Pulse Power Accelerators

Pulse power: Applications to accelerators
A. Anselmo, S. Greenwald, and J. A. Nation

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 156, 46 (1987); doi: 10.1063/1.36445
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46
PULSE POWER: APPLICATIONS TO AC~I~LERATORS
A. Anselmo, ~ Gr eenwal d and J. A. Nat i on
Labor at or y of Pl asma St udi es and School of El ect ri cal Engi neeri ng
Cor nel l Uni ver si t y, Ithaca, NY 14853-5401
ABSTRACT
I n t hi s paper we discuss t he pot ent i al rol e of pul se power t echnol ogy f or f ut ur e
hi gh gr adi ent accel er at or s Compared t o present da y pul se power sources t he r equi r ement s
are qui t e modest and, wi t h t he exception of a det ai l ed testing of hi gh r epet i t i on r at e sys-
tems, a l l components have been t est ed over sever al years. We r evi ew pul se power t ech-
nol ogy and i t s use i n col l ect i ve accel erat i on of ions and el ect ron~ An account is pr esent ed
of a ne w concept f or col l ect i ve el ect ron accel erat i on t hr ough t he par amet r i c exci t at i on of
f ast waves on besm~ A s ummar y is gi ven also of achi evement s i n t he generat i on of hi gh
power mi cr owave signals, and a discussion present ed of st r uct ur e r equi r ement s to t ake
f ul l advant age of t he ne wl y evol vi ng ul t r a hi gh power sourcea
INTRODUCTION
I n t hi s paper we r evi ew pul se power t echnol ogy f r om t he poi nt of vi ew of i t s
appl i cat i ca to t he devel opment of hi gh ener gy part i cl e accelerators. I t seems probabl e t hat
t he appropri at e t echnol ogy is qui t e modest wi t h instantaneous power l evel s onl y bei ng of
order of one t o t en Gi gawat t a Single pulses wi t h beam cur r ent s of t en t o one hundr e d
ki l oAmper es at beam energies of several ~undr ed ki l ovol t s wer e first est abl ~hod i ~ t he
e a r l ~ sixties by J. C. Mar t i n and his group. " Subsequent to this, groups at LBL ~, LLL ~ and
NBS recognized t hat i nduct i ve coupl i ng of pul se power systems t o part i cl es woul d al l ow
t he generat i on of hi gher ener gy beams Thi s was accomplished sever al year s l at er al bei t at
a somewhat l ower beam cur r ent and wi t h repet i t i ml rates of about 5 pulses per second.
These systems ut i l i zed I nduct i on Linac' s t o increas~ ~he beam ener gy to l evel s i n excess of
those r eadi l y obt ai ned i n a single accel erat i on gap'". ~' The pract i cal engi neeri ng appl i cat i on
of hi gh power, r epet i t i on rat e, pul se t echnol ogy di d not occur unt i l t he eighties when
mat eri al s wi t h sui t abl e properties, e.g. sat urat i on field st rengt h, r emnant magnetization,
and hi gh resi st i vi t y, had been developed. Today, al t hough a hi gh r epet i t i on r at e ( ~ 1 kHz)
device has not been ext ensi vel y tested, t he t echnol ogy is f i r ml y i n place to al l ow t hi s
devel opment . The t echnol ogy has been t hor oughl y tested i n t he devel opment of t he E r A
and ATA devices, al bei t at one pul se per second over ext ended I ~i ods , and at 1 KHz
repet i t i on r at e i n a bur st mode, at Lawrence Li vermore Labor at or i es. "
The di r ect appl i cat i on of pulse power ~echnology to part i cl e accel erat i on has
been st udi ed f or sever al years using single pulses." Modest successes have been report ed
and operat i ng capabilities, f or ot her accel erat or configurations, defined exper i ment al l y and
t heoret i cal l y. Most of t hi s wor k has been cent ered on t he accel erat i on of ions i n hi gh
cur r ent r el at i vi st i c el ect ron beams and is not r eadi l y scaiable t o t he needs of hi gh [ ~e r gy
physics. I t does however have pot ent i al applications i n ot her areas of nat i onal need. One
of t he pr i nci pl e advant ages of col l ect i ve acceleration i n i nt ense be~m.q is t he pot ent i al f or
accel erat i ng l arge number s of ions per pulse at hi gh field gradi ent s. I n essence t he
confinement is cont r ol l ed by t he r adi al sel f el ect ri c fields of t he el ect ron beam, and t he
gradi ent b y t he bunchi ng of t he beam space charge, l ~ ! ~ l confinement of t he ions occurs
up to i on densities sat i sf yi ng t he conditiom 11
Ni
< 1 - ~. & (1)
N,
This condi t i on is t ypi c a l l y less r est r i ct i ve t han t hat due t o t he ener gy avai l abi l i t y f or i on
0094-243X/87/1560046-22 Copyright 1987 American Institute of Physics
47
acceleration. The field gradi ent s are set byl~2he beam densities and modul at i on achi evabl e.
I n some cases, e.g. beam head accelerators," t he modul at i on is essent i al l y 1 0 ~ and t he
scale l engt h t he collisionless ski n dept h. In ot her cases, e.g. wave acceleraters, "~ t he field
l i mi t is set by el ect r on t r appi ng i n t he wave. I n ei t her case fields of sever al megavol t s per
cent i met er appear t o be achievable. An upper l i mi t on t he accel erat ed par t i cl e ener gy is set
i n t hese cases by t he pr oduct of t he mass r ~ o of t he ions t o t he el ect rons t i mes t he dr i f t
ener gy of t he electrons i n t he dr i ver beam. Thi s cr i t er i on ma y be r el axed ( and accelera-
t or configurations of i nt erest to hi gh ener gy physics devel oped) under conditions when
f r ont s (or waves) t r avel f ast er t han t he electrons i n t he dr i ver beam. This si t uat i on, whi ch
is of i nt erest f or el ect ron accel erat i on and also al l ows f or i on accel erat i on t o ul t r a hi gh
energies, ma y be achi eved by t he generat i on of fast waves t h r o u g t ~h e use of par amet r i c
exci t at i on t echni ques to si mul t aneousl y excite f ast and sl ow wa ve s Progress i n t hi s new
research area wi l l also be discussed l at er i n t hi s revi ew.
A n i n t e r e s t i n g l ~ p . ~ t i o n o f pulse p o w e r technology is the production o f h i g h
p o w e r m i c r o w a v e signals. '=' Perhaps the m o s t direct application o f pulse P o w e r to parti-
cle accelerator technology m i g h t b e t h r o u g h this intermediate step. T h e r e are, h o w e v e r ,
b o u n d a r y conditions o n the applicability o f t h e s e r.f. sources w h i c h are n o t typically
encountered in the usual r~f. linac. T h e nature o f pulse P o w e r sources restricts their appli-
cability to s h o r t ( ~ 5 0 nsec.) pulse durations. This, in t u r n , places n e w requirements o n
the accelerator structure, the m o s t obvious o f w h i c h is t h a t the filling t i m e o f e a c h m o d u l e
o f the structure b e less t h a n the p u l s e duration. I n practice this entails the d e v e l o p m e n t o f
h i g h g r o u p velocity structures or the use o f v e r y s h o r t m o d u l e s o f conventional s l o w
wave s t r uct ur es
I n this r e v i e w w e present an account o f pulse P o w e r technology as it is applica-
ble to particle accelerators a n d t h e n describe various approaches to collective acceleration
in relativistic electron b e a m s W e conclude w i t h a r e v i e w o f m i c r o w a v e generation experi-
m e n t s a n d suggest a n e w approach to electron acceleration using s h o r t duration pulse
p o w e r m i c r o w a v e sources
Pulse Power Technology
Cont empor ar y pul se power t echnol ogy has i t s origins i n t he wor k of J. C. Mar -
t i n who, i n about 1962, used a Mar x generat or to charge a t r a ns mJ ~on l i ne whi ch was
subsequent l y swi t ched i nt o a vacuum diode. The operat i ng l evel s (~-500 kV, 50 kA, 50
nsec.) achi eved are comparabl e t o or exceed most of t he specifications f or a source of
i nt erest f or hi gh ener gy part i cl e accel erat or devel opment t oday. This, of course, excl udes
consi derat i on of t he ul t r a- shor t swi t ched pul se t echnoIogy r ecent l y i ni t i at ed and described
el sewhere i n t hi s vol ume. A bl ock di agr am showi ng t he t ypi cal modul es compri si ng a con-
vent i onal pul se power source, and t he t i mes and voltages appl i cabl e at each stage of t he
device, is shown i n Fi gure 1. I n t he Mar x generat or t he pr i mar y ener gy source, a bank of
capacitors, is charged f r om a D.C. suppl y. The capacitors are t hen swi t ched i nt o a series
configuration havi ng an out put capacitance of C/ n and an out put vol t age of nV, wher e C
Generator ] F o r m i n g L i n e Feed Diode I J
Network
Flectron or Ion
Beam
Fig. 1. Block di agr am of a hi gh power pul se generator.
