Abstract-- In this paper a new Dynamic Interphase Power

Flow Controller (DIPFC) calculated in state space is described

and compared with a fundamental-component based model. The
analytic calculation in state space is based on a transformation
into space-phasor and zero-sequence components. Accordingly
the entire system is divided into orthogonal networks for each
switching status. The resulting state-space descriptions can be
coupled into a linear inhomogeneous boundary value problem
utilizing the periodic switching sequence in steady-state. The so-
lution can be transformed back into natural co-ordinates. There-
fore the entire system and all time functions can be calculated
analytically. Finally the analytic method is verified using a fun-
damental-component model calculating the fundamental imped-
ance of the switched inductance by an evaluation of the Fourier
Coefficient Integral.

Index Termsanalytic calculation, state-space model, har-
monic analysis, load flow analysis, FACTS, thyristor applications

I. INTRODUCTION
N the last decade the electrical energy market was subject to
deep structural changes. These comprise technical aspects
like the augmented use of power semiconductors or political
and economical influences initiated by the liberalization. In
this environment the demand for an defined exchange of elec-
trical power increases. Parallel to the rising performance char-
acteristics of modern power semiconductors several types of
FACTS (Flexible A.C. Transmission Systems) were devel-
oped to control the active and/or reactive load flow and to en-
hance the voltage or system stability.
The novel Dynamic Interphase Power Flow Controller
(DIPFC) presented in this article allows the controlled ex-
change of active and reactive power between two arbitrary
network nodes without the necessity of a transformer. The rare

G. Herold: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Erlangen-
Nuremberg, Erlangen-Germany (e-mail: herold@eev.eei.uni-erlangen.de).
G. Ebner: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Erlangen-
Nuremberg, Erlangen-Germany (e-mail: ebner@eev.eei.uni-erlangen.de).
R. Sbrich: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Erlan-
gen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Germany (e-mail: suessbrich@eev.eei.uni-
erlangen.de).
Ch. Weindl: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Erlan-
gen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Germany (e-mail: Weindl@eev.eei.uni-
erlangen.de).

existing concepts of Interphase Power Flow Controllers are
based on passive elements and an additional phase shifting
transformer (PST) in most cases. The investigated DIPFC op-
erates without an expensive PST and additionally does not
causes less network interactions or harmonics compared to
many of the new FACTS devices. Therefore capital-intensive
filter circuits are not necessary.
In the following two different calculation models for the
DIPFC are presented which permit the analysis of the funda-
mental components (see paragraph V.) and an accurate inves-
tigation in state space. This analytic calculation method [9, 10]
is based on a linear inhomogeneous boundary value problem
which is defined by the periodic and steady-state conditions.
The calculation method is integrated in an existing, analytical
calculation model for 6- and 12-pulse power converters as
well as Static Var Compensators (SVC) and Thyristor Con-
trolled Series Capacitor (TCSC).

II. STRUCTURE AND STEADY STATE OPERATION
In figure 1 the principle structure of the investigated
DIPFC is shown. The DIPFC is connected with two arbitrary
networks. All elements Z have the structure as shown in figure
2. Therefore the impedance of Z is a function of the firing an-
gle of the thyristor modules.


Ri
I
Ri
U
Si
U
Ti
U
Ti
I
Si
I
Tk
U
Sk
U
Rk
U
Rk
I
Sk
I
Tk
I
Z
Z
Z
Network
Side k
Network
Side i
C
C
C
' Interphase
Connections
k k


Fig. 1: Principle structure of the investigated DIPFC system

Comparison of different calculation methods for
a Power Semiconductor based Interphase Power
Flow Controller
G. Herold, IEEE
G. Ebner, R. Sbrich, Ch. Weindl, Non Member, IEEE
I
0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 2003 IEEE
Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy

2
L
X
C
X
CR
i
VR
i
R
i CR
u
2
L
X
1
V
4
V
VR
u

Fig. 2: Structure of the basic DIPFC module (Impedance Z, protection de-
vices neglected)

Considering the time functions at the interphase connec-
tions (figure 1) the following equations for the space-phasors
of the voltages and currents at both sides (k) and (k) can be
determined:

