The document summarizes information from the Purananuru, an ancient Tamil poetry anthology. It provides:
1) A list of the poets and individuals addressed in the poems.
2) Background on the Sangam academies where Tamil literature was discussed and compiled. Three successive Sangams are described as having occurred over thousands of years.
3) Debate around the dating of the Sangams and ancient Tamil authors, disagreeing with dates proposed by scholar Dr. Caldwell and providing alternative evidence from inscriptions and references in older texts.
The document summarizes information from the Purananuru, an ancient Tamil poetry anthology. It provides:
1) A list of the poets and individuals addressed in the poems.
2) Background on the Sangam academies where Tamil literature was discussed and compiled. Three successive Sangams are described as having occurred over thousands of years.
3) Debate around the dating of the Sangams and ancient Tamil authors, disagreeing with dates proposed by scholar Dr. Caldwell and providing alternative evidence from inscriptions and references in older texts.
The document summarizes information from the Purananuru, an ancient Tamil poetry anthology. It provides:
1) A list of the poets and individuals addressed in the poems.
2) Background on the Sangam academies where Tamil literature was discussed and compiled. Three successive Sangams are described as having occurred over thousands of years.
3) Debate around the dating of the Sangams and ancient Tamil authors, disagreeing with dates proposed by scholar Dr. Caldwell and providing alternative evidence from inscriptions and references in older texts.
[Vor,. XIV. GENERAL MEETING. Colombtt Mwseu,rn, JulY 13, 1895. Present : Mr. P. B6man6,than, c.n.b., in the Chair. Mr^ F. C. Roles. Mr. E. S. W. Send,ihi Rd,j6. Mr.'W. A. cle Silva. Dr. W. G. Vandort. No. 46.-1895.] aNcrnNr rAurrr rrrrER,AruRE. OI,EANINGS FROM ANCIENT TAMIL IJITEBAIURE. By the Hon. p, Coourinaswduy. I.-puRA\tANUBu. As a contribution to the history of the ancient Tamils and their literature, I have prepared (I.) a lisi of the poets whose otleg are containeil in the Pwrun6,nttru, antd, (II.) a list of the persons to whom the ocles were addresseil. Ih.e Pwrcr,nd,Tp&,rw is a very interesting collection of four hundrecl short poems or odes by celebrated Tamil poets of ancient times. This anthology,* tradition says, was made by the Sangam of Maclura. The Sangam was a collego or academy of literary men of eminence established. by the prindiya kings. Mr. Casie Chitty observes in the Tamdl plwtarch.. ((these kings bad three different Sangams established in their capital at three tlifferent periods, for the promotion of literature ........rand they macle it a rulo that evory literary production shoulcl be submitted. to their sena,hts acc{demicus before it was allowecl to circulate in the country.o' It ft now difficult to say when the Sangam was first establishecl, or to give the exact time it ceased to exist. fn the commentary written by Nakkirar (a member of the Sangam in its last days), forming the greater part of the now existing commentary on Iraiya_ n{r's 1( AkapporuJ,o' an account of ihe three Sangams is given. Nakkirar was a coniemporaryt of the Chola king Karikdla, who livect prior to the second contury of the Christian era.f Accorcling to the ancient authorities there ,',".