4 8
is t he capacitance of each capacitor, n t he number of stages, and V t he chargi ng voltage.
The out put f r om t he Mar x generat or is used to charge a tran.qmi.q~ion l i ne whi ch i n t u r n is
swi t ched i nt o a vacuum diode. Typi cal l y t he Mar x generat or charges t he l i ne i n a t i me of
or der 500 nsec. Fi gur e 2 shows schemat i cal l y a special f or m of t r ~n~si ~' i on l i ne
confi gurat i on known as a Bl uml ei n transmi.e~on l i ne whi ch has t he pr oper t y of del i ver i ng
i t s stored ener gy i nt o a mat ched l oad at a vol t age equal to t hat on t he Bl uml ei n. For a
mi smat ched load, havi ng an i mpedance great er t han t hat of t he l i ne, vol t age gains ma y be
achi eved wi t h out put voltages up t o t wi ce t he chargi ng vol t age obt ai ned f or an open ci r -
cui t load. The discharge t i me f or t he t r a n s mi t ' o n l i ne is t ypi c a l l y of or der 50 nsec. and
t he rise t i me of t he pul se about one or der of magni t ude shorter. The di el ect ri c used t o
i nsul at e t he lines is us ua l l y wat er or oiL A wat er fi l l ed syst em is we l l sui t ed t o appl i ca-
t i ons r equi r i ng a charact eri st i c l i ne impedance of 70hm. q or less, wher eas an oi l f i l l ed l i ne
wi l l t ypi caUy be used f or appl i cat i ecs r equi r i ng beam impedances of order 35 Ohms or
greater. Sol i d di el ect ri cs, e.g. myl ar , have also been used t o i nsul at e t ~n~mi ~' i on lines.
Det ai l s of t he pul se power t echnol ogy ~ t o achieve these pulses ma y be f ound, f or
e x a m p l e , i n t h e r e v i e w article b y N a t i o n .
T o m o v e b e y o n d t h e s i n g l e s h o t p u l s e g e n e r a t o r capabilities i n d i c a t e d a b o v e
r e q u i r e s t h e u s e o f m a g n e t i c s w i t c h i n g t e c h n o l o g y . I n a m a g n e t i c a l l y s w i t c h e d p u l s e g e n -
erator a r epat i t i vel y ~ul sad source feeds a series of LC cascaded c ir c u it s such as t hat
s k e t c h e d in F i g u r e 3. T h e i n d u c t o r s a r e s a t u r a b l e r e a c t o r s u s i n g coils w o u n d i n t o t h i n
s h e e t s o f M e t g l a s , a n a m o r p h o u s m a g n e t i c glass, r o l l e d i n t o t i g h t l y w o u n d cores. P r i o r t o
use t he cores are reset t o t hei r r emnant magnet i zat i el l st at e i n t he reverse sense t o t hat t o
be used f or t he pul se generation. The ci r cui t shown i n Fi gur e 3, whi ch was or i gi nal l y pr o-
posed i n t he ear l y 50's, is r eadi l y underst ood i f one sets a l l t he capacitors C1 t hr ough Cn
equal i n capacitance. Assumi ng this, and choosing t he t i me t aken Tsar t o charge Cn t o be
a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h e t i m e t a k e n f o r L n t o saturate, w e o b t a i n
.CHARGING
I / , N O O C , O
~A CONDUCTOR
M ~ INTERMEDIATE (-V g)
A R ~ CONDUCTOR l
X [~J _ I~ENTER
~ - - ' ~ CONDUCTOR ~
G 20 2b 2c
N B B~JJMLEIN t
ERAT H "SW ITCH ~SWITCH ~ E
O
R Frl, d Y.Z3
I
BLUMLEIN TRANSMISSIONLINE LOAD
Fig. 2. Schemat i c i l l ust r at i ng t he const ruct i on of a
Bl uml ei n t ra, ~mi . ~i on line.
4 9
ID
~ 1.- tD
~ o ~
~.r~ 0
n -
LO L1 L2 Ln
Fig. 3. Schemat i c i l l ust r at i ng t he use of sat urabl e reactors
f or pul se f or mi ng net wor k.
T ~ , - ( 2 )
v o
wher e N= is t he number of t ur ns ar ound t he core, V c is t he average val ue of t he vol t age
across L ; ( i d e a l l y equal to 0.5 t i mes t he peak voltage Vr on c n) and A(BsA n) is t he fl ux
swi ng bet ween t he r emnant magnet i zat i on and sat ur at i on st at e of t he core i n t he reverse
sense. As L . sat urat es and C . is f u l l y charged, C~ st art s t o charge. The pul se compres-
sion occurs ~n successive stag~es as a r esul t of m~ i ~ g t he chargi ng t i mes f or successive
capacitors, and t he corresponding sat ur at i on t i mes f or t he i nduct ors, smal l er. The chargi ng
t i mes scale, of course, as t he square root of t he rat i o of t he sat ur at ed i nduct ances of succes-
si ve sat ur abl e i nduct or a Thus magnet i c swi t chi ng, whi ch r e a l l y is magnet i c pul se
compression, ma y be used t o repl ace t he swi t ch used i n t he pul se power t ransmi ssi on line.
I n t he magnet i c modul at or s empl oyed at Li vermore pul se compressions of 25 wer e
obt ai ned i n a t wo stage compressor at efl~ciencies of about 70~a The fi nal capacitor is t he
convent i onal pul se l i ne or Bl uml ei n l i ne used i n single shot pul se power syst ema An
increase of about t hr ee was obt ai ned i n t he final out put vol t age pul se t hr ough t he use of a
t hr ee t o one non- sat ur at i ng step up t ransformer.
To i l l ust r at e t he capabilities and design f eat ur es of repet i t i on r at e systems, we
br i ef l y out l i ne t he operat i ng characteristics of t he Advanced Test Accel erat or at Li ver -
more. Thi s machi ne del i ver s a 50 MeV, 10 kA, 70 nsec. el ect ron beam at an average r epet i -
t i on r at e of 5 pps and t en pulses i n a bur st mode at a 1 kHz repet i t i on rat e. The syst em
uses a 2..5 MeV dr i ver f ol l owed by 190 modul es of post acceleration i nduct i on cavi t i es
each operat i ng at 250 kV. The i nj ect or has 10 such cavities operated i n series and coupl ed
el ect r i cal l y by t he i nj ect or wal l s to del i ver t he 2.5 MV pul se t o a single accel erat i on gap.
