!angent (Ines - Classwork

!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 10 - /&0 /,)!
$(&1
!"#$%#& ()#%* + ,-"**./01
P
In plane geometry, we say that a line is tangent to a circle iI it
intersects the circle at one point. However, Ior more general curves,
we need a better deIinition. The idea oI tangent lines is crucial to your
understanding oI diIIerential calculus so we must have an accurate
idea oI its meaning. There are many 'rough ideas oI what a tangent
line is; they are not only rough but wrong. Without looking at the
rest oI the page, write below what your deIinition oI what a tangent
line to a curve is.
L
C
P
P
L
C
Misconception 1: A line is tangent to a cure Misconception 2: A tangent line to a cure must cross
i it crosses the cure at exactly one point.` the cure only once.`
1his is wrong. Line L touches cure C at only 1his is also wrong. Line L is tangent to cure C at point
one point P and is *+& a tangent line. P but it also crosses cure C at 2 other points
L
P
C
C
P
L
Misconception 3: A line is tangent to a cure i Misconception 4: A tangent line to a cure is a line that
touches the cure at one point but does not just grazes` the cure at a point but does not cross the
cross the cure.` cure.`
Again, here is a counterexample to that statement. Still another counterexample. Line L 2% tangent to cure
Line segment L touches cure C at point P but is C at point P but does cross the cure.`
clearly not tangent to C at P.
It will be some time beore we can get a clear deinition o a tangent line. At this point, we simply wish to gie you
some inkling o the diiculty o creating such a deinition. \e will hae to rely on our general knowledge to draw
a tangent line.
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 11 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
lor each equation, graph in an appropriate window and draw the tangent line at the indicated point.
1.

y x ! !2 ,3 ~ -1, 2.

y x ! ! 1
2
,3 ~ 0,
3.

y x x x ! ! " !
3 2
3 3 1 ,3 ~ 1, 4.

y x x ! !
2 4
,3 ~ 1,
5.

y x ! ! 3 ,3 ~ 3, 6.

y e
x
! ,3 ~ 0,
.

y x ! sin ,3 ~ !, 8.

y x ! ! 4 ,3 ~ 4,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 12 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
!"#$%#& ()#%* + 2/3%./01
lor each equation, graph in an appropriate window and draw the tangent line at the indicated point.
1.

y x !
2
,3 ~ 2, 2. 4 ~
1
3
3 ,3 ~ -2,
3.

y x !
3
,3 ~ 0, 4.

y x x ! !
4 2
,3 ~ -1,
5. y x ! ,3 ~ 0, 6. y
x
! 2 ,3 ~ 0,
. 4 ~ cos 3 ,3 ~
!
2
, 8.

y x ! ,3 ~0,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 13 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
9.

y x !
3
,3 ~ 0, 10. y x !
2
3
,3 ~ 0,
11.

y
x
x
!
!2
,3 ~ 2, 12. 4 ~ tan 3 ,3 ~
!
2
,
4/ &"#$%#& -)#% 4/ &"#$%#& -)#%
13. 4 ~ ln 3 ,3 ~ ', 14. y x
x
! "
1
,3 ~ 1,
15.

y x ! ! 100
2
,3 ~ 0, 16.

4 3 ! ! 100
2
,3 ~ -10,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 14 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
5-/6%* /7 5%8"#& "#9 !"#$%#& ()#%* + ,-"**./01
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3

P
P
P
Q
Q
Q

f x
# $

f x
# $
A line is drawn between points 5 A line is drawn through 5 that \e draw the secant line through
and 6. 1hat line is called the touches f x
# $
in /#% "#9 /#-: 56. loweer, point 6 starts to
*%8"#& -)#% &;0/<$; = "#9 >? /#% 6/)#&. 1hat line is called moe along the cure f x
# $
the &"#$%#& -)#% "& =? towards 5. So the secant line
also moes. As 6 gets real close
to 5 note that the secant line
starts to look like the tangent
line at 5"
\e will say that as 6 gets closer and close to 5, that the secant line 56 gets closer to the tangent line through 5 and
thus the slope o the secant line ,called m
sec
, approaches the slope o the tangent line ,called m
tan
,.
Let`s try an example. Suppose f x x
# $
!
2
. Let us try and ind the slope o the secant line between 3 ~ 1 and a alue
o 3 closer and closer to 1" Complete the chart. Set your calculator to ull loat.
@ A B?C B?B B?DC B?DB B?DDB B?DDDB B
7,3, 4 2.25 1.21 1.1025 1.0201 1.002001 1.00020001 1
Rise 3 1.25 0.21 0.1025 0.0201 0.002001 0.00020001 0
Run 1 0.5 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.001 1L-04 0
msec 3 2.5 2.1 2.05 2.01 2.001 2.0001 error
\hy can`t you ind the tangent line between 3 ~ 1 and 3 ~ 1 division by zero
Secant lines use how many points 2 1angent lines use how many points 1
\hat is your best guess or the slope o the tangent line at 3 ~ 1
2
Let us use an analogy. Suppose you leae school at 10 AM or a trip down the shore. \ou arrie at 12 PM. 1he
trip is a total o 100 miles. low ast are you going at 11 AM unknown
\e cannot ind your actual elocity at 11 AM ,called the )#*&"#&"#%/<* E%-/8)&:,. But we can ind the "E%0"$%
E%-/8)&: at 11 AM. \e know that

average velocity
total distance
total time
! . So your aerage elocity between 10 AM
and 12 PM is 50 mph On the next page, you are gien the distance you trael between 11 AM and dierent
times. Determine the aerage elocity between these two times.
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 15 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
F%&.%%# BB "3 G 11:30 11:15 11:10 11:05 11:02 11:01 11:00:30 11:00:01 11:00
9)*&"#8%
&0"E%-%9
24 miles 13 miles 10 miles 5.5 miles 2 miles .8 miles .53 miles 80 t. 0
&)3% 9<0"&)/#

1
2

1
4

1
6

1
12

1
30

1
60

1
120

1
3600
0
"E%0"$% E%-/8)&: 48 mph 52 mph 60 mph 66 mph 60 mph 48 mph 63.6 mph 54.5 mph
E%-/8)&: "& BB HI JJJ JJJ JJJ JJJ JJJ JJJ JJJ JJJ JJJ
Again, you cannot actually ind the instantaenous elocity at 11 AM \hy division by zero
But, as the time duration becomes smaller we ind that the instantaneous elocity at 11 AM is much more likely to
be ery close to which o these alues 54.5 mph \hy less time for variation
Aerage elocity uses how many times
2 Instantaneous elocity uses how many times 1

Let us now take the two points and give them

We now Iind the slope oI the secant line
and denote it as .

PQ

x
0

x
1
y y
1 0
!
f x
# $

m
sec

m
y y
x x
sec
rise
run
! !
!
!
1 0
1 0
x - axis
general coordinates and

We draw the right triangle below the curve. Note
that the length oI the horizontal line is
and the length oI the vertical line is

x
1
! x
0

y
1
! y
0

P x y
0 0
, # $
P x y
0 0
, # $
Q x y
1 1
, # $ Q x y
1 1
, # $
loweer, since another way o writing 4 is

f x
# $
, we can say that

m
sec
!
# $
!
# $
!
f x f x
x x
1 0
1 0
Now, let`s concentrate on the tangent line. In order to ind the slope o the tangent line, the aboe ormula does
not work. \hy
division by zero
So, let us deine the ariable ) as the horizontal distance between the two points 5 and 6. 1hus:

h x x ! !
1 0
and it ollows that

x x h
1 0
! "
Since

m
sec
!
# $
!
# $
!
f x f x
x x
1 0
1 0
, it ollows that

m
sec
!
"
# $
!
# $
f x h f x
h
0 0
!2K LKMN Remember that the tangent line on the preious page was deined as the line created when 6 gets
closer and closer to 5. As 6 gets closer and closer to 5,

x
1
gets closer and closer to x
0
. So, as 6 gets closer to 5,
) ,the horizontal distance between 5 and 6, gets close to zero.
1hereore, we can now state the starting point or dierential calculus:

m
tan
!
"
# $
!
# $
7 3 ) 7 3
)
0 0
as ) gets ininitely close to zero. Note that ) cannot equal zero. \hy not div. by 0
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 16 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
1hree ormulas you will need to know are:
the slope o the secant line: m
f x f x
x x
sec
!
# $ ! # $
!
1 0
1 0
the slope o the tangent line: m
f x h f x
h
tan
!
" # $ ! # $
0 0
as ) gets ininitely close to zero.
the point-slope equation o a line:

y y m x x ! ! !
# $
1 1
Lxample 1, lor the unction

f x x
# $
! "
2
1, ind the ollowing. Conirm c, on your calculator.
a, the slope o the secant line b, the slope o the tangent line c, the equation o the tangent line
between 3 ~ 1 and 3 ~ 3 at 3 ~ 2. at 3 ~ 2.

f f 3 1
3 1
4
# $ ! # $
!
!
f h f
h
h h
h
h h
h
h
h m
2 2
4 4 1 5
4
4
4
2
" # $ ! # $
" " " !
" # $
! "
! as gets close to 0,
tan
y x
y x
! ! !
# $
! !
5 4 2
4 3

f x x
# $
! " 5 2, ind the ollowing. Conirm c, on your calculator.
between 3 ~ -1 and 3 ~ 4 at 3 ~ 2. at 3 ~ 2.
f f 4 1
4 1
5
# $ ! ! # $
"
!
f h f
h
h
h
h
h
h m
2 2
5 2 2 12
5
5
5
"
# $ ! # $
" # $ " !
!
tan
y x
y x
! ! !
# $
! "
12 5 2
5 2
Lxample 3, lor the unction f x x x
# $
! " !
2
4 1, ind the ollowing. Conirm c, on your calculator.
between 3 ~ -3 and 3 ~ -1 at 3 ~ -2. at 3 ~ -2.
f f 3 1
3 1
0
# $ ! ! # $
"
!
f h f
h
h h
h
h
h
h
h m
! "
# $ ! ! # $
! # $ " ! # $ ! "
!
!
2 2
2 4 2 1 5
0
2
2
as gets close to 0,
tan
y x
y
" ! "
# $
! !
5 0 2
5
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 1 - /&0 /,)!$(&1

f x x x
# $
! ! ! 2 5 3
2
, ind the ollowing. Conirm c, on your calculator.
between 3 ~ 0 and 3 ~ 1 at 3 ~ 2. at 3 ~ 2.
f f 1 0
1 0
3
# $ ! # $
!
! !
f h f
h
h h
h
h h
h
h
h m
2 2
2 2 5 2 3 5
3
3
3
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ ! " # $ ! "
" # $
! "
tan
y x
y x
" ! !
# $
! !
5 3 2
3 11

f x x x
# $
! ! "
3 2
between 3 ~ -1 and 3 ~ 1 at 3 ~ 1. at 3 ~ 1.
f f 1 1
1 1
1
# $ ! ! # $
"
!
f h f
h
h h
h
h h h
h
h h
h m
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 2
1 2
1
3 2
2
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ ! " # $ " !
" "
# $
! " "
tan
y x
y x
! ! !
# $
!
1 1 1
Lxample 6, lor the unction f x
x
# $
!
"
2
1
between 3 ~ 1 and 3 ~ 4 at 3 ~ 2. at 3 ~ 2.
f f 4 1
4 1
1
5
# $ ! # $
!
!
!
f h f
h
h
h
h
h
h h h
h m
h
2 2
3 3
3 3
2
3 3
2
3 3
2
9
2
3
2
3
" # $ ! # $
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
# $
" # $
(
)
*
+
,
-
!
"
# $
!
!
"
# $
!
!
"
as gets close to 0,
tan
y x
y
x
! !
!
!
# $
!
!
"
2
3
2
9
2
2
9
10
9
Let us suppose that an object is traeling along a straight line according to the ormula

s t t
# $
! " 2 3 where & is
measured in seconds and

s t
# $
is measured in eet. Complete the chart.
& 0 1 2 3 4 5

% & &
# $
! " 2 3
O C P Q BB BO
I we want to calculate the aerage elocity between & ~ 0 and & ~ 4, we know

average velocity
total distance
total time
!
So, aerage elocity equals 2 measured in ft sec
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 18 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
But, i we wish to calculate the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 3 seconds, we are interested in exactly how ast we
are traeling at & ~ 3. 1his is not as easy to do. Using the analogy aboe, we can now state 2 ormulas which allow
us to ind both aerage and instantaneous elocity.
1wo ormulas you will need to know are: Gien

s t
# $
as the distance traeled in time &
Aerage elocity ~

s t s t
t t
2 1
2 1
# $
!
# $
!
Instantaneous elocity:

s t h s t
h
1 1
"
# $
!
# $
as ) gets ininitely close to zero.
So in the problem aboe, let`s ind the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 3.
s h s
h
h
h
h
h
3 3 2 3 3 9 6 2 6
2
"
# $ ! # $
!
" # $ " !
!
" !
! ft sec
Note that the aerage elocity is the same as the instantaneous elocity. I you are in a car where your aerage
speed is the same as your instantaneous speed, what is that called
cruise control
Lxample 6, I s t t
# $
! " 3 1 is a measure o eet traeled per second, ind,
a, the aerage elocity between & ~ 0 and & 8 3 b, the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 2 seconds.
s s 3 0
3 0
3
# $ ! # $
!
! ft sec
s h s
h
h
h
h
h
2 2
3 2 1 7
3
3
"
# $ ! # $
" # $ " !
! ft sec
Lxample , I

s t t t
# $
! !
2
2 is a measure o eet traeled per second, ind
s s 2 0
2 0
0
# $ ! # $
!
! ft sec
s h s
h
h h
h
h h
h
h
h
2 2
2 2 2 0
2
2
2
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ ! " # $ !
" # $
! "
! As gets close to 0, avg. vel. ft sec
Lxample 8, I s t t t t
# $
! " ! !
3 2
a, the aerage elocity between & ~ 1 and & 8 2 b, the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 1 second.
s s 2 1
2 1
9
# $ ! # $
!
! ft sec
s h s
h
h h h
h
h h h h h h
h
h h h
h
h h
h
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 3 3 1 2 1 1 0
4 4
4 4
4
3 2
2 3 2
2 2
2 2
" # $ ! # $
!
" # $ " " # $ ! " # $ ! !
" " " " " " ! ! ! !
" "
# $
! " "
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 19 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
5-/6%* /7 5%8"#& "#9 !"#$%#& ()#%* + 2/3%./01
1. lor the unction

f x x
# $
! " 5 3, ind the ollowing. Conirm c, on your calculator.
between 3 ~ 1 and 3 ~ 5 at 3 ~ 2. at 3 ~ 2.
f f 5 1
5 1
4
# $ ! # $
!
!
f h f
h
h
h
h
h
2 2
5 2 3 13
5
5
"
# $ ! # $
" # $ " !
!
y x
y x
! ! !
# $
! "
13 5 2
5 3
2. lor the unction

