Gandhi Syllabus

1
Gandhi
and Indian Nationalism

Module number HI 161

2012-13
2

Gandhi and Indian Nationalism

(Code: HI 161)

Lecturer: David Hardiman
Room 308. Tel: 72584
email: D.Hardiman@warwick.ac.uk

Tutor: Malik Hammad Ahmad
email: M.H.Ahmad@warwick.ac.uk

All the details in this handout can be found also on the Internet on:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/undergraduate/modules/hi161/
This is updated constantly and will contain additions made since the start of the year.

Timetable
There will be a one-hour lecture by David Hardiman each week for the duration of this
course, on Thursdays 10-11 in room S 0.11 (Social Studies). There will be weekly one-
hour seminars after the lecture in room H 1.02 taken by Hammad Malik. There will be
two separate groups, from 12-1 and from 1-2. The groups will be arranged after the
introductory session in Week 1, and will be announced at the first lecture in Week 2.
Seminars are compulsory, and students are expected to come to the seminars well
prepared to contribute to the discussion. Unavoidable absence should be explained
before the seminar, or as soon as possible afterwards.

Weekly lectures topics:

Term One
1. Introductory session 15 minutes on Friday 5 Oct. at 11.0 am in room H 303
2. Introduction: British conquest of India and consolidation of rule. (Lecture at 10
a.m. in room S 0.11 on Wednesdays for this and all other lectures)
3. British Attitudes to India.
4. Indian nationalism and popular protest, 1885-1914.
5. Gandhis early life 1869-1890: upbringing in the Indian princely states, training
in London, return to India, South Africa.
6. Reading week
7. Gandhis nationalism, Hind Swaraj and the critique of modern civilization
8. Gandhis return to India, Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad 1915-18
9. From Amritsar to Non-cooperation 1919-22
10. The Peasantry and Indian Nationalism
3

Term Two
11. The 1920s, the Salt March and Civil Disobedience 1930-31
12. Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Untouchables.
13. Gandhi, Capitalists, and the Working Classes.
14. Gandhi and Women.
15. The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism and Muslim Separatism in India
16. Reading week.
17. 1932-1945
18. The Muslim League and the Run-up to Partition
19. The Partition and Gandhis Final Year.
20. Gandhi beyond India

Term Three
No lectures or seminars, except for one exam preparation session (in Room SO11).

Seminars

You are required to attend all seminars. If unable to attend for a legitimate reason, you
should send an email to your tutor with an explanation. You should carry out all the
listed seminar reading and come prepared to participate in the discussion. For certain
seminars, you will be given a reading from a primary source (a gobbet) and asked to
comment on this. The reading and interpretation of such primary sources is one
essential skill required of historians, so that this will provide training and practice in this
skill. All of the gobbets that might be used are on the module website, and you should
read through gobbets relating to the weekly seminar in advance. Some points to
consider in reading and commenting on gobbets are listed below.

Gobbets

Some points to consider (they may not be relevant in every case).
What is the social position, role etc of the person who has produced this document?
What sort of document is it? E.g. is it an official report, a speech, a commentary in the
press or a journal, a book, a song etc.?
In what circumstances was it produced? Was it at the time of an event, soon after it, or
long after? (On this: see Ranajit Guha, The Prose of Counter Insurgency, in Subaltern
Studies II.)
From what ideological standpoint was it produced?
What sort of appeal is made? Is it to reason, emotion, patriotism, honour etc.?
How is the point argued?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the argument?
What sense of history is revealed?
What sort of future does it anticipate?

4

Weekly seminar programmes and reading

(Note: further reading on all these topics is found under topic headings in the full
reading list.)

Week 2: Introducing the Module

No set reading this week, but use the opportunity to start reading the two main
textbooks by Stein and Arnold, as well as Gandhis autobiography.

Week 3: British Rule in India
Reading: B. Stein, A History of India, Chapter 6: The Crown Replaces the Company,
pp.239-83. Chapter 7, Towards Freedom, pp.284-98.
Leading questions:
Was British rule beneficial for India? (For example, in terms of economic
progress, education, religion, administration, the environment, for human
rights, womens rights etc.)
What was the British colonial understanding of (a) Indian people, (b) British
themselves? Were there certain Indian groups that were categorised
differently? Were there justifications for these views?

Week 4: Early Nationalism

Reading:
B. Stein, A History of India, Chapter 7, Towards Freedom, pp.284-98.
P. Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments, Chapter 4, The Nation and Its Pasts, pp.
76-94.

Leading questions:
To what extent was India a nation in the precolonial period? Or, was the
Indian nation a construction of British rule?
How did nationalist tactics change between 1885 and 1914?
Was the Swadeshi movement in Bengal more than just a regional movement?

Week 5: Gandhi: Early Career
Reading: D. Arnold, Gandhi, Chapters 2 and 34, pp.15-72
Leading questions:
In what ways did Gandhis upbringing affect his later career?
What was Gandhis experience in South Africa?
Was Gandhis protest in South Africa a nationalist one?
5

Week 7: Gandhis nationalism, Hind Swaraj and the critique of modern
civilization
Reading: Gandhi, Hind Swaraj (Full text is available online at
http://www.mkgandhi.org/swarajya/coverpage.htm)
Leading questions:
Was Gandhis thinking as seen in Hind Swaraj essentially backward-looking?
Is Gandhis criticism of constitutional democracy and system of decentralised
power practicable?
What was the significance of the concept of satyagraha?
How effective is satyagraha? Can it work on its own, or does it require
something else (e.g. the threat of violence)?
Can ruthlessly autocratic governments, such as that of Nazi Germany, be fought
using satyagraha?

Week 8: Gandhis return to India, Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad

Reading: D. Arnold, Gandhi,Chapter 4, Peasant Power, pp. 73-103

Leading questions:
How did Gandhi put his concept of satyagraha into practice between 1917 and
1919?
Was Gandhi the chief architect of the peasants victory over the indigo planters
of Bihar in 1917?
When and why did Gandhi become an out and out opponent of British rule in
India?

Week 9: From Amritsar to Non-Cooperation 1919-22

Reading:
D. Arnold, Gandhi, Chapter 5, Power to the Nation, pp.104-35

Leading questions:
Why did Gandhi judge the Rowlatt Satyagraha to be a Himalayan
Miscalculation?
Why were the events in Amritsar in April 1919 so important in modern Indian
History?
What was Khilafat all about? Was Gandhi right to champion the Khilafat cause?
Why was Gandhi so reluctant to launch Civil Disobedience in 1921-22?
Was he right to call the movement off after Chauri Chaura?

Week 10: Gandhi and the Peasantry

6

Reading:
Shahid Amin, Gandhi as Mahatma, in Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies III (also in
SLC).

Leading questions:
How accurate was Gandhis understanding of Indian peasant society? Was his
argument that there was a sharp rural-urban divide in India justified? (You may
reflect that such arguments for a rural-urban divide were put forward in Britain
by the Countryside Alliance during the debate over fox hunting. Was this also
warranted?)
To what extent did the peasantry completely misjudge Gandhi? Were there
aspects of their understanding that were justified?
Did Gandhi really stand for the interests of the peasants, or was he perhaps the
great betrayer of the peasants?

Week 11: The 1920s, the Salt March and Civil Disobedience 1930-31

Reading:
1. D. Arnold, Gandhi, Chapter 6, Half-Naked Fakir, pp.136-62.
2. B. Stein, A History of India, pp.311-15, 322-24, 336, 343-47.
3. Sumit Sarkar, The Logic of Gandhian Nationalism: Civil Disobedience and the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1930-1931), The Indian Historical Review, volume 3, number
1, July 1976 (in SLC).

Leading questions:
What was there about Bardoli in 1928 that made it a model Gandhian
satyagraha? Was its reputation in this respect justified? Could the model be
replicated elsewhere and at other times?
Why did the Salt March become such an iconic event in the history of India?
Did Gandhi have more control over the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930-
31 than he had had over the nationalist protests of 1919 to 1922?
Did Gandhi make a mistake in calling off the movement in early 1931, and what,
if anything, did the Gandhi-Irwin pact achieve?

Week 12: Ambedkar and Untouchability

Reading:
1. D. Arnold, Gandhi, Chapter 7, pp. 169-816.
2. B.R. Ambedkar, What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables,
and T.K.N. Unnithan, Gandhis Views on Caste and Untouchability, both in M.
Lewis, Gandhi: Maker of Modern India? (handout will be given of these texts)

Discussion: There will be a debate on Gandhis and Ambedkars respective positions
over the issue of separate seats in legislative councils for untouchables. The seminar
will be split into two groups, one of which will represent Gandhi, and one Ambedkar.
7

Week 13: Gandhi, Capitalists, and the Working Classes

Reading:
1. David Hardiman, Gandhi in His Time and Ours, pp. 81-85
2. Rajni Palme Dutt, India Today, pp. 516-17 (see extracts on module website)

Leading questions:
Why were Indian capitalists so important for the Indian National Congress?
What exactly did Gandhis doctrine of trusteeship entail? How realistic was it?
What was Gandhis relationship with the Indian working class and its trade
unions?
Was Gandhi the mascot of the bourgeoisie?

Week 14: Gandhi and Women

Reading: David Arnold, Gandhi, chapter 7, section on women, pp. 185-91

Discussion: There will be a discussion between those who advocate the Gandhian
approach to the womens question and his feminist opponents. The seminar will be
split into two groups, one of which will represent Gandhi, and one the feminist critics.

Week 15: Hindu Nationalism and Muslim Separatism

Reading:
B.Stein, A History of India, pp. 285-6, 288-9, 300-01, 329-32, 340-41, 409-13.

Leading questions:
What were the beliefs that underlay the formation of the Muslim League in
1905?
Why did the Congress and Muslim League generally work together in the period
1916-28?
What was the impact of the rise of Hindu nationalism on relations between
Congress nationalists and Muslims?
Why did so many Indian Muslims reject Gandhis appeal?
Were there Muslims who were sympathetic to Gandhi and the Congress, and
why were they so?

Week 17: 1932-45

Reading:
David Arnold, Gandhi, Chapter 8, Gandhi in Old Age, pp.196-215.
8

Leading questions:
Why was the second wave of civil disobedience in 1932-34 such a failure?
Was it a mistake for the Congress to fight the election of 1937?
Was Gandhi right to oppose the British during World War II?

Week 18: Film on Partition

A film titled The Day India Burned will be shown this week on Partition. It lasts for 1
hours, and so both seminar groups will see this together. If unable to attend both
sessions, please talk to tutor.

Week 19: The Muslim League and the Partition of India

Reading:
1. David Arnold, Gandhi, Chapter 8, Gandhi in Old Age, pp.220-27.
2. B. Stein, A History of India, pp.346-66.

Leading questions:
Why did Jinnah call for Pakistan in 1940?
Was partition inevitable in 1947?
Account for the great violence of 1947.
How successfully did Gandhi counter this violence?
Why was Gandhi assassinated in January 1948?

Week 20: Gandhi beyond India

Reading:
David Hardiman, Gandhi in His Time and Ours, pp. 237-55

Leading questions:
Why did Gandhi receive so much attention in the West from 1930 onwards?
What sort of people in the West admired Gandhi?
What were the main criticisms of Gandhi voiced in the West?
Were people right to see him as a great pacifist?
When and how was his technique of nonviolent resistance employed outside
India?
9

Assessment

2
nd
year options are weighted as 1 unit of 30 CATS in Finals.

EITHER: three non-assessed assignments of 2000 words + one three-hour, three-
question exam (1 unit).
OR: three non-assessed assignments of 2000 words + one 4500-word assessed
assignment (the long essay) ( a unit) + one two-hour, two-question exam ( a unit).

Those writing a long essay must submit it to the History office (not to DH) by the
required time (see the History undergraduate webpage). Use only your student
number for identification (if you put your name on it, it will be cut out or deleted by
the secretary). If a long essay is submitted late, 5% of the mark awarded will be
deducted for each working day it is late (e.g. weekends not counted). 4,500 words is
the maximum number of word, and marks will be deducted at the rate of 1 mark
each 50 words, or part thereof, over the limit. Footnotes are included in this word-
count, but the bibliography is not.

Other categories of students (e.g. Erasmus) to be discussed with David Hardiman
individually.