^T", ;i"g.f-a:", !: _16,,. Viraoholiyam,', Mr. Tam6tarampillai,s edition ; 'tm p. tG of -his eCition of ., Kalirtokai." Mr. J. Alexander. The Hon. P. Coom6,raswr{my. Mr. C. M. Fernando. Mr. J. G. L. Ohlmus. Mi. J. Ilarward and Mr. G. A. Joseph, Ilonorary Secretaries. Tisitors : one lady ancl ten gentlemen. Busi'ness. 1. On a motion proposeil by Mr. C. M. Fernando-anil seconcletl by Mr. G. A. Joseph, Mr. P. Rimand,than took the Chair. 2. Reacl anil confirmeil Minutes of Meeting helcl on February 1 6, 1895. 3. The Chairman laid on the table a complete printecl Index to the Journals ancl Proceedings of the Society, Volulnes I. to XI., comprising Nos. 1 to 42 (1845-90),-compiled bv Mr. J. F' IM. Gore, and in doing so stated thal, ii was in conneclion with that work that the compiler had been matle a Life Member of the Society. 4. The Author read the following Paper :- ,*-D.. Cul,l*el['s introduction to his ,rGrammar of the Dravidian "4guoges," seconrl edition, p. l3l, .r^i_-"/'- my Paper, " A llalf-hour with two Ancient Tamil poets,,, in the 'uu."ou, of the Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch, vol XIII., pp. 1 90_193. 15-95 (l 18 .IoURNAL, R,.A.S. (CEYr,oN). [Vor'' XIV. were three* Sangams, known as the first, middle, ancl last'. Amongst the members of the first Sangam were Agastiya, l\{udinagarriyar of Muranjiyfr, and others" And it is saidtti have lasted 4,440 years, during the reigns of eighty-nine Pri,ndiya kings, beginning rviih l*iysinavaluti and' ending in the reign of Kadunkon, rvhen the city of Maclura-not moclern Maelura, but another in the southernmost part of India-was submergecl in the sea. The number of authors rvhose works received- tine ittT trimatwr of that Sangam was 4,449, including seven Pandiya kings' The seconcl Sangam rvas established by the P6ncliya king Veldoccheliyan t at Kapd,dapuram, anil ceased to exist rvhen that city, the theu capital of the Pd,ndiya kings, rn'as also submergeil in the sea during the reign of 1\IudattirutnA,ran, having lasied 3,700 years, uncler fifty-nine different Pandiya kings' Amon its members were Toikzi,ppiyanir, Karunkoli, Mosi, Kirantai and others. The works of 3,700 persons, including fi Prindiya kings, rn'ere acceptect by ihis Sangam. The onl rvork of impottance of the time of this Sangam rvhich no exists is the " Tolkripiyam," the celebrateil treatise on Tami grammar. The thirct and last Sangam was established by th Pri,ndiya king Mutlaitirumd,ran at Maclura (modern Maclura which was callecl Uttara (Northern) Madurai, to d'istingui it from Southern ffaclura, which was destroyed by ihe Amongst its members were Sirumed6,vi, Sentambhritan6r Kilhr of Perumkunclnir, l\{arutan llandganir, Nallanduvand'r NakAirar, Para+ar, Kapilar, Iiallddar, Sitialai Sattanar, others. The works of 449 poets, including three Prindi were accepteil by this Sangam, which existed for 1 years, cluring the reigns of forty-nine Pd,ndiyas, anil enil either ln the time of Ugrapperu Valuti or some time after, that is to say, about the first century of the Christian e , r Cf . preface, " Yiracholiyam" ; also Nakkirar, Nachchin6rkkiniy6'r, Asiriyappa, inp. 3, footnotb, in Chilappatikd,ram, Uraip-p6'yiram, andotl t 'Ihe name is so given in Mr, Tam6tarampillai's edition of Irai AJ<apporul; but in the Asiriyappa above menbionetl it is given Yenddrchche liyan. No, 46.-1895.] arvcrnrvr rAMrrr rrrrERATURE. 