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Demystifying Nonparticipation in Microfinance:
Case for Bangladesh

'o())d *. *s(r+
*ssistnt Pro+essor nd ,ed% Deprt)ent o+ -.ono)i.s% /nited Interntionl /niversity
0010* D(n)ndi% D(2 &203
-)il4 )s(r+5e.o.uiu...6d

Abstract
7(e purpose o+ t(is study ws to evlute t(e +.tors ++e.ting nonprti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is in
9ngldes(. 7o t(is i)% t(e study investigted t(e )esure)ent nd predi.tive stru.ture o+ de.o)posed
)ultiple .o)ponents o+ ttitudes (+er nd pre+eren.e!% su6:e.tive nor)s re+eren.e (religious leders% spouse nd
+riends! nd per.eived 6e(viorl .ontrol (P9C! (resour.es% 2nowledge nd illness! in t(e do)in o+
)i.ro+inn.e nd its nonprti.iption. 7(e study postulted eig(t +.tors +ro) t(e )i.ro+inn.e literture w(i.(
re )odeled toget(er in e;)ining nonprti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is in 9ngldes(. Dt were .olle.ted
6sed on strti+ied rndo) s)pling pro.edure t(roug( +.e to +.e interview +ro) t(e respondents o+ 200
nonprti.ipting rurl poor +ro) si; ):or res o+ 9ngldes(. 7(e Stru.turl -<ution 'odeling (S-'! long
wit( *'#S ws e)ployed in nly=ing dt. *)ong t(e eig(t vri6les only +our vri6les su.( s +er o+
getting into ris2 o+ lon% individul pre+eren.e o+ t2ing lon% insu++i.ient resour.es nd ill-(elt( or vulner6ility
to .rises were ppered sttisti.lly signi+i.nt +or in+luen.ing t(e poor villgers> intention to prti.iption in
'8Is in rurl ren. 9esides% intention nd ll t(e t(ree .onstru.ts o+ P9C were +ound sttisti.lly signi+i.nt to
dire.tly in+luen.e t(e prti.iption 6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor in 9ngldes(.
Keywords: 'i.ro+inn.e% '8Is% 9rriers o+ prti.iption% ?url poor% 9ngldes(

Introduction
*+ter t(e +ilure o+ severl progr)s (su.( s integrted rurl develop)ent progr) nd tri.2le-down
develop)ent progr)! +or e.ono)i. develop)ent in developing .ountries% )i.ro.redit s.(e)e pioneered 6y
Pro+essor 'u())d @unus ws in.epted in 9ngldes( nd su6se<uently .onsidered s pn.e 6y t(e
ntionl nd interntionl .o))unities +or lleviting rurl poverty t(roug( rising in.o)e nd en(n.ing
e.ono)i. growt( (@unus% 20&&!. 8ollowing t(is )otive% )i.ro.redit s.(e)e ws +or)lly institutionli=ed s
Ar)een 9n2 in 9ngldes( in &30B. Sin.e t(en plet(or o+ rti.les were sprin2led in reser.( :ournls nd
6oo2s in ntionl nd interntionl ren designed on t(is poverty-+o.used develop)ent progr) in order to
investigte t(e role o+ )i.ro.redit in lleviting poverty. Severl ssess)ents o+ individul )i.ro.redit progr)s
+ind t(e) (ig(ly su..ess+ul (i.e. C)i.ro-su..essD! in .ontrst to very )odest i)p.t o+ t(ese interventions t n
ggregte level (i.e. C).ro-+ilureD! (?==<ue% 20&0!. 7(oug( t(e relted e)piri.l +indings re )i;ed (Isl)%
2007!% t(e weig(t o+ eviden.e +vors positive sso.ition 6etween poverty redu.tion nd )i.ro+inn.e
prti.iption (E(nd2er 200BF G(ir% '()ud nd Sen% 200&F ,ossin &330F Pitt nd E(nd2er &330F 9IDS
&330!. In t(is ..ount% t(e <uestion )y rise4 i+ )i.ro+inn.e progr)s re so su..ess+ul% w(y is t(e rte o+
poverty redu.tion so lowH
7(ere (ve 6een nu)erous tte)pts w(ere )i.ro+inn.e 6orrowers re +ound to (ve lower poverty in.iden.e.
7(is +inding )y (inge on potentil 6is nd +lws% 6e.use w(ere )i.ro+inn.e prti.ipnts re +ound to sele.t
t(e progr)s 6y t(e)selves% t(ere .ould (ve 6een severl ot(er +.tors t(t in+luen.e nonprti.iption de.isions
o+ t(e rurl poor. Sin.e t(ese +.tors re uno6serv6le% t(e i)prove)ent in e.ono)i. well-6eing o+ t(e
prti.ipnt-6orrowers )y wrongly 6e ttri6uted to progr) prti.iption (?==<ue% 20&0!. 7(us% 6ot(
)i.ro+inn.e nd progr) prti.iption re serious issue nd +ilure to ddress t(e pro6le) w(i.( .ould yield
to )isleding eviden.e (Pitt nd E(nd2er% &330!. ,en.e% )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption 6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor
is truly n i)portnt issue t(t re<uires identi+ying t(e +.tors t(t ++e.t t(e nonprti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor in
'8Is.
Theoretical ramewor!