'
2
'
for the elements
k
k
k
k
a Z
a
C


= '
' 1
1
1 1 1
! !
=
1 1
1 1 +
1+
(1)
Because of the 3-pulse behavior of the zero-sequence net-
work the interphase connection does not affect the zero-
sequence system variables. According to [1] the development
of equivalent circuits is based on a switching device without
impedance. The impedance of the valves itself can be allo-
cated to the rest of the network in most cases.
In the first step the three-phase network is transformed into
an equivalent space-phasor and zero-sequence network to de-
scribe the system in state-space. Figure 3 illustrates the result-
ing space-phasor and the zero-sequence networks utilizing the
impedance operators Z.
pi
u
k
i
Ck
i
Ck
u
pk
u
i
i
Z
i
Z
k
1 C
X
L
Z
V
i
1 C
i
V
ai
1 C
ai
1 C
u
a
a
2 C
X
2 C
i
2
2 C
a i
2
a
2 C
u
r
u
v
u
0 k
i
0 Ck
i
0 Ck
u
0 i
i
3Z Z
Ei i
+ 3Z Z
Ek k
+
1 C
X
L
Z
0 V
i
10 C
i
10 C
u
2 C
X
20 C
i
20 C
u

Fig. 3: Exemplary space-phasor and the zero-sequence networks (operating
status with 3 current conducting valves)
Analyzing the time functions of the currents and voltages at
the basic DIPFC modules (e.g. Phase R, figure 2) it is obvious
that the valve current i
VR
has to reach zero before the anti-
parallel valve can be ignited. Therefore the theoretical firing
angle is limited to the interval [/2; ]. The resulting con-
duction angle of the thyristor valves can be calculated as
follows:
( ) ' 2 (2)
Figure 4 shows the correlations of the currents and volt-
ages. The angle is the translation displacement of the igni-
tion point to the reference voltage u
pR
.

u
pR
u
c

t
u,i
i
V
i
V

Fig. 4: Correlations of firing angle , conduction angle , reference volt-
age uc and valve current iV

The analytic calculation method for the steady state opera-
tion is based on the calculation principle developed for Cur-
rent Converters [1, 2]. In stationary operating mode the space-
phasors of all system variables have a 6-pulse characteristic.
According to this, all of the information is contained in a pe-
riod of length t = /3. Therefore the following equations
have to be fulfilled:
( )
2
0
3
a

+ =


z z 0 (3)
( )
0 0

1
+ + =

( )
3
z z 0 (4)
Referring the possible overlapping of the simultaneously
conducting valves inside the DIPFC system, four principle
switching states can be derived. Therefore states with zero,
one, two or three current conducting vales are possible. All
operating points can be described by a periodic change of two
different switching states (n respectively n-1 conducting
valves, n = 3, 2, 1). As a result the steady state operation can
be described over the whole control range using three differ-
ent operating modes. Within each periodic cycle of /3 all
state variables z and z
0
inside the DIPFC have to be continu-
ous. Therefore the following additional requirements have to
be fulfilled:
( ) ( )
+
= z z 0 (5)
( ) ( )
0 0

+
= z z 0 (6)
Where is the transition angle between two different states
of operation. Figure 5 depicts the alternation between two dif-
ferent switching states within one period.


0
3

n n-1
t
0
3

n n-1
t

Fig. 5: Periodic alternation of the two different switching states

In the second step the space-phasor network
has to be separated into the orthogonal real and
imaginary part. Therefore the state space de-
scription can be realized using three component
networks for each switching status. These have
to be coupled into a linear inhomogeneous
boundary value problem which can be solved
analytically. It has to be taken into account that
the interphase connections cause an additional
coupling between the real and imaginary com-
ponent networks. An orthogonal separation of
equation (1) leads to the following equations
which can be used to introduce fictitious voltage
and current sources:
{ } { } { }
1 3
Re Re Im
2 2
= a (7)
{ } { } { }
3 1
Im Re Im
2 2
= a (8)
{ } { } { }
2
1 3
Re Re Im
2 2
= + a (9)
{ } { } { }
2
3 1
Im Re Im
2 2
= a (10)
The above equations consider the two possible interphase
connection types represented by the complex operators a and
a
2
.
The sources shown in figure 6 are therefore only a sym-
bolic expression of the mathematical requirements resulting
from the Kirchhoffs Laws. Utilizing equations (7) to (10) the
space-phasor network can be separated into two orthogonal
networks coupled by the fictitious sources.
The inserted fictitious sources can be calculated as follows:
{ } { } { }
3 3
Re Re Im
2 2
v Ck Ck
u u u = + (11)
{ } { } { }
3 3
Im Re Im
2 2
v Ck Ck
u u u = (12)