19 I am a,rvare that Dr. Caldwell says that the last days of the thlrd Snngam, if it ever existed, should be placed in the thirteenth century.'3 But I think that those rvho have studie4 the resuits of Dr. Ilultzsch's researches in South Ind"ian Archreoiogy, as well as the ancient Tamil works lvhich have been printed since the seconcl eilition of Dr. Caldwell's Grammar of the Dravid"ian Languages appeared, will see ample reason to doubt the correctness of the dates assigned by Dr. Caldvell to ancient Tamil authors ancl kings. I give. a fet instances in illustration of his erroneols conclusiotrs. I{arikrila, the Chola king, contemporary of Nakkirar, according to Dr. Caldwell livecl in the thirteenth century. I have established that Karikdta livecl prior to the second century.t Dr. Caldwell says that Jn6,na Sambanilha, Appar or Ti.rniv'kkara$u, and sundara Mrirtti, the three authors of "Devd,rarn," lived inthe time of Sunilara pdrndiya, who, he says reigned at the encl of the thirteenth century. en these three authors are mentioned in an inscription of the time of the Chola king Rri,ja-r6ja Deva, which states ilrattheirimageswere worshipped in a ceriain temple (Sowth fndian fnscrilttions, vol. II., part II., p. 1b2), ancl Rri,ja-nija Deva's reign began in 1004 of the Christian em (South fndlian fnscti1ttions, vol. I., p. 169). Mr. P. Sund.aram pillai, m.e. ancl professor of Philosophy at the Mahdr5jri's Coti"g" at Trivendru*, O-, :-ho*" in his essay 6(On the Age of Jo,i.ru Sambandha,, that Jnlr,na Sambanclha's age musi be placed prior to the seventh century. But there is perhaps reason for placing it.even earlier,-earlier than the second century. Those wtro.are familiar with Tamil literature have reacl of one :"t,j.U- miracles pelformed by Jnilna Sambanclha, viz., his ;;;'#.;; ,* O.. au'U*ell's introcluction to his tTtlo*l."' second edition, p. r:il. ,d_ffi Journal, Royal Asialic Socieby, " Grammar of the Ceylon Brauch, vol. Dravidian XIII., pp- C2 20 JounNArr' R.A.$ (cETrroN)' [Vor" XIV' snake-bite. This miracle is mentionecl in the ('Tiruvilayadat Purdnam,"* as also by Sekkildr in tt Periyapurinam"'written in the eleventh century.f It is mentionetl in two poems' the "Tiruvantiti" and t'Tiruvul6," on Jnina Sambandha' by Nambi AncLi.r Nambi, who lived in the tenth century ; t it is also refeffecl to by Jn6,na sambanclha'S contemporary, Appar, as well as by Sunclara Mrirtti, in their tt DevArams'" Now this identical miracle is referrecl to in the chilappatikd,ram, a poenl of the seconcl century, by Kallaki'{ It may therefore be that Jneina Sambandha and his contemporary' Appar' liveil prior to the seconcl anil not in the thirteenth century' I take this opportunity to state that I think I have been fortunate enough to iclentify the Pzindiyan king who was reconverted into Hindriism by Jnd'na Sambandha from Jainism, ancl about whom Dr. Caldsrell'g work contains much erroneous writing-the learnecl Bishop confouncling him with a Sunilara P6,ndiyan, tt Marco Polo's Sender Bandi"' of the thirteenth century. Mr. Sunilaram PiIIai has established that the seventh century is tlne term'inws ad' qwem of the time of Jnd,na Sambanclha, and I have shown above that he may perhaps be placed prior to the second" century' Ilow then *uo ttt" king whom he converted have lived' in the thir- teonth century ? The right name o{ this king was Nedu * Yanniyu4L Kinarum lli4kamum Alaitta Bailalam' f See "Age of Jn6,na Sambandha "; also Arumukha Ni etlition of th"" p"or" t'Periyapur6'4am," p' 9; ancl "-South Inclian I: iioos," "o1. I., ip. 63, aa. I'or an account of this miracle see " Periy ,.,u*;' 1s*d6.ioappillai's edition), p. 317, v' 473 et seq' { See Chilappatik6ram, Vanjina M5'1ai' -T}ris poem was written by n"Jtfr"" of the Chera king Ser.;kuttuvan in the second century' .A*j: ;ffi;;htp &h"1 no"*,."" ctt"ilappatikd'ram itself , as well as Ma4imekha' ArumpaclavuraiAsiriyar, ancl Ailiy6,rkkunall6r;,Clilappat'ik6'ramj:t91 Nachctinirkkiniy6r in his comdentary on Tolk6'ppiyam' For the age Kannaki,,Bee -e;a"ks on Se4kuttuvan (who built a temple l:" O:1)'. uol. XIII., R. A. S., Ceylon : "*y ?tpu" on " Chilappatikdram"' pp' 81-84 Mr. Ranasi4ha's rape", " Whici Gaja B5'hu visited Inclia ? " p' r44 et se4' antl "A flalf-hour witl two .A'ncient Tamil Poets," p' L90 et seq' Se No. 46.