7(e t(eory o+ plnned 6e(vior (7P9F *:=en% &33&! is populr t(eoreti.l )odel w(i.( (s 6een +re<uently
pplied to understnd di++erent ptterns o+ 6e(vior in.luding prti.iption in di++erent progr)s. *..ording to
7P9% t(e pro;i)te nte.edent o+ volitionl 6e(vior is n individul>s intention to engge in t(t 6e(vior
(*:=en% &33&!. *ttitude nd su6:e.tive nor)s in+luen.e .tul 6e(vior t(roug( t(e )editing role o+ intention.
I(ile ttitudes e)p(si=e t(e overll personl su6:e.tive evlutions o+ per+or)ing t(e 6e(vior 6y n
individul% su6:e.tive nor)s signi+y t(e so.il pressures on n individul to per+or) or not to per+or) spe.i+i.
6e(vior. Nevert(eless% t(e 7P9 ..entutes to predi.t 6e(viors t(t re not +ully volitionl 6ut re
in.orporting per.eptions o+ .ontrol over engge)ent in t(e 6e(vior s n dditionl in+luen.e o+ intention
towrds .tul 6e(vior (*:=en% &33&!. Per.eived 6e(viorl .ontrol (P9C! is t(e understnding o+ t(e ese or
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di++i.ulty to per+or) t(e 6e(vior in <uestion nd is ideli=ed to ttin t(e per.eived 6e(viorl 6elie+ 6out
resour.es% 2nowledge or s2ill nd illness or vulner6ility to .rises o+ n individul (*:=en% &33&!.
igure ": The conceptual model of the Theory of #lanned Beha$ior %T#B&

Sour.e4 *:=en% I. (&33&!. 7(e 7(eory o+ Plnned 9e(vior. Organizational Behavior and HumanDecision
Processes, "0% pp. &73 J 2&&.
#+ .ourse% t(e predi.tive 6ility o+ t(e 7P9 (s 6een well-est6lis(ed 6y e)piri.l +indings o+ wide rnge o+
6e(viors (Aeorge% 2004F 9iddle nd Nigg% 2000F Courney nd 9o6i.2 2000F *r)itge nd C(ristin 200BF
?ivis nd S(eern 200B!% in.luding )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption (*s(r+% 20&B!. In t(e .se o+ )i.ro+inn.e
prti.iption 6e(vior% intention% ttitude% su6:e.tive nor) nd P9C (ve 6een +ound to e;plin 64K% 6&K% 76K
nd 04K o+ t(e vrin.e (*s(r+% 20&B!.
7(e present study +ollowed t(e reser.( +r)ewor2 o+ ?(odes% 9ln.(rd nd 't(eson (2006! w(i.( used t(e
'ulti.o)ponent )odel o+ t(e 7P9 in e;er.ise do)in. 7(oug( *:=en (&33&! (s suggested ite)s to )esure
7P9 .onstru.ts% (e ppers to 6e +le;i6le to e)ploy n lterntive 7P9 )esures s long s t(ese )esures (old
t(e .on.eived )esure)ent properties o+ t(e originl t(eory. *s generl t(eory% ny .(nge in t(e )esures o+
7P9 .onstru.ts su.( s re.onsidertion% ddition nd potentil re-i)gintion (?(odes et l.% 2006! is le+t up to
t(e reser.(ers (Aeorge% 2004!.
Attitude
8or 7P9% ttitude towrds t(e 6e(vior in <uestion is .onsidered to in+luen.e intention nd it is t(e lest
.ontroversil .onstru.t in t(e 7P9 (*r)itge nd Conner% 200&!. 7(e 7P9 )inly .on.erns wit(
.o)pre(ensive ttitude .onstru.t w(i.( opertionlly .(r.teri=es two distin.t ++e.tive (e.g. +er! nd
instru)entl (e.g. individul pre+eren.e s 6ene+i.il or (r)+ul! ttitudinl .onstru.ts (?(odes et l.% 2006!.
-)piri.lly% t(ere re supports +or t(ese two distin.t independent .onstru.ts to represent t(e 6e(viorl
ssess)ent w(i.( is o6served .onsistent in 7P9 reser.( nd ttitude reser.( )ore generlly (*:=en nd Driver%
&33&!. ?(odes nd Courney (200B! investigted wit( single ttitude .onstru.t in .o)pre to independent
++e.tive nd instru)entl ttitude .onstru.ts in order to .(e.2 w(et(er t(ere is ny loss in t(e level o+ predi.tive
vrin.e. ,owever% t(e +indings o+ t(is study were in.on.lusive. In ny .se% it is i)pertive to (ve 6etter
predi.tive )odel .onsisting opertionl ttitudinl .onstru.ts t(t (elps to understnd its in+luen.e on .tul
6e(vior. In t(is study% +er o+ getting into t(e ris2 o+ lons nd individul pre+eren.e +or (ving lons +ro) t(e
'8Is re t2en into .onsidertion to see w(et(er t(ey (ve ny rel in+luen.e on prti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor
in '8Is in 9ngldes(.
