Human Body Study Guide

I. Body Systems - systems complete a task individually as well as work

with other systems to help the body function. You should know the main
functions of each body system listed, what systems work together and
how, and what each system looks like when given a photo.
A. skeletal - system made up of bones, cartilage and joints
1. Functions
a) protection - protects organs and other key body parts from
injury
b) movement - allows body parts to move
c) support - keeps the body upright
B. muscular - made up of 3 types of muscle tissue - smooth, cardiac,
and skeletal, also includes tendons and ligaments
1. Functions
a) movement - working with the skeletal system, the muscles help
move the body
b) protection - cover many bones and serve as limited protection
C. digestive - made up of mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestines,
small intestines, pancreas and colon
1. Functions
a) to consume (eat) and digest food. Breaks food down and
provides body with nutrients from food.
D. circulatory - composed or arteries (take blood away from the heart),
veins (take blood to the heart), capillaries (oxygen is used, the place
where veins and arteries meet), blood cells (white- ght disease and
work with your immune system. red - carry nutrients and oxygen to
the body.)
1. Functions
a) designed to carry blood to and from all parts of the body. Also
aids in keeping the body healthy using white blood cells.
b) works with respiratory system to provide body with oxygen and
nutrients via the blood
E. respiratory - composed of the trachea (long tube that leads from
mouth to lungs) and lungs (two balloon like structures that bring air in
and out of the body)
1. Functions
a) to provide the body with oxygen
b) breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide
c) works with the circulatory system to provide body with oxygen
and nutrients via the blood.
F. nervous - made up of the brain, spinal chord and nerves
1. Functions
a) responsible for sending messages to all parts of the body.
Below is a picture of what each system looks like independent of the others. You should
be able to identify each system based on the pictures provided. Focus only on the
systems listed above. The Nervous system may have tiny little branches that represent
nerves that are not listed on the drawing below.
I. Cells and Tissues - you should be able to identify what the basic
organelles of cells are. The difference between unicellular and
multicellular and examples of each type of organism.
II.
A. Organelles - simply put, this is a fancy name for parts of the cell
1. Nucleus - center of the cell, considered the cell brain
2. Cell Membrane or Cell Wall - outside edge of a cell, usually
permeable
3. mitochondria - long oval shaped units that act like the digestive
system of the cell - provide the cell with nutrients
4. cytoplasm - the liquid that is contained by the cell membrane
5. vacuole - small roundish shaped organelles that store food
6. chloroplasts - found only in plant cells, convert sunlight to energy
III. Multicellular organisms - organisms made up of more than one cell
A. examples - hydra, algae, animals, fungi, plants
IV. Unicellular organisms - organisms made up of one cell
A. examples - paramecium, amoeba, euglena, bacteria, plasmodium,
trypanosoma
V. Animal and Plant Cell comparison:
A. Animal Cell - notice the difference in shape, typically animal cells are
round and have a thin outer membrane. Notice that Animal cells DO
NOT HAVE CHLOROPLASTS!!!
B. Plant Cell - notice the rectangular shape. They HAVE
CHLOROPLASTS and usually a thicker outer membrane. The
vacuoles in plant cells are generally larger and take up more space
(the big white area inside the cell). These make up things like ower
petals, blades of grass, trees, weeds, and other plants
I. Traits - there are two types of traits, inherited and learned. You must be
able to determine the difference between the two and provide
examples.
A. Inherited traits - traits that are passed on from one generation to
another (grandparents to parents to children)
1. examples -
a) physical - eye color, hair color, size/shape of nose, size/shape
of eyes, size/shape of head, height, body type, dimples, size/
shape of lips, shape of feet. generally any physical trait is going
to be an inherited trait.
b) Behavioral - In addition there are behaviors that are also
inherited, things such as temper, ability to cook, athletic ability,
intelligence in humans. In animals bears hibernating, dogs
burying a bone, birds migrating
B. Acquired or LearnedTraits - traits that help organisms survive or are
learned by the organism
1. examples - hunting for food, a dog learning to roll over, lifting
weights to get stronger. reading to increase knowledge,
Any thing that is learned is considered an acquired trait, if you can not learn
it, then it is inherited usually.