Each of t he 250 keV i nduct i on modul es consists of a number of f er r i t e cores mount ed i n a
cavi t y whi ch sur r ounds t he beam. The cores ma y be t hought of as pr ovi di ng coupl i ng
f r om t he pr i ma r y pul se power dr i ve to t he secondary ci r cui t whi ch i ncl udes t he el ect ron
beam. An al t er nat e and of t en usef ul vi ew of t he f er r i t e loaded cavi t y is as an i nduct or
whi ch el ect r i cal l y isolates t he cavi t y wal l s on ei t her side of a post accel erat i on gap. The
isolation cont i nues f or a t i me equal t o t he t i me t aken f or t he f er r i t e cores t o sat urat e. The
pr i mar y pul se power t r ai n consists of a 12 Ohm wat er di el ect ri c Bl uml ei n whi ch is
r esonant l y charged f r om a 2.5 pF, 25 kV capacitor t hr ough an ai r core t r ansf or mer hav-
i ng a coupl i ng coefficient of 0.6. The B1umlein has a capacitance of 14 nF. The resonant
t r ansf or mer has a chargi ng t i me of 20/ ~e c . and ma y be operat ed at a I kHz repet i t i on
rate. The l i ne is fi red at peak chargi ng vol t age by t he t ri ggeri ng of a hi gh pressure spar k
gap. Low j i t t er is i mpor t ant f or t he syst em and t ri gger j i t t ers of 1 nsec. have been
report ed. I n or der t hat t he syst em ma y be operated at r at ed vol t age i n a bur s t mode t he
spark gaps are cont i nual l y flushed wi t h an 8% SF 6 and 92% N 2 mi xt ur e at 120 l ~i and
wi t h a gas vel oci t y of 5 c m/ ma
The r ecent devel opment of magnet i c swi t chi ng techniques al l evi at es t he most
50
d i ~c u l t of these requi rement s, namel y t he hi gh pressure bl ower system. A comparison of
t he pulse power t r ai ns f or t he t wo systenm i.e. t he st andar d ATA dr i ve and~the magnet i -
cal l y swi t ched dr i ve modul es is shown i n Fi gur e 4 and t abul at ed i n Tabl e L - Essent i al l y
t he 12 ohm Bl uml ei n and resonant charge t r ansf or mer have been repl aced wi t h a 2 Ohm
pul se l i ne, and a mt ur abl e react or net wor k. The fi nal 3:1 set up ~6~s f or mer addresses
f ut ur e hi gher vol t age operat i onal needs. The syst em operates at 10 wat t s peak power,
80% efficiency and del i vers 800 Joules i nt o t he l oad i n an 80 nsec. f u l l wi dt h, hal f max~
dur at i on pulse.
To s ~ mm~ e , puL~ power needs f or possible new accelerators are we l l i n
hand and al l aspects of t he power t r ai n have been t hor oughl y t est ed over ext ended
periods. Hi gh cur r ent beams havi ng t he operat i ng paramet ers necemary f or t he appl i cat i c~s
of i nt erest have been obt ai ned al t hough i t is not obvious t hat t he r equi r ed beam emi t -
tances are al ways as r eadi l y achieved. Fur t her wor k is needed i n t hi s area especi al l y as
one moves to hi gher beam energies wher e beam i nst abi l i t i es ma y devel op as a r esul t of t he
9 ~ P u l s e f o r m i n g
o L L i n e L
: 5 o 1 0 : 1 ' ' 3 : 1 o
_ ~ c - u
U
uJ ~- <
B l u m l e i n
R e s o n a n t
e
~ T r a n s f o r m e r I
- ~ 0
~ 1 0 " 1 Spark g a p
( ,
E >~ ,,~
I,t
H V Trigger
O
O
Fig. 4. Comparison of assembl y of a modul e of t he ATA and a proposed
nonl i near magnet i c dr i ve f or t he ATA upgrade.
51
$
Table I . Comparison of switched and magnetic pulse compression
i n the ATA.
Spark Gap Magnetic
Compression
P e a k p o w e r output ( G W ) 2-5 1 0
I0-90, Pulse rise time (ns) 1 8 1 5
Pulse length F W H M (ns) 7 0 8 0
Pulse energy (J) 350 8 0 0
Efficiency % 7 0 8 0
Voltage (2 cell driver)
at 1 8 kA/cell, ( k V ) I 0 0 3 0 0
Voltags (1 cell driver)
at 25 kAJcell, (kV) 200 450
Pulse-to-pulse jitter
at 1 k H z (ns) 1 0.5
P e a k burst rate (kI-Iz) 1 > 1 0
Peak average repetition rate at
1 0 % d u t y factor (kHz) 0.1 1
*Data taken from Reference 7.
interaction of the beam wi t h the acceleration cavitim through the wake fields set up by
the beam head.
Collective Acceleration in High Po~er Beams
Most of the work to date i n the area of collective acceleration of charged parti-
cles i n high power beam~ has centered on the accs~e~t~o~of positive ions, at moderately
high field gradients, from a low energy injector." . . . . . "~'~ The reason for this emphasis
becomes apparent when one considers the approaches to particle acceleration i n intense
beam~ Al l of the techniques rel y on waves carried on the beam, either as eigenmodes of
an unneutralized beam i n an evacuated drift tube or by solitary waves propagating at the
beam head. In both cases the maximum phase velocity is the beam velocity and the max-
i mum achievable ion energy is given by
T = M ( ~ , , ~ , " ~ 2 ( 3 )
where y, is the usual relativistic factor for the electrons i n the beam. From this relation it
is clear that the mz~rimuIn achievable energy wi l l not approach energies of interest for
high energy physics unlem ways can be found to drive the wave phase velocity to values
higher t han the electron drift velocity. In the last year a possible technique to o~c ome
this dimculty has been identified and work is i n progress to explore this possibility. ~-
The earliest work on collective acceleration i n intense electron beams had its
origins i n the USSR. The electron ring accelerator (ERA) which uses the acceleration of a
ring of relativistic electrons t~oaccelerate a smaUer number of positive ions was originally
pro po~ by Veksler i n 1968. "~ Work was also carried out on t h~proj ect i n the USA by
Keefe and by Reiser's group at the University of ~/ hr yl and. " l A major program to
investigate this possibility w a s a ~ p set u p in G e r m a n y . ~ ' I n these experiments 3 c n ~ i a m -
eter rings containing about 10 "~ electrons are used to trap the ions. Sarantsev ~ has
52
r ecent l y r epor t ed t he successful accel erat i c~ of Xenon ions i n such a ri ng, whi ch was
accel erat ed t hr ough a sequence of i nduct i on accel erat or gaps.
Ot her act i vi t i es i n col l ect i ve i on a c c e l e r a t i ~ have been i n l i near systems and
st em f r om t he or i gi nal wor k of Gr a ybi l l and Ug l a m~ who first observed t he na t ur a l l y
occurri ng i on accel erat i on at t he h e a ~ o f an i nt ense el ect ron beam propagat i ng i nt o a l ow
pressure gas. Shor t l y af t er t hi s Lu c e ' " observed t he presence of accel erat ed ions when an
el ect ron beam was i nj ect ed i nt o vacuum t hr ough a pl ast i c anode. Extensions of these
i nvest i gat i ons i dent i fi ed t he accel erat i on process wi t h t he sol i t ar y pot ent i al we l l f or med at
a beam head as i t is i nj ect ed i nt o ei t her t he l ow pressure gas or t hr ough t he pl ast i c i nser t
i n t he anode of t he generat or i nt o a dr i f t space. Peak p ~ t o n energies of up t o 22 t i mes t he
el ect ron beam ener gy wer e r epor t ed i n these s t u d i e s . " The peak ener gy gai n achi eved
was i dent i fi ed t o be, i n part , t he r esul t of ~ t hought t o be stochastic i n nat ur e and
hence not scalable to hi gh energies. Si mi l ar investigatitms have been c~{ried out i n t he
Soviet Uni on especi al l y by Kol omenski ' s group at t he Lebedev Inst i t ut e. " " Wor k has con-
t i nued on these schemes i n an effort t o c o n t r o ~ h e vel oci t y of t he neut ral i zat i cm wave at
t he beam head using bot h approache& Dest l er " v has used a laser to produce a cont r ol l ed
fl ux of hi gh atomic number ions at t he anode pl ane of t he aocel erat cr and has achi eved
peak energies of Xenon ions approachi ng 1 C-eV. His wor k has convi nci ngl y demonst r at ed
t he rol e of t he beam head i n t he accel erat i on process and he is car r yi ng out experi ment s to
t r y t o increase t hi s vel oci t y. Oi s e n " at Sandi a has car / l ed out a d i ~ c u l t set of experi -
ment s to t r y to cont r ol t he propagat i on of an i nt ense el ect ron beam i n a l ow pressure gas.