'ub(ecti$e Norm
Su6:e.tive nor) is )ore .ontroversil )esure in t(e 7P9 literture (?(odes et l.% 2006!. 7rditionlly% t(e
7P9 )odel in.ludes in:un.tive nor) .o)ponent w(i.( endevors to see w(et(er so)e one i)portnt w(o wnts
t(e individuls to per+or) or not per+or) prti.ulr 6e(vior. 7(is type o+ )odels (s not predi.ted t(e
6e(vior in <uestion well (Aeorge% 2004F ,gger% C(t=isrntis nd 9iddle% 2002!. Cinse<uently% )ny
reser.(ers .onsider su6:e.tive nor) s not n i)portnt .onstru.t% 6e.use it +ils to )esure su6:e.tive nor)
de<utely (Donld nd Cooper% 200&!. So)e erlier studies in.lude des.riptive nor) w(i.( des.ri6es one>s
so.il networ2 indu.es so)e one to per+or) prti.ulr 6e(vior in <uestion nd t(is type o+ studies (s +ound
to i)prove t(e predi.tion per+or)n.e (#2un% Erloy nd Lut=% 2002!. ?e.ent studies suggest t(t des.riptive nd
in:un.tive nor)s )y 6e .onsidered s .o)ponents o+ +or)tive (i.e. ggregte! su6:e.tive nor) )esure
(?(odes nd Courney% 200B!. 7(us% present study in.orported t(e ggregte .o)ponents o+ 6ot( in:un.tive
(e.g. religious leders> instru.tions nd spousl disli2e s +e)le (ed o+ (ouse(old! nd des.riptive (e.g.
+riends> dvi.e! in t(e su6:e.tive nor) )esures.
#ercei$ed Beha$ioral Control
7(e 7(eory o+ resoned .tion (7?*! (*:=en nd 8is(6ein% &300!% w(i.( ws e;tended in t(e +or) o+ 7P9 6y
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*:=en (&33&! in.orporting n dditionl .onstru.t o+ P9C to 7?* in ddition to its two originl .onstru.ts o+
ttitude nd su6:e.tive nor)s to in+luen.e intention towrds t(e trgeted 6e(vior due to 7?*>s in6ility to del
wit( 6e(vior over w(i.( individul>s (ve in.o)plete volitionl .ontrol (Aeorge% 2004!. 7(is ddition o+ P9C
.onstru.t to 7P9 ppered to 6e t(e )ost .ontroversil issue in t(e 7P9 literture (Dwson% Ayur.si2% Culos-
?eed% nd 9rwley% 200&!. -rly wor2 wit( 7P9 +ound potentil pro6le)s wit( P9C ite)s w(i.( e;(i6it low
level o+ internl .onsisten.y (*:=en% &33&F Conner nd *r)itge% &330!. ?e.ent studies identi+ied two distin.t
ite)-.lusters using +.tor nlyses w(i.( were l6eled s sel+-e++i..y (e.g. ese or di++i.ulty% .on+iden.e! nd
.ontroll6ility (e.g. personl .ontrol over 6e(vior! (7r+i)ow% S(eern% Conner nd 8inly% 2002!.
,owever% t(e results o+ t(e )ore re.ent studies regrding t(ese two .onstru.ts o+ P9C were not very stis+.tory%
6e.use t(e power o+ t(ese two ite) .lusters s distin.t )esures in predi.ting 6e(vior ws +ound to 6e low.
?(odes nd Courney (2004! reported t(t in .o)pre to sel+-e++i..y ite)s w(i.( ppered to 6e .o)ple;% t(e
.ontroll6ility ite)s were o6served to (ve 6etter per+or)n.e in ter)s o+ .orreltions 6etween intention nd
P9C .onstru.ts. In t(is ..ount% ?(odes nd Courney (2004! rgued ginst t(e use o+ sel+-e++i..y-ite)s in
7P9 nd re.o))ended t(t *:=en>s intended P9C su6.o)ponent o+ per.eived s2ills or 6ility% resour.es nd
opportunity (elp +or) 6etter .o)ponent )odel o+ P9C (?(odes et l.% 2006!. In t(e present study% s2ill s
2nowledge% resour.e s inde<u.y o+ resour.es nd ti)e% nd opportunity s illness or vulner6ility to .rises re
regrded s t(e integrted .o)ponents o+ P9C. *s t(ere is no previous reser.( w(i.( (s ddressed t(is
spe.i+i. topi. wit(in t(e P9C do)in% t(e present study will tte)pt to s(ed lig(t on t(is o+ )i.ro+inn.e
prti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor in 9ngldes(.
7(e pri)e o6:e.tive o+ t(is study ws to e;)ine )ultiple .o)ponents o+ ttitude (++e.tive4 +er nd
instru)entl4 individul pre+eren.e!% su6:e.tive nor) (in:un.tive4 religious nd spousl restri.tions nd
des.riptive4 +riend>s or peer>s dvi.e! nd n lterntive )esure o+ P9C (s2ills4 2nowledge% opportunity4 illness
or vulner6ility to .rises nd resour.esF inde<u.y o+ resour.es nd ti)e! +or t(e predi.tion o+ intention nd
)i.ro+inn.e prti.iption 6e(vior 6y t(e rurl poor. *..ording to 7P9 )odel% it is postulted t(t intention
would )edite t(e 7P9 .o)ponents o+ ttitude su6:e.tive nor)s nd P9C to predi.t t(e prti.ipting 6e(vior
o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is in 9ngldes(.