Essays: deadlines

Deadlines for short essays to be handed in:
Essay 1. Thursday, term 1, week 7.
Essay 2. Thursday, term 2, week 2
Essay 3. Thursday, term 2, week 7
Both of the three short essays and the long essay may be chosen from the list below.
More reading and more in-depth treatment of the topic will be required for the long
essay. The short essays can provide a good basis for the questions you will answer in
the exam. You are not however allowed to answer an exam question on the same
topic as your long essay. If you want to choose a topic different from the ones listed
below either for short or long essays you are welcome to do so, but clear the
question with your lecturer or tutor first.

10

Marking scales

Marks are awarded on a 17 point marking scale as follows:

Class scale Mark descriptor
First
Excellent
1st

96
Exceptional work of the highest quality, demonstrating
excellent knowledge and understanding, analysis,
organisation, accuracy, relevance, presentation and
appropriate skills. At final-year level: work may achieve or
be close to publishable standard.
High 1st 89 Very high quality work demonstrating excellent knowledge
and understanding, analysis, organisation, accuracy,
relevance, presentation and appropriate skills. Work which
may extend existing debates or interpretations.
Mid 1st 81
Low 1st
74
Upper
Second
(2.1)
High 2.1 68
High quality work demonstrating good knowledge and
understanding, analysis, organisation, accuracy, relevance,
presentation and appropriate skills.
Mid 2.1 65
Low 2.1 62
Lower
Second
High 2.2 58
Competent work, demonstrating reasonable knowledge and
understanding, some analysis, organisation, accuracy,
relevance, presentation and appropriate skills.
Mid 2.2 55
Low 2.2 52
Third
High 3rd 48
Work of limited quality, demonstrating some relevant
knowledge and understanding.
Mid 3rd 45
Low 3rd 42
Fail
High Fail
(sub
Honours)

38
Work does not meet standards required for the appropriate
stage of an Honours degree. There may be evidence of
some basic understanding of relevant concepts and
techniques.
Fail 25
Poor quality work well below the standards required for the
appropriate stage of an Honours degree.
Low Fail 12
Zero Zero
0 Work of no merit OR Absent, work not submitted, penalty in
some misconduct cases.

11

Essay titles

These titles are for both the short and long essays though titles may be amended in
the case of long essays after consultation with your tutor. Reading is given after the
title, pointing you towards the appropriate section of the reading list to be consulted
for this essay.

Examine the ways in which the British in India claimed to be superior to Indians, and
the ways in which Indian nationalists responded to these claims in the period 1880-
1914.
Reading: Ideologies of the Raj: Racism, Social Darwinism, Orientalism, Colonial
masculinities and Indian nationalism and popular protest, 1885-1914, particularly
works by Nandy and Sinha.

To what extent could India be described as a nation in the period 1880-1914?
Reading: see Indian nationalism origins and interpretations. Works by Chatterjee,
Guha and Kaviraj are particularly important. You will need to refer to the work of
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. To what extent was the Indian nation imagined in this way?

Answer one of the following:
To what extent were Gandhis ideas shaped by his childhood and family background?
How important were Gandhis years in London, 1888-91?
Why did satyagraha originate in South Africa?
Reading: Most of the standard histories and biographies of Gandhi cover theseyears in
his life, but see Gandhis ideas and techniques.

What do you see to be the significance of the arguments set out by Gandhi in Hind
Swaraj?
Reading: Hind Swaraj (see especially commentary by Parel): Gandhis Ideas and
techniques. This essay calls for an assessment of why Hind Swaraj became such an
important text, and the importance and practicality of Gandhis critique of western
civilisation.

In Champaran in 1917, Gandhi was given the credit for the success of a longstanding
campaign against indigo planters that had already almost achieved its goals. Discuss.
Reading: Regional and local studies of the Indian nationalist movement Champaran.

To what extent was the Rowlatt Satyagraha in Gandhis own words a Himalayan
Miscalculation?
Reading: Gandhi, Autobiography, chapters 29-35. Indian nationalist movement 1915-
22 - general, in particular R. Kumar, Gandhian Politics.

When in his career did Gandhi become an out-and-out opponent of British rule in
India?
Reading: Gandhi, Autobiography and Hind Swaraj, essay by Van den Dungen in
R.Kumar, Gandhian Politics; Indian nationalist movement 1915-22 general.
12

What made Gandhi into a Mahatma between 1908 and 1922?
Reading: Biographies of Gandhi; The Indian Nationalist Movement 1915-22; Regional
Studies, in particular. S. Amin, Gandhi as Mahatma.

To what extent can Gandhi be called a peasant leader?
Reading: The peasantry and nationalism, in particular Amin Gandhi as Mahatma, and
Hardiman, Coming of the Devi, Ch. 10. For richer peasants see Gujarat, pieces by
Bhatt, Charlesworth, Hardiman, and Shah. For a Cambridge School interpretation see
Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement 1918-1922, article by Baker. See also Indian
nationalism conflicting interpretations.

How did Gandhi go about forging a new sense of nationhood in the period 1917-22?
Reading: Constructing the Indian Nation; Indian nationalism conflicting
interpretations; The Indian Nationalist Movement 1915-22.

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of Gandhis leadership of
either the Non-Cooperation movement of 1920-22,
or the Civil Disobedience movement of 1930-31.
Bardoli in 1928 was an exceptionally successful Gandhian Satyagraha. (Discuss both
the reasons for this, and why it proved hard to replicate elsewhere.)
Why was the Salt Satyagraha of 1930 so successful?
To what extent was Gandhis appeal international, and not just national, by the mid-
1930s?
Reading: The Indian Nationalist Movement 1915-22 for the 1920-2 movement;
Satyagraha and civil disobedience 1928-1934 for the 1930-31 movement; for Gandhis
international standing, see the biographies and the standard histories for the period of
the Salt Satyagraha and his visit to Britain and Europe in 1931. For Bardoli, see
Satyagraha and civil Disobedience 1928-1934: Bardoli.

Did Gandhis close relationship with Indian capitalists help or hinder the fight against
British rule?
Reading: Gandhi, Capitalists and the working class; Indian nationalism 1915-22:
Ahmedabad; Gandhi and capitalists.

Was Gandhi justified in claiming to be the true friend of Indias untouchables? Did
Ambedkar have a better claim?
Reading: Gandhi, Ambedkar and the untouchables. Regional and local studies of the
Indian nationalist movement Ahmedabad.

To what extent did Gandhi help to emancipate Indian women?
What did Partition and its aftermath reveal about the position of women in South Asian
society?
Reading: Gandhi and women; The final decade women and Partition.
13

Assess the causes for the growing divide between Hindus and Muslims in India from the
1890s onwards.
Reading: The emergence of the Hindu right; Muslims separatism and the Muslim
League; The final decade the partition of India.

How significant was the Second World War in advancing Indias freedom struggle?
How influential was Gandhi in the run-up to Independence and Partition?
What caused the violence that accompanied Partition in 1947?
Reading: Sarkar, Modern India, pp.437-9; Dalton, Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power
in Action, chapter 5; The final decade the Partition of India. For (a) dont forget the
Quit India Movement of 1942.

Why was Gandhi assassinated?
In what areas of his thought and practice was Gandhi most influential in India in the
twenty years following his death?
Reading: Gandhis legacy in India (you may if you wish focus on one particular area,
such as the legacy of satyagraha, Gandhis economic programme, Hindu-Muslim
relations etc.)

How was Gandhi understood in the world beyond India in the inter-war years?
Reading: Gandhi beyond India.

14

Chronology: India under British Colonial Rule

1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India.
1510 Portuguese seize Goa.
1600 Elizabeth I gives royal charter to East India Company.
1615 British defeat Portuguese at sea and establish a base at Surat.
1639 Fort St. George founded by British at Madras.
1661 Portuguese cede Bombay Island to the British Crown.
1686 Fort William founded by British at Calcutta.
1744-63 Anglo-French wars fought in Southern India.
1751 Capture and defence of Arcot by Clive.
1757 Battle of Plassey (Bengal).
1765 Grant of Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to East India Company.
1775-82 First Maratha war.
1780-99 Wars with Mysore - defeat and death of Tipu in 1799.
1793 Permanent Settlement in Bengal.
1803-5 Second Maratha war.
1817-18 Third Maratha war, leading to defeat and deposition of the Peshwa.
1843 Conquest of Sind.
1845-49 Wars with Sikhs, leading to annexation of the Punjab.
1856 Annexation of Avadh
1857-58 The Great Revolt.
1858 Abolition of East India Company; India directly under the Crown.
1865 Great Orissa famine.
1869 Birth of Gandhi.
1876 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India.
1876-77 Famine in South India and the Deccan.
1885 Foundation of the Indian National Congress.
1888-91 Gandhi studies in London at Inns of Court
1893-1915 Gandhi in South Africa
1899-1900 Famine in western India.
1905-11 Partition of Bengal.
1906 Muslim League founded.
1909 Morley-Minto reforms.
1911 Delhi Durbar, capital of India moved from Calcutta to Delhi.
1915 Gandhi returns to India
1917-1 Champaran Satyagraha.
1918 Ahmedabad textiles workers strike; Kheda Satyagraha.
1919 Montagu-Chelsmford constitutional reforms; Rowlatt Satyagraha;
Amritsar massacre.
1920-22 Non Co-operation by Indian National Congress, in alliance with Khilafat
Movement.
1922-24 Gandhi in jail.
1925 K.B. Hedgewar founds the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).
1928 Bardoli Satyagraha.
1930 Civil Disobedience by Congress; Gandhis salt march.
1931 Gandhi-Irwin pact.
15

1932-33 Second Civil Disobedience campaign. Gandhi in jail.
1932 Pune pact between Gandhi and Ambedkar.
1935 Government of India Act.
1937-39 Congress forms provincial ministries.
1940 Pakistan Resolution by Muslim League.
1942 Quit India movement. Gandhi in jail till 1944.
1943 The Bengal famine.
1946 Muslim League Direct Action Day, leading to communal riots.
1947 Independence and partition of India; mass migration and religious
massacres.
1948 Assassination of Gandhi.
16

Reading List

Note:
Most of these books and articles are available in the university library, and
attempts have been made to obtain those that are not. Some articles and
chapters have been scanned and can be obtained at:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/electronicresources/extracts/hi/hi
161
It is always worth looking on Google Books for online copies or for other
material, such as the American photo-journal Life, which has a number of
articles on India from c. 1940-52 (just type India on the Life page).
For works that are otherwise unobtainable you could try another university
library. Those at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London (SOAS),
Oxford, Cambridge, Sussex and Edinburgh are particularly good. It is worth
doing a search on OPAC to see which libraries have a particular book or journal.
You can obtain a SCONUL card from the Warwick Library in order to visit other
university libraries.
SLC after a title means that it is available as a photocopy in the Short Loan
Collection on the 1
st
floor of the library. If it is a book, one chapter will be
available; if an article, the whole article. Photocopies are placed in files
according to the name of the author.
Many articles can be obtained electronically through jstor and other electronic
libraries. To access these, go through the library catalogue entry for the
particular journal and access the electronic version. You will not be allowed
direct access to such archives it has to go through the library. This can be used
for journals such as: Economic and Political Weekly (EPW), Indian Economic and
Social History Review, Journal of Asian Studies, Comparative Studies in Society
and History, Modern Asian Studies, Past and Present, South Asia, Studies in
History.
Last four issues of EPW are available at www.epw.org.in

Journals of most relevance
Contributions to Indian Sociology CIS
Comparative Studies in Society and History CSSH
Economic and Political Weekly EPW
Indian Economic and Social History Review IESHR
Journal of Asian Studies JAS
Journal of British Studies JBS
Journal of Peasant Studies JPS
Modern Asian Studies MAS
Past and Present P&P
Studies in History SH
Subaltern Studies SS

17

General
Textbooks
The main textbooks for the course, that should be purchased, are:
Burton Stein, A History of India (Blackwell 1998). Ch. 7 Towards Freedom on e-
resources:
161
David Arnold, Gandhi (Longman 2001)

Colonial period general histories
S.Bandyopadhyaya, From Plassey to Partition (Hyderabad 2004)
S. Bandyopadhyay, Nationalist Movement In India: A Reader (New Delhi 2009)
C. Bates, Subalterns and Raj: South Asia since 1600, (London 2007)
C. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (for period before
1857)
Subhas Chandra Bose, The Indian Struggle 1920-42.
Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political
Economy (1998)
Judith Brown, Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy (Oxford 1985)
Ian Copland, India 1885-1947, (Harlow 2001)
Patrick French, Liberty or Death (London 1998). For a readable introduction to
the nationalist movement and partition of India.
S. Ghose, India and the Raj 1917-1947, 2 volumes (Bombay 1995).
H.Kulke and D. Rothermund, A History of India
R. Kumar, The Making of a Nation: Essays in Indian History and Politics (New
Delhi 1989).
C. Markovits, A History of Modern India 1480-1950 (London 2004).
B. and T. Metcalf, A Concise History of India (Cambridge 2002)
P. Moon, Gandhi and Modern India (London 1986).
R. Palme Dutt, India Today
P. Robb, A History of India (Basingstoke 2002)
Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947 (This work is strongly recommended)
S. Wolpert, A New History of India

Gandhis own writings
All Gandhis writings can be found online at
http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/cwmg.html
M.K. Gandhi, An Autobiography, or the Story of my Experiments with Truth.
Available in a Penguin edition. A classic that should be read by all. Full text is
available online at:
http://www.mahatma.org.in/books/showbook.jsp?book=bg0001&link=bg&id=
1&lang=en
M.K. Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, 100 volumes, 1958-
1984. These are all available in the library, but only on request. Vol. 29 is
Gandhis book, Satyagraha in South Africa.
18

M.K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj and other writings, edited by Anthony J. Parel
(Cambridge 1997). Full text is available online at
http://www.mkgandhi.org/swarajya/coverpage.htm
The moral and political writings of Mahatma Gandhi, edited by Raghavan Iyer.
Vol.1, Civilization, politics and religion; Vol.2, Truth and non-violence,Vol. 3,
Non-violent resistance and social transformation (Oxford : Clarendon, 1986-
1987). Gandhis thoughts set out subject by subject.
Mahatma Gandhi at work: his own story continued, edited by C.F. Andrews
(London 1931).
The Penguin Gandhi Reader, edited by R. Mukherji (Penguin 1993).
Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings, edited by Dennis Dalton
(Indianapolis 1996).
Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, edited by R. Duncan (London 1973).