The beam t r anspor t is cont r ol l ed i n t hi s wor k by t he use of a swept l aser beam to pho-
toionize a l ow pressure caesium fi l l i n t he dr i f t t ube at a cont r ol l ed rat e. By t hi s process he
cont r ol l ed t he propagat i on vel oci t y of t he pot ent i al wel l f or med by t he un- e ut r a l i z e d
electrons at t he beam head. His wor k shows t he accal erat i on of a smal l number of hydr o-
gen and d e u t e r o n ~n s seeding t he syst em t o energies of 5 MeV per nucl eon over a distance
of 30 cm. Dest l er " lure ve r y r ecent l y r epor t ed a si mi l ar exper i ment i n whi ch t he move-
ment of t he ionization f r ont is cont r ol l ed b y t he product i on of a wa l l pl asma at t en
discreet locations al ong t he dr i f t t ube axis. The pl asma is produced by a 10 Joul e r u b y
laser and t he pr oduct i on t i mes cont r ol l ed t hr ough opt i cal del ays. The neut r al i zi ng ions are
pul l ed i nt o t he beam b y i t s uncompensat ed space charge, he reports accel erat i ng 10 ~ ions
per pul se t hr ough 20 MeV i n a 50 cm l ong t ube.
The r emai ni ng act i vi t i es i n col l ect i ve accel erat i on have cent ered on t he use of
sl ow waves, carri ed on an el ect ron beam, f or i on accel er ~on. Ther e are t wo s u i t a b l e 2 ~
modes f or acceleration, namel y t he space charge modes" and t he cycl ot r on modes. "~ Of
these consi derabl y more wor k has been done on t he space charge waves t han on t he cycl o-
t r on modea Cycl ot r on mode exci t at i on was at t empt ed usi ng r esonant l y dr i ven hel i cal
st ruct ures whi ch also ser ved to excite t he space charge waves. Results have been present ed
showi ng t he change i n phase vel oci t y of t he cycl ot r on wave wi t h t he appl i ed magnet i c
field but t he wor k was not carri ed t hr ough t o a conclusive l evel i ncl udi ng i on accelera-
tion. The space charge wave exci t at i on is st r ai ght f or war d, using di sk loaded cavities. Wave
gr owt h rotes of 4 to 5 dB per cavi t y have been report ed at 1 GHz and ve r y l arge ampl i -
t ude waves (E_ ~ 2 0 MV/ m) have been grown. Exper i ment al resul t s confirm t hat i t is pos-
sible to change t he phase vel oci t y of t he wave t r ai n i n a cont r ol l ed fashi on by changi ng
t he effective pl asma f r equency t hr ough changes i n t he dr i f t t ube di amet er. Numer i cal
si mul at i ons and anal yt i c t heor y have shown t hat t he non- l i near behavi or of t hese waves
is di f f er ent to t hat f ound i n t he l i near anal wi s a nd t hat t her e is an i mpor t ant ne w
phenomenon present, namel y a wave slowing~30"3I-The wave t r ai n has been shown t o
devel op i nt o a q ~ sol ut i on l i ke sequence of wa ve a The non- l i near effects have been
confirmed exper i ment al l y b y t he presence of harmoni cs of t he f undament al wave f r e-
quency and b y observations of t he wave slowing, especi al l y at conditions a ppr ~c hi ng t he
vacuum l i mi t i ng cur r ent . The exper i ment al demonst rat i c~ of t he use of these waves f or
i on a c c e l e r a t i ~ has onl y been del ayed b y t he di ffi cul t y i n maki ng t he wave phase
53
velocity l o w e n o u g h to pick u p l o w e n e r g y protons o r conversely b y the availability o f a
suitable proton injector at a site where the pulse power capability exist~ The wave growth
techniques a n d the control o f the w a v e phase velocity are w e l l e n o u g h u n d e r s t o o d that it
is possible to design a n e x p e r i m e n t to demonstrate ion acceleration in a space charge w a v e
at a gradient o f a b o u t 2 0 M V / m starting w i t h a proton injection e n e r g y o f a b o u t 2 0 M e V .
I n Figure 5 w e s h o w experimental records o f w a v e trains d o w n shifted in f r e q u e n c y b y
beating the detected signal f r o m a n electrmmtic or m a g n e t i c pick u p w i t h the signal f r o m
a local oscillator. F o r c o m p l e t e n e m the F F T o f the w a v e train is also displayed. Figure 6
shows the change i n phase velocity of a wave train as the diameter of the waveguide
boundary is changed. Through the use of calibrated probes one can determine the electric
field i n the wave and values of over 20 MV/ m have been recorded at phase velocities of
- I F SIGNAL
" 1 " ' 1 ' " I ' " l " ' i ' " l ' " l ' " l ' " i " ' l
0 80 ns
.- FFT Spectrum at IF Signal
" Note: Local Oscillator 1.2,5 GHz
." RF: 1.05GHz ~ F : 50MHz
m
0 257MHz
1.2GHz
Fig. 5. R~. wave train from a slow space charge wave propagating
on an intense electron beam. The lower portion of the
signal shows an FFT of the frequency downshifted signal
54
about 0.2 c. The above experiments have been carried out using a 400 kV, I kA electron
beam. The available wave electric field for particle acceleration is probably set by self
trapping of the electrons and wi l l occur at a field strength determined from
[ ' y . - 1 ] ~ "
.E= ~ o~= - - (4)
7,, e
where yew represents the relativistic mA~ factor for the electrons measured i n the wave
frame of reference and is defined by
~. = %r . Cl - ~ , I L) (5)
where the subscripts e and w refer to the electrons and to the wave respectively. Physi-
cally one expects to exceed this field limit by a factor of maybe five (a = 5) to allow for
the time taken for the trapping to break the wave. The table below shows the calculated
trapping field using Equati~m 4 and t~king a - 1 for three-beam energies at different fre-
quencies. Based on the experimentally observed enhancement of the field over the calcu-
lated self trapping field we feel that it should be possible to build a space charge wave
0.8
0 6
0.4
Q2
I B T O O A
Q8
06
B~o. 4
02
I B 6 0 0 A
_ F _ _ _ t--- - - L
I I I I I I
1 0 . 2 7 . 6 5 . 1 1 0 . 2 7 . 6 5 . 1
I B 8 0 0 A I B 9 0 0 A
Qe QE
OE QE {
O o.4 O o4
O.E 0.; J
! i i
10.2 7.6 5.1
DI AMETER ( c m)
Fig. 6. Normalized wave phase velocity as a function of the guide
ratius, and for various beam currents. The solid lines
indicate the calculated wave velocities using linear theory.
The experimental values i n the largest diameter pipes
indicate the nonlinear slowing of the wave. The beam
injection energy was 400 keV.
89
J
i i i
10.2 7.6 5.1
GUI DE
55
accelerator h a v i n g a n average acceleration field gradient approaching 2 0 0 M V / m at a
phase velocity of 0~ ~ the gradient wi l l of course decrease as the energy increases unless
the operating frequency is increased. This technique seems to provide a potentially attrac-
tive a p p r o a c h to t h e h i g h gradient p r o b l e m u p to intermediate energies.