Method
#articipants and #rocedure
7(e s)ple o+ t(is study is 200 w(i.( were drwn t(roug( snow6lling )et(ods using .losed-end <uestionnire
+ro) t(e nonprti.ipting rurl villgers in si; di++erent distri.ts o+ 9ngldes(. 7(e distri.ts re 'oulvi6=r%
St2(ir% S(ritpur% Eis(oregn:% Nilp()ry nd 9ogr (see 8igure 2!. Nonprti.ipting rurl poor (lso
re+erred to s non-)e)6ers o+ t(e '8Is! re t(ose individuls w(o .(oose not to 6e involved in 6orrowing
)i.ro.redit +ro) t(eir lo.l e;isting '8Is. 7(e distri.ts re sele.ted 6sed on t(e .o)prtively longer durtion
o+ t(e opertions o+ t(e '8Is nd t(e (ig(er .on.entrtion o+ poverty in.iden.e in 9ngldes( de.lred 6y t(e
.on.erned govern)ent deprt)ents (Ao9% 20&0!. 7(e s)ple sttisti. is provided in t(e 76le I.
igure ): Map of Bangladesh showing the 'tudy Areas in shaded spots


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Table I 'ample 'tatistics
*alid #ercent
+ender
'le &B.0
8e)le 06.2
Age
&"-2" &&.2
26-40 "6.4
4&-"" 2B.&
"6-60 nd 6ove 3.B
Marital 'tatus
Single 3.B
'rried 03.B
Divor.ed &.7
,ducation
Pri)ry 64
Se.ondry 26.7
,ig(er Se.ondry "."
9.(elor B.0
-early .ousehold Income (in 72!
0-20000 &&
2000&-40000 &&.6
4000&-70000 2B.6
7000&-&00000 27.6
'ore t(n &00000 26.2
Total /and including .ome %in De.i)l&
0 2"
&-BB B6.3
B4-66 20
67-&00 3.B
'ore t(n &00 0.0
0ther Assets (in 72!
0-20000 60.2
2000&-40000 4."
4000&-70000 7.6
7000&-&00000 6.7
'ore t(n &00000 2&
Instrument
Prti.iption is de+ined% in stri.ter sense% n involve)ent 6y w(i.( individuls re .tive )e)6ers or si)ply
6orrowers 6orrowing +unds +ro) t(e '8Is. I+ one or )ore )e)6ers o+ (ouse(old prti.ipte in one or )ore
'8Is% t(e prti.ulr )e)6er is identi+ied s prti.ipnt. Nonprti.ipnts re de+ined s individul rurl poor w(o
never prti.ipted in '8Is or drop-outs w(o never .o)e 6.2 to re:oin in 6orrowing +ro) '8Is (Go(ir% 200&!.
Interviewers used t(is de+inition o+ nonprti.ipnts +ro) w(o were s2ed to nswer ll 7P9 <uestions.
Attitude towrds )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption ws )esured using "-point 6ipolr ite)s s suggested 6y *:=en nd
8is(6ein (&300!. 7(ree ite)s were used to tp t(e affective (e.g. +er o+ getting into ris2 o+ lons! spe.t nd two
ite)s were used to tp t(e instrumental (e.g. individul pre+eren.e +or t2ing lons! spe.t s suggested 6y *:=en
(2002!. 7(ree ite)s o+ +er is4 (&! MI 6elieve t(t I will in +inn.il trou6les t2ing lon +ro) '8IsF> (2! MI 6elieve
t(t I will 6e losing )y ot(er 6elongings i+ I 6e.o)e de+ultF> nd (B! MI 6elieve t(t I will not get out o+ t(e
lons on.e I t2e it +ro) '8Is.> 7wo ite)s o+ individul pre+eren.e in.lude4 (&! MI 6elieve t(t I s(ould not t2e
lons +ro) '8IsF> (2! MI 6elieve t(t I s(ould t2e lons +ro) '8Is.>
Subjective norm ws )esured 6y ite)s si)ilr to t(ose suggested 6y *:=en (2002!. 7(ere re two injunctive
.o)ponents su.( s religious leders> instru.tion nd spousl disli2e s +e)le (ed o+ (ouse(old s well s one
descriptive .o)ponent su.( s +riends> dvi.e. 7(ere were +our ite)s to )esure t(e religious leders>
instru.tion su.( s4 (&! M'y religious leders 6elieve t(t I s(ould not t2e lons +ro) '8Is% 6e.use it is 6sed
on interest w(i.( is +or6idden in religionF> (2! M'y religious leders 6elieve t(t '8Is re spreding nti-Isl)i.
syste) in so.ietyF> (B! M'y religious leders 6elieve t(t I would 6e in ris2 o+ t2ing lons +ro) '8IsF> nd (4!