f x x
# $
! !
2
between 3 ~ 0 and 3 ~ 3 at 3 ~ 1. at 3 ~ 1.
f f 3 0
3 1
3
# $ ! # $
!
!
f h f
h
h
h
h h
h
h
h m
1 1
1 3 2 2
2
2
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ ! "
!
" # $
! "
tan
y x
y x
" ! !
# $
! !
2 2 1
2 4
3. lor the unction

f x x x
# $
! ! "
2
5 4, ind the ollowing. Conirm c, on your calculator.
between 3 ~ 2 and 3 ~ 6 at 3 ~ 3. at 3 ~ 3.
f f 6 2
6 2
3
# $ ! # $
!
!
f h f
h
h h
h
h h
h
h
h m
3 3
3 5 3 4 2 1
1
1
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ ! " # $ " "
!
" # $
! "
tan
y x
y x
" ! !
# $
! !
2 1 3
5
4. lor the unction

f x x x
# $
! ! " 2 7 8
2
between 3 ~ -1 and 3 ~ 4 at 3 ~ -1. at 3 ~ -1.
f f 4 1
4 1
1
# $ ! ! # $
"
! !
f h f
h
h h
h
h h
h
h
h m
! "
# $ ! ! # $
! # $ ! ! # $ " !
! " # $
! ! "
! !
1 1
2 1 7 1 8 17
11 2
11 2
11
2
as gets close to 0,
tan
y x
y x
! ! ! "
# $
! ! "
17 11 1
11 6
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 20 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
5. lor the unction

f x x x
# $
! " !
3
between 3 ~ -3 and 3 ~ 3 at 3 ~ 2. at 3 ~ 2.
f f 3 3
3 3
10
# $ ! ! # $
"
!
f h f
h
h h
h
h h h h
h
h h h
h m
2 2
2 2 2 8
13 6
13 6
13
3
2
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ " " # $ ! !
" "
# $
! " "
tan
y x
y x
! ! !
# $
! !
8 13 2
13 18
6. lor the unction

f x
x
# $
!
!
5
3
between 3 ~ 4 and 3 ~ 6 at 3 ~ 1. at 3 ~ 1.
f f 6 4
6 4
5
3
# $ ! # $
!
!
!
f h f
h
h
h
h
h
h
h h h
h m
1 1
5
2
5
2
2 2
2 2
10 5 10
2 2
5
2 2
5
2
"
# $ ! # $
!
"
"
#
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
! # $
! # $
(
)
*
+
,
-
" !
!
# $
!
!
# $
!
!
as gets close to 0,
tan
y x
y x
" !
!
!
# $
!
!
!
5
2
5
4
1
5
4
5
4
. lor the unction

f x
x
x
# $
!
!
"
2
1
between 3 ~ 1 and 3 ~ 5 at 3 ~ 3. at 3 ~ 3.
f f 5 1
5 1
1
4
# $ ! # $
!
!
f h f
h
h
h
h
h
h
h h
h h h
h m
3 3
1
4
1
4
4 4
4 4
4 4 4
4 4
3
4 4
3
16
"
# $ ! # $
"
"
!
"
#
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
" # $
" # $
(
)
*
+
,
-
" ! !
"
# $
!
"
# $
tan
y x
y x
! ! ! # $
! !
1
4
3
16
3
3
16
5
16
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 21 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
8. I

s t t
# $
! " 4 1 is a measure o eet traeled per second, ind
s s 5 1
5 1
4
# $ ! # $
!
! ft sec
s h s
h
h
h
h
h
2 2
4 2 1 9
4
4
4
"
# $ ! # $
" # $ " !
!
!
ft sec
ft sec
9. I

s t t
# $
! "
2
a, the aerage elocity between & ~ 0 and & 8 4 b, the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 1 second.
s s 4 0
4 0
4
# $ ! # $
!
! ft sec
s h s
h
h
h
h h
h
h
h
1 1
1 4 5 2
2
2
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ " !
!
" # $
! "
10. I s t t t
# $
! ! "
2
3 2 is a measure o miles traeled per hour, ind
a, the aerage elocity between & ~ 0 and & 8 4 b, the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 1 hour.
s s 4 0
4 0
1
# $ ! # $
!
! mph
s h s
h
h h
h
h h
h
h
h
1 1
1 3 1 2 0 1
1
1
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ ! " # $ " !
!
! " # $
! ! "
! ! As gets close to 0, avg. vel. mph
11. I

s t t t
# $
! " !
3
a, the aerage elocity between & ~ 2 and & 8 b, the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 2 seconds.
s s 7 2
7 2
68
# $ ! # $
!
! ft sec
s h s
h
h h
h
h h h
h
h h
h
2 2
2 2 1 9
13 6
13 6
13
3 2
2
" # $ ! # $
" # $ " " # $ ! !
!
" "
# $
! " "
12. I

s t
t
# $
!
"
6
2
is a measure o eet traeled per second, ind
a, the aerage elocity between & ~ 1 and & 8 b, the instantaneous elocity at & ~ 4 seconds.
s s 7 1
7 1
2
9
# $
!
# $
!
!
!
ft sec
s h s
h
h
h
h
h
h h h
h
h
4 4
1 6
6
6 6
6
1
6
1
6
6
6
" # $ ! # $
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
"
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
! "
# $
" # $
!
!
"
!
!
"
As gets close to 0, avg. vel. ft sec
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 22 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
R0"6;)8"- H660/"8; &/ ()3)&* + ,-"**./01
Suppose you were to graph
For all values oI x not equal to 2,
you can use standard curve sketching
techniques. But the curve is not deIined at
x 2 . There is a hole in the graph. So let`s

get an idea oI the behavior oI the curve around
x 2.
f x
x
x
x
# $
!
!
!
.
3
8
2
2 ,
Set your calculator to 4 decimal accuracy and complete the chart.
@ B?PC B?Q B?QQ B?QQQ A A?DDB A?DB A?B A?AC
7,3, 10.5625 11.4100 11.9401 11.9940 error 12.0060 12.0601 12.6100 13.5625
It should be obious that as 3 gets closer and closer to 2, the alue o

f x
# $
becomes closer and closer to 12
\e will say that the -)3)& o f x
# $
as 3 approaches 2 is 12 and this is written as lim lim
x x
f x
x
x
/ /
# $
!
!
!
!
2 2
3
12
8
2
12 or .
1he inormal o deinition o a limit is what is happening to 4 as 3 gets close to a certain number.` In order or a
limit to exist, we must be approaching the same 4-alue as we approach some alue , rom either the let or the
right side. I this does not happen, we say that the limit does not exist ,DNL, as we approach ,.
I we want the limit o

f x
# $
as we approach some alue o , rom the let hand side, we will write

lim
x c
f x
/
!
# $
.
I we want the limit o

f x
# $
as we approach some alue o , rom the right hand side, we will write

lim
x c
f x
/
"
# $
.
In order or a limit to exist at ,, lim
x c
f x
/
!
# $
must equal lim
x c
f x
/
"
# $
and we say

lim
x c
f x L
/
# $
! .
Example 1)

Example 2)

lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/ /
/
! "
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
1 1
1
1
1 2
DNE 2

lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/ /
/
! "
# $
! !
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
1 1
1
1
1 1
DNE 0
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 23 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Example 3)

Example 4)

lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/ /
/
! "
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 DNE

lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/ /
/
! "
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
1 1
1
1 2
1 1
1 -
Example 5)

Example 6)
lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/ /
/
! "
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
# $
!
0 0
0
0 1
1 1
1
lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/ /
/
! "
# $
!
# $
! !0
# $
!
# $
!
2 2
2
2
!
DNE DNE
Example 7)

Example 8)

lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/! /!
/!
! "
# $
!
# $
! 0
# $
! !
# $
!
2 2
2
2
!
! DNE
lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x f
/! /!
/!
! "
# $ ! 0 # $ ! 0
# $ ! 0 ! # $ !
2 2
2
2

0
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 24 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
1he concept o limits as 3 approaches ininity means the ollowing: what happens to 4 as 3 gets ininitely large.`
\e are interested in what is happening to the 4-alue as the cure gets arther and arther to the right. \e can also
talk about limits as 3 approaches negatie ininity. 1his means what is happening to the 4-alue as the cure gets
arther and arther to the let. 1he terminology we use are the ollowing:

lim
x
f x
/0
# $
and

lim
x
f x
/!0
# $
.
Although we use the term as 3 approaches ininity`, realize that 3 cannot approach ininity as ininity does not
exist. 1he term 3 approaches ininity` is just a conenient way to talk about the cure ininitely ar to the right.
Note that it makes no sense to talk about

lim
x
f x
/0
"
# $
or

lim
x
f x
/!0
!
# $
. \hy Can' t approach infinity from right
1here are only 4 possibilities or

lim
x
f x
/0
# $
or

lim
x
f x
/!0
# $
:
the cure can go up oreer. In that case, the the cure can go down oreer. In that case,
limit does not exist. lor conenience sake, the limit does not exist. lor conenience
we will say

lim
x
f x
/0
# $
!0 sake we will say

lim
x
f x
/0
# $
! !0
Example 9)

Example 10)
In this case, lim
x
f x
/!0
# $ ! 0 In this case, lim
x
f x
/!0
# $ ! 0
the cure can become asymptotic to the cure can leel o to a line. In that case, the
a line. In that case the limit as 3 limit as 3 approaches ininity is a alue.
approaches ininity is a alue.
Example 11)

Example 12)
In this case, lim lim
x x
f x f x
/0 /!0
# $ ! # $ ! ! 1 1 and In this case, lim lim
x x
f x f x
/0 /!0
# $ ! # $ ! 0 0 and
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 25 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
R0"6;)8"- H660/"8; &/ ()3)&* + 2/3%./01
1)

2)
a) -2 b) 2 c)
d) 1 e) -2 I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x DNE
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
# $ # $ # $
!
1 1
1
1 2

a) = 3 b) = 0 c)
d) = 3 e) = 0 f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x DNE
f f x f x
/ / /
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
# $ # $ # $ ! !0
2 2 2
2
3)

4)

a) 1 b) 1 c)
d) 1 e) - ! I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
!
# $ # $ # $
! 0
3 3
3
1
3

a) =13 b) =13 c)
d) =13 e) = f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ / /
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $ !
# $ # $ 0 # $ ! 0
0 0 0
13
0
5)

6)
a) = 0 b) = 0 c)
d) = DNE e) = f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/! /! /!
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $ !
! # $ # $ 0 # $ ! 0
1 1 1
0
1

a) =1 b) =1 c)
d) = 0 e) = - f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ / /
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $ !
# $ # $ 0 # $ ! 0
1 1 1
1
1
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 26 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
7)

8)
a) = - b) = c)
d) = DNE e) =1 f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x DNE
f f x f x
/ / /
/!0 /0
! "
# $ 0 # $ 0 # $ !
# $ # $ # $ ! !
1 1 1
1 2

a) ! b) ! c)
d) DNE e) -1 I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
! 0
# $ # $ # $
!
3 3
3
3 0
9)

10)

a) = - b) = - c)
d) =1 e) = 2 f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ / /
/!0 /0
! "
# $ 0 # $ 0 # $ ! !0
# $ # $ # $ !
2 2 2
2 2

a) - ! b) -1 c)
d) 1 e) ! I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x DNE
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
# $ # $ # $
! 0
0 0
0
0
11)

12)

a) 0 b) 0 c)
d) 0 e) DNE I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x DNE
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
!
# $ # $ # $
0 0
0
0
0

a) 0 b) 0 c)
d) 0 e) - ! I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
!
# $ # $ # $
!
0 0
0
0
0 0
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 2 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
13)

14)
a) = -3 b) = -2 c)
d) = -2 e) = -3 f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x DNE
f f x f x
/ / /
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $ !
# $ # $ # $ ! 0
1 1 1
1

a) -2 b) -2 c)
d) DNE e) ! I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
! !
# $ # $ # $
! 0
1 1
1
2
1
15)

16)
a) = -2 b) = -2 c)
d) = 0 e) = f)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ / /
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $ ! !
# $ # $ 0 # $ ! 0
1 1 1
2
1

a) ! b) - ! c)
d) DNE e) 0 I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x DNE
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
# $ # $ # $
!
0 0
0
0 0
17)

18)
a) = b) = c)
d) DNE e) = - f)
lim lim lim
lim lim .
x x x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/! /! /!
/!0 /0
! "
# $ 0 # $ 0 # $ ! 0
! # $ # $ 0 # $ ! !
3 3 3
3 2 5

a) 0 b) 0 c)
d) 0 e) DNE I)
lim lim lim
lim lim
x x
x
x x
f x f x f x
f f x f x
/ /
/
/!0 /0
! "
# $ # $ # $
!
# $ # $ # $
!
0 0
0
0
0 0
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 28 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
S)#9)#$ ()3)&* H-$%F0")8"--: + ,-"**./01
\e are going to now determine limits without beneit o looking at a graph, that is

lim
x a
f x
/
# $
.
1here are three steps to remember: 1, plug in $
2, lactor,cancel and go back to step 1
3, #, -#, or DNL
Lxample 1, ind

lim
x
x x
/!
! "
2
2
4 1 Lxample 2, ind

lim
x
x
x
/!
!
!
2
2 6
2
\ou can do this by plugging in. \ou can also do this by plugging in.
13

!
!
!
10
4
5
2
Lxample 3, ind

lim
x
x x
x
/!
! !
!
2
2
2
2 8
4
Lxample 4, ind

lim
x
x x
x
/
! "
!
1
2
3
2 1
1
Plug in and you get
0
0
- no good Plug in and you get
0
0
- no good
So attempt to actor and cancel So attempt to actor and cancel
lim lim
lim
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
/! /!
/!
! !
!
!
! # $ " # $
! # $ " # $
!
! # $
! # $
!
!
!
!
2
2
2
2
2
2 8
4
4 2
2 2
4
2
3
2
3
2

lim lim
lim
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x
x x
/ /
/
! "
!
!
!
# $
!
# $
!
# $
" "
# $
!
!
# $
" "
# $
!
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
2 1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
0
I steps 1 and 2 do not work ,you hae a zero in the denominator, your answer is one o the ollowing:
! +! T/%* 4/& K@)*& UT4KV
1o determine which, you must split your limit into two separate limits.:

lim
x a
f x
/
!
# $
and

lim
x a
f x
/ "
# $
. Make a sign
chart by plugging in a number close to $ on the let side and determining its sign. \ou will also plug in a number
close to $ on the right side and determine its sign. K"8; /7 &;%*% .)-- F% */3% 7/03 /7 !W %)&;%0 6/*)&)E% /0
#%$"&)E%? Only i they are the same will the limit be # or -#.
\hat this says is that in this case, lim lim
x a
x a
f x f x
/
/ "
!
# $
! 0
# $
! 0 some Iorm oI and some Iorm oI
\ou need to check whether they are the same.
Lxample 5, ind

lim
x
x
x
/
"
!
2
2 5
2
Step 1, Plug in -
9
0
- no good Step 2, - No actoring,cancel So your answer is #, -# or DNL

lim lim lim
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x / / /
! "
"
!
!
!
!
0
"
!
!
!
"
0 1
"
! 2 2 2
2 5
2
2 5
2
2 5
2
DNE
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 29 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Lxample 6, ind

lim
x
x
/0
4
2

Step 1, Plug in -
4
0
- no good Step 2, - No actoring,cancel So your answer is #, -# or DNL

lim lim lim
x x
x
x x x
/ /
/
! !
!
"
"
0 !
"
"
0 1 ! 0
0 0
0
4

4

4
2 2 2
Lxample , ind

lim
x
x x
x x
/!
" !
" "
3
2
2
2 3
6 9
Lxample 8, ind

lim
x
x
x x x
/
!
! " !
2
3 2
2 4
6 12 8

lim lim
lim lim
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DNE
/!
/!
/!
/!
" !
" "
!
!
"
!
!
!
0
!
"
!
!
"
0 1
!
"
!
"
3
2
2
3
3
3
2 3
6 9
1
3
1
3
1
3

lim lim
lim lim
lim
x x
x x
x
x
x x x
x
x
x x
x
x x x
/ /
/ /
/
!
! " !
!
!
# $
!
# $
!
!
# $
!
"
"
0
!
# $
!
"
"
0
1
!
! " !
! 0
! "
2
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3 2
2 4
6 12 8
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 4
6 12 8

