Pressure Relief Valve Force - Dynaflow

Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control.
All rights reserved

Pressure Safety Valves
Some considerations on their use & sizing Some considerations on their use & sizing
the DynaflowResearch Group lectures
9 July 09
Jean-Paul Boyer
Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved 2
Useless valves...
O No need for process
O Never used (hope!)
O High up, forgotten
But big impact
O Can limit production
O Can have high life-
cycle cost
O Can cause havoc
Sizing
Reaction Force
Noise
Back-Pressure
Flow Sizing
The All Important factor, KA
flow coefficient K times flow area A
Z T
M
K P A K C W
1
b 1
=
Gases :
( )
2 1 V W
P P K K A K W =
Liquids :
( need some factors depending on units used)
KA
KA
KA
KA
The KA Factor
Area or Flow Coefficient alone not enough
O Capacity is what matters
Manufacturer cannot claim capacity higher
than the certified capacity
But he can claim a lower one (so called safe)
It all relates to KxA
O Other factors K
b
, K
w
, K
v
will depend on service
conditions
O KA defines the particular valve, fixes its capacity
Certification (e.g. ASME with National Board)
KA Factor
Long ago
O Certified capacity = actual capacity
O API Std 526 reflected actual valve values
In 1962, ASME VIII revised K to include
O 10% safety factor: certified K = 0.9 x K
actual
O National Board allowed deviations between
certified values and published values as long as:
Published capacities Certified Capacities
Or
Published KA Certified KA
KA Factor
During certification
O A is measured
Smallest section in
the flow path (throat)
O Actual flow is compared
to theoretical flow
through perfect nozzle
(K=1)
W
actual
/W
theor
= K
actual
K=0.9 x K
actual
KA Factor
Since 1962, most manufacturers have
Overstated K
Understated A
Example on Q orifice on gas
O API Std 526: A = 11.05 in
2
K=0.975 KA=10.77
0% 10.76 0.878 12.26
Y
+2% 10.99 0.855 12.85
X
+6.5% 11.47 0.627 18.29
AG POSV
+0.2% 10.79 0.865 12.47
Crosby JOS
Diff KA Certified K Certified A
Safety Valve Sizing
Preliminary sizing
O API RP 520 part 1, clause 5.2.1:
PRVs may be initially sized[using] effective coef-
ficients of discharge and effective areas which are
independent of any specific valve design. In this way,
the designer can determine a preliminary PRV size.
O Effective areas API Std 526, D through T
O Effective coefficients API RP 520
Gases, K=0.975
Liquids, K=0.650
2-phase, K=0.850
Safety Valve Sizing
Final, using manufacturers data
O API RP 520 part 1, clause 5.2.5:
When a specific valve design is selectedthe rated
capacity of that valve can be determined using the
actual orifice area, the rated coefficient of
dischargeThe actual orifice area and the rated
coefficient of discharge shall always be used to verify
the actual capacity of the PRV.
O Actual areas certified (e.g. ASME, NB-18)
O Rated coefficients certified
National Board NB-18 Red Book
www.nationalboard.org
www.nationalboard.org
National Board NB-18 Red Book
NB-18 viewed on line or downloaded
O All data on each and every valve (& RD) certified per
ASME codes (I, III & VIII)
K=Kd x 0.90
Actual Actual
Areas Areas
Sizing Safety Valves
Sizing per API does not imply using API
standard orifices
API RP 520 (contains sizing) doe not list the
orifices (listed in API Std 526)
API RP 520 recommends to use
manufacturers data for final sizing
ASME (National Board) does not bother
what area or coefficient is used as long as:
K x A Actual value - 10%
Reaction Force
At relief, the jet out of
the valve creates an
opposite force, a thrust
O F
d
=c
2
.W
Added to static force
from pressure at outlet
flange
O F
s
=(P
2
-P
atm
).A
2
Flow
Force
1
2
Reaction Force
W, flow, kg/hr
T
1
, inlet temp, K
k, ratio specif. heats
M, molar mass
p2, outlet pressure,
barg
A
2
, outlet section,
cm2
G, relative density
v
1
, specif volume,
m3/kg
P
1
, relieving
pressure, barA
P
2
, outlet pressure,
barA
1= Inlet, stagnation conditions 2= Outlet conditions
Reaction Force
Capacity W to consider:
O Pop action POSV and Spring Loaded SV
Safety valve full capacity (actual = rated/0.9)
Instantaneous flow rate on opening is the
maximum capable flow of the valve
O Modulating action POSV
Required capacity
O Rupture Discs and Buckling Pin Valves
Required capacity
Same for noise or back-pressure calculations
(Ref ISO23251/API521, 7.2.1 table12)
Discharge Bracing
Tailpipe to Atmosphere
Flow Flow
FORCE FORCE
Bending moment on
riser between
equipment and safety
valve
Tailpipe to Atmosphere
Minimises bending
moment at base of inlet
riser
Flow Flow
FORCE FORCE
Do and Dont?
Reaction Force
Dual Outlet valves
O no stress on the valve
Braced Dual Outlet POSV
Double exhaust
Discharge to Piped System