M'y religious leders 6elieve t(t I )y +.e so.il isoltion in prti.ipting in '8Is>. 7(ere re two ite)s to
)esure t(e spousl disli2e s +e)le (ed o+ (ouse(olds w(i.( re4 (&! M'y spouse 6elieves t(t +e)le s(ould
re)in in t(e (ouse to .o)ply wit( purdahF> nd (2! M'y spouse 6elieves t(t +e)le s(ould not 6e involved in
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6usiness outside (o)e.> *nd t(ere (ve 6een t(ree ite)s to )esure t(e +riends> dvi.e on t2ing t(e lons t(ose
re4 (&! M'y +riends 6elieve t(t I s(ould t2e lons +ro) .o))er.il 6n2sF> (2! M'y +riends 6elieve t(t I
s(ould t2e lons +ro) reltives or +riendsF> nd (B! M'y +riends 6elieve t(t I would 6e in ris2 o+ t2ing lons
+ro) '8Is.>
Perceived behavioral control ws )esured 6y t(ree .o)ponents su.( s perceived resources re+erred s
insu++i.ient resour.eF perceived opportunity re+erred s ill-(elt( or vulner6ility to .risesF nd perceived sills
re+erred s l.2 o+ 2nowledge. 8or insu++i.ient resour.es% +our ite)s were usedF +or l.2 o+ 6usiness 2nowledge%
+our ite)s were usedF nd +or ill-(elt( two ite)s were used s re.o))ended 6y *:=en (&33&% 2002!. 8our ite)s
o+ insu++i.ient resour.e re4 (&! MI 6elieve t(t I (ve 6ility to py registrtion +ee +or t2ing lons +ro) '8IsF>
(2! MI 6elieve t(t I (ve ti)e to ttend t(e wee2ly )eetingsF> (B! I 2now t(t I (ve .s( )oney +or svingsF nd
(4! MI 6elieve t(t I (ve energy nd )otivtion +or )i.ro+inn.e .tivities.> 8our ite)s re t(ere +or l.2 o+
6usiness 2nowledge4 (&! MI 6elieve t(t I (ve su++i.ient 6usiness 2nowledge to invest lon )oney in su..ess+ul
enterprisesF> (2! MI 6elieve t(t I (ve su++i.ient +inn.il 2nowledge to )o6ili=e lon )oneyF> (B! MI 6elieve t(t
I (ve su++i.ient )r2eting 2nowledge to sell t(e produ.tsF> nd (4! I 6elieve t(t I (ve ot(er s2ills o+ doing
6usiness.> Ill-(elt( or vulner6ility to .rises 6elongs to t(e ite)s t(t re4 (&! I +eel t(t )y p(ysi.l (elt(
.ondition is sound to utili=e lonsF> nd (2! I +eel t(t )y )entl (elt( is sound to operte lons.>
!ntention to"ards microfinance participation ws )esured 6y t(ree ite)s su.( s4 (&! MI ) eger to prti.ipte
in '8IsF> (2! I intend to prti.ipte in '8Is in t(e +utureF nd (B! I intend to prti.ipte in Isl)i. '8Is.>
Participation behavior in )i.ro+inn.e progr)s ws )esured 6y t(ree ite)s s well t(ose re4 MI wis( to
.(nge )y de.isions to prti.ipte in '8IsF> (2! I .n prti.ipte .tively in '8IsF> nd (B! MI )y prti.ipte in
Isl)i. '8Is.> Not6ly ll ite)s o+ t(e 7P9 .onstru.ts were utili=ed wit( "-point s.les t(t rnged +ro) &
(strongly disagree! to " (strongly agree!. #nly +our <uestions were s2et.(ed wit( di.(oto)ous style o+ yes#no
+or identi+ying t(e .tive prti.ipnts nd nonprti.ipnts in )i.ro+inn.e progr)s.
1esults
7(e study used t(e stru.turl e<ution )odeling (S-'! to investigte t(e reser.( <uestions. *s t(e stru.turl
e<ution )odeling provides 6ot( n ssess)ent o+ sttisti.l signi+i.n.e tests +or t(e si=e o+ e.( t(eoreti.l
reltion in t(e )odel nd overll )odel +it. 'odels were esti)ted wit( );i)u) li2eli(ood pro.edures nd
ssessed using *'#S (*s(r+% 20&B!. 7(e study lso used .tor nlyses% .orreltion rtios nd Cron6.(>s
lp( +or .(e.2ing reli6ility +or t(e internl .onsisten.y. 7(e ite)s reported in t(e instru)ent se.tion were
redu.ed in .on+ir)tory +.tor nlysis w(i.( ppered to i)prove t(e Cron6.(>s lp( level su6stntilly.
7(ere were seven ite)s in de)ogrp(i. <uestions in.luded in t(e <uestionnire. 7(e des.riptive sttisti.s o+ t(e
s)ple were provided in 76le II.
Table II Descripti$e 'tatistics for Constructs
Construct n Min Ma2 Mean 'D
Prti.iption 200 &.00 ".00 B.000B &.000B6
Intention 200 &.00 ".00 B.&226 &.042&4
8er 200 &.00 ".00 B.00"7 .37&02
Pre+eren.e 200 &.00 ".00 2."7"0 .63670
?eligion 200 &.2" ".00 B.3"27 .32B24
8e)le ,ed 200 &.BB ".00 4.&03B .3"0B2
8riend 200 0.7" B.7" 2.B7"3 ."&020
?esour.e 200 &.00 ".00 B.27"3 .720&3
Enowledge 200 &.00 ".00 B.43B7 &.2B""6
Ill-(elt( 200 &.00 ".00 4.007& .33"40
7(e results o+ .orreltion nlyses were reported long wit( Cron6.(>s lp( vlues in t(e 76le III. 7(e
Cron6.(>s lp( vlues re enlisted in t(e t6le long t(e digonl in itli.. *ll (ve 6een .o))only used in
t(e study o+ prti.iptory 6e(vior in generl (Li% 2003F P(illips% 2003!. 7(e .orreltion .oe++i.ients re
esti)ted 6sed on Sper)n>s .orreltion in 6inry +s(ion.