Lxample 9, f x
x x
x x
f x
x
# $
!
! 2
! ! %
3
4
5
6
5
# $
/
2
1
4 1
2 1 1
,
,
lim Iind Lxample 10, f x
x
x
x
x
x
x
f x
x
# $ !
!
2
!
!
%
3
4
5
6
5
# $
/
2
2
3
2
2
2
,
,
lim find

lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x
/ /
/
! "
# $
! !
# $
! !
1
# $
! !
1 1
1
3 3
3

lim lim
lim
x x
x
f x f x
f x
/ /
/
! "
# $
!
!
!
# $
!
"
"
1
# $
! 0
2 2
2
! !
Lxample 11, lim lim lim
x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
/ / /
" ! " "
" "
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
" "
# $
!
" "
# $
!
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
linally, we are interested also in problems o the type:

lim
x
f x
/&0
# $
. lere are the rules:
\rite 7,3, as a raction. 1, I the highest power o 3 appears in the denominator ,bottom heay,,

lim
x
f x
/&0
# $
! 0
2, I the highest power o 3 appears in the numerator ,top heay,,

lim
x
f x
/&0
# $
!&0
plug in ery large or small numbers and determine the sign o the answer
3, I the highest power o 3 appears both in the numerator and denominator
,powers equal,,

lim
x
f x
/&0
# $
!
coeicient o numerator`s highest power
coeicient o denominator`s highest power
Lxample 12,

lim
x
x
x
/0
"
!
4 50
85
2
3
Lxample 13,

lim
x
x x x
x x
/0
! " !
! !
4 5 3 1
5 7 25
3 2
3
Lxample 14,

lim
x
x
x
/0
!
!
3 23
4 1
3
0

4
5
0
Lxample 15,

lim
x
x x
x
/!0
! " 4 5 3
1
2
Lxample 16, lim
x
x x
x
/0
!
"
2
3
2 1
Lxample 1, lim
x
x x
x
/!0
!
"
2
3
2 1
0
1
2
!
1
2
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 30 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
S)#9)#$ ()3)&* H-$%F0")8"--: + 2/3%./01
1,

lim
x/5
12 2,

lim
x/
7
0
3,

lim
x
x
/2
4

12 7 8
4,

lim
x
x x
/
! !
5
2
3 4 1 5,

lim
x
x
x x
/
!
! " !
0
3 2
5 7 2 2 6,

lim
y
y y y
/!
! !
1
4 3
3 6 2
54 !1 11
,

lim
x
x
x
/
!
!
4
2 4
1
8,

lim
x
x x
x
/!
" "
2
2
2
4 4
9,

lim
x
x
x
/
!
!
1
2 2
1

4
3
0 lim
x
x
x
/
! # $
!
!
1
2 1
1
2
10,

lim
x
x
x
/
!
!
4
2
16
4
11,

lim
t
t
t
/!
"
"
2
3
8
2
12,

lim
x
x x
x x
/
! "
" !
2
2
2
4 4
6

lim
x
x x
x
/
" # $ ! # $
!
!
4
4 4
4
8 lim
t
t t t
t
/!
" # $ ! "
# $
"
!
2
2
2 2 4
2
12 lim
x
x
x x
/
! # $
! # $ " # $
!
2
2
2
3 2
0
13, lim
x
x x
x x
/!
" "
! !
1
2
2
6 5
3 4
14, lim
x
x x x
x x
/
" ! "
! "
1
3 2
3
5 3
3 2
15,

lim
x
x
x
/
!
3
3

lim
x
x x
x x
/!
" # $ " # $
! # $ " # $
!
!
1
5 1
4 1
4
5

lim
x
x x
x x
/
!
# $
"
# $
!
# $
"
# $
!
1
2
2
1 3
1 2
4
3
lim lim
lim
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DNE
/ /
/
" !
"
!
! 0
!
! !0
!
!
3 3
3
3 3
3

16, lim
x
x
x
/
!
5
2
25
1, lim
y
y
y
/
"
!
6
2
6
36
18, lim
x
x
x x
/
!
! !
4
2
3
2 8

lim lim
lim
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DNE
/ /
/
" !
!
! 0
!
! !0
!
!
5
2
5
2
5
2
25 25
25

lim lim
lim
x x
x
x x
x
DNE
/ /
/
" !
!
! 0
!
! !0
!
!
6 6
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
lim
lim
lim
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
DNE
/
/
/
"
!
!
!
# $ " # $
! !0
!
! # $ " # $
! 0
!
! # $ " # $
!
4
4
4
3
4 2
3
4 2
3
4 2
19, lim
x
x x
/
! "
1
2
4
2 1
20, lim
x
x
x
/
!
5
5
21, lim
x
x
x x
/
!
! "
3
2
2
6 9

lim lim
lim
x x
x
x x
x
/ /
/
" !
! # $
! 0
!
# $
! 0
!
# $
! 0
1
2
1
2
1
2
4
1
4
1
4
1

lim lim
lim
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
/ /
/
" !
!
! 0
!
! 0
!
! 0
5 5
5
5 5
5
lim lim
lim
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
/ /
/
" !
!
! # $
! !0
!
!
# $
! !0
!
! # $
! !0
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3 3
3
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 31 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
22,

f x
x x
x x
f x
x
# $
!
! 2
! %
3
4
6
5
# $
/
1 3
2 3 3
3
,
,
lim Iind 23,

f x
x x
x x
f x
x
# $
!
! 2 !
% !
3
4
5
6
5
# $
/!
3
1
1 1
2 1
,
,
lim Iind

DNE !2
24, f x
x
x
x
x
x
x
f x
x
# $ !
!
!
2
!
%
3
4
5
6
5
# $
/
2
1
1
1
1
1
,
,
lim find 25, lim
x
x
x
/
" !
"
#
$
%
&
'
0
4 2

!0
lim
lim lim
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x
/
/ /
" !
"
#
$
%
&
'
" "
" "
"
#
$
%
&
'
" !
" "
# $
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
!
" "
# $
!
0
0 0
4 2 4 2
4 2
4 4
4 2
1
4 2
1
4
26, Let

f x
x x x
k x
# $
!
! ! .
! !
3
4
5
6
5
2
2 3 2
3 2
,
,
2, f x
x
x
x
k x
# $
!
!
!
.
! !
3
4
5
6
5
2
2
49
7
7
2 7
,
,
ind : such that

lim
x
f x f
/
# $
!
# $
2
2 ind : such that

lim
x
f x f
/
# $
!
# $
7
7

4 4 3 3
0
! ! ! !
!
k
k

lim lim
x x
x x
x
x
k k
/ /
" # $ ! # $
!
! " # $ !
! ! 8 ! &
7 7
2
7 7
7
7 14
2 14 4
28,

lim
x/0
6 29,

lim
x
x
/0
! "
# $
2 11 30,

lim
x
x x x x
/!0
! " " !
# $
3 3 5 8 3
4 3 2
6 !0 0
31,

lim
x
x
x
/0
!
"
2 3
4 5
32,

lim
x
x
x
/!0
!
"
7 3
2 1
3
3
33,

lim
x
x
/0
!
2
5 3

1
2

!3
2
0
34, lim
x
x
x
/!0
"
!
2 30
6 5
12
35,

lim
x
x
x
/0
!
4
6 19
4
3
36, lim
x
x x x
x x
/!0
! ! !
" "
4 3 2 5
9 9 7
2 3
2
0 0 0
3, lim
x
x
x
/0
"
2
4
38, lim
x
x
x
/!0
"
2
4
39, lim
x
x x
x
/!0
"
!
3
1
2
2
1 !1 0
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 32 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
T%7)#)&)/# /7 T%0)E"&)E% + ,-"**./01
Let us do a bit o reiewing. lor the unction

f x x x
# $
! ! "
2
3 1, ind
a, the slope o the tangent line b, the slope o the tangent line c, the slope o the tangent line
at 3 8 2 at 3 ~ 0. at 3 ~ -1.
m !1 m ! !3 m ! !5
Obiously we hae duplicated our eorts a great deal. 1he process is the same - only the point at which we ind
the slope o the tangent changes. \ith that in mind, we are ready to introduce a basic concept o calculus. 1he
9%0)E"&)E% o a unction is a ormula or the slope o the tangent line to that unction at any point 3. 1he process
o taking deriaties is called 9)77%0%#&)"&)/#.
\e now deine the deriatie o a unction f x
# $ as

lim
h
f x h f x
h
/
"
# $
!
# $
0
. 1his mimics the procedure used aboe
but it calculates the slope o the tangent line at any generic point 3. Notice that we can now talk about this process
in terms o a limit. \hen you do your cancellation, you are essentially perorming the limit procedures we did in
the last section.

f x x x
# $
! ! "
2
3 1, ind its deriatie and ealuate the deriatie at 3 ~ 2, 0, and -1.
9
# $ !
" # $ ! " # $ " ! ! "
# $
!
" " ! ! " ! " !
!
9
# $ !
" !
!
" ! # $
! " ! # $ !
/ /
/ / /
f x
x h x h x x
h
x xh h x h x x
h
f x
xh h h
h
h x h
h
x h
h h
h h h
lim lim
lim lim lim
0
2
2
0
2 2 2
0
2
0 0
3 1 3 1
2 3 3 1 3 1
2 3 2 3
2 3 2xx
m m m
x x x
!
! ! ! ! !
! # $ ! # $ !! # $
3
1 3 5
2 0 1

\e now need to speciy some notation or the deriatie. \hen the unction is deined as f x
# $
, the deriatie
will be written as 9
# $
f x or 9 f . \hen the unction is written in the orm o

y !, the deriatie is written as 9 y or

dy
dx
. 1he latter looks like a raction but or now will be one entity, the deriatie o 4 and is pronounced ;4 ;3"`
Lxample 2, f x x f x
# $
! 9
# $
4 , Iind Lxample 3, f x x x f x
# $
! " 9
# $
2
, Iind
9
# $ !
" # $ !
! 9
# $ !
/
f x
x h x
h
f
h
lim
0
4 4
4 3 4
9
# $ !
" # $ " " ! "
# $
9
# $ !
" " # $
! " 9
# $ !
/
/
f x
x h x h x x
h
f x
h x h
h
x f
h
h
lim
lim
0
2
2
0
2 1
2 1 3 7
Lxample 4, f x x x f x f
# $
! ! " 9
# $
9
# $
2 5 6 3
2
, Iind and Lxample 5, y
x
dy
dx
!
4
, Iind
9
# $ !
" # $ ! " # $ " ! ! "
# $
9
# $
!
" !
# $
! ! 9
# $
!
/
/
f x
x h x x h x x
h
f x
h x h
h
x f
h
h
lim
lim
0
2
2
0
2 5 6 2 5 6
4 3 5
4 5 3 7

9
# $ !
! " # $
" # $
(
)
*
+
,
- !
! "
# $
" # $
9
# $
!
!
"
# $
!
!
9
# $
!
!
/
"
/
/
f x
h
x x h
x x h
x x h
hx x h
f x
x x h x
f
h
x h x
h
h
lim lim
lim
0
4 4
0
0
2
4 4
4 4
3
4
9
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 33 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
T%7)#)&)/# /7 T%0)E"&)E% + 2/3%./01
lor the ollowing unctions, ind their deriatie and ealuate at 3 ~ 2, -4, 0 and !" Use proper notation.
1. y x ! 2 2.

y x ! !
2
5
9 !
" # $ !
9 !
9
# $ ! 9 ! # $ ! 9
# $ ! 9 7 # $ !
/
y
x h x
h
y
y y y y
h
lim
0
2 2
2
2 2 4 2 0 2 2
9 !
" # $ ! ! !
# $
9 !
" " ! ! "
9 !
" # $
9 !
9
# $ ! 9 ! # $ ! ! 9
# $ ! 9 7 # $ ! 7
/
/
/
y
x h x
h
y
x xh h x
h
y
h x h
h
y x
y y y y
h
h
h
lim
lim
lim
0
2
2
0
2 2 2
0
5 5
2 5 5
2
2
2 4 4 8 0 0 2
3. f x x x
# $
! " !
2
3 4 4. f x x x
# $
! ! " 4 6 1
2
9 !
" # $ " " # $ ! ! " !
# $
9 !
" " # $
9 ! "
9
# $ ! 9 ! # $ ! ! 9
# $ ! 9 7 # $ ! 7 "
/
/
y
x h x h x x
h
y
h x h
h
y x
y y y y
h
h
lim
lim
0
2
2
0
3 4 3 4
2 3
2 3
2 7 4 5 0 3 2 3
9 !
" # $ ! " # $ " ! ! "
# $
9 !
" ! # $
9 ! !
9
# $ ! 9 ! # $ ! ! 9
# $ ! ! 9 7 # $ ! 7 !
/
/
y
x h x h x x
h
y
h x h
h
y x
y y y y
h
h
lim
lim
0
2
2
0
4 6 1 4 6 1
2 4 3 3
8 6
2 10 4 38 0 6 8 6
5. f x x x
# $
! "
3
2 6.

f x
x
# $
! "
5
1
9 !
" # $ " " # $ ! "
# $
9 !
" " "
# $
9 ! "
9
# $ ! 9 ! # $ ! 9
# $ ! 9 7 # $ ! 7 "
/
/
y
x h x h x x
h
y
h x xh h
h
y x
y y y y
h
h
lim
lim
0
3
3
0
2 2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2
3 2
2 14 4 50 0 2 3 2
9 !
" ! "
# $ " # $
" # $
(
)
*
+
,
-
9 !
! " # $
" # $
!
!
"
# $
9 !
!
9
# $ !
!
9 ! # $ !
!
9
# $ ! 9 7 # $
/
"
/ /
y
h
x x h
x x h
y
x x h
xh x h
h
xh x h
y
x
y y y DNE y
h
x h x
h h
lim
lim lim
0
5 5
0 0
2
1 1
5 5 5
5
2
5
4
4
5
16
0 !!
!
7
5
2
. f x
x
# $
!
!1
2
8. f x x # $ !
9 !
!
" # $
" # $
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
9 !
! " " # $
" # $
!
"
"
# $
9 !
" # $
" # $
!
9
/
!
" # $
!
/ /
/
y
h
x x h
x x h
y
x x h
hx x h
xh h
hx x h
y
h x h
hx x h
x
y
h
x h
x
h h
h
lim
lim lim
lim
0
1 1
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2 3
2
2
2 2
2 ## $ ! 9 ! # $ !
!
9
# $ ! 9 7 # $ !
7
1
4
4
1
32
0
2
3
y y DNE y

