109

Sometimes, because of the particular geometry of these members

and the type of loading, the angle of inclination of the diagonal strut
will be larger than 65 degrees, corresponding to values greater than
tana = 2.0. In such cases, the flange becomes a bracket loaded at its
tip. The truss model shown in Fig. 4.5c corresponds to such a case.
The application of the truss model to bracket design has been
examined in Sec. 2.2.3 of Report 248-3. As previously indicated, in
members with a/z less than 0.5 the pattern of cracks at failure shows an
inclination which is very close to 90 degrees from the horizontal.
Hence, as the truss model clearly shows, vertical stirrups will not be
effective. As in the case of brackets, shear acts along a vertical
plane and vertical slip of one crack face can occur with respect to the
other. If the crack faces are rough and irregular, this slip is
accompanied by a horizontal separation of the crack faces. Thus,
supplementary horizontal web reinforcement (shear friction reinforce-
ment) should be provided to control the crack opening.
As suggested in Sec. 2.2.3 of Report 248-3, the design of this
type of members can be based on a simple truss analogy consisting of the
main reinforcement acting as tension ties and the concrete struts acting
as incl ined compression members, such as shown in Fig. 4.5c.
Another interesting effect observed in both truss models of
Figs. 4.5b and 4.5c is the so-called "hanger effect" produced in the
vertical tension ties located in the longitud inal member web. This
effect was shown in Sec. 2.2.4 of Report 248-3. Figure 4.6a shows an
inverted T-bent cap subjected to a series of concentrated loads applied
110
V -Diogram
M-Diogrom
~ a Shear and moment di;:!grl'lms
Compression
- - - - Tension
(b) Truss model
Fig. 4.6 Longitudinal truss ;:!n;:!logy for an inverted T-bent
cap loaded at the bottom chord
R
111
along the bottom chord. Figure 4.6b shows the longitudinal truss model
for this inverted T-bent cap. As explained in Sec. 2.2.4 of Report
248-3, members loaded on the bottom chord experience an increase in the
tension force acting on the vertical ties of the member web. The
additional area required in the verticals of the truss is that necessary
for "hangers" for the load P. These hangers pick up the load from the
bottom (tension face) and transfer it to the top compression chord of
the truss. The truss model has been selected to provide di fferent load
paths for the heavy concentrated forces. Note the pattern of the
diagonals tends to keep the center concentrated loads from passing
through the truss joints where the outer loads are acting.
After the truss model has been selected, the design procedure is
essentially the same one presented in the previous sections.
4.2.4 Dapped-End Beams. Shown in Figs. 4.1a and 4.1b are the
problems of a member with an abrupt change in depth at the support
region, with and without heavy concentrated loads near the support.
The freedom in the selection of a truss system to adequately
carry the loads allows the designer to handle this difficult problem.
Shown in Fig. 4.8a is the truss model selected to analyze the internal
forces at the end region of this member.
As in the previous cases, the direction of the main diagonals
can be found from the shear diagram (see Fig. 4.3a). As previously
mentioned, the selected truss model has to satisfy the particular
loading and structural constraints. In this case, a second truss system
is constructed wi thin the main truss system to handle the heavy
112
IB
A
~
M(Vl:
I
I
I I
d.
-+-
B
(a) Dapped end beam
1
8 IA
I I
--
(M 11
I
I
I
v
I
8
1
I A'
+
( b) Dapped end beam
Fig. 4.7 napped end beam with and without ~ heavy
concentrated load near the support