{ } 1 2 Re
1 2
3 3 3
Re
2 2 2
3 3 3
Im
2 2 2
V C C
V C C
I i i i
i i i
= + + +
' '
1 1
1 1
+ +
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
(13)
{ } { } { }
3 3
Re Re Im
2 2
r Ck Ck
u u u = (14)
{ } { } { }
3 3
Im Re Im
2 2
r Ck Ck
u u u = (15)

{ } 1 2 Im
1 2
3 3 3
Im
2 2 2
3 3 3
Re
2 2 2
V C C
V C C
I i i i
i i i
= + +
' '
1 1
1 1
+
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
(16)

Fig. 6: Component networks coupled by fictitious sources resulting from
the interphase connections

III. EQUIVALENT NETWORKS FOR THE SWITCHING STATES
The states with zero and three conducting valves can be
characterized as symmetric. Therefore these two states are de-
scribed completely by the zero-sequence network of figure 3
and the component networks of figure 6. In the case of zero
current conducting valves it has to be considered that the
valve current is zero. Hence i
V0
, Re{i
V
} and Im{i
V
} are equal
to zero in the equivalent networks.
Figure 7 shows the DIPFC system in an exemplary status
with one current conducting valve. In figure 7 the point of
view is concentrated on the thyristor switched inductor. The
entire rest of the network is abstracted to the surrounding
three phase system. The two other conceivable switching
states with one conducting valve (valve S or T is conducting)
can be calculated analogously.
Utilizing the state equations the non-symmetric conditions
for one conducting valve can be expressed by:

2
3
V VR
i i = (17)
( )
2
2
3
V VS VT
u au a u = + (18)

0
1
3
V VR
i i = (19)
( )
0
1
3
V VS VT
u u u = + (20)

i
Z
k
Z
1 C
X
L
Z
2 C
X
{ }
Re
pi
u
{ } Re
i
i
{ } Re
V
i
{ } Re
v
u
{ } Re
r
u
Re
I
{ } Re
k
i
{ } Re
Ck
i
{ } Re
Ck
u
{ }
Re
pk
u
{ }
1
Re
C
i
{ }
2
Re
C
i
i
Z
k
Z
1 C
X
L
Z
2 C
X
{ }
Im
pi
u
{ } Im
i
i
{ } Im
V
i
{ } Im
v
u
{ } Im
r
u
Im
I
{ } Im
k
i
{ } Im
Ck
i
{ } Im
Ck
u
{ }
Im
pk
u
{ }
1
Im
C
i
{ }
2
Im
C
i


Fig. 7: Simplified network for one current conducting valve

Separating equations (17) and (18) into orthogonal
components the following relations can be determined:
{ }
0
Re
V V
u u = (21)
{ }
0
Re 2
V V
i i = (22)
To fulfill (21) and (22) the sources u
pi
, u
pk
and the
impedances in the zero-sequence network have do be
scaled by a factor of 1/2. Figure 8 depicts the corre-
sponding component equivalent networks.

Fig. 8: Component equivalent networks for the status with one conducting
valve



Fig. 9: Component equivalent networks for the status with two cur-
rent conducting valves

In a uniform manner the status with two current con-
ducting valves can be analyzed. Therefore the non-
symmetric conditions lead to:
{ }
0
Re
V V
ai i = (23)
{ }
0
Re 2
V V
au u = (24)
To comply with these equations the sources have to
be multiplied with the complex operator a the zero-
sequence network with the factor 2. Figure 9 shows the
equivalent network for two conducting valves.