9 !
" ! " "
" "
(
)
*
+
,
-
9 !
" !
" "
# $
!
" "
# $
9 !
9
# $ ! 9 ! # $ ! 9
# $ ! 9 7 # $ !
7
/
/ /
y
x h x
h
x h x
x h x
y
x h x
h x h x
h
h x h x
y
x
y y DNE y DNE y
h
h h
lim
lim lim
0
0 0
1
2
2
1
2 2
4 0
1
2

!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 34 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
T%0)E"&)E%* X*)#$ !%8;#/-/$:
\hile the 1I 84, cannot ind deriaties, it can come ery close to inding the alue o the deriatie at a speciied
point. Only calculators like the 1I-89 or 1I-92 can ind the actual deriatie o a unction because o its ability to
work symbolically.
1he deriatie is deined as the slope o a tangent line to a cure

f x
# $
. Its ormal deinition is this:

9
# $
f x ~

lim
( ) ( )
h
f x h f x
h
/
" !
0
1he 1I calculators use another unction to approximate the slope o a tangent line to a cure

f x
# $
at a point. It is
called the 4XIKYZ,H( TKYZ[H!Z[K. 1he 1I 83 and 83- abbreiates this unction as #T%0)E. 1he
deinition o the numerical deriatie is as ollows:
#T%0)E ~ lim
( ) ( )
h
f x h f x h
h
/
" ! !
0
2
1his unction calculates the slope o the secant line between 2 points ery close to 3 . 1he ariable ) is the
distance between 3 and either point. 1he closer the 2 points are to 3, the closer #T%0)E will be to the actual
deriatie.
x h ! x h "

f x h "
# $

f x h !
# $
x

f x
# $
h h

Derivative
lim
h
f x h f x
h
/
"
# $
!
# $
0
NDeriv
lim
h
f x h f x h
h
/
"
# $
! !
# $
0
2
!/ <*% #T%0)E .)&; &;% !Z+\]+\O^ !Z \] K@"36-%
1, Place the unctions you wish to use in \
1
1, \
1
~ X
2
2, #T%0)E is MA1l 8. Use #T%0)E,\
1
,X,the 2, #T%0)E,\-VARS lunction \
1
,X,1,
x coordinate o the point where you wish to calculate
the deriatie, 1he answer should be 2.
It is not necessary to use an ) with #T%0)E. 1he calculator assumes the alue .001 as ). \ou can speciy a
smaller alue o h using #T%0)E,\
1
,X,X alue, ),.
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 35 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Setting up the calculator with a unction such as

f x x x
# $
! " !
2
2 3and a numerical deriatie o the unction leads
to an interesting result. 1he 1I-84 statement \
2
~ #T%0)E,\
1
,X,X, says to take the numerical deriatie o the
unction \
1
with respect to 3 at each alue o 3 that is graphed. 1he resulting 1I-83 table shows each point o the
unction ,3,\
1
, and \
2
is the slope o the tangent line at that point. lor instance,

f x
# $
goes through the point
,-3, 0, and the slope o the tangent line at that point is -4. It goes through the point ,0,-3, and the slope o the
tangent line is 2. I you graph all points ,X,\
2
, you get a straight line. 1his straight line is the line y x ! " 2 2, the
result o taking the deriatie o the unction x x
2
2 3 " ! . 1his line is #/& tangent to x x
2
2 3 " ! . 1he 4 alues are
the slopes o the tangent line to f x
# $
at each point 3.

1here are times when the #T%0)E unction will gie a alse answer. In general, these are places where the
deriatie o a unction is not deined. 1he best example o this is

y x ! . \e will see that the deriatie o
y x ! is not deined at 3 ~ 0 ,why,. And yet, i you press in #T%0)E,\
1
,X,0, on the 1I 834or by the method
described using the other calculators, you will get the alue zero. \hy does it do so Look at the deinition o
#T%0)E.
_;"& 9/%* &;% 8"-8<-"&/0`* "F)-)&: &/ 7)#9 9%0)E"&)E%* "& 6/)#&* 3%"# &/ H?=? *&<9%#&*J
lirst o all, with the calculator, you are not inding deriaties symbolically, only numerically. Since a deriatie is
a 7/03<-" or the slope o a tangent line to a cure y f x !
# $
, we must learn the techniques or inding these
ormulas. Much o the irst semester will be deoted to that need and the calculators really will not be o much
use.
But, when you are asked to ind the slope o the tangent line to a cure at a single point, the calculator will sere
well in two ways. lirst, i on exams, including the A.P. exam, you are asked to ind the deriatie at a point, you
will still hae to do the work symbolically, but the calculator will sere as an answer book or you. Second, i the
expression that you need to ind the slope o the tangent line or is ery complicated, you could simply do it
numerically on the calculator, ignoring the techniques you will hae learned. On the calculator necessary` section
o the A.P. exam, this is a skill that will sere you well.
In general, the calculator seres as an aide to <'(274 what we ind by calculus techniques. I you decide to rely solely
on the calculator, you are making a ery bad decision and you will hae absolutely no shot on the A.P. exam.
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 36 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
!%8;#)a<%* /7 T)77%0%#&)"&)/# + ,-"**./01
1aking deriaties is a a process that is ital in calculus. In order to take deriaties, there are rules that will make
the process simpler than haing to use the deinition o the deriatie.
1. 1he constant rule: 1he deriatie o a constant unction is 0. 1hat is, i , is a real number, then

d
dx
c
' (
! 0.
a, 4 ~ b,

f x
# $
! 0 c,

s t
# $
! !8 d,

y a ! 7
3

9 ! y 0
9
# $ ! f x 0
9
# $ ! s t 0
dy
dx
! 0
2. 1he single ariable rule: 1he deriatie o 3 is 1.

d
dx
x
' (
!1. 1his is consistent with the act that the slope o the
line

y ! x is 1.
a, 4 ~ 3 b,

f x x
# $
! c,

s t t
# $
!

9 ! y 1
9
# $ ! f x 1
9
# $ ! s t 1
3. 1he power rule: I * is a rational number then the unction x
n
is dierentiable and

d
dx
x nx
n n
' (
!
!1
.
1ake the deriaties o the ollowing. Use correct notation.
a, y x !
2
b, f x x
# $
!
6
c, s t t
# $
!
30
d, y x !

9 ! y x 2

9
# $
! f x x 6
5

9
# $
! s t t 30
29

9 ! y
x
1
2
e,

y
x
!
1
,

f x
x
# $
!
1
3
g, s t
t
# $ !
1
3
h,

y
x
!
1
3 4

9 !
!
y
x
1
2

9
# $
!
!
f x
x
3
4

9
# $
!
!
s t
t
1
3
4 3

9 !
!
y
x
3
4
7 4
4, 1he constant multiple rule: I 7 is a dierentiable unction and , is a real number, then

d
dx
cf x cf x
# $ ' (
! 9
# $
a, y
x
!
2
2
b, f x
x
# $
!
4
3
3
c, s t t
# $
! !
5
d, y x ! 4

9 !
!
y
x
4
3

9
# $
! f x x 4
2

9
# $
! ! s t t 5
4

9 ! y
x
2
e,

y
x
!
!5
3
3
,

f x
x
# $
!
!
# $
5
3
3
g,

s t
t
# $
!
4
h, y
x
!
!12
5 3

9 ! y
x
5
4

9
# $
! f x
x
5
9
4

9
# $
!
!
s t
t
2
3 2

9 ! y
x
20
8 3
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 3 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
5. 1he sum and dierence rules. 1he deriatie o a sum or dierence is the sum or dierence o the deriaties.

d
dx
f x g x f x g x
# $
"
# $ ' (
! 9
# $
" 9
# $
and

d
dx
f x g x f x g x
# $
!
# $ ' (
! 9
# $
! 9
# $
a,

y x x ! " !
2
5 3 b,

f x x x x x
# $
! ! " " !
4 3 2
3
2
2 6 c,

y
x x x
! ! "
4 4 4
2 3

9 ! " y x 2 5

9
# $
! ! " " f x x x x 4
9
2
4 1
3 3

9 !
!
" ! y
x x x
4 8 12
2 3 4
d, y x x x ! ! "
# $
6 2 6
3
e,

f x x
# $
! !
# $
2 3
2
,

y x x ! ! "
# $
2
2
1

9 ! ! " " y x
x
x
18
5 18
1 6

9
# $ ! ! f x x 8 12
9 ! ! " ! y x x x 4 6 6 2
3 2
6. 1he Product Rule: 1he deriatie o the product o two unctions is the irst times the deriatie o the second
plus the second times the deriatie o the irst.

d
dx
f x g x f x g x g x f x
# $
:
# $ ' (
!
# $
: 9
# $
"
# $
: 9
# $
a, lind

9 y i

y x x x ! !
# $
!
# $
4 2 3 5
2
b, lind

9 y i

y x x ! ! "
# $
2
2
1
without product rule with product rule

y x x x y x x x x
y x x x
y x x
! !
# $
!
# $
9 ! !
# $# $
" !
# $
!
# $
! ! " !
9 ! ! " !
4 2 3 5 4 2 3 3 5 4 4
6 22 20
18 44 20
2 2
3 2
2

y x x x x
y x x x x x x
y x x x
! ! "
# $
! "
# $
9 ! ! "
# $
! # $ " ! "
# $
! # $
9 ! ! " !
2 2
2 2
3 2
1 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
4 6 6 2
c, lind 9
# $
f x i

f x x x x x x x
# $
! ! "
# $
! " ! " "
# $
3 2 5 5 2 7 2
2 4 3 2

9
# $
! ! "
# $
! " ! "
# $
" ! " ! " "
# $
!
# $
f x x x x x x x x x x x 3 2 5 20 6 14 1 5 2 7 2 6 2
2 3 2 4 3 2
. 1he Quotient Rule: 1he deriatie o the quotient o two unctions 7 and = can be ound using the ollowing:

d
dx
f x
g x
g x f x f x g x
g x
# $
# $
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
!
# $
: 9
# $
!
# $
: 9
# $
# $ ' (
2
a, lind

d
dx
x
x
5 2
1
2
"
!
(
)
*
+
,
- b, lind

d
dx
x
x x
5 3
4 2
2
"
" !
(
)
*
+
,
-
x x x
x
x x
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 5 5 2 2
1
5 4 5
1
!
# $# $
! "
# $# $
!
# $
!
! ! "
!
# $

x x x x
x x
x x
x x
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 2 5 5 3 2 4
4 2
5 6 22
4 2
" !
# $
! "
# $
"
# $
" !
# $
!
! ! !
" !
# $
c, lind
d
dx
x x x
x
3 2
4 4 2
2
! " !
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
d, lind
d
dx
x
x x x
2
4 4 2
3 2
! " !
(
)
*
+
,
-
d
dx
x
x
x
x
x
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
1
! " !
(
)
*
+
,
-
! ! "

x x x x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
3 2 2
3 2
2
3 2
3 2
2
4 4 2 2 2 3 8 4
4 4 2
4 8 4
4 4 2
! " !
# $
! ! "
# $
! " !
# $
!
! " !
! " !
# $
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 38 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
lind an equation o the tangent line to the graph o 7 at the point - use your calculator to conirm the results.
a, y x x x ! ! "
# $
!
# $
!
2
4 2 4 1 1 3 at ( , ) b, y
x
x
!
!
"
! "
#
$
%
&
'
4
3
2
2
7
2
at ,

9 ! ! " 9
# $ ! !
" ! ! " # $
! ! "
y x x y
y x
y x
12 34 12 1 10
3 10 3
10 7
2

9 !
! " "
"
# $
8 9
# $
!
" ! !
# $
y
x x
x
y
y x
2
2
2
8 3
3
2
15
49
2
7
15
49
2
Determine the points at which the graph o the ollowing unction has a horizontal tangent.
a,

y x x x ! "
8
3
5 3 1
3 2
- - b,

y
x
x
!
!
"
2
2
3
1
c,

y
x
x
!
!
"
1
3
2

9 ! " ! !
!
!
!
y x x
x x
8 10 3 0
3
2
1
4
2
,

9 !
"
# $
!
!
y
x
x
x
8
1
0
0
2
2

9 !
! " "
"
# $
!
! !
# $
"
# $
! 8 ! ! !
y
x x
x
x x x x
2
2
2 3
3
0
3 1 0 3 1 ,
Use the chart to ind

9
# $
f 3

g 3
# $

9
# $
g 3

h 3
# $

9
# $
h 3
4 -2 3 !
a, f x g x h x
# $
!
# $
!
# $
" 4
1
2
1 b,

f x g x h x
# $
!
# $ # $
c,

f x
g x
h x
# $
!
# $
# $
2
d,

f x
g x h x
g x
# $
!
# $
!
# $
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! 9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! 9
# $
9
# $ ! ! ! 7
f x g x h x
f g h
f
4
1
2
3 4 3
1
2
3
3 8
1
2

9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ " # $
9
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ " # $
9
# $
9
# $ ! ! 7 " ! # $ ! ! 7 !
f x g x h x h x g x
f g h h g
f
3 3 3 3 3
3 4 3 2 4 6

9
# $
!
# $
9
# $
!
# $
9
# $
# $ # $
9
# $
!
# $
9
# $
!
# $
9
# $
# $ # $
9
# $
!
!
# $
! 7
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
! ! 7
f x
h x g x g x h x
h x
f x
h g g h
h
f x
1
2
1
2
3 3 3 3
3
1
2
3 2 4
9
3 2
9
2
2

f x
h x
g x
f
# $
! !
# $
# $
9
# $
!
! 7 "
# $
1
3
2 3
8
1he 2nd deriatie o a unction y f x !
# $
can be written as
d y
dx
2
2
or 99
# $ f x . 1he 3rd deriatie is
d y
dx
3
3
or 999
# $ f x .
1he 2nd deriatie o a unction is the deriatie o the deriatie o the unction.
lor each o the ollowing, ind 99
# $ f x .
a,

f x x x x
# $
! !
8
3
5 7 1
3 2
- - b,

f x
x x
x
# $
!
" !
2
4 2

9
# $ ! ! ! 8 99
# $ ! ! f x x x f x x 8 10 7 16 10
2

9
# $ ! " 8 99 !
!
f x
x
f
x
1
2 4
2 3
c,

f x
x
x
# $
!
"1
d, f x x
x
# $ ! ! 4
2

99
# $ !
!
"
# $
f x
x
2
1
3

99
# $ !
!
! f x
x x
1 3
2
3 2 5 2
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 39 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
!%8;#)a<%* /7 T)77%0%#&)"&)/# + 2/3%./01
lor the ollowing unctions, ind