Pipe Strains
Discharge piping should be
O independently supported
O free from misalignment
O taking care of expansion/contraction, thermal
loading
Pipe strains can cause
O misalignment of valve internals:
leakage
seizure
O stress on valve body
cracks in body casting
Noise through Safety Valves
Aim of SV is to drop pressure as much as
possible. P very high, high amount of
dissipated energy, a lot of it into noise
O SV are noisy
SV must have no pressure recovery to do
their job
Due to turbulences inside the body bowl,
gas velocity at outlet is most often super-
sonic
Pressure Drop in Safety Valves
Pressure continues to drop after nozzle in the body
bowl, with shock-waves
VC VC
Inlet Inlet
Piping Piping
Nozzle Nozzle
Body Body
Bowl Bowl Outlet Outlet
Piping Piping
P
1
P
C
Basic formula for stack
tip (ISO23251/API521)
O 30 m of tip
O Open outlet
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
1
fig 30
c W Log 10 L L + =
M
T k
2 . 91 c =
( ) ( )
( )
30
d
30 d
Log 20 L L =
20
60
50
40
30
1.5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P
2
/P
1
L, dB
Acoustic Efficiency of Choked Jet
Control valves standards (IEC 534-8-3, ISA
75-07, VDMA 24-422)
O Accuracy for 0.3 to 0.8 Ma outlet
O Safety valves: outlet Ma >> 1
Safety valves normally designed to
withstand stress
O Potential problems for outlet piping
Expander, reduce speed
Avoid accident close to the valve outlet (new
choke points)
A Dual Answer
Exhaust to
atmosphere: angle-cut
tail pipe
O Reduced noise
O Reduced reaction force
A
exit
7 c
exit
F
d
O and noise
Inlet
Inlet
(back pressure)
(back pressure)
THE PRESSURE AT THE OUTLET
OF A PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE.
Back Pressure
Discharge
Safety Valve
is Open and
Flowing
In
Built-Up Back Pressure
BP
BU
BP
BU
Built-Up BP is
caused by
pressure drop
in discharge
piping
Conventional
Spring Valve
Lift vs Built-Up Back Pressure
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Built-Up BP in % of Set Pressure
%

o
f

F
u
l
l

R
a
t
e
d

L
i
f
t
Conventional
Spring Valve
Balanced
Spring Valve
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Correction factor (K
b
, K
w
)
Reduced Capacity
%

o
f

F
u
l
l

R
a
t
e
d

L
i
f
t
Conventional
Spring Valve
Balanced
Spring Valve
Pilot Operated
Safety Valve
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
%

o
f

F
u
l
l

R
a
t
e
d

L
i
f
t
Protected
Protected
System
System
PRV
(Closed)
Discharge
Header System
To Flare,
Recovery
System, or
Atmosphere
Possible Pressure Source
Constant Purge?
BP
S
Superimposed Back Pressure
Constant Back-Pressure
Constant Back-
Pressure
O valve discharge into a
system at a constant
pressure
O pump suction, steam
tank, ...
Always superimposed
Variable Superimposed BP
Variable Super-
Imposed
O valve discharge into a
system at a variable
pressure which exists
when valve is closed
O flare system, ...
Opened &
Flowing
Closed
Superimposed Backpressure
Exists even when the considered valve is
closed
O It can affect the set pressure of this valve
This valve may open at a pressure higher
than the design pressure of the equipment
Conventional Valve
L
L
Downwards spring
force (constant)
Fd = K / L
A
A
P
P
Upwards fluid force
(variable)
Fu = P x A
Set : Fd = Fu
Conventional Valve
L
L
Superimposed BP
adds itself to the
spring force:
Fd = K / L + BPxA
A
A
P
P
Actual Set:
Spring set + BP
Set : Fd = Fu
(Fu = P x A)
Superimposed Variable BP
Effects
O Desired set pressure = 10 barg
Superimposed variable BP = 0.5 to 2.0 barg
Cold Set Pressure = ???
The valve will open between 10.5 to 12.0 barg
O Safety valve shall not open at a pressure higher
than the MAP or PS ( design pressure)
If MAP < Cold Set + BP
Conventional valve cannot be used, even if
superimposed variable BP < 10% set
Balanced Bellows Safety Valve
The Balanced Bellows
O isolates top side of disc for
Back-P
O isolates spring and guide
from outlet environment
Typically, this type of
valve can be used:
O Any backpressure up to
50% of set
absolute value of BP
Reduced capacity
Check with
manufacturer
Pilot Operated Safety Valves
Main valve piston
inherently balanced
against backpressure
O Theoretically no limit on
backpressure
Back-Flow Preventer
If BP > PS
back-flow may occur
O Flare system:
start-up of
installation
valves with different
sets
O vacuum in process
BP
PS
Back-Flow Preventer
If BP > PS
back-flow may occur
O Flare system:
start-up of
installation
valves with different
sets
O vacuum in process
BP
PS
Backflow
Preventer
P
P
1 1
P
2
P
2
P
P
2 2
> P
> P
1 1
Back-Flow Preventer (POSV)

Pressure Relief Valve Force - Dynaflow

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Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control.

All rights reserved

Copyright 2009 Tyco Flow Control. All rights reserved 25

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