-1895.] eNcrnwr rAMrr, LrIERATURE. 2L Md,ran, ancl he is still worshippecl as a saint uncler that nape.x Nambi Andri,r Narrrbi mentions him. : " The Md,ran, conqueror of Nel'uel'i, rvho formerly impaled the Jains whom Jnd,na Sambandha overcalne."t Sundara Mrlrtii sayrlr " f am the servant of the d'evotee, the righteous Nedumdran, who conquered Neluel'i'"| The word Nedumzi,ran is convertible into Neduncheliyan, as M(iran and" Cheli,yan have the same signification, Yiz.' prindiya. Neduncheliyan was a contemporary$ of Karikd,la, and was the subject of poems by Nakkirar and M:i,gkudi Marutandr.ll The latter calls him, ('O great king, who captureal Nel-in'('n'."\ Nel-in-ttr means, ur Lhe countr\', ,in of , nel, pacldy or rice. Neluel'i means also the country of Nel,,** and Nachchinrirkkiniyri,r says that by Nel-in-{tr is meant Stili,ytcr.ll And there is only one Pdndiya in Tamil literature, who is styl e cl the conquero r of N ela eli, ot N el -'in -(t r. If my conjecture, that the terms Nedumd,ran and Nedun- cheliyan denote the same Pdndiya king, be correct, then Jn6na Sambanclha must have lived about the time when Jesus was born, when the throne of the Cholas was occupied by Karikrila, a conclusion which is supportecl by the fact that, juclging from the Tamil literature of that period, this was the time when the Jain religion began to lose ground in Southern Intlia. Let us come back, however, to Puranrin(tru, Amongst several collections or anthologies made by the Sangam is ..]","4 uboy:. q:oi._q l, Age of Jn6,na Sambanclha.', Also periyapur6trraur lsao.asivappillai's eciition, Marlras, 1884), p. 2*6, v. g, and p. 498. f Tiruttoldar Tiruvant6,ti. I Tiruttonrlattokai, $ dfr Tamil i! Chilappatik6ram"; alsonote * on page 3t, inft,a, ll Soth poets were members of the last Sangam f tn" po"^. referrecl to are Neilunalvd,daijantt Maduraikk6nji, respectiu-"ty'. -- ![ Macturaikkdnji. ^4x VeLi as an affix means d/, or -country. (See Winslow,s Tamil-English urctionary. uncler the word Go,o$.) tt lfeZ : Sanskrit, Srild : pad.dy or rice. also p.36,'inJ'ra. 22 JouRNArr, R.A.s. (cEYr,oN). [Vor,' XIY" one known as Ettuttokai,* or '( the Eight Anthologies," whereof Purancin(trz is one. An ancient stanza, quoted boih by Mr. Tam6tarampilleri ancl Mr. Swrimindtha lyer,t gives the names of the " eight anthologies," namely, $attri4ai, I(uruntokai, Ainkfrunriru, Padittuppattu' Paripd,dal, Kalittokai, Akand,niiru, and Purand,nriru. Of these only two have yet been printed : Kalittokai in 18E7 and Puran6nriru in 1E94' ThePurand,ry(tfwlis cited by the great Tamil commentator Nachchinrl,rkkiniy;i,r in several of his commentaries. In the commentary onTolktiptlti,yumbe cites it very often. Nachchi- nrirkkiniyar, according to the author of the Tamit Plwtct'rch, Iived. prior to the tenth century, Mr. Tam6tarampillai, to my thinking, more correctly places him before the eighth century. Parimelalakar, ihe commentator of the Kwral and' a contemporary of Nach chinrirkkiniyii,r, also cites llne Purand,- 2v&,rw, and so does Adiydrkkunalirir in his commentary on Chilappatikaram. Swriminri,tha lyer believes ihat Adiydrk- kunalld,r liveit prior to Nachchinri,rkkiniyeir, but this is open to doubt. Therefore