Table IL Electron self trapping field as a function of the
Beam and Wave parameters
BEAM ENERGY WAVE FREQUENCY TRAPPING FIELD
(MeV) (GHz) (MV/m)
0. 4 1.0 6
0.7 7.5 20
2.0 7.5 6 0
In an effort to demonstrate positive ion acceleration i n a space charge wave i n the absence
of a suitable 20 MeV or greater energy injector an experiment was designed, albeit at a
very modest field gradient, to accelerate ions through a few MeV i n a beat wave obtained
by the propagation of the slow wave train, carried on a 200 kV beam, through a quasi
periodic rippled ma gne ~ field. This approach is very similar to a series of experiments
described by Frieclm___an ~" to accelerate electrons (and wi l l be indicated later). It does
however work on a different beat wave, namely the wave wi t h a slower phase velocity.
In this experiment a space charge wave is grown and propagated through a rippled mag-
netic field. Denoting the wavenumbers of the wave and the rippled field by k I and k~
respectively, we find beat waves exist having phase velocities of r I + k~) ana m/(k1"-
k.2), respectively. We attempt to accelerate the ions available from a I:uce c~ode source
the first of these waves Le. the 'slow' wave. The effect of the ripple is to reduce the
effective acceleration field and to slow down the effective wave phase velocity to a low
enough value to trap 5 MeV protons. There is good statistical evidence of successful pro-
ton acceleration i n the experiment, albeit through onl y 2 MeV. The evidence is supple-
mented by the spectrum of the accelerated ions which was consistent wi t h that expected
for the experiment and quite dissimilar to any found from the injector. It would be useful
however to not have to rel y of the beat wave process but to have a suitable injector for
use i n a direct space charge wave accelerator experiment. We note that the use of slow
waves carried on a 30-50 kV electron beam wi l l permit one to pick up protons at energies
as low as 500 kV and subsequently accelerate them i n field gradients of order 2MV/m.
These figures are comparable to those achievable i n conventional high gradient RFQ's. We
now go on to describe the few experiments carried out to date i n an attempt to accelerate
electrons to high energy.
Relatively little work has been done i n the area of collective electron accelera-
tion. The reason for this has been stated previctmly. To successs accelerate electrons we
require a mode of ~e system i n which the potential well phase fronts travel at the speed
of light. F r i e d m a n ~ identified o n s u c h m o d e based o n the beat w a v e interaction described
immediately above. The beat wave corresponding to the use of the negative sign i n the
denominator, Le, r 1 - k2), crosses the light line. Friedman proposed to use this back-
ward wave for acceleration of a high current electron beam i n the direction opposite the
motion of the higher current primary beam. The primary beam was modulated by propa-
gation through coaxial cavities and then entered a modulated field region such that the
phase velocity of the backward wave was equal to the speed of light. A second and
weaker but still an intense electron beam propagated i n the opposite direction through the
56
center of the primary annul ar beam. The experiment was unsuccessful due to the onset of
an instability which prevented the propagation of the weaker beam through the stronger
primary beam. The experiment was not attempted wi t h a much weaker secondary beam
and the potential for successful application of this approach at these current levels is an
open issue.
The use of beam supported waves for electron acceleration is complicated by
the fact that the needed mode is a positive energy wave and requires that external work
be done on the system to grow the wave. This is i n contrast wi t h the slow wave which is
a negative energy wave where the free energy for wave growth may be directly obtained
from the drift motion of the primary electrons. A way around this problem was identified
a little over one year ago when it was realized that a three wave interaction could be used
to excite the required fast wave. The interaction is very similar to that used i n the free
electron laser i n which an electron beam is propagated through a periodic rippled field. In
the dense beam limit a three wave interaction occurs wi t h the excitation of a fast elec-
tromagnetic wave and a slow space charge wave idler. The rippled field serves as a pseudo
third wave. In this approTimAtion the field amplitudes are limited by electron trapping i n
the waves (although even then very large amplitude waves (E -~ 100 MV/ m) may be
obtained). For very strong waves, however, we expect a trans/tion to the Compton or two
wave, single particle interaction where the trapping limit is modified. In this case the elec-
trons can be trapped i n the ponderomotive potential well and, as has been demonstrated
experimentally, very strong interactions achieved i n at least the mode where the energy
of the primary beam is converted into electromagnetic energy by the slowing down of the
beam electrons trapped i n the ponderomotive welL From the point of view of developing
an electron accelerator the FEL scenario outlined is modified as follow~ an electron beam
is propagated into a rippled axisymmetric electrostatic or magnetic field and this pseu-
dowave serves to couple slow and fast waves on the electron beam+ The conservation of
wave energy flux then requires that the fluxes for the two ~ the fast and slow waves)
be equal and hence the fast wave grows along wi t h the slow wave wi t h the energy for
the wave growth ultimately being provided by the beam electrons. This concept has been
successfully demonstrated for a slow and fast space charge wave pair i n an experiment
which a two kiloampere beam was propagated through an electrostatically rippled field.+"
The rippled field was achieved by inserting i n the drift tube metallic rings automatically
charged by the beam to a potential determined by the capacitive division of the beam to
wal l potential between the beam, the wall, and the rings. Alternate rings were grounded.
The period of the ring structure was set by the requirements on the wave frequency
required. Figure 7 shows the interaction process schematically i n the laboratory frame of
reference. Strong oscillations were observed i n both the fast and slow space charge wave
modes which differed, fortuitously from the point of view of diagnostic measurements, i n
frequency by about 400 MHz due to the presence of a cavity mode set by the ring struc-
ture i n the tube. The wave frequency was centered on 2 GHz as expected. A comparison of
the slow wave amplitudes excited i n these experiments wi t h those found using the disk
loaded waveguide structure showed that these were more intense. An additional attraction
of this mode of wave excitation is the fact that the average dri ft velocity of the electrons
is unaffected b y the w a v e g r o w t h . This is in comparison w i t h the cavity structure in
which substantial energy losses occur to the electromagnetic fields of the cavitie~ In addi-
tion there is no evidence of a reflected wave i n the parametric excitation experiment
whereas such reflections are inevitable i n the coupled cavity structures due to the
impedance and mode mismatches at the drift tube-structure interfaces.
The parametric excitation of fast space charge waves, while interesting from
the point of view of demonstrating the viability of this excitation method, are of no help
from the point of view of electron acceleration as the wave phase velocity is bounded by
the speed of light and onl y reaches that value as the wave frequency and wavenumber go
to zero. The appropriate wave for electron acceleration is the fast upper hybri d mode
57
f
FAST
HYBRID gAVE
P ~ S ~
SLOg
HYBRID gAVE
Fig. 7. Dispersion r el at i on showi ng t he beam/ gui de support ed
modes f or a cyl i ndr i cal un- neut r al i zed el ect r on beam
propagat i ng t hr ough a wavegui de. Onl y t he f ast hybr i d
mode cut s t he l i ght line.
( of t en cal l ed t he f ast cycl ot r on wave) whi ch is compl et el y unbounded. Experi ment s and
t heoret i cal anal ysi s progress t o l ear n how to par amet r i cal l y excite t hi s wave and i t s
i nt erest i ng sl ow wave count erpart . Fi gur e 8 shows t he dispersion r el at i on f or a par t i cul ar
geomet ry. I n t hi s case we expect t o use a penci l beam havi ng an ener gy of about
500 k V and car r yi ng a cur r ent of about 2 kA. The gui de magnet i c field st r engt h wi l l be
about 5 kGauss and t he r i ppl e wavel engt h about 0.7 cnL The dispersion r el at i ons f or bot h
waves are close t o st r ai ght l i nes and hence we shal l r equi r e some mechani sm to pr ef er en-
t i a l l y excite t he wave at t he r i ght f r equency t o gi ve a phase vel oci t y equal t o t he speed of
l i ght .