Biographies of Gandhi
Judith Brown, Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. A recent scholarly account of Gandhis
political career.
Antony Copley, Gandhi: against the tide
Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. A life by an American who knew
Gandhi.
Rajmohan Gandhi, Mohandas: a True Story of a Man, His People and an Empire
(New Delhi 2007).
Ved Mehta, Mahatma Gandhi and his Apostles.
B.R. Nanda, Mahatma Gandhi
Robert Payne, The Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi. Very readable life of
Gandhi.
Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi. Three large volumes covering the early and last
periods of Gandhis life rather over-detailed.
George Woodcock, Gandhi. Argues that Gandhi should be seen in the anarchist
tradition of political thought.

Gandhis ideas and techniques
A.L. Basham, Traditional Influences on the Thought of Mahatma Gandhi, in R.
Kumar (ed.), Essays on Gandhian Politics.
Joan Bondurant, Conquest of Violence
William Borman, Gandhis Non-Violence (New York 1968).
N.K. Bose, Lectures on Gandhism (Ahmedabad 1971)
J.M. Brown and A. Parel (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi
(Cambridge 2011)
Margaret Chatterjee, Gandhis Religious Thought
Partha Chatterjee, Gandhi and the Critique of Civil Society, in Ranajit Guha
(ed.), Subaltern Studies III (New Delhi 1984). An important article about
Gandhis politics. This is substantially the same as the following chapter from a
book by Chatterjee. In SLC
Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative
Discourse? (London 1986), chapter 4 on Gandhi (see comments on preceding
19

reference).
Harold Coward, Indian Critiques of Gandhi (New York 2003).
Dennis Dalton, Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action (New York 1993).
Eric Erikson, Gandhis Truth. A psychoanalytical study of Gandhi.
Richard Fox, Gandhian Utopia: Experiments with Culture (1995).
Rajmohan Gandhi, The Good Boatman: A Portrait of Gandhi (New Delhi 1995).
David Hardiman, Gandhi in His Time and Ours (London 2004).
H.J.N. Horsburg, Non-violence and Aggression (esp. chapter 3)
R. Iyer, The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi.
J.T.F. Jordens, Gandhis Religion: A Homespun Shawl (1998)
Martin D. Lewis, Gandhi: Maker of Modern India? (Boston 1965). Readings
about Gandhi.
Claude Markovits, The Un-Gandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the
Mahatma, (2004).
Anil Nauriya, Gandhis Little Known Critique of Varna, Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 19, 13 May 2006.
A. Parel (ed.), Gandhi, freedom and Self Rule (Lanham 2000)
A. Parel, Introduction, to Hind Swaraj (Cambridge 1997).
A. Parel, Gandhis Philosophy and the Quest for harmony, (Cambridge 2006)
Bhikhu Parekh, Gandhis Political Philosophy
Bhikhu Parekh, Colonialism, Tradition and reform: An Analysis of Gandhis
Political Discourse (1989)
Bhikhu Parekh, Gandhi
Tim Pratt and James Vernon, Appeal from this fiery bed: The Colonial
Politics of Gandhis Fasts and their Metropolitan Reception, Journal of British
Studies, Vol. 44, January 2005.
L.I. and S.H. Rudolph, The Modernity of Tradition. Chapter on Gandhi.
Krishnalal Shridharni, War without Violence
Ajay, Skaria, Gandhis Politics: Liberalism and the Question of the Ashram, The
South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 101, no.4, Fall 2002.
Percival Spear, Mahatma Gandhi, in Modern Asian Studies, 3, 1969, pp.291-
304.
Howard Spodek, On the Origins of Gandhis Political Methodology, Journal of
Asian Studies, 30, 1971, pp.361-72.
J.H. Stone, M.K. Gandhi: Some Experiments with Truth, Journal of Southern
African Studies, Vol. 16, no. 4, December 1990, pp. 721-740.
Ronald J. Terchek, Gandhi: Struggling for Autonomy (Lanham 1998).
J. Tinker, The Political Power of Non-Violent Resistance: The Gandhian
Technique, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4, December 1971.
Thomas Weber, The Lesson from the Disciples: Is there a Contradiction in
Gandhis Philosophy of Action? Modern Asian Studies, 28, 1994.
Thomas Weber, Gandhian Philosophy, Conflict Resolution Theory and Practical
Approaches to Negotiation, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, July 2001.
Thomas Weber, Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor (Cambridge 2004).
Some novels
Bankim Chandra Chatterji, Anandmath, (1882). Glorifies a supposed Hindu
20

resistance to Muslim rule in medieval times, and includes the song that later
became the anthem of Hindu nationalists Bande Mataram.
Rabindranath Tagore, The Home and the World, (1915). Set in the period of the
nationalist awakening in rural Bengal. Tagore won the Nobel Prize for literature
in 1911. The great Bengali director, Satyajit Rai, later made this novel into a
film.
Raja Rao, Kanthapura, (1930s). On nationalism in rural India during the civil
disobedience period.
Mulk Raj Anand, Untouchable, (1935). Examines the oppression of an
untouchable.
Premchand, Godan (The Gift of a Cow) (1936). Relates the relationship
between middle class urbanites and the rural poor in north India in the 1930s.
See also his short stories Deliverance and other stories (Penguin 1988).
R.K. Narayan, Waiting for the Mahatma (1955). A novel about a young mans
relationship to the Gandhian movement.
Saadat Hasan Manto, Kingdoms End and Other Stories (New Delhi 1989), a
inspired collection of short stories, many of which are on partition.
B. Sahni, Tamas. Novel about rural violence in the Punjab during the partition
period.
Khushwant Singh, Train to Pakistan, (first published in 1956). Another novel on
partition. This was later made into a film.

Films
1. Gandhi-centred films
Nine Hours to Rama (1963). Director J.S. Casshyap. Hollywood film that explores
the life of Gandhis killer, Nathuram Godse.
Gandhi (1982) Director: Richard Attenborough. With Ben Kingsley, Candice
Bergen, Edward Fox, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, John Mills, Martin Sheen.
Everyone should watch this it is available in the library. The historical
chronology is nonetheless often inaccurate, being modified for dramatic effect.
However, the film as a whole provides a powerful and sympathetic portrayal of
Gandhi.
The Making of the Mahatma (1996). Director Shyam Bengal. On Gandhis time
in South Africa. (DVD Hard to obtain now.)
Hey Ram (2000). Director Kamal Hasaan. On Gandhis assassination.
Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (I did not kill Gandhi) (2005). Starring Anupam
Kher and Urmila Matonkar. The film explores the traumatic senility of a retired
Hindi professor, who comes to believe that he was responsible for the
assassination of Gandhi, a man he had revered throughout life.
Gandhi my Father (2007). Director Firoz Abbas Khan. Deals with Gandhis
troubled relationship with his elder son.
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006). Modern Bollywood Hindi comedy, in which
Gandhis presence plays a significant role.
Rang De Basanti (2006). Director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra.

21

2. Indian Nationalist Movement and other relevant themes
The Home and the World (1984). Director: Satyajit Rai. On nationalist feelings in
early twentieth century Bengal.
Lagaan (2001). Director Ashutosh Gowarikar. Entertaining Bollywood movie on
the way that nationalism could be expressed through cricket.
Garam Hawa (1973) Director: M.S. Sathyu. On the partition of 1947 and inter-
religious violence.
Sardar (1996). On the life of Gandhis close associate, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Earth (1998). Director: Deepa Mehta. On Lahore City in 1947, during partition,
with neighbours turning against each other.
Train to Pakistan (1998). Director: Pamela Rooks. Based on the Khushwant
Singh novel on partition.
Jinnah (1998). A biographical film of the life of Jinnah, made in Pakistan,
designed to provide a corrective to the negative portrayals of Jinnah in many
other films.
Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar (2000). Director: Jabbar Patel. Life of B.R. Ambedkar.
Veer Savarkar (2001). On V.K. Savarkar, the Hindu nationalist and
fundamentalist, who despised Gandhi and almost certainly masterminded his
assassination in 1948.

British Colonial Rule in India

British conquest of India and consolidation of rule
C.A. Bayly, Indian Society and the making of the British Empire
I.J. Catanach, Agrarian Disturbance in Nineteenth-Century India, Indian
Economic and Social History Review, Vol.3, no.1, March 1966. reprinted in D.
Hardiman, Peasant resistance in India.
Neil Charlesworth, Peasants and Imperial Rule (Cambridge 1984).
Ranajit Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India (New
Delhi 1983).
Ranajit Guha, The Prose of Counter-Insurgency, in Guha (ed.), Subaltern
Studies II (New Delhi 1983).
David Hardiman, Peasant Resistance in India 1858-1914, New Delhi 1992.
R. Kumar, Western India in the Nineteenth Century (London 1968).
Roy Moxham, The Great Hedge of India, London 2001. A popular account of the
colonial tax on salt.
Eric Stokes, The Peasant and the Raj (Cambridge 1978). For a review of the
latter book, see * G. Pandey, View of the observable, Journal of Peasant
Studies, 7:3, 1980.
D.A. Washbrook, Progress and Problems: South Asian Economic and Social
History, c.1720-1860, Modern Asian Studies, Vol.22, no.1, February 1988.