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Table III: Correlations for T#B model and 1eliabilities %on Digonl in itli.!

" ) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ":

Prti.iption(&!

$%&

Intention (2! .76NN $%%
8er (B! -.&7NN .22NN $%'
Pre+eren.e (4! -.B4NN -.B4NN .&0 $(&
?eligion ("! -.03 -.&6NN ."0NN .02 $)*
8e)le (6! -.07 .00 .&3NN -.00 .27 $%&
8riend (7! -.02 -.02 -.04 .07 -.04 -.04 $%)
?esour.e (0! .BBNN .B"NN -.2"NN -.20NN -.&4N -.&4N -.0& $('
Enowledge (3! .26NN .2"NN .&& -.&"NN .&7NN -.&7NN .00 .B2NN $+&
Ill-,elt( (&0! .27NN .2BNN -.&"N -.2"NN -.07 -.07 -.02 .40NN .B0NN $),
Note: N indi.tes signi+i.n.e t p-$.* nd NN indi.te signi+i.n.e t p-$.'
Ne;t% t(e reser.( )odel ws run 6y *'#S to (ve t(e pt( )esures. 7(e results o+ t(e pt( )esure)ents
(ve 6een s(own in 8igure B. 7(e sttisti.l signi+i.n.e o+ t(e pt(s in t(e )odel ws lso tested using t/vlues%
wit( s)ple si=e o+ &% +or 200 s)ples o+ t(e rurl nonprti.ipnts in '8Is in 9ngldes(. -sti)tion results o+
evluted )odel were provided in t(e 76le I$ in w(i.( t(e vri6les in+luen.ed t(e intention vri6le.
*s in originl 7P9 +r)ewor2% *:=en (&33&! +or)ulted t(e reltions(ip 6etween P9C nd .tul 6e(vior in
<uestion in two wys. #ne is to (ve n in+luen.e on t(e trgeted 6e(vior t(roug( t(e )edition o+ intention o+
individuls nd t(e ot(er is to e;ert t(e in+luen.e on t(t o+ t(e 6e(vior dire.tly. 7(e evluted result o+ t(e
esti)tion o+ t(is reltions(ip is provided in t(e 76le $ in w(i.( betas% t-sttisti.s nd signi+i.n.e levels +or
t(e independent vri6les re provided. 9enet( t(e t6le% t(e vlues o+ ?
2
nd 8-sttisti.s re lso provided
long wit( t(eir degrees o+ +reedo) nd sttisti.l signi+i.n.e levels.
igure 3: A Multicomponent T#B Model predicting #articipation in MIs


Table I* ,stimations of ,$aluated Model influencing Intention
*ariables Betas t;statistic 'ignificance

8er o+ getting into ris2 -.&&6 -&.726 .006N
Individul Pre+eren.e -.274 -4.3B3 .000NNN
?eligious ?estri.tions -.002 -&%2&" .22"
Spousl disli2e s +e)le (ed -.0B& -."44 ."07
8riends> dvi.e -.00" -.03& .327
Insu++i.ien.y o+ resour.es .2&0 B.B22 .00&NN
Enowledge o+ 9usiness .&00 2.323 .004NN
Ill-(elt( -.0B2 -.430 .6&3
?
2
O 2"K% 8 O &&.232NNN (df 0% 27&! NNNp P.00&% NNp P .0&% Np P .&0
.55
part
.19
intent
fear
pref
relig
female
friend
res
know
ill
.22
-.01
-.03
-.09
2
.72
.04
1
.19 .04
-.03 .08
-.29
-.12
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Table * ,stimations of #BC in ,$aluated Model influencing #articipation
*ariables Betas t;statistic 'ignificance

Insu++i.ien.y o+ resour.es .2B7 B.670 .000NNN
Enowledge o+ 9usiness .&4" 2.B70 .000NNN
Ill-(elt( .&06 &.064 .&00N
?
2
O &"K% 8 O &".776NNN (df B% 276! NNNp P.00&% NNp P .0&% Np P .&0

Discussion
In t(is study% we investigted )ultiple .o)ponents o+ ttitude (++e.tive4 +er nd instru)entl4 pre+eren.e!%
su6:e.tive nor) (in:un.tive4 religion nd spouse nd des.riptive4 +riend!% nd n lterntive )esure o+ P9C
(s2ills16ility4 2nowledge opportunity4 ill-(elt(% nd resour.es4 resour.e! +or t(e predi.tion o+ intention nd
prti.iption 6e(vior in )i.ro+inn.e progr)s in 9ngldes(. In t(is study% t(e )in +o.us is to identi+y t(e
vri6les t(t (inder t(e prti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is.