9
# $
f x and

9
# $
f c at the indicated alue o ,.
1,

f x x x c
# $
! ! " !
2
6 1 0 2,

f x
x x x
c
# $
! ! " !
1 3 4
1
2 3
3,

f x x
x
c
# $
! ! ! 3 1
3
1

9
# $
! !
9
# $
! !
f x x
f
2 6
0 6

9
# $
!
!
" !
9
# $
! ! " ! ! !
f x
x x x
f
1 6 12
1 1 6 12 7
2 3 4

9
# $
! "
9
# $
!
f x
x
x
f
3
2
3
1
11
6
4 3
1

lor the ollowing unctions, ind the deriatie using the power rule.
4, y
x
!
8
3
2
5,

y
x
!
!
# $
9
3
2
3
6,

y
x
x
!
6
3 2

dy
dx x
!
!16
3
3

dy
dx x
!
2
7

dy
dx x
!
3
1 2
, y
x x
!
! " 4 5 6
3
2
8, y
x x
x
!
! "
2
6 2
2
9, y
x
x
!
"
"
3
8
2

dy
dx
x ! !
8
3
5
3

dy
dx x
! !
1
2
1
2

dy
dx
x ! ! 2 2
10,

y x x x x ! ! " ! !
4 3 2
3
2
5 6 2 11,

y
x x x
x
!
! " !
3 2
2
3 10 5
12,

y x x x ! "
# $
!
# $
2
4 2 1

dy
dx
x
x
x ! ! " ! 4
9
2
10 6
3
2

dy
dx x x
! ! " 1
10 10
2 3

dy
dx
x x ! " ! 6 14 4
2
13,

y x ! !
# $
2
3
14, y x x ! !
3 2 3
15, y
x x
x
!
! "
# $
2
2
2

dy
dx
x x ! ! " 3 12 12
2

dy
dx x x
! !
1
3
2
3
2 3 1 3

dy
dx
x x
x
! ! ! " 3 4
4
5
2
2
lor the ollowing unctions, ind the deriaties.
16,

y x x x x x ! ! !
# $
! !
# $
2 3 2
4 6 5 3 1,

y
x
x
!
!
"
3 2
2 3
18,

y
x x
x
!
! !
!
2
2
4 2
1

dy
dx
x x x x
x x x x
! ! !
# $
! !
# $
"
! !
# $
!
# $
2 2
3 2
4 6 3 10 3
5 3 2 4

dy
dx
x
!
"
# $
13
2 3
2

dy
dx
x x
x
!
" "
!
# $
4 2 4
1
2
2
2
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 40 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
19, y
x
x
!
!1
20, y
x x
x
!
! "
2
3
1
21, y
x
x
x !
!
"
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
# $
3
4
3 2

dy
dx x x
! "
1
2
1
2
1 2 3 2

y x x x
y x
x x
! ! "
9 ! ! !
! 5 3 2 3 1 3
2 3
1 3 4 3
5
3
2
3
1
3

dy
dx
x x
x
!
" !
"
# $
3 24 50
4
2
2
22,

y
x
x x
!
!
" "
1
2 2
2
23,

y
x k
x k
!
"
!
2 2
2 2
, : is a constant 24,

y
x k
x k
!
!
"
2 2
2 2
, : a constant

dy
dx
x x
x x
!
! " "
" "
# $
2
2
2
2 4
2 2

dy
dx
k x
x k
!
!
!
# $
4
2
2 2
2

dy
dx
k x
x k
!
"
# $
4
2
2 2
2
lind an equation o the tangent line to the graph o 7 at the indicated point and then use your calculator to conirm
the results.
25,

f x
x
x
# $
!
!
# $
2
1
2 4 at , 26,

f x x x x
# $
! !
# $
! !
# $
! !
# $
2 3 1 1 9
2
at ,

dy
dx
x x x
x
x x
x
dy
dx
y x
y
x
!
! # $ !
!
# $
!
!
!
# $
!
! ! !
# $
!
!
1 2
1
2
1
0
4 0 2
4
2
2
2
2
2

dy
dx
x x x x x x
dy
dx
y x
y x
x
! !
# $
!
# $
! ! !
# $
! ! "
!
" ! "
# $
! "
!!
2 2 3 3 1 3 10 5
18
9 18 1
18 9
2 2
1
2, f x
x x
x
# $ !
! "
!
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
2
4 2
2 1
2
2
3
at , 28, y
x
x
x !
"
"
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
# $ ! !
"
#
$
%
&
'
3
1
4 1
1
2
5 at ,
dy
dx
x x x x
x
x x
x
dy
dx
y x
y x
x
!
! # $ ! # $ ! ! "
# $# $
! # $
!
!
!
# $
!
" ! ! # $
! !
!
2 1 2 4 4 2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1
4
9
2
3
4
9
2
4
9
14
9
2
2
2
2
2

dy
dx
x x x x
x
x x
x
dy
dx
y x
y x
x
!
" # $ " # $ ! " "
# $
# $
" # $
!
" "
" # $
!
" ! !
"
#
$
%
&
'
! "
!!
1 8 13 4 13 3 2
1
4 8 10
1
18
5 28
1
2
28 9
2
2
2
2
1 2

!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 41 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Determine the point,s, at which the graph o the ollowing unction has a horizontal tangent.
29,

f x
x
x
# $
!
!
2
2
4
30,

f x
x
x
# $
!
"
4
4
2

9
# $ !
!
!
# $
! 8 ! # $ f x
x
x
x
8
4
0 0 0 0
2
2
Pt : ,
9
# $ !
! !
# $
"
# $
! 8 ! & # $ ! ! # $ f x
x
x
x
4 4
4
0 2 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
Pts : , , ,
Use the chart to ind

9
# $
h 4
f 4 # $
9
# $ f 4 g 4
# $
9
# $ g 4
-8 3 3! 4
31, h x f x g x # $ ! # $ ! # $ 5
2
3
32, h x f x # $ ! " # $ 3 8 33, h x f x g x # $ ! # $ # $

9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! 9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! 9
# $
9
# $ ! # $ ! # $ !
h x f x g x
h f g
h
5
2
3
4 5 4
2
3
4
4 5 3
2
3
4
37
3

9
# $ ! 9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $
9
# $ ! # $ !
h x f x
h f
h
8
4 8 4
4 8 3 24

9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ " # $
9
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ " # $
9
# $
9
# $ ! ! # $# $ " 7# $ ! 7 !
h x f x g x g x f x
h f g g f
h
4 4 4 4 4
4 8 4 3 3 9 32
34, h x
f x
g x
# $ !
# $
# $
35, h x
g x
f x
# $ !
# $
# $
36, h x
f x
g x
# $ !
# $ "
!
# $
2
3

9
# $ !
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
7# $ ! ! # $# $
7 # $
!
7 "
7
h x
g x f x f x g x
g x
h
g f f g
g
h
2
2
2 2
4
4 4 4 4
4
4
3 3 8 4
3
9 32
9

9
# $ !
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
! # $ ! 7# $
! # $
!
! 7 !
h x
f x g x g x f x
f x
h
f g g f
f
h
2
2
2
4
4 4 4 4
4
4
8 4 3 3
8
9 32
64
9
# $ !
! # $
9
# $ ! # $ "
' (
! 9
# $ # $
! # $ ' (
9
# $ !
! # $
9
# $ ! # $ "
' (
! 9
# $ # $
! # $ ' (
9
# $ !
! 7# $ ! ! " # $ ! # $
! 7 # $
h x
g x f x f x g x
g x
h
g f f g
g
h
3 2 3
3
4
3 4 4 4 2 3 4
3 4
4
9 3 8 2 12
9
2
2
2
!!
! 7 !
7
3 8
9
2
lor each o the ollowing, ind 99
# $ f x .
3, f x
x x x
x
# $ !
! ! !
3 2
3 4 1
2
38, f x
x
x
# $ !
! 4
39, f x x x
x
# $ ! ! " 4
6
5
3
4

9
# $ ! ! !
99
# $ ! !
f x x
x
f x
x
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
3

9
# $ !
!
!
# $
99
# $ !
!
# $
f x
x
f x
x
4
4
8
4
2
3

9
# $ ! ! !
99
# $ !
!
" "
! ! !
f x
x x x
f x
x x x
1 2 2 3 5 3
3 2 5 3 9 4
2
4
3
6
20
1
4
8
9
3
8
40, lind an equation o the line that is tangent to f x x x
# $ ! ! "
2
6 7 and
a, parallel to the line y x ! " 2 4 b, perpendicular to the line y x ! " 2 4

9
# $
! ! !
! ! !
" ! !
# $
8 ! !
f x x
x y
y x y x
2 6 2
4 1
1 2 4 2 9
,
9
# $ ! ! !
!
! ! !
" !
!
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
8 !
!
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
f x x
x y
y x y x
2 6
1
2
11
4
31
16
31
16
1
2
11
4
1
2
11
4
31
16
,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 42 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
T)77%0%#&)"&)/# F: &;% ,;")# Y<-% + ,-"**./01
Suppose you were asked to take the deriaties o the ollowing. Do so.
a, f x x x
# $
! "
# $
2
2
3 b, f x x x
# $
! "
# $
2
3
3 c. f x x x
# $
! "
# $
2
6
3 d,

f x x x
# $
! "
2
3
f x x x x
f x x x x
# $
! " "
9
# $
! " "
4 3 2
3 2
6 9
4 18 18

f x x x x x
f x x x x x
# $ ! " " "
9
# $ ! " " "
6 5 4 3
5 4 3 2
9 27 27
6 45 108 81
Forget it Cannot do it
a, causes no problem. b, is also not a problem but multiplying it out so you can take the deriatie is a bit o a
pain. \ou are capable o doing c, but clearly do not wish to. But d, can`t be done with the knowledge you hae.
\e now introduce a method o taking deriaties o more complicated expressions. It is called the 8;")# 0<-%.
I y f u !
# $
is a dierentiable unction o 0 and u g x !
# $
is a dierentable unction o 3, then y f g x !
# $ # $
is a
dierentable unction o 3 and

dy
dx
dy
du
du
dx
! : or equialently,

d
dx
f g x f g x g x
# $ # $ ' (
! 9
# $ # $
: 9
# $
Lxample 1, I f x x # $ ! " # $ 2 5
2
, ind 9
# $ f x without and with the chain rule. Show they are equialent.
a, without chain rule b, with chain rule

f x x x
f x x
# $
! " "
9
# $
! "
4 20 25
8 20
2

9
# $
! "
# $# $
9
# $
! "
f x x
f x x
2 2 5 2
8 20
Lxample 2, I f x x
# $ ! " # $ 2 5
3
, ind 9
# $ f x without and with the chain rule. Show they are equialent.
a, without chain rule b, with chain rule

f x x x x
f x x x
# $
! " " "
9
# $
! " "
8 60 150 125
24 120 150
3 2
2

9
# $
! "
# $ # $
9
# $
! "
# $
9
# $
! " "
f x x
f x x
f x x x
3 2 5 2
6 2 5
24 120 150
2
2
2
Lxample 3, I f x x # $ ! " # $ 2 5
10
, ind 9
# $ f x Lxample 4, I f x x # $ ! " 2 5, ind 9
# $ f x

9
# $
! "
# $ # $
9
# $
! "
# $
f x x
f x x
10 2 5 2
20 2 5
9
9

f x x
f x x
f x
x
# $ ! " # $
9
# $ ! " # $ # $
9
# $ !
"
# $
!
2 5
1
2
2 5 2
1
2 5
1 2
1 2
1 2
Lxample 5, lind 9 y i

y
x
!
!
1
4 3
Lxample 6, lind 9 y i

y x x ! ! "
# $
3 2 1
2
3

dy
dx
x
x
! ! !
# $ # $
!
!
!
# $
!
4 3 4
4
4 3
2
2

9 ! ! "
# $
!
# $
y x x x 3 3 2 1 6 2
2
2
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 43 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
lind the deriaties o the ollowing:
,

y x ! !
# $
7 4
2
2
3
8, y x x ! ! ! " 5 4 1
2
9, y
x
!
!
!
2
6 1
4
9 ! !
# $
!
# $
9 !
!
!
# $
!
y x x
y
x
x
2
3
7 4 8
16
3 7 4
2
1
3
2
1
3

9 !
! !
# $
! "
# $
9 !
! !
# $
! "
# $
y
x
x x
y
x
x x
5 2 4
2 4 1
5 2
4 1
2
1 2
2
1 2

9 !
!
# $
y
x
3
6 1
5 4
More diicult problems: \e now hae 3 basic rules. Power rule, product rule, and quotient rule. Note that the
chain rule is not a basic rule o dierentiation. 1he chain rule is always in eect. Len when you ind the
deriatie o y x ! 7 , your answer is times the deriatie o 3 which is ,1, ~ .
10,

y x x ! !
# $
2
4
2 3 11, y x x ! ! 4
2
12, y
x
x
!
!
"
"
#
$
%
&
'
2 1
2 1
5
9 ! # $ ! # $ # $ " ! # $ # $
9 ! ! # $ ! # $
y x x x x
y x x x
2
3 4
3
4 2 3 2 2 3 2
6 2 3 2 1

9 ! !
# $
! # $ " !
9 ! ! !
!
!
y
x
x x x
y x
x
x
2
4 2 4
4
4
2
1 2
2
2
2
2

9 !
!
"
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
# $ ! ! # $
" # $
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
9 !
! # $
" # $
y
x
x
x x
x
y
x
x
5
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 2 1 2
2 1
20 2 1
2 1
4
2
4
6
13, y
x
x
!
!
2
1
14, y
x
x
!
! 4 1
15, y x x ! !
# $
"
2
4 2
9 !
"
# $
!
"
# $
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
"
9 !
!
"
# $
y
x x
x
x
x
y
x
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
2
3 2
1
2
2 1
1
1
1

9 !
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
! !
# $
! # $
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
9 !
!
! # $
! "
#
$
%
&
'
!
y
x
x
x x
x
y
x
x
x
1
2 4 1
4 1 4
4 1
1
2 4 1
4 1
1 2
2
2
1 2
9 !
!
# $
"
# $
" "
# $
y
x
x
x x
2
1 2
1 2
4
2 2
2 2
Gien that f f g g f 2 3 2 6 2 3 2 2 3 4
# $ ! ! 9
# $ ! # $ ! 9
# $ ! ! 9
# $ ! , , , , , ind the deriaties o the ollowing at 3 ~ 2.
16, f x g x # $ : # $ 1,
f x
g x
# $
# $
18, f x # $ ' (
3
19, f g x # $ # $
f x g x g x f x
f g g f
# $
9
# $ " # $
9
# $
# $
9
# $ " # $
9
# $
! ! # $ " # $ !
2 2 2 3
3 2 3 6 24

g x f x f x g x
g x
g f f g
g
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ # $
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ # $
!
# $ ! ! # $ ! # $
!
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
3 6 3 2
3
4
3

