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The SymboL
either as a whole or for individual sciences: Mathematics, Astronomy,
Chemistry, &c.; of Commerce, of Technical Science, and finally of
Handicrafts and Trades.
Singing, for example, is symbolised by a lyre with or without
sheets of music: Music by violins, flutes, horns, Pan's pipes, &c.;
Dancing by the tambourine and castagnettes; Acting by masks; Paint-
ing by brush and palette; Sculpture by the hammer, chisel, and
works of sculpture, busts, torsi; Architecture by square, straight-edge
and compasses, usually in combination with capitals. The Railroad
and Steam are symbolised by a winged wheel, the Telegraph by coils of
wire, which radiate lightning. Trade is represented by casks and bales
of goods on which the caduceus (a staff round which winged serpents
are twining
the attribute of Mercury) is resting; Agriculture has
the plough, the sickle, the scythe, &c., Vine culture the vine press.
The different Trades have chosen their Symbols partly from their
tools, partly from their finished products. The Guilds and Companies
of past centuries introduced a certain system into these outward and
visible signs; a large number of guild pictures, some of them very
beautiful and ingenious, are preserved in the industrial art museums
of modern times.
A far more detailed and extensive treatment of Symbols than can
be given in the present work will be found in Gerlach's Allegorien
und Emblenie, to which we are indebted for a number of illustrations.
Plate 73. The Symbol.
1. Angle ornament, hall of the Ministry ot State, Louvre, Paris,
(Baldus).
2. Louvre, Paris, (Baldus).
3. Symbol of the violin makers' guild, Klingenthal,
1716,
(Gerlach,
Allegorien imd Embleme).
4^5. Pilaster panels, by the sculptor Fomilini of Florence, Modern.
6
9. Medallions, by the sculptor Lehr of Berlin, Modem.
Plate 74. The Symbol.
1. Carved wood Door-head, French, 18th century, (L'art pour tous).
2
3. Symbols of sculpture and painting, by the sculptor Hauptmann,
Dresden, Modern.
4. Part of Exhibition-programme, Miinchen, 1876, by R. Seitz.
5. Address-card of an ink factory, by Prof. Hammer of Carlsruhe,
6. Title to an edition of Goethe's works, by Dir. Gotz of Carlsruhe.
Plate 75. The Symbol.
1. Part of Panel, court of Ducal palace, Venice, Italian Renascence,
(Schiitz).