Ideologies of the Raj: Racism, Social Darwinism, Orientalism
S.H. Alatas, Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays,
22

Filipinos and Javanese from the 16
th
to the 20
th
Century and its Function in the
Ideology of Colonial Capitalism (London 1977) Not on India, but deals with
racist theory in an Asian colonial context.
Michael Banton, The Idea of Race (1977).
Michael Banton, Racial Theories (Cambridge 1987)
Crispin Bates, Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: The Early Origins of Indian
Anthrometry, in P. Robb, The Concept of Race (New Delhi 1995)
Susan Bayly, Caste and Race in the Colonial Ethnography of India, in P.Robb,
The Concept of Race (New Delhi 1995)
J. Breman, Return of Social Inequality, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.39,
No.35, 28 August 2004.
C. Bolt, Victorian Attitudes to Race (London 1971).
C. Bolt, Race and the Victorians, in C.C. Eldridge (ed.), British Imperialism in the
Nineteenth century (Basingstoke 1984).
D.F. Bratchell, The Impact of Darwinism: Texts and Commentary Illustrating
Nineteenth Century Religious, Scientific and Literary Attitudes, (1981).
Linda Colley, Britishness and Otherness: An Argument, Journal of British
Studies, Vol. 31, 1992, pp. 309-29.
Paul Crook, Social Darwinism: the Concept, in History of European Ideas,
Vol.22, 1996.
David Hardiman, The Coming of the Devi: Adivasi Assertion in Western India
(New Delhi 1987), Chapter 1, Introduction, pp.11-17
C. Hutchins, The Illusion of Permanence, chapter on Concepts of Indian
Character.
R. Inden, Imagining India. Argues for a fundamental similarity between
Orientalist and Anglicanist approaches.
R. Inden, Orientalist Constructions of India, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No.
3, 1986.
Greta Jones, Social Darwinism and English Thought: The Interaction between
Biological and Social Theory (Brighton 1980).
Howard L. Kaye, The Social Meaning of Modern Biology: From Social Darwinism
to Sociobiology (Yale 1986).
V. Kiernan, Lords of Human Kind: European Attitudes to Other Cultures in the
Imperial Age.
E. Kolsky, Criminal Justice in British India: Indian Human Nature: Evidence,
Experts and the Elusive Pursuit of Truth, 2010.
David Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of
Indian Modernisation 1773-1835 (California 1969).
David Kopf, Hermeneutics versus History, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol.39,
1980. A critique of Edward Said.
Adam Kuper, The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion
(London 1988)
Joan Leopold, British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India, 1850-
1870, The English Historical Review, July 1974.
John Mackenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester 1995).
Another critique of Said.
23

Kenan Malik, The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society
(Basingstoke 1996).
Thomas Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge 1994).
George Moss, Towards the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (New
York 1978).
R. Numbers and D. Amundsen, Disseminating Darwinism: The Role of Place,
Race, Religion and Gender (Cambridge 1999).
M. Procida, Good Sports and Right Sorts: Guns, Gender and Imperialism in
British India, Journal of British Studies, 40, 2001.
P.B. Rich, Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge 1986).
Peter Robb (ed.), The Concept of Race (New Delhi 1995)
Edward Said, Orientalism (New York 1978). The classic work on Orientalism,
though more about Islamic areas of western Asia and North Africa than India.
Sumit Sarkar, Orientalism Revisited: Saidian Frameworks in the Writing of
Modern Indian History, The Oxford Literary Review, Vol. 16, nos. 1-2, 1994.
Critique of Said.
Ajay Skaria, Shades of Wildness: Tribe, Caste and Gender in Western India,
Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 56, no.3, August 1997.
Herbert Spencer, Herbert Spencer on Social Evolution: Selected Writings
(Chicago 1972) note: Spencer wrote the important Social Darwinist text
Survival of the Fittest in 1864.
Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain 1800-1960 , (London
1982).
Siep Stuurman, Francois Bernier and the Intervention of Racial Classification,
History Workshop Journal, 50, Autumn 2000.
G. Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest: Literary Studies and British Rule In India
(New York 1989). On Anglicanism in education in British India.
Raymond Williams, Social Darwinism, in Problems in Materialism and Culture,
(London 1980), pp.86-102.

Colonial masculinities
Kenneth Ballhatchet, Race, Sex and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and
Policies and their Critics 1793-1905 (London 1980).
Chowdhury-Sengupta, The Effeminate and the Masculine, in P. Robb (ed.), The
Concept of Race in South Asia, Delhi 1997.
Anne Mc Clintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial
Context (New York 1995).
John M. Mackenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British
Imperialism (1988). Excellent on the psychology of the colonial hunt. Chapter 7
is on India and in SLC.
M.S.S. Pandian, Gendered Negotiations: Hunting and Colonialism in the Late
Nineteenth Century Nilgiris, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Volume 29, nos.
1 and 2, January-December 1995. In SLC.
M.S.S. Pandian, Hunting and Colonialism in the Nineteenth-Century Nilgiri Hills
of South India, in R. Grove, V. Damodaran & S. Sangwan, Nature and the Orient.
Mary Procida, Good Sports and Right Sorts: Guns, Gender and Imperialism in
24

British India, Journal of British Studies, 40, 2001
Mary Procida, Married to the Empire: Gender, Politics and Imperialism in India,
1883-1947, Manchester 2002.
Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The Manly Englishman and the
Effeminate Bengali in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester 1995).

Economic effects of British colonialism Was India impoverished?
P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, Vol I, chapter 10, and Vol. II,
chapter 8. Lucidly-written overview of the topic, taking the line that the British
decided to leave India in 1947 because India was no longer profitable to Britain
after World War II.
Chakraborty, Teaching Economic History: Towards a Reorientation, Economic
and political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 35, 28 August 2004.
Bipin Chandra, The Rise and Growth Of Economic Nationalism in India:
Economic Policies of Indian National Leadership 1880-1905 (New Delhi 1966).
Book written from an Indian nationalist perspective, arguing for a drain of
wealth.
Neil Charlesworth, British Rule and the Indian Economy 1800-1914 (London
1982). A good introduction to the subject.
I.D. Derbyshire, Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860-1914,
in Modern Asian Studies, 1987.
R.C. Dutt, Economic History of India in the Victorian Age, (London 1950).
R.P. Dutt, India Today (London 1940), chapter 2, The Wealth and Poverty of
India. Written from a Marxian perspective, this argues that there was a drain
of wealth.
H.M. Hyndman, The Bankruptcy of India (London 1886). One of the first to
argue for the drain of wealth.
Dharma Kumar, The Cambridge Economic History of India, Vol.II, c.1757-c.1970
(Cambridge1982), especially articles by Hurd, Morris and Whitcombe.
Modern Asian Studies , 1985, special edition edited by Gordon Johnson (ed.).
See especially articles by Habib and Kumar.
M.S. Rajan, The Impact of British Rule in India, Journal of Contemporary
History, 4, 1969.
D. Rothermund, Economic History of India, (Delhi 1988).
T. Roy, Economic History: An Endangered Discipline, Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 29, 17 July 2004.
Laxman D. Satya, British Imperial Railways in Nineteenth century South Asia,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 43, No. 47, 22 November 2008, pp.69-77.
Karl de Schweinitz, The Rise and Fall of British India: Imperialism as Inequality
(London 1983). Takes the Indian nationalist side in the debate.
V. Shanmugasundram, The Drain Theory (Bombay 1968).
B.R. Tomlinson, India and the British Empire, 1880-1935, Indian Economic and
Social History Review, volume 12, number 4, 1975.
B.R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj: The Economics of
Decolonisation in India (London 1979). Tomlinson argues that the British left
India when it became economically unviable.
25

B.R. Tomlinson, Colonial Firms and the Decline of Colonialism in Eastern India,
1914-1947, Modern Asian Studies, volume 15, number 3, 1981.
B.R. Tomlinson, The Economy of Modern India, 1860-1970 (Cambridge 1993).
David Washbrook, Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India, Modern
Asian Studies, Vol.15, no.3, July 1981.

Indian Nationalism Origins and Interpretations

Indian nationalism and popular protest, 1885-1914
Aurobindo, The Doctrine of Passive Resistance, in Sri Aurobindo, Bande
Mataram: Early Political Writings. A strong argument by a contemporary
nationalist for the need to use civil disobedience against the British rather than
force. Also published in abridged form in P. Hees (ed.), Sri Aurobindo (see
below), pp. 129-36. For full text, ask D. Hardiman for a photocopy.
C.J. Baker and D.Washbrook, South India 1880-1940 (Delhi 1975).
Part 1.
C.A. Bayly, Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad 1880-1920 (Oxford 1975)
N.G. Barrier, The Arya Samaj and Congress Politics in the Punjab, Journal of
Asian Studies, 26, 1967.
Richard Cashman, The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in
Maharashtra (Berkeley 1975).
Discourse? (London 1986) Ch. 3 on Bankimchandra and early nationalism.
A.R. Desai, The Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay 1948.
Christine Dobbin, Urban Leadership in Western India: Politics and Communities
in Bombay City (Oxford 1972).
Peter Heehs, The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary terrorism in India
1900-1910 (Oxford 1993).
Peter Heehs, Nationalism, Terrorism, Communalism: Essays in Modern Indian
History (New Delhi 1998).
P. Hees (ed.), Sri Aurobindo: Nationalism, Religion and Beyond: Writings on
Politics, Society and Culture (New Delhi 2005)
C.H. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform (Princeton 1964).
Kenneth Jones, Arya Dharma: 19
th
Century Punjab (Berkeley 1976).
John McLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress (Princeton 1977).
S.R. Mehrotra, The Emergence of the Indian National Congress (New Delhi
1971).
Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy: Loss and recovery of Self under Colonialism
(New Delhi 1983). Ch. 1, The Psychology of Colonialism: Sex, Age and Ideology
in British India is in SLC.
Ashis Nandy, The Illegitimacy of Nationalism: Rabindranath Tagore and the
Politics of Self (New Delhi 1994)
Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal (New Delhi 1973).
Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
1990).
26

Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism (Cambridge 1968).
Sanjay Seth, Rewriting Histories of Nationalism; The Politics of Moderate
Nationalism in India, 1870-1905, The American Historical Review, Feb. 1999.
Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The Manly Englishman and the
Effeminate Bengali in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester 1995).
R. Tagore, Nationalism
D.A. Washbrook, The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency
1870-1920 (Cambridge 1976).

Constructing the Indian nation
Daud Ali (ed.), Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism, (London 1983).
G. Aloysius, Nationalism without a Nation, (New Delhi 1998).
Sikata Banerjee, Make me a Man! Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationality in
India (Albany, USA 2008).
Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Vande Mataram: The Biography of a Song (New Delhi
2003). The history of the debate about a national anthem for India.
N.K. Bose, Problems of National Integration, 1967.
Sudhir Chandra, The Oppressive Present: Literature and Social Consciousness in
Colonial India (New Delhi 1992). Brings out the ambivalence about Indian
national identity in the late nineteenth century.
Discourse? (London 1986). On the three main historical stages of Indian
nationalist ideology.
Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial
Histories (Princeton 1993). Chapter 4 for the construction of an Indian national
history. This can be obtained at:
161
Vasudha Dalmia, The Nationalization of Hindu Tradition: Bharatendu
Harischandra and Nineteenth-Century Banaras, (New Delhi 1997).
Ranajit Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial
India (Cambridge, Mass. 1997), particularly chapter 3. This can be obtained at:
161
Ranajit Guha, An Indian historiography of India: A nineteenth-century agenda
and its implications, Calcutta, 1988.
Sudipto Kaviraj, The Imaginary Institution of India, in Subaltern Studies VII
(New Delhi 1992)
Sudipto Kaviraj, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadyaya
and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse, (New Delhi 1995)
Krishna Kumar, Prejudice and Pride: School Histories of the Freedom Struggle in
India and Pakistan (New Delhi 2001).
Vinay Lal, The History of History (New Delhi 2003), chapter 1, The History of
Ahistoricity.
27

G. Pandey, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India, Ch. 2, The
Colonial Construction of the Indian Past.
G. Pandey, Which of us are Hindus? in Gyanendra Pandey, ed., Hindus and
Others. Questions of Identity in India Today (Viking, New Delhi, 1993).
G. Pandey, Can a Muslim be an Indian? Comparative Studies in Society and
History, Volume 41, Number 4 (October 1999). This article examines the
formation of national identity in 1947-48.
Gyan Prakash, The Modern Nations Return in the Archaic, Critical Inquiry, 23,
1997.
Emma Tarlo, Clothing Matters: Dress and identity in India (London 1996)
Arundhati Virmani, National Symbols under Colonial Domination: the
Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923, Past and Present, 164,
August 1999.

Indian nationalism conflicting interpretations
1. The Cambridge School
C. Baker, Non-Cooperation in South India, in C. Baker and D. Washbrook, South
India. Controversial article from a member of the Cambridge School which
argues that nationalists were motivated by power politics rather than idealism.
N. Charlesworth, The Middle Peasant Thesis and the Roots of Rural Agitation in
India 1914-1947, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 7:3, 1980. See also the
rejoinder: D. Hardiman, A Rejoinder to Charlesworth, The Journal of Peasant
Studies, 8: 3, 1981; and also Hardiman in The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol.11,
No. 4, 1984. A debate about the underlying cause of peasant support for the
nationalist movement.
J. Gallagher, Gordon Johnson and Anil Seal, Locality, Province and Nation: Essays
on Indian Politics 1870-1940, (Cambridge 1973), also an issue of Modern Asian
Studies 1973. The work which inaugurated the Cambridge School
understanding of Indian nationalism. Seals introduction is particularly sharp
and lucid. Broadly, argues that British constitutional initiatives provided the
basis for Indian nationalist responses, and that nationalism was a cover for elite
power politics.
Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration
in the Late Nineteenth Century (Cambridge 1968)
David Washbrook, The Emergence of Provincial Politics: The Madras Presidency
1870-1920, (Cambridge 1976). A Cambridge School study of South India.