IV. MODES OF OPERATION
The steady state operation of a DIPFC is character-
ized by a periodic alternation of two switching states.
Considering all possible firing angles, three different
basic modes of operation can be distinguished. Figure
10 depicts these modes.
To find the analytic solution for each of the basic
operation modes two switching states of the last para-
graph have to be coupled into a linear inhomogeneous
boundary value problem. The four switching states can
be described in the state space as follows
( ) ( ) ( )

= + z A z B x (25)
where the index holds for each of the relevant
i
Z
k
Z
1 C
X
L
Z
2 C
X
{ }
1
2
Im
pi
u
{ }
1
2
Im
i
i
{ }
1
2
Im
V
i
{ }
1
2
Im
V
u
{ } Im
v
u
{ } Im
r
u
Im
I
{ }
1
2
Im
pk
u
Ck
X
1
0
2
V
u
Ck
X
0 i
i
3
2
Ek k
Z Z +
1
1
2
C
X
1
2
L
Z
0 V
i
1
2
2
C
X
k
Z
1 C
X
L
Z
2 C
X
{ }
1
2
Re
i
i
{ }
1
2
Re
V
i
{ }
1
2
Re
V
u
{ } Re
v
u
{ } Re
r
u
Re
I
{ }
1
2
Re
pk
u
i
Z
{ }
1
2
Re
pi
u
Ck
X
3
2
Ei i
Z Z +
3-Phase-
System i
3-Phase-
System k
0
3
V
i
k
Z VR
i
VS
i
VT
i
VR
u
VS
u
VT
u
i
Z
k
Z
1 C
X
L
Z
2 C
X
{ }
Im
pi
au
{ } Im
i
ai
{ } Im
V
ai
{ } Im
v
u
{ } Im
r
u
Im
I
{ }
Im
pk
au
Ck
X
0
2
V
u
2
Ck
X
0 i
i 1
2
C
X
2
L
Z
0 V
i
2
2
C
X
k
Z
1 C
X
L
Z
2 C
X
{ } Re
i
ai
{ } Re
V
i
{ } Re
V
au
{ } Re
v
u
{ } Re
r
u
Re
I
{ }
Re
pk
au
i
Z
{ }
Re
pi
au
Ck
X
2(3 )
Ei i
Z Z + 2(3 )
Ek k
Z Z +

equivalent networks. Table 1 gives the accordant assignment.

Mode 3:
3/2 Cond.
Valves
Mode 2:
2/1 Cond.
Valves
Mode 1:
1/0 Cond.
Valves
0 Conducting Valves
1 Conducting Valves
2 Conducting Valves
3 Conducting Valves
V
1
V
3
V
2
V
4
V
6
V
5
V
6
/ 3 2 /3 4 / 3 5 /3 2

0
/3
2 /3

Mode 3:
3/2 Cond.
Valves
Mode 2:
2/1 Cond.
Valves
Mode 1:
1/0 Cond.
Valves
Mode 3:
3/2 Cond.
Valves
Mode 2:
2/1 Cond.
Valves
Mode 1:
1/0 Cond.
Valves
0 Conducting Valves
1 Conducting Valves
2 Conducting Valves
3 Conducting Valves
0 Conducting Valves
1 Conducting Valves
2 Conducting Valves
3 Conducting Valves
V
1
V
3
V
2
V
4
V
6
V
5
V
6
/ 3 2 /3 4 / 3 5 /3 2 / 3 2 /3 4 / 3 5 /3 2

0
/3
2 /3

Fig. 10: Valve participation and basic operation modes as a function of the
time and the conducting angle (theoretical)

TABLE I
DIPFC: ASSIGNMENT OF THE EQUIVALENT NETWORKS

State with
n Conducting
Valves
State with
n-1 Conducting
Valves
Zero-sequence
Network
01 02
Real Part
Network
d l
Imaginary Part
Network
k de