7(e results o+ t(e study reveled t(t ++e.tive (i.e. +er! nd instru)entl (pre+eren.e! ttitude re distin.t
.onstru.ts 6ot( in t(eir )esure)ent do)in nd in t(eir predi.tive in+luen.e on )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption
6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor in 9ngldes(. 7(ere+ore% t(e ggregtion o+ t(ese .o)ponents into eit(er n ++e.tive
or instru)entl s.le (s 6een wort(y strtegy nd re.o))ended +or +urt(er studies. Si)ilr +indings re lso
vil6le in ot(er studies su.( s ?(odes% Courney nd Qones (200B!% ?(odes nd Courney (200B! nd Crites
et l.% (&334!. 7(is +inding supports )ost previous reser.( w(i.( s(owed 6etter per+or)n.e o+ t(e .o)ponent
)odel o+ 7P9 in t(e e++e.ts o+ ++e.tive nd instru)entl ttitude on .tul 6e(vior in <uestion (-ves% ,oppe%
nd '.Lren% 200BF Lowe% -ves nd Crrol% 2002F ?(odes et l.% 2004!.
In ter)s o+ predi.tive vlidity wit(in .o)posite 7P9 stru.ture% 6ot( +er s ++e.tive nd individul pre+eren.e
s instru)entl ttitude (d sttisti.lly signi+i.nt in+luen.e on intention nd )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption
6e(vior t(roug( t(e )edition o+ intention vri6le. 7(t )ens t(ese two vri6les re +ound s signi+i.nt
6rriers +or prti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is in 9ngldes(. 8er o+ ris2 into getting lons +ro)
)i.ro+inn.e progr)s is derivtive o+ severl in.iden.e (ppened in t(e pst in di++erent lo.tions o+ t(e rurl
res o+ 9ngldes(. Si)ilrly% individul pre+eren.e is lso +ound s 6rrier o+ prti.iption in '8Is. 7(is
i)plies t(t t(e rurl poor pre+er to .(oose t(e '8Is to (ve t(e lons w(i.( would serve t(eir interest 6est. In
)ny lo.tions% due to unvil6ility o+ .o)petitive '8Is% t(e rurl poor pper to 6e un6le to .(oose t(e rig(t
'8I. ,en.e% t(is result identi+ied it s potentil 6rrier to t(e rurl poor.
Investigtion into t(e )esure)ent stru.ture nd +un.tion o+ su6:e.tive nor) +ound t(t in:un.tive nor) nd
des.riptive nor) re distin.t .onstru.ts in t(eir )esure)ent do)ins% 6ut not in t(eir predi.tive in+luen.e upon
intention nd )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption 6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor in 9ngldes(. In erlier studies% ggregtion
o+ t(ese .o)ponents into single s.le (i.e. single-order one-di)ensionl )esure)ent stru.ture! does not
represent t(e )esure)ent stru.ture s well s 'ulti.o)ponent )esure)ent )odel (?(odes nd Courney%
2006!. In t(is 7P9 stru.ture% )odeling seprte e++e.t o+ in:un.tive nor) nd des.riptive nor) on )i.ro+inn.e
prti.iption did not +it well. 7(is +inding suggests t(t in:un.tive nd des.riptive nor) .t s +or)tive s.le
on prti.iption 6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor in )i.ro+inn.e progr)s (?(odes nd Courney% 200B!. In t(is
respe.t% it is i)pertive to note t(t t(ere is no prti.ulr e)p(si=e on t(e prt o+ reser.(ers to ggregte
in:un.tive nd des.riptive nor)s into .o)posite one. 7(ere+ore% t(ese +indings do not outlw ny erlier study
t(t (s su6su)ed in:un.tive nd des.riptive nor)s s seprte .onstru.ts in regression )odels.
@et% su6:e.tive nor) ws +ound not to predi.t prti.iption 6e(vior in '8Is w(en .onsidering 'ulti.o)ponent
7P9 +r)ewor2. 7(e study identi+ied no signi+i.nt indire.t in+luen.e o+ su6:e.tive nor) on )i.ro+inn.e
prti.iption t(roug( intention +or in:un.tive nd des.riptive nor). 7(is out.o)e supports t(e dis.ussion o+
,gger et l.% (2002! w(ere su6:e.tive nor) nd ppered to (ve reltively little dire.t in+luen.e on t(e
predi.tion o+ t(e prti.ulr 6e(vior +ter ttitude nd P9C (olding .ontrolled. In t(is .onne.tion% it is dvis6le
to reser.(ers to .onsider lterntive so.il .onstru.ts or indire.t in+luen.e o+ su6:e.tive nor) in t(e 7P9
stru.ture. Nevert(eless% t(ere is n lterntive proposl t(t su6:e.tive nor) )y yield 6etter output% i+ it is
.on.eptuli=ed s n nte.edent o+ 6e(viorl 6elie+s or ttitude (Sutton% 2002!. ,en.e% +urt(er reser.(es re
suggested in t(is regrd.
7(e +indings o+ t(is study s(ow t(t )esures o+ per.eived resour.es% s2ills4 2nowledge nd opportunity4 ill-
(elt( re distin.t .onstru.ts 6ot( in )esure)ent do)ins nd in t(eir predi.tive in+luen.e on prti.iption
6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is. 7(oug( opportunity4 ill-(elt( or vulner6ility to .rises is +ound not to
in+luen.e intention signi+i.ntly% t(e ggregte P9C )esures +or t lest two vri6le sets ppered to s(ow
signi+i.nt i)p.t on intention towrds )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption.