2. Subaltern Studies in the 1980s
Ranajit. Guha, On Some Aspects of the Historiography of Colonial India, in R.
Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I (New Delhi 1982). A strong critique of the
Cambridge School. See other pieces in this collection by Arnold, Pandey and
Hardiman.
Ranajit Guha, Dominance without Hegemony and its Historiography, in
Subaltern Studies VI (New Delhi 1989), pp.290-309 for a critique of the
Cambridge School.
28

Ranajit Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and power in Colonial
India.
D. Hardiman, Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District 1917-34, chapter 1,
Introduction, for a critique of the Cambridge School.
D. Hardiman, The Indian Faction: A Political Theory Examined, in R. Guha
(ed.), Subaltern Studies I (New Delhi 1982).
G. Pandey, Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism: The Peasant Movement in
Awadh, 1919-1922, in Subaltern Studies I (New Delhi 1982).
S. Sarkar, Modern India, generally follows the Subaltern Studies approach.

3. Debates since 1990
Anita Chakravarty, Writing history, Economic and political weekly, 30:51, 23
December 1995. A rejoinder to the critique of Subaltern Studies by
Ramachandra Guha of 19 August 1995 (see below).
Dipesh Chakrabarty, Habitations of Modernity: Essays in the Wake of Subaltern
Studies (Chicago 2002). Chapters 1 & 2 on Subaltern Studies.
Dipesh Chakrabarty, Minority Histories, Subaltern Pasts, Postcolonial Studies,
Vol. 1, No. 1, 1998.
R. Chandavarkar, Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the
State in India, c.1850-1950 (Cambridge 1998). Chapter 8, Indian Nationalism,
1914-1947: Gandhian Rhetoric, the Congress and the Working Classes provides
a strong attack on the Subaltern Studies school of Indian history.
V. Chaturvedi, Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial (2000).
Ramachandra Guha, Subaltern and Bhadralok Studies, Economic and Political
Weekly, 19 August 1995. Critique of later developments in Subaltern Studies by
a person who had contributed to the series.
Vinay Lal, Walking with the Subalterns, Riding with the Academy: The Curious
Ascendency of Indian History, Studies in History, 17, 1, 2001.
Vinay Lal, Subaltern Studies and its Critics, History and Theory, 40, February
2001, pp.135-48.
G. Pandey, Voices from the Edge: the Struggle to Write Subaltern Histories,
Ethnos, Vol. 60, Numbers 3-4 1995. Examines the problems involved in writing
Subaltern history.
Vinal Lal, The History of History, Ch. 4, Subalterns in the Academy.
D. Ludden (ed.), Reading Sublatern Studies (2002).
Sumit Sarkar, Orientalism Revisited: Saidian Frameworks in the writing of
Modern Indian History, Oxford Literary Review, 16, 1994, pp.203-24. Critique of
later developments in Subaltern Studies by someone who was previously a
member of the editorial group.

The Indian nationalist movement 1915-1922
General
Hamza Alavi, Ironies of History: Contradictions of the Khilafat Movement,
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 17, no. 1.
29

Parts 2 & 3
J. Brown, Gandhis Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922, Cambridge 1972.
Detailed but dry history of Gandhis political activities 1915-22.
Anima Bose, The Rowlatt Act and Gandhian Satyagraha, in Subrata Mukherjee
and Sushila Ramaswamy, Facets of Mahatma Gandhi. 1, Nonviolence and
Satyagraha (New Delhi 1996).
Aravind Ganachari, First World War: Purchasing Indian Loyalties: Imperial Policy
of Recruitment and Rewards, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.40, No.8, 19
February 2005.
S. Jha, Charka, Dear Forgotten Friend of Widows: Reading the Erasure of a
Symbol, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 28, 10 July 2004.
G. Krishna, Development of Congress as a Mass Organization, Journal of Asian
Studies, 25:3, 1966. Shows how Gandhi changed the constitution and
organisation of the Congress radically in 1920.
K. Kumar (ed.), Congress and Classes.
R. Kumar (ed.), Essays on Gandhian Politics: The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919.
Classic series of articles on the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
R. Kumar, Class, Community or Nation? Gandhis Quest for a Popular
Consensus in India, Modern Asian Studies, 1969, no.4. Also in R. Kumar, Essays
in the Social History of Modern India
Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political
Mobilisation in India (1982)
W. S. Nelson, Non Violence and Indias Independence, in S. Mukherjee and S.
Ramaswamy, Facets of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 1, Non Violence and Satyagraha,
New Delhi 1996.
S. Nijhawan, Hindi Childrens Journals and Nationalist Discourse (1910-1930),
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 33, 14 August 2004.
Hugh Owen, Towards Nationwide Agitation and Organisation: the Home Rule
Leagues 1915-18, in D.A. Low, Soundings in Modern South Asian History.
S. Sarkar, Modern India, pp.165-195
B. Stein, A History of India, chapter 7, Towards Freedom.
P. Van Den Dungen, Gandhi in 1919: Loyalist or Rebel? in R. Kumar (ed.),
Essays on Gandhian Politics.

Regional and local studies of the Indian nationalist movement
Bengal
J.H. Broomfield, Elite Conflict in a Plural Society: Bengal (Berkeley 1968). On
legislative politics in Bengal.
Leonard A. Gordon, Bengal: the nationalist movement, 1876-1940 (New York
1974).

Champaran
J. Brown, Gandhis Rise to Power, chapter 3, part i.
S. Henningham, The Social Setting of the Champaran Satyagraha, Indian
Economic and Social History Review, 1976, pp.59-73.
Jacques Pouchepadass, Local Leaders and the Intelligentsia in the Champaran
30

Satyagraha (1917): A Study in Peasant Mobilization, Contributions to Indian
Sociology (NS), Vol.8, 1974. Electronic version:
http://cis.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/8/1/67
Jacques Pouchepadass, Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and
Gandhian Politics, (New Delhi 1999). Ch. Gandhi and Mobilisation, can be
obtained at:
161

Kheda District
J. Brown, Gandhis Rise to Power, chapter 3, part ii
M.K. Gandhi, Autobiography, chapter 25.
Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life (1991), Chapter 2.
Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Volume 14.
D. Hardiman, Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District 1917-34 (1981).
Ch. 5, The Kheda Satyagraha can be obtained at:
161

Ahmedabad
J. Brown, Gandhis Rise to Power, chapter 3, part iii
Mahadev Desai, A Righteous Struggle for a contemporary account of
Ahmedabad textile workers strike of 1919.
E. Erikson, Gandhis Truth, pp.296-363 for Ahmedabad textile workers strike.
K. Gillion, Ahmedabad
K. Gillion, Gujarat in 1919, in R. Kumar (ed.), Essays on Gandhian Politics

United Provinces
Shahid Amin, Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921-22, in
R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies III. Path breaking subaltern study of the
reasons why many peasants followed Gandhi projecting their own desires and
needs onto the Mahatma. Available through e-resources at:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/electronicresources/extracts/hi/hi161
Shahid Amin, Event, Memory, Metaphor: Chauri Chaura 1922-1992 (California
1995). A brilliant and readable piece of historical writing.
W.F. Crawley, Kisan Sabhas and Agrarian Revolt in the United Provinces,
Modern Asian Studies, 5: 2, 1971.
D. Dhanagare, Peasant Movements in India, Ch. 5, Agrarian Agitation and
Congress Politics in Oudh 1920-2 and 1930-2.
H. Gould, Baba and Non-Cooperation: Congress Co-option of Agrarian Unrest
in North India in the 1920s and 1930s.
www.virginia.ed/soasia/symsen/kisan/papers/baba
Kapil Kumar, Peasant in Revolt in Oudh 1918-22 (New Delhi 1984).
K. Kumar, Peasants, Congress and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-39, in K.
31

Kumar (ed.) Congress and Classes. Gyanendra Pandey, The Ascendancy of
Congress in Uttar Pradesh 1917-42 (New Delhi 1978).
G. Pandey, Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism: The Peasant Movement in
Awadh, 1919-1922, in R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies I.
M.H.Siddiqi, Agrarian Unrest in North India: United Provinces 1918-1922 (New
Delhi 1978).
M.H. Siddiqi, The Peasant Movement in Pratapgarh, 1920, Indian Economic
and Social History Review, 9, 3 (1972)
Village Repression by British Rulers: Report of Indian League Delegation in
1932, in A.R. Desai (ed.), Peasant Struggles in India, Chapter 17.

Sikhs of the Punjab
Richard G. Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making (Berkeley 1985). On
the creation of a Sikh culture.
Rajiv A. Kapur, Sikh Separatism: the Politics of Faith, (London 1986)
R. Kumar, The Rowlatt Satyagraha in Lahore, in R.Kumar (ed.), Essays in
Gandhian Politics.
W.H. McLeod, The Evolution of the Sikh Community, (Oxford 1976).
W.H. McLeod, Exploring Sikhism:Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought,
(New Delhi 2000).
W.H. McLeod, The Sikhs: History,Religion and Society, (New York 1989)
W.H. McLeod, The Sikhs of the Punjab, (Newcastle upon Tyne,1968)
B. Nayar, Minority Politics in the Punjab (Princeton 1966).
Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and
Diversity in the Sikh Tradition, (New Delhi 1994). On the Sikh struggle for
identity in the late nineteenth century.
Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, 2 Volumes, (Princeton 1963)

South India
D. Arnold, Looting, Grain Riots in South India, 1918, Past and Present, 1979.
For violent discontent at the end of the First World War period.
D. Arnold, The politics of coalescence, in D.A. Low (ed.), The Congress and the
Raj
D. Arnold, Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India 1919-37
C. Baker, Non-Cooperation in South India, in C. Baker and D. Washbrook, South
India. Cambridge School piece which argues that nationalists were motivated
by power politics rather than idealism.
C.J. Baker, The Politics of South India, 1920-37
D. Dhanagare, Peasant Movements in India, Ch. 3, Agrarian Conflict, Religion
and politics: The Moplah Rebellions in Malabar in the 19
th
and early 20
th

Centuries.
Eugene F. Irschick, Politics and Social conflict in South India; The Non-Brahman
Movement and Tamil separatism (California 1969).
Eugene F. Irschick, Dialogue and history: Constructing South India, 1795-1895
(California 1994).
Atluri Murali, Civil disobedience movement in Andhra, in K. Kumar(ed.),
32

Congress and Classes
M.S.S. Pandian, Denationalising the Past: Nation in E.V. Ramasamys
Political Discourse, Economic and Political Weekly, 16 October 1993.
B. Stoddart, The Structure of Congress Politics in Coastal Andhra, in D.A. Low,
The Congress and the Raj
D. Washbrook, Country Politics: Madras, 1880-1937, in J. Gallagher et al,
Locality, Province & Nation, a special issue of MAS (1973)
D.A. Washbrook, Caste, class and dominance in modern Tamil Nadu in F.
Frankel & M.S.A.Rao, Dominance and State Power in Modern India, vol. 1.

The peasantry and nationalism
Note: These references are in addition to those in the region and locality
section, above, many of which relate to peasant support for the nationalist
movement.
Anand Chakravarti, Nature of Peasant Nationalism, Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 30, 29 July 2006. This is a review of the book by M.
Mukherjee (below).
Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments (Princeton 1993), chapter 8.
Sukhbir Choudhary, Peasants and Workers Movements in India 1905-1929 (New
Delhi 1971).
A.R.Desai, Peasant Struggles in India (Bombay 1979).
D.N. Dhanagere, Peasant Movements in India 1920-1950 (New Delhi 1983).
R. Guha, Discipline and Mobilise, in P. Chatterjee and G. Pandey (eds.),
Subaltern Studies VII on Gandhis relationship with the masses in 1920-22
period. Available through e-resources at:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/electronicresources/extracts/hi/
hi161
R. Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and power in Colonial India,
chapter 2.
D. Hardiman, A Forgotten Massacre: Motilal Tejawat and his Movement, in D.
Hardiman, Histories for the Subordinated (New Delhi 2006). This is about a
movement by tribal peasants in Southern Rajasthan in 1921-22 that tried and
failed to link with the Gandhian movement.
Kapil Kumar (ed.), Peasant Congress and Classes: Nationalism, Workers and
Peasants (New Delhi 1983).
Mridula Mukherjee, Peasants in Indias Non-Violent Revolution: Practice and
Theory (New Delhi 2004).
G. Shah, Traditional Society and Political Mobilisation: the Experience of Bardoli
Satyagraha, Contributions to Indian Sociology, new series, 8, 1974. In SLC.
K.S. Singh, The Freedom Movement and Tribal Sub-Movements, 1920-1947, in
B.R.Nanda (ed.), Essays in Modern Indian History, (New Delhi 1980). In SLC.