3
3 2 2
3 3 6 162
2
2
2
f x f x
f f
# $ ' (
9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $
! # $ # $ !
9
# $ ' (
: 9
# $
9
# $ ' (
: 9
# $
9
# $ ! # $
! # $ ! !
f g x g x
f g g
f
2 2
3 2
4 2 8
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 44 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
T)77%0%#&)"&)/# F: &;% ,;")# Y<-% + 2/3%./01
1.

y x ! !
# $
3 8
4
2.

y x ! "
# $
3 2
2
5
3.

y x x ! " !
# $
4 1
2
10
9 ! ! # $ # $
9 ! ! # $
y x
y x
4 3 8 3
12 3 8
3
3
9 ! "
# $ # $
9 ! "
# $
y x x
y x x
5 3 2 6
30 3 2
2
4
2
4

9 ! # $ " !
# $
" # $
9 ! " !
# $
" # $
y x x x
y x x x
4 10 1 2 1
40 1 2 1
2
9
2
9
4.

y x ! ! !
# $
5 4 9
3
2
5.

y
x
!
!
1
3 2
6.

y
x x
!
!
! !
# $
1
5 6
2
2
9 !
! # $ ! # $ ! # $
9 !
! # $
y
x
y
x
5 3 4 9 9
2
135 4 9
2
1
2
1
2
9 !
!
!
# $
y
x
3
3 2
2

9 !
!
# $
! !
# $
y
x
x x
2 2 5
5 6
2
3
. y
x
!
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
2
2
2
8.

y
x
x
!
"
# $
4
1
2
9. y
x x
!
!
! "
# $
3
3
3 2
3
9 !
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
# $
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
9 !
! # $
y
x
x
y
x
2
2
2
2
2
8
2
2
3

9 !
" # $ ! # $ " # $
" # $
9 !
" # $ " # $ !
' (
" # $
!
! "
"
# $
y
x x x
x
y
x x x
x
x
x
1 4 4 2 1
1
1 4 1 8
1
4 4
1
2
4
4 3

9 ! ! "
# $
!
# $
9 !
!
! "
# $
!
y x x x x
y
x x
x x
9 3 3 2
27 18
3
3 2
4
2
2
3 2
4
10.

y x x ! !
# $
3
4
5 1 11. y t ! ! 1 12. y x x ! ! " 3 4 2
3 3
9 ! # $ ! # $ # $ " ! # $ # $
9 ! ! # $ " ! # $ ' (
9 ! ! # $ ! # $
y x x x x
y x x x x
y x x x
3
3 4
2
2
3
2
3
4 5 1 5 5 1 3
5 1 20 3 5 1
5 1 35 3
9 !
!
!
y
t
1
2 1

9 !
!
! "
# $
y
x
x x
9 4
3 3 4 2
2
3
2 3
13. y
x
!
"
2
2 3
14. y
x
!
!
"
1
1
15. y
x
x
!
!
3
2 3

9 !
!
"
# $
y
x
2
2 3
3 2

9 !
"
# $
y
x x
1
2 1
2

9 !
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
# $ ! # $
! # $
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
9 !
!
! # $
! "
#
$
%
&
'
!
y
x
x
x x
x
y
x
x
x
1
2
3
2 3
2 3 3 3 2
2 3
9
2 2 3
2 3
3
1 2
2
2
1 2
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 45 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
16.

y x x ! !
# $
1 2
2
1. y
t
t
!
!
2
4
2
3
18. y x x x ! " !
# $
!
# $
2
2
3
2
2 6 1

9 !
! "
y
x x
x
20 12 1
2
2
9 !
! !
!
# $
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
y
t t
t
t
t
2 8
3 4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2 3

9 ! ! " !
# $
!
# $
"
!
# $
"
# $
" !
# $
y x x x x
x x x x
6 2 6 1
1 4 4 2 6
2 2
2
3
3
2
2

lor each o the ollowing, ind the equation o the tangent line at the indicated point. Veriy by calculator.
19. y x x ! " "
# $
2
2 8 2 4 at , 20. y x x ! "
# $ 3 4 2 2
3 5
at , 21. y
x
x
!
!
"
!
# $
3 1
2 1
1 2 at ,

9 !
"
" "
9
# $
!
! ! !
# $
y
x
x x
y
y x
1
2 8
2
3
4
4
3
4
2
2

9 !
"
"
# $
9
# $
!
! ! !
# $
y
x
x x
y
y x
9 4
5 3 4
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
4 5

9 !
"
!
# $
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
9 ! # $ !
! ! "
# $
y
x
x
x
y
y x
1
2
2 1
3 1
5
2 1
1
5
4
2
5
4
1
2
+

Gien the ollowing inormation, ind the alue o the deriatie o the unctions at 3 ~ 3. Be careul, not all the
inormation is needed to calculate these. Answers are next to the problem.
x
f x
# $
g x
# $
9
# $
f x 9
# $
g x
3 1 8 -3 -5
6 3 -2 4 5
8 -1 3 ! 4
1 2 -6 5 0
22. f x g x
# $
"
# $
,Ans: -8, 23. f x g x
# $ # $
,Ans: -29, 24.
f x
g x
# $
# $
,Ans:

!19
64
,
9 ! 9
# $ " 9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ " 9
# $ ! ! ! ! !
y f x g x
y f g 3 3 3 3 5 8
9 ! # $
9
# $ " # $
9
# $
9
# $ ! ! # $ " ! # $ ! !
y f x g x g x f x
y 3 1 5 8 3 29
9 !
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
! # $ ! ! # $
!
!
y
g x f x f x g x
g x
y
2
2
3
8 3 1 5
8
19
64
25.

g x
f x
# $
# $
,Ans: 19, 26.

f x
# $ # $
2
,Ans: -6, 2.

1
g x
# $
,Ans:

5
64
,
9 !
# $
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
! # $ ! ! # $
!
y
f x g x g x f x
f x
y
2
2
3
1 5 8 3
1
19
9 ! # $
9
# $
9
# $ ! # $ ! # $ ! !
y f x f x
y
2
3 2 1 3 6
9 !
! 9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
y
g x
g x
y
2
3
5
64
28. f x # $ ,Ans:

!3
2
, 29. f x g x # $ " # $ ,Ans:

!4
3
, 30. f x g x
3
# $ # $ ,Ans: -,
9 !
9
# $
# $
9
# $ !
!
# $
!
!
y
f x
f x
y
2
3
3
2 1
3
2

9 !
9
# $ " 9
# $
# $ " # $
9
# $ !
! !
"
!
!
y
f x g x
f x g x
y
2
3
3 5
2 1 8
4
3

9 ! # $ ' (
9
# $ " # $ # $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ !
# $
! # $ " # $# $
! # $ ! !
y f x g x g x f x f x
y
3 2
3 2
3
3 1 5 3 8 1 3 77
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 46 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
x

f x
# $

g x
# $

9
# $
f x

9
# $
g x
3 1 8 -3 -5
6 3 -2 4 5
8 -1 3 ! 4
1 2 -6 5 0
31.
1
3
g x # $
,Ans:

5
48
, 32.
f x
f x g x
# $
# $
"
# $
,Ans:

!19
81
, 33. f g x
# $ # $
,Ans: ! 7 5 ,
9 !
! 9
# $
# $ ' (
9
# $ !
!# $
' (
!
# $
!
y
g x
g x
y
3
3
5
3 8
5
3 16
5
48
4 3
4 3

9 !
# $ " # $ ' (
9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ " 9
# $ ' (
# $ " # $ ' (
9
# $ !
" # $ ! # $ ! ! ! # $
" # $
!
! "
!
!
y
f x g x f x f x f x g x
f x g x
y
2
2
3
1 8 3 1 3 5
1 8
27 8
81
19
81

9 ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ ! ! 7
y f g x g x
y f g g
y f
y
3 3 3
3 8 5
3 5
34.

g f x
# $ # $
,Ans: 0, 35.

f f x
# $ # $
,Ans: -15, 36.

g g x
# $ # $
,Ans: -20,
9 ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ !
y g f x f x
y g f f
y g
y
3 3 3
3 1 3
3 0

9 ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ ! ! # $ ! !
y f f x f x
y f f f
y f
y
3 3 3
3 1 3
3 5 3 15
9 ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ' (
9
# $
9
# $ ! 9
# $ ! # $
9
# $ ! ! # $ ! !
y g g x g x
y g g g
y g
y
3 3 3
3 8 5
3 4 5 20
3. 1he table below gies some alues o the deriatie o some unction 7. Complete the table by inding ,i
possible, the deriaties o each o the ollowing transormations o 7.
a,

g x f x
# $
!
# $
!2 b,

h x f x
# $
!
# $
2
c,

r x f x
# $
! !
# $
3 d,

s x f x
# $
! "
# $
2 1
@ +A +B D B A O
9
# $
f x
4

2
3

!1
3
-1 -2 -4
9
# $
g x
4
2
3
!1
3
-1 -2 -4

9
# $
h x
8

4
3

!2
3
-2 -4 -8
9
# $
r x
12 1

9
# $
s x

4
3
-2 -8
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 4 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
T)77%0%#&)"&)/# /7 !0)$/#/3%&0)8 S<#8&)/#* + ,-"**./01
1o ind the deriatie o

f x x
# $
! sin , we could try and go back to the basic deinition o the deriatie:

9
# $
!
"
# $
!
# $
/
f x
f x h f x
h
h
lim
0
. Using that, we would get

9
# $
!
"
# $
!
/
f x
x h x
h
h
lim
sin sin
0
. lrom there, it is not clear
how to proceed. So let us attempt to determine the deriatie o

f x x
# $
! sin by inspection. Below is a graph o

y x ! sin . On the graph draw the tangent lines at

x x x x x ! !
7
! 7 !
7
! 7 0
2
3
2
2 , , , , and .

y x ! sin

7
2
7
3
2
7
27
lrom your sketch o the tangent lines at these 5 points, deduce the slope o the tangent lines, i.e. the deriaties o
sin 3 at these points, complete the chart below and then plot these points on the graph aboe.
3 0

7 2
!

3 2 7
2!
9
# $
f x
B D +B D B
I you connect the dots`, what trig unction does the deriatie o

y x ! sin suggest cos x
Below is the graph o

y x ! cos . Draw the tangent lines at x x x x x ! !
7
! 7 !
7
! 7 0
2
3
2
2 , , , , and , complete the
chart, plot these points on this graph and connect the dots.`

7
2 7

37
2
27
y x ! cos
3 0

7 2
!

3 2 7
2!

9
# $
f x
D +B D B D
I you connect the dots`, what trig unction does the deriatie o y x ! cos suggest !sin x
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 48 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
\e add to our basic knowledge o deriaties with these two deinitions: \ou MUS1 memorize these.

d
dx
x x sin cos
' (
! and

d
dx
x x cos sin
' (
! !
1he deriaties o the other trig unctions can be deried by using the ones aboe. Lach proo makes use o the
trig identity

sin cos
2 2
1 x x " ! .

y x
y
x
x
y
x x x x
x
y
x x
x
y
x
y x
!
!
9 !
! !
# $
9 !
"
9 !
9 !
tan
sin
cos
cos cos sin sin
cos
cos sin
cos
cos
sec
2
2 2
2
2
2
1

y x
y
x
y
x
x
y
x
x x
y
x
x
x
y x x
!
!
9 !
!
9 !
!
:
9 !
!
:
9 ! !
csc
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin sin
sin
cos
sin
csc cot
1
1
2

y x
y
x
x
y
x x x x
x
y
x x
x
y
x
y x
!
!
9 !
!
# $
!
# $
9 !
! !
9 !
!
9 ! !
cot
cos
sin
sin sin cos cos
sin
sin cos
sin
sin
csc
2
2 2
2
2
2
1

y x
y
x
y
x
x
y
x
x x
y
x
x
x
y x x
!
!
9 !
! !
# $
9 !
:
9 ! :
9 !
sec
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos cos
cos
sin
cos
sec tan
1
1
2
So the 6 trig unction deriaties can be summarized:
d
dx
x x
d
dx
x x x
d
dx
x x
d
dx
x x x
d
dx
x x
d
dx
x x
sin cos csc csc cot
cos sin sec sec tan
tan sec cot csc
' (
!
' (
! !
' (
! !
' (
!
' (
!
' (
! !

2 2
\e now hae 4 basic deriatie orms: Power, product, quotient, and trig. In taking deriaties, we hae to be
careul to identiy the type. Just because there is a power in the problem does not mean that the power rule is
applied. Just because there is a trig unction in the problem does not mean that the trig rules are to be applied.
Let us start by taking deriaties o the ollowing. 1he irst thing to do is to introduce parentheses or clarity. Let
us also deine the orm o the problem ,power, product, quotient, trig,. 1he chain rule is used liberally in these
problems.
a,

y x ! 2sin b,

y x ! sin2 c,

y x ! 2 2 sin d,

y x ! sin
2

9 ! y x 2cos

9 ! y x 2 2 cos

9 ! y x 4 2 cos

9 ! y x x 2sin cos
e,

y x !
# $
sin
2
2 ,

y x ! sin g,

y x ! sin h,

y x ! sin2

y x
y x x
!
# $ ' (
9 !
sin
sin cos
2
4 2 2
2

y x
y
x
x
!
# $
9 !
# $
sin
cos
1 2
1 2
1 2
2

y x
y
x
x
!
# $
9 !
# $
sin
cos
sin
1 2
1 2
2

y x
y
x
x
x
x
!
# $ ' (
9 !
# $
!
# $
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 2
1 2 1 2
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 49 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
1ake the deriaties o the ollowing unctions. Identiy the orm o the problem irst.
1,

f x x
# $
! 3cos 2.

f x x x
# $
! sin cos 3,

f t t t
# $
! cos
9
# $ ! ! f x x 3sin
9
# $ ! # $ ! # $ " # $# $
9
# $ ! !
f x x x x x
f x x x
sin sin cos cos
cos sin
2 2
9
# $ ! ! f t t t t cos sin
4,

y x x ! " sin cos 5,

y x ! 6
2
cos 6,

y x ! 6
2
cos
9 ! ! y x x cos sin
9 ! !
# $# $
9 ! !
# $
y x x
y x x
6 2
12
2
2
sin
sin

y x
y x x
y x x
!
# $
9 ! ! # $
9 ! !
6
12
12
2
cos
cos sin
sin cos
,

y x ! 6
2 2
cos 8, y
x
x
!
" 1 sin
cos
9, y x ! cos
y x
y x x x
y x x x
!
# $ ' (
9 !
# $
!
# $ ' (
9 ! !
# $ # $
6
12 2
24
2
2
2 2
2 2
cos
cos sin
sin cos
9 !
# $ ! " # $ ! # $
# $
9 !
" "
# $
9 !
"
# $
y
x x x x
x
y
x x x
x
y
x
x
cos cos sin sin
cos
cos sin sin
cos
sin
cos
1
1
2
2 2
2
2

y x
y x x
y
x
x
!
# $
9 ! # $ ! # $
9 !
!
!
cos
cos sin
sin
cos
1 2
1 2 1
2
2
10, y x ! tan 11, y x ! tan 5 12, y x ! " # $ sec
3
2 1
y x
y x x
y
x
x
!
# $
9 !
# $
"
#
$
%
&
'
9 !
!
tan
sec
sec
1 2
2 1 2 1 2
2
1
2
2

y x
y x x
y
x
x
! # $
9 ! # $ # $ # $
(
)
*
+
,
-
9 !
!
tan
sec
sec
5
5
1
2
5 5
5 5
2 5
1 2
2
1 2 1 2
2

y x
y x x x
y x x
! "
# $ ' (
9 ! " # $ ' (
" # $ " # $ ' (# $
9 ! " # $ ' (
" # $
sec
sec sec tan
sec tan
2 1
3 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
6 2 1 2 1
3
2
3
13, y x x ! 4 3 3 sec tan 14, y x x x ! "
# $
sin cos 15, y x ! cos2
3
9 !
# $ # $# $
" # $ # $ # $# $
(
)
*
*
+
,
-
-
9 !
# $ " # $ # $ ' (
y
x x
x x x
y x x x
4
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
12 3 3 3
2
3 2
sec sec
tan sec tan
sec tan sec