We find i n t hi s case a wave f r equency of about 30 GHz and concl ude t hat wave t r appi ng
of t he el ect rons shoul d not have a significant effect f or field st rengt hs of less t han I 00
MV/ m and, foUowi ng t he wor k on FI ~' s , mi ght not be i mpor t ant a nywa y. Tabl e HI
shows design paramet ers f or a concept ual hybr i d wave accelerator.
5 8
5 0
N
-r-
LD
29
/
/
/ /
I
/
V=C/
/
/
i/I " ~
FAST / , , / / / sl n
H'II~RI[~/ : / / / , Y ~ R I n
M l ) l t { / " / / / / M {}I}E
~ 3
2
CO
P
ft.= 5 K6
V = 700 KV
I = 3 . 5 K A
" / I I I
&4 3 c m -~
Fig. 8. Dispersion relatien for a 7 0 0 k e V , 3.~ k A electron
b e a m i n a 5 k G axial m a g n e t i c field. T h e fast h y b r i d
m o d e c u t s the light line at 2 9 GI-Iz.
16. 66
T a b l e HI. Design parameters f o r a h y b r i d w a v e accelerator.
B e a m injection e n e r g y
B e a m current ( ~ limiting current)
G u i d e m a g n e t i c field
W i g g l e r period
Beam power
Electron dr i f t vel oci t y
Cycl ot ron frequency
Plasma f r equency
Wavel engt h (slow wave)
(fast wave)
Maxi mum acceleratio~ field (100% modulation)
Self trapping field (c~ ffi 5 i n Eq. 4)
4 9 0 k e V
1.9 k . A
5.4 k G
0.75 c m
0.93 G W
0.6 c
1 5 . 0 GI-Iz
9.6 G H z
0.43 c m
1.0 c m
2 2 5 M V / m
9 4 M V / m
An i ~ r e s t i n g new acceleratio~ concept has recent l y been presented by Fried-
man and Serlin who have used cavities t o modulate a non-neut ral relativistic electron
beam. The modul at ed electron beam is terminated at the wal l of t he first cavi t y of a series
of disk loaded cavities .~imilar to t h o s e u s e d in the s l o w w a v e generation experiments
described earlier. T h e m o d u l a t i o n f r e q u e n c y m a t c h e s the cavity resonant frequency. A
second a n d w e a k e r electron b e a m propagating along the a x i s o f t h e s y s t e m is t h e n
accelerated f r o m the fields o f the cavities ~ device is v e r y similar to the w a k e field
accelerat~ proposed b y V e s s a n d Weiland.'~'~ T h e operation o f the device is h o w e v e r
5 9
r e m n a n t a n d this m a y alleviate m a n y o f the experimental dii~culties in the w a k e field
accelerator. Fields in excess o f 1 0 0 M V / m w i t h a m o d u l a t i o n w a v e l e n g t h o f 5 c m are
predi ct ed.
W e conc~Ijde this section w i t h a m e n t i o n o f the electron acceleraticm s c h e m e
proposed b y Briggs ~ w h i c h is described elsewhere in this v o l u m e . I n this s c h e m e elec-
trons are accelerated in the w a k e fields at the tail o f a n intense relativistic electron b e a m .
T h e s c h e m e s e e m s Potentially attractive a n d has m a n y advantages including the self s y n -
chronization o f the accelerated electron b u n c h w i t h the tail o f the p r i m a r y b e a m . Fields
o f order 1 0 0 M V / m or greater s e e m to b e available.
High Power Microwave Generation
T h e use of h i g h p o w e r intense pulsed electron b e a m s for m i c r o w a v e generation
has b e e n r e m a r k a b l y successful f r o m the first experiments in 19~.9 to the m o s t recent F E L
experiments i n w h i c h 1.6 G W p o w e r s w e r e obtained at 3 5 GI-Iz.~It m a y w e l l b e t h r o u g h
this m e d i u m that pulsed p o w e r technology is first u s e d for particle acceleratkm to h i g h
energies. Before describing the w o r k carried o u t to date it is w o r t h c o m m e n t i n g o n the
differences bet ween convent i onal mi cr owave sources and those ut i l i zi ng pul sed power.
Most of t he pul sed Power sources devel oped to dat e have pulse dur at i ons of about 50 t o
100 nsec. and consequent l y wi l l cont ai n onl y a l i mi t ed number of cycl es of t he r. f. wave.
Nat ur al bandwi dt hs of t he r . f , normal i zed to t he wave f r equency and due to t he finite
pul se dur at i on, axe of order 0. 02/ f(GHz) wher e t he wave f r equency is gi ven i n gigaHertz.
Det ai l ed studies have not ye t been made of t he phase st abi l i t y of these sources and i t is not
cl ear t hat t hey wi U be sui t abl e to meet t he needs of part i cl e accelerators u n t i l at least, t he
pulse dur at i ons have been consi derabl y l engt hened. However, i f we accept f or t he moment
t he Pot ent i al s ui t abi l i t y of these r. f. sources, t hen we must st i l l address t he t ypes of st r uc-
t ures i n whi ch t hey mi ght be used. The short pul se durat i ons i mpl y t hat we wi U ei t her
h a v e to use l o w Q o r h i g h g r o u p velocity structures ff the filling t i m e ( 2 Q / ~ ) is to b e
m a d e short c o m p a r e d to the p u l s e duration. C u r r e n t structures t y p i c a U y use g r o u p veloci-
ties o f the order o f or less t h a n 0.1c a n d it w o u l d ~ desirable to increase this v a l u e b y a
factor of at least three. F o r cavity Q's o f order 1 0 the filling t i m e r e q u i r e m e n t implies
operating frequencies in the 3 0 G H z range.
A second a n d perhaps equally impcz~cant factor in the design o f suitable struc-
tures arises f r o m the desire to k e e p the rs field f r o m the walls so the accelerated particle
samples the m a T i m u m field region w h e r e a s the w a l l fields w h i c h c a n l e a d to b r e a k d o w n
are h e l d as l o w as Possible. T h i s criterion Y 4 is m e t in collective b e a m accelerators w h e r e
the accelerated particles travel in the region o f m a x i m u m field a n d the w a l l fields are
s m a l L A similar class o f structures exist for externally d r i v e n devices, h o w e v e r the parti-
cles m u s t t h e n s a m p l e the radial fields w i t h i n the m o d e . W e outline at the e n d o f this sec-
tion a proposal describing s u c h a structure a n d n e x t m o v e o n to outline the status o f r.f.
generation f r o m intense relativistic electron beams.
H i g h P o w e r m i c r o w a v e generation using intense rel~vistic electron b e a m s
st art ed i n t he l at e 60"s and was first report ed by Nat i on i n 1970. T M Since t hat t i me t her e
has been an ever i ncreasi ng effort i n t hi s area. Ahnost al l of t he approaches used are based
on pr evi ousl y devel oped concepts. The changes i n t echnol ogy i n t he l ast t we n t y years
h a v e m a d e previously non-viable generators into potentially attractive devices.