33

The terrorist alternative
V.N. Datta, Gandhi and Bhagat Singh (New Delhi 2009).
Peter Heehs, Nationalism, Terrorism, Communalism: Essays in Modern Indian
History (New Delhi 1998). On Bengali terrorists and Aurobindo Ghose.
Peter Heehs, The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary terrorism in India
1900-1910 (OUP, Oxford 1993).
Peter Heehs, Sri Aurobindo: A Biography (Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publications).
Chaman Lal, Revolutionary Legacy of Bhagat Singh, Economic and Political
Weekly, 15 September 2007.
K. OMalley, Ireland, India and empire: Indo-Irish separatist political links and
perceived threats to empire, in T. Foley and M. OConnor (eds.), Ireland and
India: Colonies, Culture and Empire (Dublin 2006)
M.E. Plowman, Sinn Fin and the Gadr Party in the Indo-German conspiracy of
the First World War, in T. Foley and M. OConnor (eds.), Ireland and India:
Colonies, Culture and Empire (Dublin 2006)
Michael Silvestri, The Sinn Fein of India: Irish Nationalism and the Policing of
Revolutionary Terrorism in India, The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 3, No. 4,
October 2000.

Satyagraha and civil disobedience 1928-1934
D. Arnold, The Congress in Tamilnad, chapter 4
J. Bondurant, The Conquest of Violence, pp.88-102, for Civil Disobedience.
Sugata Bose, Agrarian Bengal 1919-47 (Cambridge 1986).
J. Brown, Gandhi and Civil Disobedience: The Mahatma in Indian Politics 1928-
1934 (Cambridge 1977).
Dennis Dalton, Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action, chapter 4: Civil
Disobedience and the Salt Satyagraha. This can be obtained at:
161
D. Dhanagare, Peasant Movements in India, Ch. 4, The Bardoli Satyagraha:
Myth and Reality. In SLC.
D. Hardiman, Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat, chapter 8
D.A. Low, Congress and the Raj. For government policy, see Ch. 5. Also Chs. 1,
2, 3, 4, 6,7,8,9.
D.A. Low, Britain and Indian Nationalism: the Imprint of Ambiguity, 1929-1942
(Cambridge 1997)
G. Pandey, The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh 1926-34.
Sumit Sarkar, The Logic of Gandhian Nationalism: Civil Disobedience and the
1, July 1976. In SLC.
S. Sarkar, Modern India, chapter 6.
Tanika Sarkar, Bengal 1928-34 (New Delhi 1987).
B. Stein, A History of India, chapter 8 Gandhis Triumph. SLC
B.R. Tomlinson, The Indian National Congress and the Raj (London 1976).
T. Weber, On the Salt March: The Historiography of Gandhi's March to Dandi
34

(New Delhi, 2000)

Bardoli
Bhatt, A., Caste and Political Mobilisation in a Gujarat district, in R. Kothari
(ed.), Caste in Indian Politics. Shows how Gandhis success in mobilising the
peasants of South Gujarat rested on support from a caste association of the
Patidar caste.
Neil Charlesworth, The Middle Peasant Thesis and the Roots of Rural
Agitation in India, 1914-1947, The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3,
1980.
D. Dhanagare, Peasant Movements in India, Ch. 4, The Bardoli Satyagraha:
Myth and Reality. In SLC.
D.Hardiman, The Roots of Rural Agitation in India 1914-47: A Rejoinder to
Charlesworth, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 8,3, 1981. pp.367-80.
D. Hardiman, The Roots of Rural Agitation in India 1914-47: A Comment on
Charlesworth's Reply,The Journal of Peasant Studies, 11,3, 1984.
G. Shah, Traditional Society and Political Mobilisation: the Experience of Bardoli
Satyagraha, Contributions to Indian Sociology, new series, 8, 1974. In SLC.

Gandhi, Ambedkar and the untouchables
B.R. Ambedkar, What Congress and Gandhi Have Done for the Untouchables.
Reading in M.D. Lewis, Gandhi Maker of Modern India? The full text of this
book, and other writings by Ambedkar are available on
http://ambedkar.org/ambcd In particular, see also Gandhi and the
Emancipation of the Untouchables.
S. Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India, (Cambridge 1999).
Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp, From Bhakti to Buddhism: Ravidas and Ambedkar,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 42, No. 23, 9 June 2007. On how
untouchables of Kanpur City converted to Buddhism in years after Ambedkars
death.
J. Brown, Gandhi and Civil Disobedience, Ch.6, section III, pp.313-23 for the
Pune Pact.
J. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence, pp.46-52.
D. Dalton, The Gandhian View of Caste, and Caste after Gandhi, in D. Dalton
(ed.), India and Ceylon, Unity and Diversity (London 1967).
William Gould, The U.P. Congress and Hindu unity: Untouchables and the
Minority Question in the 1930s Modern Asian Studies, vol. 39(4), 2005,
pp.845-60.
M. Gandhi, Collected Works, Vol. 19, passim.
Kancha Illaih, Productive Labour, Consciousness and history: The Dalitbahujan
Alternative, Subaltern Studies IX.
C. Jaffrelot, Indias Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes, London 2003
C. Jaffrelot, Ambedkar: Leader of the Untouchables, Architect of the Indian
Constitution (London 2001)
B. Joshi, Untouchable! Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement (London 1986).
35

D. Keer, Ambedkar: Life and Mission
Ravinder Kumar, Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona Pact, 1932, South Asia, 8,
1985.
Alan Mariott, Dalit or Harijan? Self-naming by scheduled caste interviewees,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 38.
R. Mukherjee, Penguin Gandhi Reader, pp.207-33.
Anil Nauriya, Gandhis Little Known Critique of Varna, Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 19, 13 May 2006.
Gail Omvedt, Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit
Movement in Colonial India, (New Delhi 1994).
Gail Omvedt, Ambedkar (Penguin India 2004) ??? check on this.
Vijay Prasad, Untouchable Freedom: A Critique of the Bourgeois-Landlord
Indian State, Subaltern Studies X.
R. Srivastan, From Ambedkar to Thakkar and Beyond: Towards a Genealogy of
our Activisms, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 43, No. 39, 27 September
2008.
T.K.N. Unnithan, Gandhis Views on Caste and the Untouchables, 1917-1950, in
M.D. Lewis, Gandhi Maker of Modern India?
V. Rodrigues (ed.), The Essential Writings of B.R. Ambedkar (new Delhi 2002).
E. Zelliot, The Mahars of Maharashtra in R. Kothari (ed.), Caste in Indian Politics
E. Zelliot, The Leadership of Babasaheb Ambedkar, in B.N. Pandey (ed )
Leadership in South Asia (New Delhi 1977).
E. Zelliot, Congress and the Untouchables, 1917-1950, in R. Sisson and S.
Wolpert (eds ) Congress and Indian Nationalism, pp. 182-197. Also published in
S. Bandyopadhyay, Nationalist Movement In India: A Reader (New Delhi 2009).
This can be obtained at:
161
E. Zelliot, From Untouchable to Dalit: Essays on the Ambedkar Movement,
(1992)

Gandhi, Capitalists and the Working Classes
Part 7.
S. Bhattacharya, The Colonial State, Capital and Labour: Bombay 1919-31 in S.
Bhattacharya & R. Thapar (eds.), Situating Indian History
G.D. Birla, In the Shadow of the Mahatma. Birla was a leading capitalist
supporter of Gandhi.
Dipesh Chakrabarty, Rethinking Working-Class History: Bengal 1890-1940
(Princeton 1989).
Rajnarayan Chandavarkar, The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India
(Cambridge 1994)
Rajnarayan Chandavarakar, Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class,
Resistance and the Statein India, c.1850-1950 (Cambridge 1998), in particular
Ch. 8.
36

A.R.Desai (ed.), Labour Movement in India, (Documents), 3 vols.
R.P. Dutt, India Today
Nandini Gooptu, The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth Century India
(Cambridge 2001).
David Hardiman, Histories for the Subordinated, New Delhi 2006, pp. 165-68 for
the Quit India movement of 1942 among industrial workers of Gujarat.
B. Joshi, Understanding Indian Communists: a survey of approaches to the
study of the Communist Movement, in S. Battacharya & R. Thapar (eds.),
Situating Indian History.
C. Joshi, Bonds of Community, ties of religion: Kanpur textile workers in the
20
th
Century, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1985.
Nita Kumar, Artisans of Benares
Nita Kumar, Labour, capital, and the Congress: Delhi Cloth Mills, 1928-38,
Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vo. 26, no. 1, Jan.-March 1989.
R. Kumar, The Bombay Textile Strike, 1919 and Nationalist Politics in the City
of Bombay, in Essays in the Social History of Modern India
G.K. Lieten, The Civil Disobedience Movement and the National Bourgeoisie,
Social Scientist, Vol. 11, No. 5, May 1983.
C. Markovits, Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931-1939: the indigenous
capitalist class and the rise of the Congress Party (Cambridge 1985)
C. Markovits, The Congress Party and Big Business...1920-47, in C. Simmons
and M. Shepperdson, The Indian National Congress and the Political Economy of
India
C. Markovits, Indian Business and the Congress Provincial Governments, 1937-
39, in A.Seal et al, Power, Profit and Politics, a special issue of Modern Asian
Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, July 1981.
Minoo Masani, The Communist Party of India : a short history (London l954)
Mukherjee, Indian Capitalist Class and Congress on National Planning and
Public Sector 1930-47, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 13, No. 35, 2
September 1978.
Mukherjee, The Indian Capitalist Class: aspects of its economic, political and
ideological Development, in S. Bhattacharya & R. Thapar, Situating Indian
History
Mukherjee and S. Bhattacharya, articles in K.N. Panikkar (ed.), National and Left
Movements in India
G.D. Overstreet & M. Windmiller, Communism in India
Aditya Mukherjee, Imperialism, Nationalism and the Making of the Indian
Capitalist Class: 1920-1947 Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2002. Reviewed in
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 38, No. 50, 13 December 2003.
Sumit Sarkar, The Logic of Gandhian Nationalism: Civil Disobedience and the
1, July 1976. Argues that capitalists prevailed on Gandhi to call off civil
disobedience in 1931. SLC
Howard Spodek, On the Origins of Gandhis Political Methodology: The
Heritage of Kathiawad and Gujarat, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2,
February 1971.
37

Gandhi and women
Joseph Alter, Gandhis Body: Sex Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism
(Philadelphia 2000)
Eleanor Morton, Women Behind Mahatma Gandhi
J. Bagchi (ed.), Indian Women: Myth and Reality (Calcutta 1995)
Aparna Basu, The Role of Women in the Indian Struggle for Freedom.
M. Borthwick, The Changing Role of Women in Bengal 1849-1905 (New Jersey
1985).
Antoinette Burton, Dwelling in the Archives (2003). On elite Indian nationalist
women.
Partha Chatterjee, The Nationalist Resolution of the Womens Question, in K.
Sangari and S. Vaid, Recasting Women (New Delhi 1992). This book is available
online access chapter by Chatterjee. For the nineteenth century social reform
movement in India and the womens question, which influenced Gandhis
approach to the issue, and which he arguably transcended.
Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and its Fragments, see the two chapters on
women.
K. Chattopadyay, Indian Womens Battle for Freedom (New Delhi 1983)
M. Chaudhuri, Indian Womens Movement (London 1993).
D. Engels, Beyond Purdah? Women in Bengal 1890-1939 (New Delhi 1996).
G. Forbes, The Politics of Respectability: Indian women and the Indian National
Congress, in D.A. Low (ed.), The Indian National Congress: Centenary Hindsights
(New Delhi 1988).
G. Forbes, Women in Modern India (Cambridge 1996)
Renana Ghadially, Women in Indian Society (New Delhi 1988)
M. Gandhi, Gandhi on women: collection of Mahatma Gandhis writings and
speeches on women, compiled by Pushpa Joshi. (New Delhi 1988)
Arun Gandhi, Kasturba: A Life (1998). A biography of Gandhis wife.
Arun Gandhi and Sunanda, The Untold Story of Kasturba: Wife of Gandhi
(Mumbai 2000)
M.K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, ch. 9
K.D. Gangrade, Gandhi and the Empowerment of Women Miles to Go,
www.mkgandhi.org
R. Ghadially (ed.), Women in Indian Society (New Delhi 1988).
D. Hardiman, Gandhi in His Time and Ours, ch. 5.
Jaya Jaitley, Gandhi and Womens Empowerment, www.mkgandhi.org
Pushpa Joshi (ed.), Gandhi on Women: Collection of Mahatma Gandhis
Writings and Speeches on Women (Ahmedabad 1988).
Sita Kapadia, A Tribute to Mahatma Gandhi: His Views on Women and Social
Changes, www.mkgandhi.org
Manmohan Kaur, Women in Indias Freedom Struggle.
Madhu Kishwar, Gandhi on Women, Economic and Political Weekly, in two
parts, 5 & 12 October 1985. In SLC. Edited version in S. Bandyopadhyay,
Nationalist Movement In India: A Reader (New Delhi 2009)
38