The solution of equation (25) can be described in general
as:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
, ,
e

p h



= +
A
z z z (26)
( )
, p
z holds for the inhomogeneous solution compo-
nents, ( )
( )
,
e

h

A
z represents the homogenous solution
vector. The angle

describes the starting point of the respec-

tive switching state.
0 for cond. valves ( =01, , )
for -1 cond. valves ( =02, , )

n d k
n l de

'
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1+
(27)
Therefore the solution in each switching status is defined
except for the initial values of the homogeneous solution.
These initial values are abbreviated as:

( )
, h
= c z (28)
To obtain the analytic solution of the entire DIPFC system
the c

, which are constants to the operation point, have to be

calculated. Therefore the two states of an operation mode
must be coupled into a linear inhomogeneous boundary value
problem. The two states have to fulfill the requirements (3)-
(6) within one period of /3. The combined state space and
zero-sequence vectors can be expressed as:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
j for 0
j for
d k
l de

'
= + 1
1
1
=
!
1
= +
1
1+
z T z z
z
z T z z
(29)

( )
( )
( )
01 01
0
02 02
for 0
for

'
1
1
1
=
!
1

1
1+
T z
z
T z
(30)
where the matrices T are used to rescale the solutions for
the state variables corresponding to the complex factors and
multipliers introduced when the equivalent networks were de-
rived. After a substitution of the state variables into (3)-(6)
and a separation into homogeneous and inhomogeneous parts
the boundary value problem can be expressed as follows:
K C = Y (31)
The matrix K contains the transition matrices at the transi-
tion points of the two operating states, the vector C the corre-
sponding initial values and the vector Y the inhomogeneous
solution. The analytic solution of (31) is rather complicated to
obtain because of the non-quadratic characteristic of K. It was
already demonstrated in [8]

V. FUNDAMENTAL-COMPONENT BASED MODEL
The point of origin for the fundamental-component based
DIPFC model is a calculation method developed for the TCSC
[3]. As a result the impedance of a basic DIPFC module (fig-
ure 2) is a function of the ignition angle . The fundamental
impedance of the module can be calculated by evaluating the
Fourier Coefficient Integral. Equation (32) shows the result:
( ) ( )
2
90
1 90 1 2
j
C C
L
X
Z X X X A A
X

= + +


(32)
where:

( ) ( )
2
1 2
90
4cos tan tan
2 sin 2
, ,
1
, , , ,
'
2
L C C
C L
C L L
k k
A A
X X X
X X L X k
C X X X

+
= =

= = = =

=
(33)
The graph in figure 11 depicts the fundamental impedance
Z
1
() as a function of the ignition angle.

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Z
1
[]


Fig. 11: Fundamental impedance of an exemplarily DIPFC system as a func-
tion of the ignition angle

The fundamental component based model uses the imped-
ance characteristic from equation (32) together with standard
complex calculation methods to obtain the solution. This com-
prises that the network from figure 1 is transformed into sym-
metric components and calculated using e.g. 1
st
and 2
nd

Kirchhoffs laws.

VI. COMPARISON OF THE CALCULATION METHODS
The comparison of the two described calculation proce-
dures is realized by an example network, consisting of bus-
bars with a short circuit impedance. The short circuit imped-
ance of the sources additionally include the impedance of two
interconnected 220 kV lines left and right to the DIPFC instal-
lation.
The example structure was chosen intentionally not too
complex. Therefore the dynamic system properties and thus
the results are more comprehensible.

TABLE II
PARAMETER OF THE INVESTIGATED DIPFC-MODEL
Value Description
u
pi
=u
pk

220 2/3
phase-ground-peak-voltage
Z
Li
=Z
Lk
(1.4+j6) short-circuit impedance
X
C1
=X
C2
63.7 capacity reactance of the
DIPFC
X
L
17.7 inductive reactance of the
switched inductor
m
V
1000 model-scale of the voltage
m
c
100 model-scale of the current

The network parameters were chosen due to the values of
an existing analogous network simulator. Therefore the shown
calculation results are normalized to the model-scale (m
v
, m
c
,
Table II).
The figures 12 and 13 show the active and reactive power
at the left feeding system (figure 1, side i) calculated using the
analytic method and the fundamental component based model.
The operating points at the interval limits ( = 0 and = )
are characterized by a sustained continuous symmetric opera-
tion. Therefore no harmonics are generated in the entire sys-
tem and the calculation results of the fundamental component
based model correspond to the results of the analytic method.
In this way both methods are verified for these specific operat-
ing points.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Fundamental
State Space
P
i
[W]
'

