underlined word or phrase. For example:
1on,t tr! to avoid it. 0wal# awa! with, wriggle out of3
1on,t tr! to wriggle out of it.
1. 4hat does that amount to( 0add up to, lead up to3
2. 5e is tr!ing to compensate for the time he lost. 0loo# out for, ma#e up for3
3. I want to continue m! studies. 0carr! on with, get in on3
4. 4e want to focus on new developments. 0fall bac# on, >ero in on3
5. 1o !ou thin# !ou can overta#e the others( 0catch up with, loo# down on3
6. 4e want to abolish the waiting period. 0come down to, do awa! with3
7. "he tenants had to tolerate nois! conditions. 0get awa! with, put up with3
8. I developed spots after wal#ing through a patch of poison iv!. 0brushed up on, came out in3
9. 5e admires his older brother. 0loo#s up to, stic#s up for3
10. 6ou should reduce the number of cigarettes !ou smo#e per da!. 0cut bac# on, >ero in on3
11. "he problem urgentl! re&uires a solution. 0adds up to, cries out for3
12. She alwa!s defends her friends. 0holds out for, stic#s up for3
EXERCISES 2#
1. Pa!ing attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of inverted word order, fill in
the blan#s with the correct coordinate con+unctions chosen from the pairs given in brac#ets. For
example:
I would li#e to come, 222 I do not have time. 0but, nor3
I would li#e to come, but I do not have time.
5e has not written, 222 has he called
me. 0but, nor3 5e has not written, nor
has he called me.
1. I opened the door 222222222 loo#ed out. 0and, !et3
2. She was not in the bac# !ard, 2222222222 was she upstairs. 0or, nor3
3. "he sun had set, 222222222 it was still light outside. 0or, !et3
4. 1o !ou #now his address 222222222 telephone number( 0but, or3
5. 5e has not arrived !et, 222222222 have the!. 0and, nor3
6. I read the boo#, 222222222 did not understand it. 0but, or3
7. 4e searched diligentl!, 222222222 found nothing. 0or, !et3
8. I invited him 222222222 his friends. 0and, but3
$. Pa!ing attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blan#s with the words
and, but also, no!, o!, than, then and hen, as appropriate. For example:
4e should either wal# &uic#l! 22 ta#e the bus.
4e should either wal# &uic#l! or ta#e the bus.
I had scarcel! sat down 2222 the
telephone rang. I had scarcel! sat down
when the telephone rang.
1. I have both respect 222222222 admiration for them.
2. 5ardl! had I finished reading over the problem, 2222222222 the answer leapt to m! mind.
3. It will rain either toda! 222222222 tomorrow.
4. 5e could not decide whether to tell the truth 2222222222 #eep silent.
5. It was not onl! a beautiful da!, 222222222222 the first da! of Spring.
6. If !ou follow the instructions, 2222222222 !ou should have no difficult!.
7. 5e is neither proud 222222222 condescending.
8. 4hat with one thing 222222222 another, it was ver! late b! the time we left the house.
9. Ao sooner had I opened m! e!es, 2222222222 I remembered where I was.
10. Scarcel! had I heard the news, 2222222222 m! friend arrived.
11. I do not #now whether he has seen the movie before 222222222 not.
12. I would rather wait here 222222222 ris# missing the bus.
13. She could find the boo# neither at the Kibrar!, 2222222222 at the boo#store.
14. Ao sooner had I opened the window, 2222222222 a butterfl! flew into the room.
15. "he crowd was both large 222222222 enthusiastic.
). Pa!ing attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blan#s with the correct subordinate
con+unctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs given in brac#ets. For example:
I went for a wal# 2222222 the sun was shining. 0because, otherwise3
I went for a wal# because the sun was shining.
1o !ou #now 2222222 the stores are open toda!( 0as if, whether3
1o !ou #now whether the stores are open toda!(
1. 4e recogni>ed her at once, 2222222222222 we had not seen her for !ears. 0although, in case3
2. 5e #ept reading 22222222222 he fell asleep. 0for, until3
3. "he moon will rise 222222222222 the sun sets. 0as soon as, than3
4. It loo#s 222222222222 the train will be late. 0while, as though3
-. 222222222222 she got her degree, she became a teacher. 0'fter, "han3
.. 4e will not go s#iing 222222222222 the weather is good. 0as if, unless3
he left, he made sure he had his #e!s with him.