I n b r o a d t e r m s t h e r e are t w o regimes o f interest for h i g h p o w e r m i c r o w a v e
generation- T h e s e are divided b y r e g i m e according to the v a l u e o f the ratio o f the b e a m
current to the limiting current. Conservation o f e n e r g y a n d the continuity equatic~ lead
to b e a m limiting currents defined b y
I z f f i 1 7 , 0 0 0 ( ~ / / 3 - 1 ) 3 / 2
i + 2 I n ( b ) (6)
w h e r e b a n d a are the guide w a l l a n d b e a m r a d i u s respectively a n d T m j the injection
60
ener gy of t he electrons. The f act or of u n i t y i n t he denominatct" is not present f or t hi n
annul ar el ect ron beam~ The l l mi t i ng cur r ent phenomenon arises f r om t he pot ent i al
depression i n t he dr i f t t ube caused by t he beam space charge. The pot ent i al depression
decreases t he el ect ron vel oci t y bel ow i t s i nj ect i on val ue and hence increasm t he beam den-
si t y, whi ch i n t ur n increases t he pot ent i al depression. The syst em is st abl e f or cur r ent s less
t han t he l i mi t i ng val ue gi ven above. At t he l i mi t i ng cur r ent t he beam d r i f t ener gy has
dropped t o a val ue gi ven b y To ffi T~/3- One class of mi cr owave generat i on devi ces depends
on t he f or mat i on of vi r t ua l cathodes as t he beam is i nj ect ed i nt o t he dr i f t t ube. Thi s
corresponds t o t he case wher e I / I L is greater t han uni t y. Tabl e I V gi ves val ues of t he t i m-
i t i ng cur r ent f or a t hi n annul ar e-Iectron beam havi ng a val ue of b/ a - 2.72.
Tabl e IV. Beam l i mi t i ng cur r ent f or sever al val ues of
t he el ect r on injection energy.
I L ( kA) Vi n j ( kV) ~mj ~D (I "I L)
3.8 500 0.866 0.61
9.5 1,000 0.94 0.72
22.7 2,000 0.98 0.81
The Vi r cat or 37 is a device whi ch operates i n t he regi me I > I L. The el ec-
t rons f or m a pot ent i al we l l at t he i nj ect or pl ane as a r esul t of t hei r space charge. I n t hi s
regi me t he we l l dept h causes t he electrons to be reflected and cecillate bet ween t he r eal
and t he vi r t ua l cathode& Thi s si t uat i on is unst abl e and is also accompanied b y osci l l at i on
i n t he l ocat i on of t he pot ent i al mi ni mum. Peak ener gy conversi on efficiencies of up t o 3%
have been report ed at frequenci es i n t he range 1-20 GHz. Peak out put powers of up t o 4.5
GW have been r epor t ed wi t h bandwi dt hs f / f ~ 0. I. There appears t o be some hope f or an
increase i n t he wave coherence when t hi s experi ment is carri ed out i n a st rong axi al mag-
net i c fi el d and wor k is progressing i n t hi s regard. ~ The out put mi cr owave si gnal ma y also
be coupl ed to a cavi t y and wave coherence increased b y t hi s t echni que.
The ~r n~i . ~. ~ mi cr owave devices a l l wor k i n t he regi me wher e I < I L a n d
need cool ( l ow emi t t ance) el ect r on beams. I n t he backwar d wave osci l l at or an el ect ron
beam is propagat ed t hr ough a periodic cavi t y st r uct ur e and e e c i l l ~ o ~ ~.icurs when t he
sl ow space charge wave mode i nt eract s wi t h t he st r uct ur e mode. . . . . . . ~ Efficiencies of
20% have been r epor t ed at out put power l evel s of 0.6 GW f r om a 1 MV, 3kA el ect ron
beam. Operat i ng frequenci es are t ypi cal l y i n t he range I 0- 20 GHz. Ver y r ecent experi -
ment s have been car r i ed out i n whi ch t he r.f. has been downshi f t ed i n f r equency b y beat -
i ng i t wi t h t he si gnal f r om a l ocal oscillator. The signals obt ai ned have i n some cases at
l east shown a pr edomi nat e single f r equency wi t h a ba ndwi dt h comparabl e t o t he nat ur al
bandwi dt h appropri at e to t he pul se dur at i on. To dat e t r avel l i ng wave ampl i fi ers have onl y
been const ruct ed f or frequenci es of order 1 GH~
Rel at i vi st i c magnet rons have been devel oped i n S and X-bands. 42,32,44~56
Wi t h a 1 MV, 10 k A beam 6.9 GW out put pulses have been r epor t ed at a f r equency of 4.5
GHz and wi t h an efficiency of 3 0 ~ The wave coherence has not been measured. I t is
i nt erest i ng t o not e t hat r. f. power out put s avai l abl e as a f unct i on of t i me have a Li vi ng~
stone l i ke cur ve. For exampl e magnet r on out put s increased b y ne a r l y 8 orders of magni -
t ude bet ween 1935 and 1980.
The Fr ee El ect ron Laser (FEL) has been ve r y successful l y operat ed i n t he
Compt on mode wi t h a 5 MV, l k A beam t o yi el d 1.6 GW at 35 GHz wi t h a 35%
6 1
efficiency. 36 Si mul at i ons have demonst rat ed t hat i nduct i on accel erat or t echnol ogy can be
used to r epl eni sh t he ener gy loss due to conversi on of beam ener gy i nt o rX. and hence t he
over al l r~f. generat i on efficiency can effect i vel y approach 100% Agai n t he wave coherence
has not been measured to date.
I n t hi s s ummar y we have not d ~cr i bed t he st at us of Gyr ot r ons whi ch wer e
i ni t i a l l y devel oped using pul se power t echni queL I n f act i n 1973-74 experi ment s wer e
carri ed out i n whi ch 1 GW of X- band power was obt ai ned f r om an i nt ense beam usi ng
t hi s i nt eract i on. Subsequent l y t hi s device has been refined and is now commer ci al l y avai l -
abl e wi t h ext r emel y hi gh e~Y~ciency. The present status of gyr ot r on wor k is r epor t ed eise-
wher e i n these proceedi ngs. ' ~ Li ke t he case of t he gyr ot r on we expect ma ny of t he devices
described above t o become commer ci al l y avai l abl e o p t i c ~ i n t he f ut ur e and as such i t
r el evant to explore met hods f or t hei r use i n hi gh ener gy or hi gh cur r ent accelerators. I n
t he f ol l owi ng section we describe a device whi ch mi ght be sui t abl e f or use f or par t i cl e
acceleraticm and whi ch woul d be designed to t ake advant age of pul se power t echnol ogy as
t he pr i ma r y power source.
A High Gradient Electron Accelerator
I n t hi s section of t hi s r epor t we out l i ne a proposal f or a par t i cl e accelerator
st r uct ur e whi ch satisfies t he cr i t er i a present ed earl i er, namel y we have a st r uct ur e wi t h a
short fi l l i ng t i me, a hi gh group vel oci t y, and t he fi el d is a maximum a wa y f r om t he wal l s
of t he device. The accel erat ed part i cl es sampl e t he field at var yi ng r adi i t hr oughout t he
acceleratc~ and t he average fi el d is a fract i on of t he peak (on axis) field i n t he device. I n
t he par t i cul ar device proposed one mi ght also expect t he wake fi el d effects to be r educed
compared t o those i n ot her st ruct ures due to t he overmoded gui de used and t he r el at i ve
absence of st r uct ur e close to t he beam. Thi s is i n comparison t o a convent i onal accelerator
wher e t he fields peak at t he wal l s, t he fi l l i ng t i me is r el at i vel y l ong and t he field f el t by
t he part i cl es is const ant but less t han t he peak val ue on t he wal l s. I n t he proposed devi ce
t he peak field is off t he wal l s and hence shoul d be bet t er f r om t he poi nt of vi ew of br eak-
down. The issue of st r uct ur e design f or short durat i on, hi gh power r. f. pulses is open and
t he mer i t s of t he vari ous competing schemes st i l l t o be eval uat ed.
The ne w accel erat or configuratic~ proposed uses a peri odi c undul at i ng
wavegui de. I t is ve r y si mi l ar i n pr i nci pl e t o t he IFEL i n as much as t he el ect rons sl i p one
cycl e of t he r. f. wave ever y peri od of t he st ruct ure. The i nt er act i on is however t hr ough a
TM mode and hence is l ongi t udi nal and not subj ect to pr ohi bi t i ve synchr ot r on r adi at i on
losses. The i nt er act i on ma y also be described as a special case of a hi gh group vel oci t y sl ow
wave st r uct ur e.