9esides% t(e study )esures t(e dire.t e++e.t o+ t(e ggregte .onstru.ts o+ P9C on prti.iption 6e(vior o+ t(e
rurl poor in '8Is. 7(e results suggest t(t ll t(ree ggregte )esures (ve sttisti.lly signi+i.nt in+luen.e
on )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption.
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7(ere+ore% it )y 6e dvis6le t(t 'ulti.o)ponent 7P9 )odel +or t lest two nte.edents o+ ttitude nd P9C
is suit6le +or predi.ting t(e rurl people>s 6e(vior in t(e )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption do)in.
In ter)s o+ predi.tive vlidity wit(in .o)posite 7P9 )odel% per.eived resour.es nd per.eived 6ility% 6ut not
opportunity% (d signi+i.nt in+luen.e on intention towrds prti.iption in '8Is. In ddition% per.eived
resour.es nd per.eived 6ility (d totl (dire.t R indire.t in+luen.e t(roug( intention! in+luen.e on
prti.iption in '8Is. 7(is result is i)portnt +or t lest two resons. 8irstly% t(e +indings vlidte t(e new
integrted P9C )esure s suit6le )esure o+ P9CF nd se.ondly% t(ese out.o)es support *:=en>s originl
P9C .onstru.t w(i.( is denoted 6y .ontroll6ility ite)s. ,en.e% t(ese +indings s(ow t(t t(e P9C )esure o+
s2ills% opportunity nd resour.e support t(e .ontroll6ility ite)s s )esures o+ P9C.
#verll% t(e +indings o+ t(e study revel t(t intention is +ound to signi+i.ntly in+luen.e t(e prti.iption
6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is nd )ong t(e eig(t per.eived vri6les% +our vri6les su.( s +er o+ getting
into ris2 o+ lons% individul pre+eren.e% inde<ute resour.es nd l.2 o+ 2nowledge 6out )i.roenterprises
pper to t(e potentil 6rriers to t(e rurl poor in prti.ipting in '8Is in 9ngldes(. 7(ese +indings would
s(de lig(t on t(e perspe.tives o+ poli.y plnning in order to in.rese t(e prti.iption o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is.
*lt(oug( li)ittions re .o))only in(erent in ny studies% t(e +indings o+ reser.( .n put n i)portnt
.ontri6ution to ll types o+ reser.(. Nonet(eless% t(is study is lso wrrnted to )ention so)e o+ t(e
s(ort.o)ings long wit( re.o))endtions +or +urt(er reser.(. 8irst% t(e (ypot(eses lin2ing .usl e++e.ts
6etween )esured indi.tors were drwn in t(e stru.turl e<ution )odels in t(e present study t(t represented
one type o+ reser.( +r)ewor2. I(ile t(e +r)ewor2 see)s to (ve )oderte +it% di++erent ot(er )odels .ould
(ve 6een e)ployed to nly=e t(e dt. Se.ond% t(e snow6lling )et(od o+ s)pling ws +ollowed to .olle.t
t(e dt rt(er t(n rndo) s)pling% w(i.( )y li)its t(e predi.tive 6ility o+ t(e )odel to so)e e;tent.
,owever% t(e pr.ti.e o+ new P9C )esures indi.tes t(t so)e ot(er lterntive .o)ponents o+ P9C .n 6e
e)ployed to nly=e t(e dt in order to predi.t t(e )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption 6e(vior. 7(ird% t(e present study
is 6sed on .ross-se.tion dt rt(er t(n longitudinl dt w(i.( )y dee) to 6etter )et(od +or predi.ting t(e
prti.iption 6e(vior o+ t(e rurl poor in '8Is.
Lstly% t(e pr.ti.e o+ su.( 'ulti.o)ponent o+ 7P9 .onstru.ts oug(t to 6e dee)ed one step dvn.e in so.il
psy.(ologi.l reser.( o+ )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption. *nd t(e p(rsing o+ t(e ite)s .ould (ve 6een i)proved
6y w(i.( 6etter )esure)ent )y 6e result 6etter output. 8urt(er studies using t(is 'ulti.o)ponent )odel o+
7P9 )y render i)proved per+or)n.e in ter)s o+ )esure)ent s well s predi.tive vlidity o+ t(e )esuring
.onstru.ts.
#verll% t(e in(erent s(ort.o)ings des.ri6ed 6ove do not restri.t eit(er t(e vlidtion or generli=tion o+ t(e
reser.( results. ,owever% ddressing 6ove s(ort.o)ings% +uture reser.( .ould 6e i)proved in ter)s o+ its
predi.tive power. 'ore reser.( s(ould 6e done in t(is re% 6e.use t(e 7P9 (s not yet 6een previously
utili=ed in )i.ro+inn.e prti.iption )odels. ,en.e% +urt(er investigtions t(t ddress t(e li)ittions s(ould
led to in.resed )ounts o+ vrin.e ..ounted +or in t(e )odels nd e;pnd our understndings o+ t(e
potentil 6rriers t(t o6stru.t t(e rurl poor prti.iption in t(e '8Is.

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Business, Economics, Finance and Management Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Journal of Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Journal of Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Journal of Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Advances in Life Science and Technology ALST@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Journal of Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org
Journal of New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org
Journal of Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Journal of Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org