33

In the General Method in contrast with the CEB-Refined and Swiss

Code approaches, the actions not considered in the truss model are
introduced indirectly only in the geometry of the truss model (variable
angle of inclination of the diagonal compression strut).
The compression field theory has not yet been extended to the
design for combined shear and torsion. Thus, a somewhat al ternative
simplified approach is taken in the General Method proposed in the 1982
Draft of the Canadian Code. In the General Method some concepts of the
diagonal compression field theory are mixed with the truss model
principles.
For design purposes the use of an equation is suggested for the
strut inclination which simplifies the different relations for shear and
torsion. The design limits for the angle ~ i n degrees) of the diagonal
compression strut are given in Eq. 2.26.
10 + 110K < ~ < 80 - 110K (2.26)
K in the case of shear is given by Eq. 2.27
(2.27)
where b
v
is the stirrup center to center dimension in the direction of
the web resisting shear, but need not be less than 1/2 b
w
It must be
noted that, the value of b
v
' not the minimum web width b
w
' is used to
compute the level of shear stress acting on the member. This
proposi tion seems more logical in the case of torsion where the high
tension stresses induced in the outer shell of the member would induce
34
the unrestrained cover to spall off. However, in the case of shear,
even at high shear stresses, this assumption seems too conservative. It
would unduly penalize thin web members not subject to torsion.
In determining the minimum effective web width b
v
' the diameters
of ungrouted ducts or one half the diameters of the grouted ducts, shall
be subtracted from the web width at the level of these ducts. The term
d
v
represents the effective shear depth and can be taken as the flexural
lever arm but need not be taken less than the vertical distance between
centers of bars or prestressing t e n ~ n s in the corners of the stirrups.
The term is simply a capacity reduction factor. Suggested value would
be 0.85 for both shear and torsion.
For the case in which torsion interacts with shear the term K in
Eq. 2.26 is defined as
Vu T Ph
K = (--:-"'-=-f -;-, '-="b-'-="d- + ---,u=---=2=)
'f' "'f' A
c v v ~ c oh
(2.28)
where Ph is the outer perimeter of the centerline of the closed
transverse torsion reinforcement, AOh is the area enclosed by the
centerline of the exterior closed torsion reinforcement, and is a
capacity reduction factor. The cross-sectional dimensions are
considered adequate to avoid crushi ng of the concrete in the web if it
is possible to choose a value of K between the limits suggested in
Eq. 2.26.
In the General Method the shear force Vu minus the vertical
component of the effective prestressing force, in the case of
35
prestressed concrete members with inclined tendons, must be equal to or
less than the nominal shear resistance Vn of the section.
(2.29)
where Vp is the vertical component of the effective prestressing force,
and is a capacity reduction factor.
The nominal shear resistance Vn is entirely provided by the
truss action (inclined concrete struts and steel reinforcement). The
shear carried by the truss is given by
(2.30 )
Equation 2.30 follows directly from Eq. 3.63 of Report 248-2 and
is derived from equilibrium conditions in the truss model, with the
exception that d
v
is the effective shear depth measured center-to-center
of the horizontal legs of the stirrup reinforcement instead of being
measured between the centroids of the longitudinal bars.
Due to the inclination of the diagonal compression field it is
necessary to provide an additional area of longitudinal reinforcement to
take care of the horizontal component N of the diagonal compression
field. This horizontal component produces a longitudinal tension force
which is assumed to be acting mid-depth of the truss model. If a top
and bottom chord capable of resisting the applied tension force are
provided the tension force per chord becomes
N = [V
u
cotan Q' ]/2 (2.31)
36
Thus, the additional area of longitudinal steel required in the tension
chord is
(2.32)
which follows directly from Eq. 3.65 derived in Sec. 3.5.2 of Report
248-2 and is from the equilibrium equations of the truss model.
The design procedure for the case of torsion in the General
Method considers the case of compatibility and equilibrium torsion. In
the case of compatibility torsion, this is to say in the case of a
statically indeterminate structure where reduction of torsional moment
in a member can occur due to redistribution of internal forces, the
design moment Tu need not be greater than 0.61 Tocr' where Tocr
represents the torsional strength of the uncracked cross section. It is
suggested that Tocr be taken as
for nonprestressed members, and
T
ocr
4 "A1f' ['1 +
c
(2.33)
f
pc ] O. 5
4 "A If'
(2.34)
c
for prestressed members. Ac is the cross-sectional area of the member,
Pc is the perimeter of the member, 'A is a modification factor to
account for different types of concrete ('A= 1 for normal density
concrete), and fpc is the compressive stress in the concrete (after
allowance for all prestress losses) at centroid of the cross section