9 ! ! # $ " " # $
9 ! " " !
y x x x x x
y x x x x x
sin sin cos cos
cos sin cos sin
1
2 2

y x
y x x
y
x
x
! # $ ' (
9 ! # $ ' (
! # $ ' (# $
9 !
!
# $
!
cos
cos sin
sin
cos
2
1
3
2 2 2
2 2
3 2
1 3
2 3
2 3
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 50 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
T)77%0%#&)"&)/# /7 !0)$/#/3%&0)8 S<#8&)/#* + 2/3%./01
1ake the deriaties o the ollowing unctions. Identiy the orm o the problem and rewrite with parentheses.
1.

y x ! sin3 2.

y x x ! sin 3. y x !
7
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
cos
2

9 ! y x 3 3 cos

9 ! " y x x x cos sin
9 !
7
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
y x sin
2
4.

y
x
x
!
sin
5.

y
x
x
!
sin
6.

y x x !
3 2
sin

9 !
!
y
x x x
x
cos sin
2

9 !
!
# $
y
x x x
x
sin cos
sin
2

9 ! " y x x x x x 2 3
3 2 2
sin cos sin
.

y x x ! ! cos sin 2 3 8.

y x ! cos
4 4
9.

y x x ! " sin cos
2 2
9 ! ! ! y x x 2 2 3 3 sin cos
y x
y x x x
y x x x
!
# $ ' (
9 !
# $ ' (
!
# $ ' (# $
9 ! !
# $ # $
cos
cos sin
cos sin
4
4
4
3
4 3
3 4
3
4
4 4
16

y
y
!
9 !
1
0
10. y x ! " sin 2 11. y x ! ! tan 3 1 12. y x x ! ! "
# $
sec
2
2 3
9 !
"
y
x
x
cos
sin 2 2
9 !
!
!
y
x
x
3 3 1
2 3 1
2
sec

9 ! !
# $
! "
# $
! "
# $
y x x x x x 2 2 2 3 2 3
2 2
sec tan
13,

y
x
!
"
#
$
%
&
' cot
4
2
14,

y
x
x
!
"
sin
cos 1
2
15, y x !
# $
sin cos
y
x
y
x x
y
x x
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
-
9 !
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
-
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
-
"
#
$
%
&
'
9 ! !
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
%
&
'
cot
cot csc
cot csc
2
4
2 2
1
2
2
2 2
4
3
2
3 2

9 !
"
# $
! # $ ! # $
"
# $
9 !
" "
# $
"
# $
!
"
# $
"
# $
y
x x x x x
x
y
x x x
x
x x
x
1 2
1
1 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
cos cos sin cos sin
cos
cos cos sin
cos
cos sin
cos

9 ! # $ ! # $ y x x cos cos sin
lind the equation o the tangent line to the ollowing cures at the indicated point. Conirm by calculator.
16, y x x !
# $
sin cos , at 0 0 1,

y
x
x
!
# $
2
0 0
cos
, at 18, y x x x ! " # $
7 "
#
$
%
&
'
sin sin cos , at
4
1

9 ! !
9
# $
!
!
y x x
y
y x
cos sin
2 2
0 1
9 !
"
# $
# $
!
!
y
x x x
x
y
y x
2 2
0 2
2
2
cos sin
cos

9 ! " !
9
7 "
#
$
%
&
' !
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
#
$
%
&
'
"
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
! ! !
7
y x x x x
y
y x
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
2 2
2 2
sin cos cos sin
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 51 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Z36-)8)& T)77%0%#&)"&)/# + ,-"**./01
Suppose you were asked to ind the slope o the tangent line to the cure

x y
2 2
25 " ! at the point ,4, 3,.
lirst, we can sole or 4"

y x y x
2 2 2
1 2
25 25 ! ! 8 ! & !
# $
Next, take the deriatie:
9 ! &
!
# $
!
# $
y
x
x
1
2 25
2
2
1 2
and simpliy

&
!
# $
x
x 25
2
1 2
Now plug in the alue o 3 ~ 4.

9
# $
! & y 4
4
3
Clearly, we hae a problem. \e hae a in our deriatie. \hich one is it By sketching, the alue is !
4
3
1he process we hae gone through is actually called '3>?2,2& ;277'('*&2$&2+*. 1his process is accomplished by soling
or 4, then taking the deriatie. But suppose we were asked to ind the slope o the tangent line to the cure
x y y
2 3
2 " " ! . Clearly, it is diicult or possibly impossible to sole or 4. Another technique is needed. 1hat
technique is called 2->?2,2& ;277'('*&2$&2+*. In implicit dierentiation we take the deriatie without soling or 4.
Let us do the original problem, inding the slope o the tangent line to the cure

x y
2 2
25 " ! at the point ,4, 3,
using implicit dierentiation.
Original equation:

x y
2 2
25 " !
1ake deriatie ,remember chain rule,

2 2 0 8 6 0
4
3
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
" ! 8 " ! 8 !
!
Now plug in the point ,4, 3,

dy
dx
!
!4
3
Notice that we did not actually sole or the deriatie beore we plugged in the point. But i we needed
to ind a general statement or

dy
dx
, it would be:

dy
dx
!
!4
3
1he key to doing implicit dierentiation is to use your deriatie rules on eery term in the unction but
remembering to use the chain rule on that term. In dierentiating the expression

x y
2 2
25 " ! , we write:

2 2 0 x
dx
dx
y
dy
dx
" ! . 1he

dx
dx
term equals one and is not necessary but it is best to put it down and then eliminate it.
lrequent careless mistakes are made by orgetting this term.
Lxample 1, lind

dy
dx
or x y
2 2
16 5 3 ! ! !
# $
at , Lxample 2, lind

dy
dx
or xy y " ! # $ 9 2 3 at ,
2 2 0
5
3
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
x
y
! ! 8 ! ! !
x
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
" " ! 8 " " !
! !
0 2 3 0
1
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 52 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Lxample 3, lind

dy
dx
or

x y xy x
2 2
2 1 1 " !
# $
at , Lxample 4, lind

dy
dx
or y xy " !
# $ 2 at 2 2 ,

x
dy
dx
xy xy
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 1 2
1
3
" " " !
" " " !
!
!

dy
dx xy
x
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
" "
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
" "
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
" ! !
!
!
1
2
0
1
4
2 2 0
1
2
1
2
1
3
Lxample 5, lind

dy
dx
or

x y y 2 at
# $ # $
2
0 1 , Lxample 6, lind

dy
dx
or

x y
2 2
4 4 2 0 at ,
# $

2 1 0
2 2 0
2
3
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
# $
"
"
#
$
%
&
' " !
" " !
!
!

x y
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
2 2
4 4 2 0
2 8 0
4 0 0
at
DNE
,
# $
" !
" !
Lxample , lind
dy
dx
or

sin xy
# $
!1 Lxample 8, Gien

x y
2 2
100 " ! , ind
d y
dx
2
2

sin
cos
xy
xy x
dy
dx
y
x
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y
x
# $ !
# $ "
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
" !
!
!
1
0
0

2 2 0
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
3
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
x
y
d y
dx
y x
dy
dx
y
d y
dx
y x
x
y
y
y x
y
" ! 8 !
!
!
! "
!
! "
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
! !
Lxample 9, lind the equation o the tangent line to Lxample 10, lind the points where the cure
x y y " ! ! # $ 1 9 4 at , 25 16 200 160 400 0
2 2
x y x y " " ! " !
has horizontal and ertical tangent lines

x y y
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
" ! !
# $
" !
" !
!
1 9 4
1
2
1
2
1
6
1
4
2
9
at ,

25 16 200 160 400 0
50 32 200 160 0 50 200 160
50 200
160 32
4 5
400 16 800 160 400 0 25 400 200 800 400 0
16 10 0
2 2
2 2
x y x y
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
x x
dy
dx
x
y
x y
y y x x
y y x x
" " ! " !
" " ! ! ! ! !
!
"
!
! ! !
" " ! " ! " " ! " !
!
# $ !
Horiz Vert
32

25 !!
# $ !
! # $ ! # $ # $ ! # $
8 0
4 0 4 10 0 5 8 5 Horiz: Vert: , , , , , ,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 53 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Z36-)8)& T)77%0%#&)"&)/# + 2/3%./01
1. lind

dy
dx
or

xy at 4 4 1 ! !
# $
, 2. lind

dy
dx
or

x y
2 3
0 1 1 - at ,
# $
x
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
" !
! " !
!
!
4
4 1 0
1
4

2 3 0
2 3 0
2
3
2
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
! !
! !
!
3. lind

dy
dx
or x y + = at 9 16 25 , # $ 4. lind

dy
dx
or x xy y
3 2
4 0 2 - at ,!
# $

1
2
1
2
0
1
8
1
10
0
5
4
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
" !
" !
!
!

3 2 0
2 4 0
1
2
2
x x
dy
dx
y y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
! ! " !
! !
!
5. lind

dy
dx
or

x y xy
2 2
6 2 1 ! ! ! !
# $
at , 6. lind

dy
dx
or

x y x y at
# $
!
# $
3
3 3
1 1 ,
x
dy
dx
xy xy
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
2 2
2 2 0
4 4 4 1 0
5
8
" ! ! !
! " ! !
!

3 1 3 3
0 3 3
1
2
2 2
x y
dy
dx
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
# $ "
"
#
$
%
&
'
! "
! "
! !
. lind

dy
dx
or xy x y ! ! # $ 2 4 1 at , 8. lind

dy
dx
or x y cos , = at 1 2
3
7 "
#
$
%
&
'
x
dy
dx
y
xy
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
"
! !
"
! !
" ! !
!
2
1 2
4 1
4
1 2
4 1 4 8
1
4

x y
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
!
# $ " !
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
" !
!
sin cos 0
2
3
2
1
2
0
1
2 3
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 54 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
9. lind

dy
dx
or

x y y x
3
! 10. lind

dy
dx
or

sin cos x y 2 2 1
x
dy
dx
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
x x y
dy
dx
x y
x
3 2
3 2
2
3
3 1
1 1 3
1 3
1
" ! !
!
# $
! !
!
!
!

cos sin
cos
sin
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
x
y
! !
!
2 2 0
4 2
11. lind

dy
dx
or 2 1 sin cos x y 12. lind

dy
dx
or tan x y y
# $
2 0 ! "
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
! !
sin cos cos cos
cos cos
sin sin
cot cot
x y
dy
dx
y x
dy
dx
x y
x y
x y
sec
sec
sec
2
2
2
1
1
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
x y
x y
"
# $ "
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
!
"
# $
! " # $
13. Gien

1! ! ! xy x y, ind
d y
dx
2
2
14. lind the equations o the lines both tangent and
normal to

x y xy
3 3
2 " ! at ,1, 1,

! ! ! !
!
"
!
!
!
# $ ! ! # $ ! # $
! # $
!
!
# $
"
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
! !
# $ ! # $
! # $
!
"
!
# $
x
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
dy
dx
y
x
d y
dx
x
dy
dx
y
x
x
y
x
y
x
d y
dx
y
x
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
2 2
1
2
2 2 2
2
2 2

3 3 2
2 3
3 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1
2 2
2
2
x y
dy
dx
x
dy
dx
y
dy
dx
y x
y x
m y x y x
m y x y x
" ! "
"
#
$
%
&
'
!
!
!
! ! ! ! ! !
# $ 8 ! ! "
! ! ! ! 8 !
;
tan

15. lind the points at which the graph o x y x y
2 2
4 4 16 4 0 " ! " " ! has a ertical and horizontal tangent line.

2 8 4 16 0
4 2
8 16
2
4 8
2 0 2 2 4
8 16 0 2 2 2 2
x y
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
x
y
x
y
x x
y y
" ! " !
!
!
"
!
!
"
! ! 8 !
# $ # $
" ! 8 ! ! ! # $ ! ! # $
horizontal : pts : 2,0
vertical : pts : 6,
, ,
, ,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 55 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
,/#&)#<)&: "#9 T)77%0%#&)"F)-)&: + ,-"**./01
Back in our precalculus days, we dabbled in the concept o continuity. \e reached a ery inormal deinition o
continuity: a cure is continuous i you can draw it without taking your pencil rom the paper. 1his is a good
loose` deinition but when one examines it closely, it is illed with holes. lor instance, we know that the
unction

f x x
# $
!
2
is a parabola and the parabola is continuous. But can we really draw it in its entirety without
taking our pencil rom the paper 1ry it.
So we need a deinition o continuity that is better than the one gien aboe. \e will use the ollowing deinition
or continuity o a unction.
A unction is continuous at , i all three o the ollowing holds:

1. lim lim exists 2. exists 3.
x c x c
f x f c f x f c
/ /
# $ # $ # $ # $
\hat we are saying is this: or the unction to be continuous at some alue o ,:
1, as 3 gets closer and closer to , both on the let and right, we approach the same 4-alue.
2, the unction is deined at 3 ~ ,.
3, the 4-alue limit you got in step 1 is the same as the alue you get or the unction at , in step 2.
I a unction is continuous at all alues o 3 then we say it is a continuous unction. A unction can be continuous
in certain parts o its domain and discontinuous in others.
Lxamples: In the ollowing graphs determine i the unction is continuous at the marked alue o ,, and i not,
determine which o the 3 rules o continuity the unction ails.
a)
b) c)
d)
3 1
0
4

lim
x
DNE
/3

f DNE 1
# $ lim
x
f
/
.
# $
0
0 continuous
e)
I) g)
h)
2 -1
-2 -1

lim
x
DNE
/2

lim
x
DNE
/!1
continuous

lim
x
DNE
/!1
Lxample a, aboe is an example o a step` discontinuity. Notice how the unction make a step at 3 ~ 3. Lxample
b, is an example o a remoable discontinuity ,we usually call it a hole,. \e will see why it is called remoable
when we examine it in algebraic orm.
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 56 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
\hen we examine unctions in algebraic orm, we can make the ollowing conclusions:
a, all polynomials