the tradition that this collection Purandn'ir,rt'r' was mad,e by the Sangam of Madura is well founded. A series of short Papers und.er the heading " Gleaningsfrom Ancient Tamil Literature," which I shall from time to time contribute, will,'I venture to think, convince the reader that all the poets and princes mentioned in the Purand'ntrn'r' flourished before the end of the second century of the Christian era. The proposetl Papers will also give an account of whatever is known of the lives of some of these poets ancl. their patrons. * d/, Kalittokai, p. 16, preface, for the names of all the collections' f Mr. C. W, Tam6tarampillai, e.4., r.1., Tamil examiner for the University of Madras, andeditor of " Tolk6piyam," " Kalittokai''' &c. Mr' Sw6,min6,iha Iyer, Tamil Pandit at Kumbhak6nam College, eclitor of " Pu1an6nriru," '( Chint5,mapi," &o, f C/. .lisiriyappa mentioned in p. 18, footnote, which also gives Puran6,- nrl1u as one of the collections macle by the last Sangam, No. 46.-1895.] aNcrnlvr rAMrL rrrrERATURE. 23 It will be observed that amongst the names of the poets sl-Lown in the annexed. Iists are included twelve princes ancl gix poetesses, one of whom was a queen of Maclura ; antl that $ome of tho poets and their patrons have more than one ilame, thus creating a certain amount of confusion as to identity, but this will disappear by a careful stucly of the 4ifferent o.des, the circumstances under which they were $,ritten, and by a comparison of references in other Tamil rvorks. Lrsr I.-Ponrs. 1 Attanvennd,gand,r, of Kallitkaclai, Madura 2 Arlainedun Kalliyr{r 3 Arivudainambi (Pdn{iya)'} 4 AtLiraiyanir of Kallil J-r Aliyir {i Aiyyd,tichchiruvenderaiydr 7 Idaikkridanir 8 [rumpidarttalaiyd,r I Ilankannikkausikand,r, of Madura 10 Ilankiranar, of Poruntil 11 llantirayan, the Tondaim6n 12 llamponva4ikanSr, of Uraiyrir 13 Ilamperuva-luti who " died in the sea " :: 1p6,ndiya) 14 Ilavettan6,r, of the Yaniga caste, of Maclura 15 Ilaveyini, ((the daughter of the Kuravar " f 16 llaveyini, 'i the daughter of the devil"f 17 Ulochchandr 18 linpotipasunkudaiyir tr9 Drumaivelijandr 20 Eyitiiyandr, of Pull4trrlr 2L O{aikifdr, of Turaiyur 22 Orampokiydr 23 Orusiraippeyarinair 24 Orrittandr 25 Ordrulavar .o. auvaryar 27 Katappillai, of Karuvdr 28 Kataiyanka44an6,r ^*^ Belonging to the royal families of the Chera, [Chola, or p6,ndiyas, some or rvtom only were kings. T Poetesses. 24 JouRNArr, R.a.s. (cEYr,oN). 29 Kandappillai S6ttan6,r, of Karuvrlr 30 Ka{riyan Pfnkundran 31 Kanaikkdl Irumporai (Chera)* 32 Kanakkiyan6r, of l\fadura 33 Ka44ampukuntr4,r6yattanar, of the 6luikku4"i 34 Kaq4an5r, the son of Perunk6linr4,ykan 35 Ka4pandr, of Ti,mappal 36 Ka'f+akandr 37 Kapilar 38 Kayamand,r 39 Karunkulaldtand,r 40 KalS,tialaiy6r 41 Kall{dan6r 42 Kalaitiu Yinaiydr 43 Kivallanir 44 K6,kkaip6,tiniydr Naccennaiy6,r 45 K6makkarlliy6r 46 Kr{vatpenilu (female guard)f 47 KdrikkalrlanS,r, of Kriverippdmpattinam 48 Kil6r, of Kdri 49 Kil6,r of Arisil 50 Kil6r, of i.lattdr 51 Kilar, of Av{rr 52 Kil6r, of klaikkunilrur 53 Kild,r, of Perunkundrdr 54 Kilir, of Kridaldr 55 Kil4r, of Kovrir 56 Kildrr, of M6,nkudi 57 Kil6r, of Yadamotlam 58 Kild,r, of Kulunk6liydr 59 Killivalavan (Chola)*' 60 KiranSr, of Mosi 61 Kiran6,r, the Kuttuvan . 62 Kudapulaviyan6,r 63 KundukalpS,liyritan '64 Kundrrir Kil6r's son 65 Kumaran6,r, of Vdmpatttr 66 Kuluvaluti, the son of Andar 67 Kulamp6tr6,yan6r 68 Kfkaikkofiydr 69 Kotamanir 70 Kopporuncholan (Chola)* No. 46.-1895.] eNcrnrr rAMrrr rrrrERATURE. 25 71 Tamilkkrittandr, of Madura 72 TlaYankal\iYir .73 Tiyanka!