Fig. 12: Active Power at the feeding node i as a function of the conducting
angle

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-3000
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
Fundamental
State Space
Q
i
[Var]
'

Fig. 13: Reactive Power at the feeding node i as a function of the angle

In the rest of the investigated interval the deviation of the
two models is less than 5% (figure 12) and 8% (figure 13).
The deviation is caused by the harmonics and the zero se-
quence currents and voltages originating from the non-
symmetric switching states (see figures 8 and 9). The zero se-
quence currents e.g. implicate a much more non-sinusoidal
shape of the network values which are used to evaluate the
relevant Fourier Coefficients. Therefore the fundamental im-

pedance Z
1
does not consider the influence of the harmonics
and especially the zero sequence components. In this context
it must be taken into account that the harmonics (incl. zero se-
quence harmonics) appear in both, currents and voltages at the
nodes of a basic DIPFC module Z. Harmonic components of
the same order in the voltage and the current cause a deviation
in the active power consumption of the device, harmonic com-
ponents of a different order can have an influence on the
reactive power compensation realized by Z. The law for con-
servation of energy implicates that the shown power functions
for P
i
and Q
i
differ.
Figure 15 shows the space phasor, figure 16 the harmonics
of the source current i
i
(left source) for an unfavorable setup
of the system parameters.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
-5
0
5
-5
0
5
' Re( i
i
)
Im( i
i
)

Fig. 14: Space Phasor of the feeding current for an unfavorable parameter
setup as a function of the conducting angle

0
1
2
3
0
5
10
15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
'
n
| FFT( i
i
) |

Fig. 15: Frequency Response - feeding current (unfavorable parameter setup,
variation over conducting angle )


The Capacitor X
C
and the switched reactor X
L
(figure 2)
build up a parallel resonant circuit for the fundamental fre-
quency in the vicinity of = 1.9 . In the proximity of this op-
erating point, the harmonic stress in the system is extremely
high, which is visible by the bugles in meander-form in figure
14 and by the maxima of e.g. the fifth-order component in
figure 15. Therefore the analytic calculation method is neces-
sary and useful to evaluate the harmonic load caused by the
switching operations, to select the system parameters and to
consider the harmonic stability of the entire system.
The Fundamental-Component based model is absolutely
sufficient to facilitate the control setup of the DIPFC and its
functionality in the electrical energy system. This comprises
the possibilities of the specific device to control the load flow
and to improve e.g. the voltage stability in the network.
Therefore it can be stated, that the strength of both methods
should be utilized designing complex FACTS systems like the
DIPFC.

VII. CONCLUSION
The presented state space method describes the steady-state
operation of a novel dynamic and semiconductor based IPFC
analytically. The calculation is based on the dynamic system
characteristics (eigenvalues) and the 6-pulse behavior of the
system. The results are compared and discussed with a fun-
damental-component based model. The paper shows how to
get an analytic system description on the base of component
equivalent networks including operator impedances. The
complete algorithm permits a direct optimization of all impor-
tant system parameters. Further standard signal processing
will lead to the harmonic analysis of currents and voltages etc.
Finally the two presented calculation methods are investigated
and opposed for its applicability