J. Krishnamurty, Women in Colonial India: Essays on Survival, Work and the
State (Delhi 1999)
V. Mehta, Gandhi and His Apostles, p. 179 onwards for Gandhis experiments in
sexual abstinence.
R. Mukherjee, Penguin Gandhi Reader, pp.179-203.
Parita Mukta, Upholding a Common Life: The Community of Mirabai, for
Gandhis use of the example of Mirabai as supreme satyagrahi.
B.R. Nanda (ed.) Indian Women: From Purdah to Modernity (London 1990)
R. OHanlon, Issues of Widowhood: gender and resistance in colonial western
India, in D. Haynes & G. Prakash (eds.), Resistance and Everyday Social
Relations in South Asia, (OUP Delhi 1993)
Sujata Patel, Construction and Reconstruction of Woman in Gandhi, Economic
and Political Weekly, 20 Feb. 1988. In SLC.
B. Pati, From the Parlour to the Streets: A Short Note on Aruna Asaf Ali,
Economic and Political Weekly, 11 July 2009. Aruna Asaf Ali was a follower of
Gandhi who participated in the nationalist movement.
R. Payne, The Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi is good on Gandhis family
life.
B. Parekh, Colonialism, Tradition and reform, Chapter 6.
V. Rajendra Raju, The Role of Women in Indias Freedom Struggle (Delhi 1994)
K. Sangari and S. Vaid, Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History, (New Delhi
1989).
Tanika Sarkar, The Politics of Women in Bengal: The Conditions and Meaning of
Participation, in The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol.21, No. 1,
1984. Also published in S. Bandyopadhyay, Nationalist Movement In India: A
Reader (New Delhi 2009)
Indrani Sen, Women and Empire: Representations in the Writings of British India
1858-1900 (New Delhi 2002). (ordered in 2004 for library)
Stree Shakti Sanghatana, We Were Making History: Women in the Telengana
Uprising, Chapter 2.
J. Stephens and S. Tharu in Subaltern Studies VI
Suruchi Thapar, Women as Activists, Women as Symbols; A Study of the Indian
Nationalist Movement, Feminist Review, No. 44, Summer 1993.
R. Visram, Women in India and Pakistan: The Struggle for Independence from
British Rule (Cambridge 1992). Short book with good pictures.
Kamala Visweswaran, Small Speeches, Subaltern Gender: Nationalist Ideology
and Historiography, Subaltern studies IX.

The emergence of the Hindu right
T. Basu et al, Khaki Shorts and Saffron Flags (New Delhi 1993). On the Hindu
right, which emerged in the 1920s, alienating many Muslims.
Manu Bhagavan, The Hindutva Underground: Hindu Nationalism and the Indian
National Congress in Late Colonial and Early Post-colonial India, Economic and
Political Weekly, Vol. 43, No. 37, 13 September 2008.
Chetan Bhatt, Liberation and Purity: race, new religious movements and the
39

ethics of postmodernity (London 1997)
Chetan Bhatt, Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths
(Oxford 2001).
Pradip Kumar Datta, Carving Blocs: Communal Ideology in Early Twentieth-
Century Bengal (New Delhi 1999).
Richard Gordon , The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National Congress,
1915 to 1926, Modern Asian Studies, Vol.9, no.2, 1975.
T.B. Hansen, The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern
India (Princeton 1999).
David Hardiman, Purifying the Nation: The Arya Samaj in Gujarat 1895-1930,
Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 44, No.1, Jan-March 2007.
Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925
to the 1990s, (London 1996).
Mushiral Hasan, Communal and Revitalist Trends in Congress, Social Scientist,
Vol. 8, No. 7, Feb. 1980.
Kenneth Jones, Communalism in the Punjab: The Arya Samaj Contribution, The
Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1, Nov. 1968
J.T.F. Jordens, Dayananda Sarasvati: His Life and Ideas, (New Delhi 1978).
J.F.T. Jordens, Swami Shraddhananda: His Life and Causes, (New Delhi 1981).
R. Kaur, Performative Politics and the Culture of Hinduism: Public Use of Religion
in Western India (New Delhi 2003).
G. Pandey, Hindus and Others: The Militant Hindu Construction, Economic and
Political Weekly, 26:52, 28 December 1991.
Yoginder Sikand and Manjari Katju, Mass Conversions to Hinduism among
Indian Muslims, in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.29, no.34, 20 August
1994.
K.L. Tuteja, Emergence of Hindu Communalism in Early Twentieth Century
Punjab, Social Scientist, Vol. 20, No. 7-8, July-August 1992.
John Zavos, Searching for Hindu Nationalism in Modern Indian History: Analysis
of Some Early Ideological Developments, in Economic and Political Weekly,
Vol.34, no.32, 7 August 1999.
John Zavos, The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India, (New Delhi 2000).

Muslim separatism and the Muslim League
Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin
(London 1967).
R. Ahmed, The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity (New Delhi
1981).
Prakash Almeida, Jinnah: Man of Destiny (New Delhi 2001).
K.K. Aziz, The Making of Pakistan: A Study in Nationalism (London 1967).
Part 4.
B. Chakrabarty, Communal Identity in India: Its Construction and Articulation in
the Twentieth Century (New Delhi 2003).
40

B. Chakrabarty, The communal award of 1932 and its implications in Bengal,
Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 23, no. 2, 1989.
P. Chatterjee, Bengal Politics and the Muslim Masses, 1920-47, Journal of
Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 1982
Stephen Cohen, The Idea of Pakistan (Washington 2004).
Ian Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c.
1900-1950, Basingstoke 2005.
S. Bose, Agrarian Bengal, chapter 6.
S. Bose, The roots of communal violence in rural Bengal... Modern Asian
Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1982.
Paul Brass, Muslim Separatism in the United Provinces: Social Context and
Political Strategy before Partition, Economic and Political Weekly, volume 5,
numbers 3-5, 1970; see also P. Brass, A Reply to Francis Robinson, in Journal of
Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.15: 3, 1977 (see also F. Robinson
below).
Paul Brass, The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India
(2002)
Suranjan Das, Communal Riots in Bengal 1905-1947 (New Delhi 1993).
L. Dumont, Religion/Politics and History in India (Paris 1970) Argues,
controversially, that Hindus and Muslims could never co-exist in India.
Sandria Freitag, Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the
Emergence of Communalism in North India, (Berkeley 1989).
David Gilmartin, Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan.
David Gilmartin, Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the
Punjab, Modern Asian Studies, Vol.13: 3, 1979.
H.A. Gould, The Emergence of Modern Indian Politics: Politics in Faizabad 1884-
1935, Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.12: 1, March
1974.
William Gould, Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late
Colonial India (Cambridge, 2004)
William Gould, Contesting Secularism in Colonial and Postcolonial North
India Between 1930 and 1950s, Contemporary South Asia, vol. 14(4), 2005,
pp.481-494.
William Gould, Congress Radicals and Hindu Militancy: Sampurnanand and
Purushottam Das Tandon in the Politics of the United Provinces, 1930-1947
Modern Asian Studies vol. 36(3), 2002, pp.619-56.
P. Hardy, The Muslims of British India (Cambridge 1972).
Zoya Hasan, Communalism and Communal Violence in India, Social Scientist,
Vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1982.
S. Koss, John Morley and the Communal Question, Journal of Asian Studies,
May 1967.
J. Nehru, Discovery of India, pp.406 and following.
D. Page, Prelude to Partition: All-India Muslim Politics, 1921-1932 (Delhi 1981).
Focuses on the Punjab.
R. Palme Dutt, India Today, pp. 404 and following for the argument that British
carried out a policy of divide and rule.
41

Deepak Pandey, Congress-Muslim League Relations 1937-9, Modern Asian
Studies, Volume 12: 4, 1978.
G. Pandey, The Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh, chapter 7.
G. Pandey, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India (New Delhi
1990). An important work which argues that Hindu-Muslim communalism is a
modern phenomenon.
G. Pandey, Can a Muslim be an Indian? Comparative Studies in Society and
History, 1: 4, October 1999.
B. Parekh, Gandhis Political Philosophy, chapter 7
F. Robinson, Separatism among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United
Provinces Muslims 1860-1923 (Cambridge 1974).
F. Robinson, Nation Formation: The Brass Thesis and Muslim Separatism, in
Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Volume 15, 1977.
F. Robinson, The British Empire and Muslim Identity in South Asia,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6
th
series, Vol. 8, 1998.
W.C. Smith, Modern Islam in India (1943). Argues that the communal divide
had an underlying economic cause.
Ian Talbot, The Growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937-1946, in The
Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, volume 20, 1982.
S. Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (Oxford 1984).
Rafiq Zakaria, The Man who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnahs Leadership
and its Aftermath (Mumbai 2001).

Congress leadership 1935-45
S.C. Bose, The Indian Struggle1920-1942. A critical study of the Gandhian
movement by a leading opponent of Gandhi.
Sarmila Bose, Love in the Time of War: Subhas Chandra Boses Journey to Nazi
Germany (1941) and towards the Soviet Union (1945), Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 40, No. 3, 15 January 2005.
Judith Brown, Nehru (London 1999).
Judith Brown, Nehru; A Political Life (Yale 2003). Ordered June 2004
Bidyut Chakrabarty, Subhas Chandra Bose and Middle Class Radicalism, 1928-
40, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1990
B. Chandra, Jawaharlal Nehru and the capitalist class, 1936, in B. Chandra,
Colonialismand Nationalism
D. Dhanagare, Peasant Movements in India, Ch. 6, Peasant organisation and
the Left Wing in India.
Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life (1991)
Leonard A. Gordon, Brothers Against the Raj (1990), on S.C. Bose and his
brother.
S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: a biography, vol. 1
J.P. Haithcox, Left Wing Unity and the Indian Nationalist Movement, Modern
Asian Studies, 3, 1969, pp.17-56.
R.J. Moore, The Crisis of Indian Unity, 1917-1940
B.R. Nanda, Jawaharlal Nehru: Rebel and Statesman.
42

J. Nehru, Towards Freedom: The Autobiography (1941). This is a classic, and well
worth reading.
J. Nehru, The Unity of India: Collected Writings 1937-40
J. Nehru, A Bunch of Old Letters, see pp. 317-384
Narhari Parikh, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, 2 Volumes.
Jayabrata Sarkar, Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in
Congress in the 1930s, Modern Asian Studies, 40: 2, May 2006.
B.R. Tomlinson, The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929-1940
H. Toye, The Springing Tiger, on S.C. Bose

The final decade
1939-45 and the Quit India Movement
Part 8.
C. Bayly and T. Harper, Forgotten Armies; The Fall of British Asia 1941-1945
(2005) for the Second World War background.
Bidyut Chakabarty, Political mobilization in the localities: the Quit India
movement in Midnapur, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1992.
P.N. Chopra, Quit India Movement: British Secret Documents
Vinita Damodaran, Azad Dastas and Dacoit Gangs: The Congress and
Underground Activity in Bihar, 1942-44, Modern Asian Studies, 26, 1992.
M. Harcourt, Kisan Populism and Revolution in Rural India: the 1942
Disturbances in Bihar and Eastern United Provinces, in D.A. Low (ed.), Congress
& the Raj.
David Hardiman The Quit India Movement in Gujarat, in David Hardiman,
Histories for the Subordinated, New Delhi 2006.
S.J. Henningham, Quit India in Bihar and the eastern united Provinces: The Dual
Revolt, in R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies II
S. Henningham, Peasant Movements in Colonial India: Bihar, 1917-1942
Francis Hutchins, Indias Revolution: Gandhi and the Quit India Movement
(Harvard 1973).
Indivar Kamtekar, A Different War Dance: State and Class in India 1939-1945,
Past and present, No. 176, August 2002.
Indivar Kamtekar, The Shiver of 1942, Studies in History, 18: 1, 2002.
N. Mansergh (ed.), The Transfer of Power 1942-4: Constitutional relations
between Britain and India, (documents), vols. II & III
R.J. Moore, Churchill, Cripps and India 1939-45 (Oxford 1979).
Gyan Pandey, The Indian Nation in 1942 (Calcutta 1988).
S. Sarkar, Modern India, Chs 7 & 8.