We consider a smooth bore wavegui de operated i n t he TM02 mode. The gui de
axis vari es si nusoi dal l y as a f unct i on of i t s position wi t h peri od r and ampl i t ude Ro.
I deal l y t he gui de axi~ wi l l have a hel i cal vari at i on, however, f or t he sake of si mpl i ci t y we
rest ri ct oursel ves to t he si nusoi dal var i at i on case. We also ignore changes i n t he field due
to t he cur vat ur e of t he gui de r el at i ve t o t he part i cl e t raj ect ory. Thi s var i at i on is r eadi l y
i ncl uded i n t he anal ysi s and does not al t er t he basic resul t s significantly. For a gui de hav-
i ng an axi al var i at i on
R ( z ) = ~ s i . [ - ~ - ] (7)
w e c o m p u t e t h e force o n a n electron d u e to a T . M . w a v e traversing t h e structure as
F( z ) = e E o . r o ( I c c R o s i n (2wz l r))cos(et --kz ) (8)
whi ch averages t o zero unless
( 9 )
~' = ( k + 2 n K) c
wher e K is t he wavenumber of t he r i ppl e i n t he gttide. I f t hi s synchr oni sm condition is
62
satisfied t hen t he force on the electron becomes
9 2 1 = 4 1 =
F (z) = eEo Io [~r ~ snC-T-)]cos ( T ) (lo)
whi ch result is plotted i n Figure 9. The average of this effective acceleration fleld over a
period of t he st ruct ure is shown i n Figure 10 f or the TM02 mode case. I n comparison
wi t h t he IFEL t he periodicity of t he st ruct ure is almost constant, i ndependent of t he beam
energy, since t he wave phase vel oci t y exceeds t he speed of light.
T h e s a m e acceleration principle m a y b e i n v o k e d using standing w a v e s in a cav-
ity. T h e use o f the s y n c h r o n i s m condition leade to a n effective field o f
E ( z ) = E = J o [ k + ~ s i n ( ~ - ) ] c o S ( L ) C m [ ( k + 2 K ) z ] (11)
w h i c h is plottsd as a f u n c t i ~ o f position w i t h i n a period o f the structure in Figure 1 1
a n d averaged o v e r the cavity length in Figure 12.
W e h a v e c o m p u t e d the zero order effects o f the w a v e following the guide
g e o m e t r y rather t h a n travelling in a straight line a n d the changes are relatively u n i m p o r -
tant. T h e synchrotron radiation h a s b e e n estimated using the r.f. fielde i n the actual g u i d e
as s a m p l e d b y the electrons b u t w i t h o u t including the effects o f the w a k e fields d u e to the
var yi ng proxi mi t y of t he guide walls. I n this approximation t he effect is unl mpm' t ant
unt i l electron energies i n excess of 1 TeV have been achieved. Table V shows
- % ~.coi
i , i
-"~ 0 . 7 5
a~
u . 0 . = 0
0 . 2 ~
W
9 0
- 0 . 2 5
0
! T I
0 , 2 5 0 . 5 0 0. 75
Ax i a l Posi ti on ( z / r )
1.00
Fig. 9. Lo ~l field, normalized t o the peak field on axis
f or TM01 mode, fel t by an electron in traversing
a period-Sf t he undul at or. The solid line represents
propagation i n the TM0_I mode, and t he dAqhed line
propagation i n the TM~2 mode.
63
>
. ~ . I 0 0
_=_ 9 o , / \
/ . . . . . . . . . \
, o ~ / . . - " - . . . \
o 6o~ / , , , - "-_ '
s 5 0 I-- / , " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ", .
o - , - , / / ,' ...'"" . . . . . "" . . . . "
-~ ~u r / , , . . . . . . " - . . . . .
3ol- / , /
< ~o ~ / : L . . ' "
(v I / . " :""
l O P ~ . : : .....
. . ~ - I 0 1 , , , , , , , ,
I
0 0 . 2 0 . 4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1 . 0
r i o
Fig. 10. The acceleration field in a traveling wave accelerator,
averaged over the undulating waveguide period for the
TM02 mode, as a function of r^/a. The three
curves represent levels of 1 G~ , 500 MW, and 200 MW
respectively. The wave frequency is 35 GHz, and f / f c
is 1.06.
0
h i
LIJ
h
.O
I,.,.
. , . . .
r
I,I
q.1
re"
1.0
0. 9
0 . 8
0 . 7
0. 6
0. 5
0 . 4
0. 3
0 . 2 /
0.1 ~
o V V V
_ 0 . i 0 i I I i i I i i i
0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1.0
Axi al Posi t i on ( z / F )
Fig. 11. Local acceleratic~ field, normalized to the peak field
on nxi% for the T~ _ 2 cavi t y mode. The wave frequency
is 3 5 GI-Iz, r d a = 0 . 6 ; p = 7 8 , f / f c = 1 . 0 6 1 , a n d t h e
guide wavel-ength is chosen to equal the undulator period.
64
Table V. Accelerator module parameters for the
propmed travelling wave accelerator.
Frequency (GHz) 35
Guide cut of f frequency in TM02 mode (GHz) 33
Module length (m) 3
Power (GW) 1
Pulse width (ns) 50
Peak field on axis (MV/m) 310
Average acceleration field (MV/m) 100
Undulator period (cm) 2-8
Wall modulation R/ a 6xl 0~60 10
Total particles acce~erated/macrobunch
un-optlmiTed values of the various accelerator parameters for a 35 GHz wave at the 1 GW
power level in the travelling wave case. For a standing wave we obtain comparable
acceleration field gradients to those shown at a power level about one order of magnitude
lower than that given above.
We conclude this section by noting that the same principle may be used to
accelerate an high average current beam (~-10's Amperes) by running at a lower fre-
quency (~1-5 GHz). The latter configuration may be especially useful in the future
development of high power r.f. sources through three wave interactions.
~E 2 2 0
> 2 0 0
=E
, - - , 180
9 o 160
qg
iT. 140
.~ 120
I 00;
r
"6 80
s o
, r
4 0
o 20
~g
o
0
0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1.0
r o / a
Fig. 12. Acceleratic~ field averaged over the undulator period
plotted as a function of ro/a for the TM02 p cavity
mode. The input power is either 100 or 500 MW. All
other conditions are identical to those in Figure 11.
65
CONCLUSIONS
I n t l ~ paper we have reviewed the present state of the art of collective
acceleration schemes and i n particular have given a perspective on t he use of pulse power
technology f or hi gh energy electron and ion accelerators.
We conclude t hat collective acceleration may wel l have a significant role i n t he
acceleration of ions to at least intermediate energies and possibly, t hr ough t he development
of techniques f or t he excitation of fast waves, f or hi gh energy applications. The latter
application1 wi l l require t he require the successful development of hi gh f r equency ( > 20
GHz) wave generation techniques. The applicability of pulse power to electron acceleration
is a newer field and is cur r ent l y an open issue. The new techniques f or t he parametric
excitation of fast waves on beam~ is especially interesting and may yi el d significant
r ewar da Fi nal l y we note t hat t he use of pulse power f or particle acceleration vi a am.
waves carried on structures demands a re-appmiml of structures. I n particular there are
trade offs between conventional structures and high group vel oci t y structures. Fur t her
st udy is required t o determine the opt i mum system f or use i n hi gh field gradient, hi gh
energy devices. I t does seem apparent however t hat frequencies i n t he range of 35 Ghz
may wel l be best suited t o f ut ur e hi gh energy accelerators.
ACKNOWI J ~ ' X3 ~
This wor k was supported by the US. D.O.F. under contract number DE-AC02-
80-ER10569.
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Pulse Power Accelerators

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Pulse power: Applications to accelerators

A. Anselmo, S. Greenwald, and J. A. Nation

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