VIII. REFERENCES
[1] Weindl Ch., Herold G.: Analytical Calculation of 6-pulse Current Con-
verters in Large Compensated Networks in Steady State, Proceedings
of the 7th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
(EPE), 1997, Vol. 1, pp. 1.378-1.383
[2] Weindl C., Herold G.: State Space Representation of Current Convert-
ers in Extensive Three-Phase A.C. Systems, Proceedings of the 8th In-
ternational Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP-
98-292), 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 734-739
[3] Christl N., Ltzelberger P., Sadek K.: Geregelter Serienkompensator
fr Lastfluregelung und berstrombegrenzung, etz Band 115 (1994)
Heft 11
[4] Bohmann L. J.; Lasseter R. H.: Stability and Harmonics in Thyristor
Controlled Reactors, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No.
2, April 1990
[5] Brochu J., Pelletier P., Beauregard F., Morin G.: The Inter-phase Power
Controller. A New Concept for Managing Power Flow Within AC Net-
works, IEEE Transmission and Distribution, Manuscript of the 1993
Summer Meeting in Vancouver
[6] Habashi K., Lombard J., Mourad S., Pelletier P., Morin G., Beauregard,
F., Brochu, J., The Design of a 200 MW Inter-phase Power Controller
Prototype, IEEE Transmission and Distribution, Manuscript of the
1993 Summer Meeting in Vancouver
[7] Hingorani N.G., Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of
Flexible AC Transmission System, IEEE Press, New York

[8] Weindl, Ch., Herold, G.: Development of an Analytic State-Space De-
scription of Power Systems including Thyristor Controlled Series Com-
pensation, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Harmon-
ics and Quality of Power (0-7803-6499-6/00), Orlando, Florida, USA,
2000, Vol. 1, S. 961-966
[9] G. Herold, Ch. Weindl, G. Ebner und R. Sbrich, Beschreibung eines
neuartigen halbleiterbasierter Zwischenphasenreglers, Teil I: Systembe-
schreibung Analyse der Schaltzustnde & Ableitung der Ersatznetz-
werke, Elektrie, 2003, to be published
[10] G. Herold, Ch. Weindl, G. Ebner und R. Sbrich, Beschreibung eines
neuartigen halbleiterbasierter Zwischenphasenreglers, Teil II: Analyti-
sches Lsungsverfahren Beispielstudie, Elektrie, 2003, to be publis-
hed

BIOGRAPHIES
Gerhard Herold was born in Beesedau, Ger-
many, on July 20, 1947. He received his Dipl.-
Ing. degree in 1971 from the Technische
Hochschule Ilmenau, Department of Electrical
Power Apparatus and Systems. From 1971 to
1984 he joined TH Ilmenau as a scientific assis-
tant, where he received his Dr.-Ing. degree in
1976 and his Dr.sc.techn. degree in 1982. From
1986 to 1990 he was supervisor of the depart-
ment on CAD-technique and power system
planning in the Starkstrom-Anlagenbau GmbH
Leipzig-Halle. In 1991 he joined the Siemens
AG as a head of a department on Engineering
and Softwaredevelopment in the Siemens Indus-
trial and Building Systems Group. Since 1993 he is Professor and Director of
the Institute of Electrical Power Systems at the University of Erlangen.

Gnter Ebner was born in Lauf a. d. Pegnitz,
Germany, on February 20, 1973. He received his
Dipl.-Ing. degree in Electrical Engineering from
the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-
Nuremberg in 2001. Since Nov. 2001 he is a re-
search assistant at the Institute of Electrical En-
gineering at the University of Erlangen-
Nuremberg. His primary field is control of
FACTS-equipment and the interactions of these
devices with the surrounding network.


Ralf Sbrich was born in Nuremberg, Ger-
many, on November 4, 1968. He received his
Dipl.-Ing. degree in Electrical Engineering from
the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-
Nuremberg in 1998. Since March 1998 he is a
research assistant at the Institute of Electrical
Engineering at the University of Erlangen-
Nuremberg. His primary field is the analysis
and the development of Interphase Power Flow
Controllers.

Christian Weindl was born in Nur-
emberg, Germany, on July 23, 1965.
He received his Dipl.-Ing. degree in
Electrical Engineering from the
Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nuremberg in 1993. From
1993 to 1995 he worked at the High-
Voltage Transmission and Distribu-
tion Department (Group System
Planning) of Siemens AG, Erlangen.
In 1994 he joined the Institute of
Electrical Power Systems at the Uni-
versity of Erlangen-Nuremberg where he received a Dr.-Ing.
degree (cum laude) in 1999/2000. In 1999 one of his papers
won the literature award of the ETG/VDE.
His primary field is harmonic stability and control of converters and FACTS-
equipment and the interactions of these devices with the surrounding network.