Peasant revolt in Telangana
A.R. Desai (ed.), Peasant Struggles in India, Chapters 25-30.
C.M. Elliott, Decline of a patrimonial regime: the Telangana rebellion in India
43

1946-1951, Journal of Asian Studies, XXXIV, 1 (1974)
S.S. Harrison, India: the most dangerous decades (1960).
Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Chapter. 6
Stree Shakti Sanghatana, We Were Making History: Women in the Telangana
Uprising
S. Sarkar, Modern India, pp.442-6

The Partition of India
Series of BBC radio programmes on Partition available to listen to on:
http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/india-a-people-partitioned.html
Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan (New York 1967).
Alok Bhalla (ed.), Stories about the Partition of India, 3 volumes (Delhi 1994).
Collection of fiction to give a feel for the events of 1947.
Alok Bhalla, Memory, History and Fictional Representations of the Partition, in
Economic and Political Weekly, vol.34, no.44, 30 October 1999. In SLC.
Paul Brass, Victims, Heroes or Martyrs? Partition and the Problem of
Memorialisation in Contemporary Sikh History, Sikh Formations, Vol. 2, 2006.
Bidyut Chakrabarty, The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-47: Contour of
Freedom, London & New York, 2004
J. Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition 1932-1947
(Cambridge 1994)
Nirad Chaudhuri, Thy Hand, Great Anarch: India 1921-1952, (London 1987),
Book IX, chapter 7, pp.837-861 on the riots in Delhi in Sept.-Oct. 1947, by
someone who was there at the time, with very pro-British sentiments.
Ian Copland, The Further Shores of Partition: Ethnic Cleansing in Rajasthan
1947, Past and Present, 160, 1998.
Ian Copland, 'From Communitas to Communalism: Evolving Muslim Loyalties
in Princely Northern India', in G. Beckerlegge, Colonialism, Modernity, and
Religious Identities: Religious Reform Movements in South Asia (New Delhi
2008)
D. Dalton, Gandhi during Partition, in C.H. Philips and D. Wainwright (eds.), The
Partition of India (see also other essays in this volume)
Dennis Dalton, Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action, chapter 5: The
Calcutta Fast on Gandhis brave and astonishing intervention in the partition
violence.
Patrick French, Liberty or Death (London 1998), chapters 19 & 20.
T. Hansen, Partition and genocide: Manifestations of Violence in Punjab 1937-
1947 (New Delhi 2002).
Mushirul Hasan (ed.), Indias Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilisation (New
Delhi 1994).
Mushirul Hasan, India Partitioned, 2 volumes (Delhi).
H.V. Hodson, The Great Divide (London 1969).
Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman (Cambridge 1986), an important study of
Jinnah and partition that places responsibility on the Congress high command.
Ayesha Jalal and Anil Seal, Alternative to Partition: Muslim Politics between the
Wars, Modern Asian studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1981.
44

Ayesha Jalal, Exploding Communalism: The Politics of Muslim Identity in South
Asia, in S. Bose and A. Jalal, Nationalism, Democracy and Development: State
and Politics in India (New Delhi 1997). SLC
Smita Tewari Jassal & Eyal Ben-Ari, Listening for Echoes: Partition in Three
Contexts, EPW, Vol. 41, No. 22, 3 June 2006.
Robin Jeffrey, The Punjab Boundary Force and the Problem of Order, August
1947, Modern Asian Studies, 8, 1974.
S. Kamra, Bearing Witness: Partition, Independence, End of the Raj (2002).
Suvir Kaul (ed.), The Partitions of Memory: Afterlife of the Division of India
(Indiana 2001).
Smita Tewari Jassal & Eyal Ben-Ari, Listening for Echoes: Partition in Three
Contexts, EPW, Vol. 41, No. 22, 3 June 2006
Ravinder Kaur, The Last Journey: Exploring Social Class in the 1947 Partition
Migration, EPW, Vol. 41, No. 22, 3 June 2006.
D. Ludden (ed.), Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of
Democracy in India (Philadelphia 1996).
Saadat Hasan Manto, Kingdoms End and Other Stories (New Delhi 1989),
collection of brilliant short stories, many of which are on partition.
Muhammad Umar Memon (ed.), An Epic Unwritten: The Penguin Book of
Partition Stories (New Delhi 1998).
V.P. Menon, The Transfer of Power in India (Calcutta 1957).
Penderel Moon, Divide and Quit (London 1961), for a personal experience of
partition.
R.J. Moore, Churchill, Cripps and India, 1939-45 (Oxford 1979).
R.J. Moore, Escape from Empire (Oxford 1983).
R.J. Moore, Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand, Modern Asian Studies, 17, 1983.
W.H. Morris Jones, The Transfer of Power, Modern Asian Studies, vol.16: 1,
1982.
L. Mosley, The Last Days of the British Raj, London 1964.
Nandy, Ashis, Final Encounter: The Politics of the Assassination of Gandhi, in
Ashis Nandy, At the Edge of Psychology: Essays in Politics and Culture, (New
Delhi 1993).
Gyan Pandey, In Defence of the Fragments: Writing about Hindu-Muslim Riots
in India Today, Economic and Political Weekly, vol.26: 11 & 12, March 1991.
Gyan Pandey, The Prose of Otherness, in D. Arnold and D. Hardiman (eds.),
Subaltern Studies VIII an important critical review of writing on partition.
Gyan Pandey, Partition and Independence: Delhi 1947-48, in Economic and
Political Weekly, volume 32, number 36, September 1997.
Gyan Pandey, Memory, History and the Question of Violence: Reflections on the
Reconstruction of Partition, (Calcutta 1999).
Gyan Pandey, Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in
India (Cambridge 2001). A major, pathbreaking study.
R. Payne, The Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi, pp.637-41 for Nathuram
Godses justification for his assassination of Gandhi.
C.H. Philips and M.D. Wainright (eds.), The Partition of India (London 1970).
Andrew Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, (London 1994), chapter on
45

Mountbatten criticises the last viceroy for Partition.
Ranabir Samaddar, The Historiographical Operation: Memory and History,
EPW, Vol. 41, No. 22, 3 June 2006.
S. Sarkar, Modern India, chapters 7 & 8.
S. Sarkar, Popular Movements, National Leadership and the Coming of
Freedom with Partition, Economic and Political Weekly, annual number 1982.
O.H.K. Spate, The Partition of the Punjab and Bengal, The Geographical
Journal, 110, 4/6, October-December 1947. Spate saw the partition at first
hand.
Talbot, The 1948 Punjab Elections, Modern Asian Studies, vol.14: 1, 1980.
Talbot, Freedoms Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and
Partition Experience in North-West India, (Karachi 1996).
Talbot and G. Singh, Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of
the Subcontinent (Karachi 2000).
Gita Viswanath and Salma Malik, Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema: A
Comparative Study of India and Pakistan, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.
44, No. 36, 5 September 2009.

Women and partition
J. Bagchi and S. Dasgupta, The Trauma and the Triumph: Gender and Partition in
Eastern India (Calcutta 2005). See review by H. Bannerji in Economic and
Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 34, 21 August 2004.
U. Butalia, Community, State and Gender: On Womens Agency during
Partition, in Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 28, number 17, 24 April
1993.
U. Butalia, The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India (New
Delhi 1998). This book is strongly recommended.
Bapsi Sidwa and Urvashi Butalia Discuss the Partition of India, History
Workshop Journal, 50, Autumn 2000.
Gargi Chakravartty, Coming Out of Partition: Refugee Women of Bengal, New
Delhi 2005.
Sarvar V Sherry Chand, Mantos Open It: Engendering Partition Narratives,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 4, 28 January 2006.
Veena Das, Critical Events, (New Delhi 1995), chapter 3: National Honour and
Practical Kinship: Of Unwanted Women and Children.
Anjali Bhardwaj Datta, Gendering Oral History of Partition: Interrogating
Patriarchy, EPW, Vol. 41, No. 22, 3 June 2006.
Mushirul Hasan (ed), Inventing Boundaries: Gender, Politics and the Partition of
India (New Delhi 2002).
Kumari Jayawardena and Malathi de Alwi (eds.), Embodied Violence:
Communalising Womens Sexuality in South Asia (New Delhi 1996). On Sri
Lanka, but raises theoretical issues on the topic.
Svati Joshi, on abducted women, in Manushi, 48, 1988.
R. Menon and K. Bhasin, Recovery, Rupture, Resistance: Indian State and the
Abduction of Women during Partition, in Economic and Political Weekly,
volume 28, number 17, 24 April 1993.
46

R. Menon and K. Bhasin, Borders and Boundaries: Women in Indias Partition
(New Delhi 1998)
T. Sarkar and U. Butalia, Women and the Hindu Right (New Delhi 1995).
Debali Mookerjea-Leonard, Quarantined: Women and Partition, Comparative
Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2004.

Gandhis legacy in India
Ramachandra Guha, Mahatma Gandhi and the Environmental Movement in
India, in Arne Kalland and Gerard Persoon (eds.), Environmental Movements in
Asia, Curzon, Richmond 1998.
R. Fox, Gandhian Utopia: Experiments with Culture (1995).
Francine Frankel, Indias Political Economy, 1947-1977: The Gradual Revolution
(Princeton 1978)
D. Hardiman, Gandhi in His and Our Time (London 2004).
Ishwar C. Harris, Sarvodaya in Crisis: The Gandhian Movement in India Today,
Asian Survey, Vol.27, No. 9, September 1987, pp. 1036-52.
Frank Moraes, Gandhi Ten Years After, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 36, No.2, January
1958, pp.253-66.
Mushtaq Naqui, India without Gandhi (Delhi 1996).
Geoffrey Ostergaard and Melville Currell, The Gentle Anarchists: A Study of the
Leaders of the Sarvodaya Movement for Non-violent Revolution in India (Oxford
1971)
Geoffrey Ostergaard, Nonviolent Revolution in India (New Delhi 1985).
Geoffrey Ostergaard, Resisting the nation state: the pacifist and anarchist
traditions, (1991)
K.M. Panikkar, Gandhis legacy to India, in M.D. Lewis, Gandhi: Maker of
Modern India?
Parel, Gandhi in Independent India, in J.M. Brown and A. Parel (eds.), The
Cambridge Companion to Gandhi (Cambridge 2011)
J. Patel and M. Sykes, Gandhi: His Gift of the Fight (1987)
A.K. Ray, Human Rights Movement in India: A Historical Perspective, Economic
and Political Weekly, Vol. 38, No. 32, August 2003, pp. 3409-3415.
Burton Stein, A History of India, Chapter 9.
Hugh Tinker, Magnificent Failure? The Gandhian Ideal in India after Sixteen
Years, International Affairs, Vol. 40, No. 2, April 1964.
Thomas Weber, Hugging the Trees: The Story of the Chipko Movement,
Penguin, New Delhi 1988.
Thomas Weber, Gandhi, Deep Ecology, Peace Research, and Buddhist
Economics, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1999.
Thomas Weber, Gandhis Peace Army: The Shanti Sena and Unarmed
Peacekeeping (Syracuse 1996).

Gandhi beyond India
David Cortright, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age of Terrorism
47

(Boulder, 2006)
Anthony Copley, Gandhi and the Contemporary World, London 1997.
R. Fox, Gandhian Utopia: Experiments with Culture (1995).
Richard Gregg, The Power of Nonviolence (London 1935). The first book to
develop a theory of nonviolent resistance based on Gandhis practice.
D. Hardiman, Gandhi in His and Our Time (London 2004)
D. Hardiman, Gandhis Global Legacy, in J.M. Brown and A. Parel (eds.), The
Cambridge Companion to Gandhi (Cambridge 2011)
Sudarshan Kapur, Raising up a Prophet: The African-American Encounter with
Gandhi (Boston 1992)
Claude Markovits, The Un-Gandhian Gandhi: The Life and Afterlife of the
Mahatma, (2004).
S. Scalmer, Gandhi in the West: The Mahatma and the Rise of Radical Protest
(Cambridge 2011)
M. Randle, Civil Resistance (1994), Ch. 3. Satyagraha to People Power
Krishnalal Shridharani, War without Violence: A Study of Gandhis Method and
its Accomplishment (London 1939)
Thomas Weber, Gandhi, Gandhism and the Gandhians (New Delhi 2006)
G. Woodcock, Gandhi, Ch. 9.

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