0Eefore, For3 I told the truth, !ou would not believe
me. 0%ven if, So that3
=. "he! have #nown her 22222222222 she was a child. 0until, since3
10. I must leave now, 222222222222 I have a great deal of wor# to do. 0as, than3
11. 4hat shall we do 222222222222 it rains( 0or else, supposing3
1$. 222222222222 !ou read this boo#, !ou would be sure to en+o! it. 0If, /ntil3
13. "he door was open, 222222222222 we could hear ever!thing. 0in case, so3
14. I studied more 222222222222 he did. 0than, whereas3
15. 4e pac#ed a lunch, 222222222222 we #new we would soon be hungr!. 0lest, for3
16. I will +oin !ou, 222222222222 the weather is fine. 0providing, than3
1:. 222222222222 he is ver! bus!, he is seldom at home. 0Gr else, Eecause3
1;. 4e must hurr!, 222222222222 we will be late. 0so that, or else3
*. For each of the following sentences, pa!ing attention to the structure of the sentence, fill in the
blan# with either the con+unction or the preposition given in brac#ets. For example:
2222222 m! warning, the! went ahead with their plan. 0'lthough, 1espite3
1espite m! warning, the! went ahead with their plan.
22222222 the sun was shining, the water was cold. 0'lthough, 1espite3
'lthough the sun was shining, the water was cold.
"he price of oranges is high, 2222222222 frost damage. 0because, because of3
"he price of oranges is high, because of frost damage. 0because, because of3
I went to see the pla!, 2222222 it had good reviews. 0because, because of3
I went to see the pla!, because it had good reviews. 0because, because of3
1. 4e sta!ed up late, 222222222222 we were tired. 0although, despite3
2. "he! went swimming, 222222222222 the coldness of the water. 0although, despite3
3. I en+o! the course, 222222222222 the professor is a good teacher. 0because, because of3
4. She loo#s 22222222222 !our sister. 0as if, li#e3
5. Please wait 22222222222 I ma#e a phone call. 0during, while3
6. 1id !ou hear an! noises 222222222222 the night( 0during, while3
7. It loo#ed 222222222222 we would not be able to leave until the next da!. 0as if, li#e3
8. 4e all felt tired 222222222222 the hot weather. 0because, because of3
9. I read a boo# 22222222222 I was waiting. 0during, while3
10. 5er e!es shone 2222222222222 stars. 0as if, li#e3
11. "he! managed to wor# together, 222222222222 their differences of opinion. 0although, despite3
12. I left home earl!, 222222222222 I had to do several errands. 0because, because of3
13. 5e spea#s about the sub+ect 222222222222 he were an expert. 0as if, li#e3
14. 4e rested 222222222222 the hottest part of the da!. 0during, while3
1-. 222222222222 she lost her wa! twice, she arrived safel!. 0'lthough, 1espite3
1.. 222222222222 their interest in comets, the! decided to stud! astronom!. 0Eecause, Eecause of3
-. Pa!ing attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blan#s with the correct connecting
adverbs chosen from the pairs given in brac#ets. For example:
4ill !ou come with me( 222222222 I shall have to go alone. 0'lso, Gtherwise3
4ill !ou come with me( Gtherwise I shall have to go alone.
She is #ind. 2222222 , she is rather forgetful. 05owever, Conse&uentl!3
She is #ind. 5owever, she is rather forgetful.
1. "he wor# was new to me. 222222222222 , it did not seem difficult. 0Conse&uentl!, Aevertheless3
2. Continue along Iueen Street. 222222222222 turn left. 0"hen, "herefore3
3. It was ver! mist!. 22222222222222 , we could not get a clear view of the mountain. 05ence,
5owever3
4. 4e had wal#ed several miles. 222222222222 , we did not feel tired. 0'ccordingl!, Still3
5. She is a talented actress. 222222222222 , she is ver! beautiful. 0Boreover, "hus3
6. 4e ta#e the bus ever! da!. 22222222222 , we are familiar with the bus route. 0Aevertheless, "hus3
7. "he child was sleep!. 22222222222222 , we went home earl!. 0Gtherwise, "herefore3
8. "he food was delicious. 2222222222222 , the service was excellent. 0Ki#ewise, Aevertheless3
9. 4e loo#ed ever!where. 2222222222222 , we could not find the #e!s. 05owever, "hus3
10. "he boo# is long. 2222222222222 , the vocabular! is difficult. 0Conse&uentl!, Furthermore3
11. Kuc#il!, the moon was bright. 222222222222222 , we could not have seen the path. 0'ccordingl!,
Gtherwise3
12. 5e is old. 2222222222222 , his mind is still active. 0Aonetheless, "herefore3
.. Pa!ing attention to the structure of the sentences, fill in the blan#s with the con+unctions or
connecting adverbs given in brac#ets. Ba#e sure that the sentences conform to the rules of correct
formal %nglish. For example:
It was ver! hot. 222222222222 , we decided to go swimming. 0Conse&uentl!, So3
It was ver! hot. Conse&uentl!, we decided to go swimming.