1. lim lim exists 2. exists 3.
x c x c
f x f c f x f c
/ /
# $ # $ # $ # $
are continuous at all alues o 3.
b, ractions in the orm o

y
f x
g x
!
# $
# $
are discontinuous whereer

g x
# $
~ 0.
c, radicals in the orm o y f x !
# $
odd root
are continuous eerywhere.
d, radicals in the orm o y f x !
# $
even root
are discontinuous where

f x
# $
% 0.
Lxamples: lind any points o discontinuity o the ollowing unctions.
a, f x x x
# $
! ! ! " 3 5 1
2
b,

f x
x
x
# $
!
!
!
2
4
2
c, f x x x # $ ! " !
2 3
2 1 d, f x x x # $ ! ! !
2
6
continuous everywhere
x ! &2 continuous everywhere

!0 !
# $
< 0
# $
, , 2 3
In dealing with continuity o a piecewise unction, we need to examine the 3-alue where the rule changes.
Lxample 3,

f x
x x
x x
# $
!
! 2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
2
3 1
1 1
,
,
Lxample 4,

f x
x x x
x x
# $
!
" ! 2 !
! % !
3
4
5
6
5
2
2
3 2 2
2
,
,

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
"
!
# $
! !
# $
!
1
1
2
0
Not continuous

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
f
/!
/
"
!
# $
! !
# $
! !
# $
! !
2
2
4
4
2 4
Continuous
Lxample 5,

f x
x
x
x
x
# $
!
! 2 !
"
% !
3
4
5
6
5
!
3 1 1
1
1
1
,
,
Lxample 6, f x
x
x
x
x
x
# $ !
!
!
.
!
!
3
4
5
6
5
4
16
4
1
3 4
4
2
,
,

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x DNE
/!
/!
"
!
# $
!
# $
!
1
1
2
Not continuous

lim
x
f x
f
/
# $
!
# $
!
4
1
8
4
1
8
Continuous
lind the alue o the constant : that will make the unction continuous. Veriy by calculator.
Lxample ,

f x
x x
k x x
# $
!
" 2
! %
3
4
6
5
3 2 1
2 1
,
,
Lxample 8,

f x
kx x
kx x
# $
!
2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
2
2
6 2
,
,
Lxample 9,

f x
k x x
kx x
# $
!
! 2
%
3
4
5
6
5
2
12 1
1
,
,

5 2 1
3
! !
!
k
k

4 2 6
3
k k
k
! !
! !
k k
k k
2
12
4 3
! !
! ! ! ,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 5 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
An important concept in calculus inoles the concept o 9)77%0%#&)"F)-)&:. 1here are seeral deinitions that you
need to know:
T%7)#)&)/#*
T)77%0%#&)"F)-)&: "& " 6/)#&: lunction

f x
# $
is dierentiable at 3 ~ , i and only i

9
# $
f c exists. 1hat is,

9
# $
f c is
a real number.
T)77%0%#&)"F)-)&: /# "# )#&%0E"-: lunction

f x
# $
is dierentiable on an interal

a b ,
# $
i and only i it is
dierentiable or eery alue o 3 on the interal a b ,
# $
.
T)77%0%#&)"F)-)&:: lunction f x
# $
is dierentiable i and only i it is dierentiable at eery alue o 3 in its
domain.
1he concept o dierentiability means, in laymans terms, smooth.` A dierentiable cure will hae no sharp
points in it ,cusp points, or places where the tangent line to the cure is ertical. Imagine a train traeling on a set
o dierentiable tracks and you will neer get a derailment. Naturally, i a cure is to be dierentiable, it must be
deined at eery point and its limit must exist eerywhere. 1hat implies the ollowing:
T)77%0%#&)"F)-)&: )36-)%* ,/#&)#<)&:W ,/#&)#<)&: 9/%* #/& )36-: T)77%0%#&)"F)-)&:?
I a unction

f x
# $
is dierentiable at 3 ~ ,, then it must be continuous also at 3 ~ ,. D C 8
loweer, i a unction is continuous at 3 ~ ,, it need not be dierentiable at 3 ~ ,. Not! C D 8
And, i a unction is not continuous, then it can't be dierentiable at 3 ~ ,.. not not C D 8
Lxample: determine whether the ollowing unctions are continuous, dierentiable, neither, or both at the point.
a)
b) c)
d)
3 1
0
0

neither neither both continuous
e)
I) g)
h)
2
2 -1 0
neither continuous continuous continuous
i,

f x x x
# $
! ! "
2
6 1 j, f x
x x
x
# $
!
! !
"
2
12
3
k,

f x x
# $
! sin l,

f x
x
x
# $
!
sin
cont/diff everywhere not cont at x ! !3 cont/diff everywhere not cont at x ! 0
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 58 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
Lxample 2, lind i

f x
# $
is continuous and,or dierentiable at the alue o the unction where the rule changes.
Sketch the unction.
a,

f x
x x x
x x
# $
!
! " 2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
2
6 10 2
4 2
,
,
b, f x
x x x
x x
# $ !
" ! 2 !
! ! % !
3
4
6
2
3 1
4 1
,
,

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
"
!
# $
!
# $
!
2
2
2
2

9
# $
!
! 2
! %
3
4
6
f x
x x
x
2 6 2
1 2
,
,

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
"
!
9
# $
! !
9
# $
! !
2
2
2
1

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/!
/!
"
!
# $
! !
# $
! !
1
1
3
3

9
# $
!
" 2 !
! % !
3
4
6
f x
x x
x
2 1 1
1 1
,
,

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/!
/!
"
!
9
# $
! !
9
# $
! !
1
1
1
1
continuous/not differentiable continuous and differentiable

c, f x
x x
x x
# $
!
" 2
! ! %
3
4
5
6
5
5 4
4 4 4
3
,
,
d,

f x
x x
x x x
# $
!
2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
sin ,
,
0
3 0
2

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
"
!
# $
!
# $
!
4
4
3
4
not continuous or differentiable

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
"
!
# $
!
# $
!
0
0
0
0

9
# $
!
2
! %
3
4
6
f x
x x
x x
cos ,
,
0
1 6 0

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
"
!
9
# $
!
9
# $
!
0
0
1
1
continuous and differentiable

Lxample 3, lind the alues o $ and @ that make the unction

f x
# $
dierentiable.
a, f x
ax x
bx x
# $
!
" 2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
2
1 1
3 1
,
,
b,

f x
ax x
b x x
# $
!
" %
!
# $
" 2
3
4
5
6
5
3
2
1 2
3 10 2
,
,
lim
lim
x
x
f x a
f x b
a b
/
/
"
!
# $
! "
# $
! !
! !
1
1
1
3
4

9
# $
!
2
%
3
4
6
f x
ax x
b x
2 1
1
,
,

lim
lim
x
x
f x a
f x b
/
/
"
!
9
# $
!
9
# $
!
1
1
2
b
lim
lim
x
x
f x a
f x b
b a
/
/
!
"
# $
! "
# $
! "
! !
2
2
8 1
10
8 9
9
# $
!
%
!
# $
2
3
4
6
f x
ax x
b x x
3 2
2 3 2
2
,
,
lim
lim
x
x
f x a
f x b
/
/
!
"
9
# $ !
9
# $ ! !
2
2
12
2
2 2 4 4 8 a b a a a b ! 8 ! ! 8 ! ! , cccc 12 2 6 6 8 9
9
14
27
7
a b b a a a a b ! ! 8 ! ! 8 ! ! ! 8 ! !
!
,
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 59 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
,/#&)#<)&: "#9 T)77%0%#&)"F)-)&: + 2/3%./01

1. In the ollowing graphs determine i the unction

f x
# $
is continuous at the marked alue o ,, and i not,
determine or which o the 3 rules o continuity the unction ails.
a)
b) c)
d)
-1
3 -1
2

lim
x
f x DNE
/!
# $
1

f DNE 3
# $ continuous continuous
e)
I) g)
h)
2 0
1 0

lim
x
f x DNE
/
# $
2

lim
x
f x DNE
/
# $
0
f DNE 1
# $

lim
x
f x f
/
# $
.
# $
0
0
i)
j) k)
l)
4
-2 1
1

f DNE 4
# $ lim
x
f x DNE
/
# $
2
lim
x
f x f
/
# $
.
# $
1
1 Not a function
2. lind the alue o 3 where the unction is discontinuous.
a. f x x
x
# $
! "
3
3 b.

f x
x
# $
!
!
5
81
2
c.

f x
x x
x
# $
!
" !
!
2
2
2 24
36
d. f x x
# $
! tan

Continuous everywhere x ! &9 x ! &6 x n n !
7
2
, an odd integer
3. lind whether the unction is continuous at the alue where the rule or the unction changes.
a.

f x
x x
x x
# $
!
! %
! 2
3
4
5
6
5
8 2
6 2
2
,
,
b.

f x
x x
x x
# $
!
! %
" 2
3
4
5
6
5
4 1
1 1
2
,
,
c.

f x
x
x x
x
# $
!
%
! 2
3
4
5
6
5
2 3
10 3
,
,

continuous not continuous not continuous
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 60 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
d.

f x
x
x x
x
# $
!
% !
" 2 !
3
4
5
6
5
!
2 1
3 1
,
,
e.

f x
x
x
x
x x
# $
!
!
%
!
" )
3
4
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
1
2
2
3 2
1 2
,
,
,
. f x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
# $
!
!
!
. .
!
!
3
4
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
3
2
0 1
3 0
2 1
,
,
,
,

continuous not continuous cont at not cont at x x ! ! 1 0 ,
4. lind the alue o the constant $ that makes the unction continuous.
a.

f x
x x
x a x
# $
!
" )
" =
3
4
6
5
0 4 2 1
0 3 1
. ,
. ,
b.

f x
x x
a x x
# $
!
)
! =
3
4
5
6
5
2
2
2
,
,
c.

f x
x x
ax x
# $
!
! )
=
3
4
5
6
5
9 2
2
2
,
,

. .
.
4 2 3
2 1
" ! "
! !
a
a

4 2
6
! !
!
a
a

9 4 2
5
2
! !
!
a
a
d. f x
ax x
ax x
# $
!
" % !
2 !
3
4
5
6
5
5 1
1
2
,
,
e. f x
x a x
ax x
# $ !
" % !
" 2 !
3
4
6
0 4 1
1 6 1
2
. ,
. ,
. f x
a x x
ax x
# $
!
! %
2
3
4
5
6
5
2 2
2
1 5 2
,
. ,

! " !
!
a a
a
5
5
2

! " ! ! "
! ! !
. .
,
4 1 6
1 2
2
a a
a a

a a
a a
2
4 3
4 1
! !
! ! ! ,
5. Let $ and @ stand or constants and let

f x
b x x
a x x
# $
!
! %
!
# $
2
3
4
5
6
5
,
,
1
2 1
2
a. lind an equation relating $ and @ b. lind @ i $ ~ -1. Graph and show c. lind another alue o $A
i 7 is to be continuous at 3 ~ 1. that the unction is continuous @ where 7 is continuous.
a b ! !1 b ! 0

a b ! ! 3 4 ,
6. Graph the unction

f x x
x
# $
! " "
!
!
4
10
2
25
and ind what appears to be the limit o f x
# $
as 3 approaches 2.
appears to be 6, but is really infinite.
. Sketch a unction haing the ollowing attributes.
a, has a alue o

f 2
# $
, a limit as 3 approaches 2, b. has a step discontinuity at 3 ~ 3 where

f 3 7
# $
!
but is not continuous at 3 ~ 2.
c.

lim
x
f x
/
# $
! !
4
2 but the unction is not d. the alue o f !
# $
2 ~ 3 but there is no limit o f x
# $
continuous at 3 ~ 4. as 3 approaches -2 and no ertical asymptote there.
a)
b) c)
d)
2
3
4
-2
!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 61 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
8. lor the ollowing, state whether the unction is continuous, dierentiable, both, or neither at 3 ~ ,.
a)
b) c)
d)
c
c
c
c

continous only neither neither continous only
d)
e) I)
g)
c
c
c c
neither neither neither both
9. Sketch a unction haing the ollowing attributes.
a. is dierentiable and continuous at point ,2, 4, b. is continuous at ,-3, 1, but not dierentiable there
c. has a cusp at the point ,-1, 3, d. is dierentiable at ,2, -4, but not continuous there.
a)
b) c)
d)
impossible
10. lor each unction,

f x
# $
, show work to determine whether the unction is continuous or non-continuous,
dierentiable, or non-dierentiable, and sketch the cure. Show work necessary to proe your statements.
a. f x
x x
x x
( )
,
,
!
2
%
3
4
5
6
5
2
0
0
b.

f x
x x
x x
( )
,
,
!
" 2
" %
3
4
5
6
5
2
3
1 0
1 0
c. f x
x x
x x
( )
,
,
!
! %
" 2
3
4
5
6
5
4 1
2 2 1
2

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
# $ !
9
# $ !
0
0
0
DNE
continous only

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
# $ !
9
# $ !
0
0
0
1
continous and differentiable

lim
x
f x NE
/
# $ !
1
D
neither

!!!"#$%&'(#$&)#'*&+(",+- AB Solutions - 62 - /&0 /,)!$(&1
d.

f x
x x x
x x
( )
,
,
!
" ! 2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
2
7 2
5 11 2
e.

f x
x x x
x
( )
,
,
!
! )
! =
3
4
5
6
5
4 2
2 1
1 1
. f x
x x
x x
( )
,
,
!
! )
! =
3
4
5
6
5
3 1
1
2
5
2
1

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
# $ ! !
9
# $ !
2
0
1
5
both

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
# $ ! !
9
# $ !
1
0
1
0
both

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
# $ ! !
9
# $ !
1
0
2
1
2
both

g.

f x
x x
x x
( )
sin ,
,
!
# $
)
=
3
4
6
0
0
h.

f x
x x
x x
( )
cos ,
,
!
# $
2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
0
1 0
2
i.

f x
x x
x x
( )
,
,
!
" "
# $
2 !
! "
# $
% !
3
4
5
6
5
3 2 2
3 2 2
1
3
2
3

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
# $ !
9
# $ !
0
0
0
1
both
lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/
/
# $ !
9
# $ !
0
0
1
0
both

lim
lim
x
x
f x
f x
/!
/!
# $ !
9
# $ !
2
2
3
DNE
continuous only

both both continuous only
11. lind the alues o $ and @ that make the unction f x # $ dierentiable.
a. f x
x x
a x b x
# $ !
2
!
# $
" %
3
4
5
6
5
3
2
1
2 1
,
,
b. f x
ax x
x x b x
# $
!
2
! " %
3
4
5
6
5
2
2
10 2
6 2
,
,
c. f x
a
x
x
bx x
# $ !
2
! %
3
4
5
6
5
, 1
12 1
2
,

cont :1
diff :1
! "
! !
!
!
!
a b
a
a b
2
3
2
5
2
,
cont :
diff :
4 10 8
4 2
1
2
16
a b
a
a b
" ! ! "
! !
!
!
! ,

cont :
diff :
a b
a b
a b
! !
! ! !
! !
12
2
8 4 ,

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