133

Figure 4.17b shows the relative direction of the shear flows due
to shear, q(V), and torsion, q(T). Section a-a' shows the relative
direction of both shear flows for any section bet ween the mid span and
the left support while looking towards the left support. Section b-b'
shows the respective direction of the shear flows for any section
between the midspan and the right support, while looking towards the
right support. These directions are the ones corresponding to the shear
and torsion diagrams shown in Fig. 4.13b.
Once the design zones have been determined, the respective shear
flo ws due to shear and tor sion are determ ined at each of the sect ions
bound ing the design zones. As shown in Fig. 4.16b, the shear flow due
to torsion q(T) is evaluated as
q(T) = T n/2Ao (4.1)
where Ao is the area enclosed by the perimeter correcting the centroids
of the longitudinal chords of the space truss model resisting the
applied ultimate torsional moment Tu. For this design example, Ao is
equal to zL *zB = (12.94)(12.9) = 166.7 in.
2
Tn is the nominal torsional
moment Tu.M where (/J = 0.85. The shear flow due to shear is evaluated as
(4.2)
where zL is the vertical dimension of the truss model (12.94 in.). Vn
is the nominal shear force at the sectl"on V ~
u '1-'. Vu is the ultimate
shear force at the section and (/Jis taken as 0.85. The number 2 in the
134
denominator indicates that there are two vertical walls resisting the
applied ultimate vertical shear f o r ~ e
Table 4.1 shows the resul tant shearing force due to shear and
torsion q(V) and q(T) for each of the walls of the box section,
evaluated at the boundary of each design zone.
As can be seen from Fig. 4.17b and Table 4.1, the shear flows
due to shear and torsion in the region between the left support and the
midspan will be additive on the side wall (L) and will oppose each other
on the side wall (R). On the side wall (R), as shown by column (7) of
Table 4.1, in the design zones 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, and 5-6 the direction
of the diagonal compression members in the truss will be determined by
the direction of the shear flow due to shear (V). However, in the
design zone 6-7 of this side wall (R) the direction of the compression
diagonal will be determined by the shear flow due to torsion (T).
In the region of the member between the midspan and the right
support, the situation is similar. In the side wall (L), the
shear flows due to shear and torsion are additive. As can be seen from
column (]) in Table 4.1, in the side wall (R) the direction of the
compression diagonals is controlled by the relative magnitude of the
shear flows due to shear and torsion. In the design zones 6-7 and 7-8,
the direction of the diagonals is determined by the resultant shear flow
due to torsion (T). In the design sections 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, and
12-13, the direction of the diagonals is determined by resultant shear
flow due to shear (V).
(1 )
Jt
(N)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
(2) (3) (4 ) (5) (6) (1) (8) (9 )
Sec. from q(T+V) q(T+V) q(T) q(T)
CL of Left Design q(T) q(V) \lall(L) WalleR) Wall(U ) Wall(B)
Support Zone (k/in)(k/in)(k/in) (kl in) (k/in) (k/in)
0.0
1-2 0.5 2. 1 2.6 1 .6 (V) 0.5(T) 0.5(T)
2.17
2-3 0.5 1.7 2.2 1. 2(V) 0.5 0.5
4.33
3-4 0.5 1.4 1.9 0.9(V) 0.5 0.5
6.50
4-5 0.5 1.0
15
0.5(V) 0.5 0.5
8.67
5-6 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.2(V) 0.5 0.5
10.83
6-7 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.2(T) 0.5 0.5
13.0 (CL)
7-8 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.2 (T) 0.5 0.5
15.17
8-9 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.2 (V) 0.5 0.5
17.33
9-10 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 (V) 0.5 0.5
19.50
10-11 0.5 1.4 1.9 0.9 (V) 0.5 0.5
21.67
11-12 0.5 1.7 2.2 1.2 (V) 0.5 0.5
23.83
12-13 0.5 2. 1
2.6 1.6 (V)
0.5 0.5
26.00
Table 4.1 Resultant shearing flows due to shear and torsion
at each of the walls of the box section
135
136
In the top (U) and bottom (B) walls the direction of the
compression diagonals is entirely dependent on the shear flow due to
torsion since the applied shear force V is equal to zero in these
plates.
The resultant truss model for this case is shown in Fig. 4.18
for the entire member length. As previously stated, each design zone
zLcotO' is equal to 26 in.
The chosen truss system of Fig. 4.18 can be compared wi th the
resulting crack patterns of reinforced concrete beams subjected to the
same combination of shear force and torsional moment. Figure 4.19 shows
types of crack patterns to be expected in a reinforced concrete member
subjected to combinations of shear force and torsional moment similar to
those applied to the box section of this design example.
4.3.3 Evaluation of the Diagonal Compression Stresses. Once
the angle of inclination has been selected and the design zones defined,
diagonal compression stresses should be checked before detailed
dimensioning of reinforcement is carried out. This step should be taken
early so that if there is a problem the web width or the assumed
inclination angle O'can be changed. It was recommended in Sec. 2.5 that
this type of failure be eliminated by limiting the compression stresses
fd in the diagonal members of the truss to a value less than or equal to
3 0 ~ Since in this design example fb = 4000 psi, then fd ~ 1.9 ksi.
As shown .in Chapter 3 of Report 248-2, the compression stress in
the diagonal strut can be obtained from equilibrium of the truss model,
and is given by the relationship