It was ver! hot, 22 we decided to go swimming.
0Conse&uentl!, So3 It was ver! hot, so we decided to go
swimming.
1. I have invited him. 222222222222 , I have invited his sister. 0'lso, 'nd3
2. 5e wal#ed up to the door 222222222222 #noc#ed. 0and, li#ewise3
3. "he bus fare is expensive9 222222222222 , I prefer to wal#. 0so, therefore3
4. She is welleducated. 222222222222 , she has ver! good manners. 0'nd, Eesides3
5. I would rather travel b! train, 22222222222 the bus leaves earlier. 0but, however3
6. 4e were born in this village9 222222222222 , we #now ever!one here. 0hence, so that3
7. Put less wood on the fire, 22222222222 it will be too smo#!. 0or, otherwise3
8. "he! got off the train. 2222222222 the! began to search for a hotel. 0'nd, "hen3
9. She studied for man! months9 2222222222222 , she #new the material thoroughl!. 0conse&uentl!,
so that3
10. "he weather was hot9 222222222222 , the air was humid. 0and, moreover3
11. Please come with us, 222222222222 I can introduce !ou to m! friends. 0thus, so that3
12. "he sun was warm, 222222222222 a cool bree>e blew in from the sea. 0but, however3
13. I have read this boo# before9 222222222222 , I do not remember the plot. 0but, however3
14. "he! were hot 222222222222 tired. 0also, and3
15. "he door was loc#ed9 222222222222 , we would have waited inside. 0or, otherwise3
16. I have #nown her for man! !ears9 222222222222 , I understand her character well. 0so that, thus3
17. 4e opened the window 222222222222 fresh air would blow into the room. 0conse&uentl!, so
that3
18. 5e is ignorant9 222222222222 , he is la>!. 0and, furthermore3
19. "he! visited man! stores9 22222222222 , the! could not find what the! were loo#ing for. 0but,
however3
20. 6ou should go to sleep now, 2222222222222 !ou will be tired tomorrow. 0or, otherwise3
21. I was worried9 22222222222 , I was determined not to show it. 0but, nevertheless3
:. "he following sentences are incorrect, because the! contain correlative con+unctions, but do not use
parallel construction. @ewrite the sentences correctl!, using parallel construction. For example:
5e owns both a t!pewriter and he has a word processor.
Corrected: 5e owns both a t!pewriter and a word processor.
I prefer either to read or going hi#ing.
Corrected: I prefer either to read or to
go hi#ing.
1. "he train proceeded neither &uic#l! nor was it smooth.
2. "he! will leave either toda! or the! will go tomorrow.
3. "he child hates both getting up in the morning and to go to bed at night.
4. She is neither #ind nor has patience.
5. 5e is not onl! talented, but also he has charm.
6. "he street is lined with both oa# trees and there are elm trees.
7. "he lecture was not onl! ver! long but also it was ver! dull.
8. 6ou should either eat less, or should exercise more.
9. I am not onl! proud to be here, but also feel happ! to meet !ou.
18. "he town is both historical and it is pictures&ue.
;. "he following sentences are incorrect, because the! present lists of ideas, but do not use parallel
construction.
@ewrite the sentences correctl!, using parallel construction. For example: "he air was cool, dr!, and
was clear. Corrected: "he air was cool, dr!, and clear.
5e has started ma#ing #ites and to fl! them. Corrected: 5e has started ma#ing #ites
and fl!ing them.
1. 4e wal#ed out of the door, down the steps and went across the street.
2. She loves singing, dancing and to pla! the piano.
3. "he wind moaned, shrie#ed and was howling.
4. "he music was fast, brilliant and sounded exciting.
5. 5e proposes to borrow mone!, open a store and going into business.
6. "he town boasts four libraries, two theaters and there are man! schools.
7. "he clouds were thic#, blac# and loo#ed threatening.
8. 5e li#es running, +umping and to ride a bic!cle.
9. "he! wor#ed carefull!, &uic#l! and were &uiet.
18. "he vegetables were fresh, tender and tasted delicious.

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EXERCISES 1

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