|anrir, of Ettrir 74 Tirutt6,man6r 75 Tumbiserkirandr ?6 D6modaran6r, of Vadama Vafrlakan 77 Dhmodaran6r, the medical man of Ulaiyrir 78 Nakkirar, of Madura 79 Nakkiran6r, the son of Kanakk6,yan6r of Madura 80 Nakkandr, of Viriyrir 81 Nanmullaiyar, of All6r 82 Nanndgan6r 83 Nanndgan6r, '1 the writer on Purattinai " 84 Nanndgan6r, of Yiricciyrir .85 Nariverrittalaiydr 86 Nall6tan6r, of Kudavdyil 87 Nallurittiran (Chola)': 88 Nalankilli (Chola)* 89 Nalliraiyan6r 90 NappasaJaiydr, of Mar6kkam 91 N6,gariyar, also called Sangavarunar 92 Ndgand,r, of Yellaikkudi 93 Niyamankild,r, of Nocci 94 Neilunkaluttupparaf ar 95 Neilunpalliyattan6,r 96 Necluncheliyan, '. victor in the battle of Talaiydlankinam (Prindiya)* 97 Nedurlcheliyan, I(the conqueror of the Aryas ,' (pd,ndiya)f 98 Nettimaiydr 99 Pakkud,ukkainankaliy6r 100 Padaimangamalliy6r l0[ Paranar 102 Pdndaranka+rlanr4r 103 Piri's claughtersf 104 Piramandr 105 Pisir6ntaiy6r 106 Pftappd,ndiyan .,who captured Ollaiyur', (P6,ndiya) 107 Pftan6,than6,r, of the Perunsatukkam in Karuvrir 108 Prii;anilan6gandr, of Madura 109 Pr"rtkovalandr, of Tangal . ll0 Pfinkanuttiravar 111 Per6lav6var 112 Perunkadunko, ,,the author of a poem on Pilai " (Chera),i - [Yor,. XIV" in Maclura + Belonging to the royal families of the Chera, Chola, or P6ndiyas, of whom only were kings. t Poetesses. ".._ Bei-onqinS to the royal families of the Chera, Chola, or p6ndiyas, ooTg of whom only were kings. t Poetesses. 26 JouRNAr,, R.A.s. (cEYr,oN). [Yor,. XIY- 113 Perumpritand,r 'rthe author of a poem on Kodai " 114 Perundevan6,r, ('the author of Bhd,ratam" 115 Perunkoppenc.lu, wife of Pdtapp6,ncliyaisf 116 Periya Slittan6r, of Yadamava4r.rakkan 117 Perum S1rttan6,r, of Va{ava4qa-akkan I l8 Perum Sitbiranar 119 Perumpadumanir 120 P6reyinmuruval6.r 121 Pottivir 122 Ponmudiydr 123 Poykaiyir 124 Maduv6l6sin 125 Marutanilan6ganir, of tr{ailura 126 Mallan6,r, the son of Alakkavjnil6r, of Maclura 127 1\I6kkrjiai (Chera ?)t3 128 Mrlitimdtirattandr 129 Mitpittiyd,r 130 M6,clalan MaduraikkumS,ranir, of KolS,ttu Ericcalur 131 Md,rkkanileyar , 132 M6,s6ttand,r, of A{uturai 133 Mfsd,ttanar, of Okk/rr 134 M6,sittiy6r, of Okk6r 135 Mudukalnan Sd,ttanSr, of Ulaiyirr 136 Mudukfrttandr, of Uraiyfr 137 Mudavandr, of Aiyirr 138 Mudamosiyd,r, of Enicceri in Ulaiyrir 139 Muclindgar6,yar, of Muranciyrlr 140 Mrilankildr, of Avrir 14l YadanedunLattan6r 1 42 Yanparanar 143 Vangan6r 144 Vdnmfkiyar 145 Viraiveliyandr 146 Yennikkuyattiyr{,r 1-17 Yellaimilar l{B Vellerukkilaiyrlr 149 S6ttan6r '( of the big head " 150 Sd,ttandr ('of the ulcered heacl " 15L Sd,ttan6r, of Mosi 152 Sd.ttantaiy/rr 153 Siruvencleraiy6,r 154 Sirukaruntumbiy6r, of Mukaiyalfr in Chola territory * Belonging to the royal families of the Chera, Chola or P6,ndiyaq some" of wbom only were kings, f Poetesses. No. 46.-1895.] encrnr*n rAurr, r,rrERAruRE. 2'{ Irrsr' trf.-P,rrnous. 'l Akutai 2 Anii 3 Antuvansd,ttan 4 Antuvankiran 5 Antuvan Seralirumporai (Chera) 6 Arivudainambi (Pdndiya) 7 Aruvantai aftias Sentan, the chief of Ambar R Atanalisi I Atanungan l0 intai 11 I'Y 12 Ilankantirakko l3 Ilankumanan 14 llanchetchenni, {tof Neytalanklrnal fame " (Choia) 15 llanchetchenni, ((conqueror of Seruppdli " (Chola) 16 Ilanchelchenni, ('of Neytalank6nal fame, conqueror of Cher6s, Pimuhir " (Chola) 17 Ilantattan 18 Iiaviccikko 1!) IlaveLimin 20 lrunkovel 21 Iyakkan 22 Ugrapperuvaluti " conqueror (Pd,ndiya) of the fortress K6,napp6r 23 Uruvappahrer Ifanchetchenni (Chola, father of Karikila) il{ Enridi Tirukkilli 1j Eiiniyitan, of Vittiru 26 9lini, the AtiyamAn 27 Eraikk6n 28 6vvi 29 Olv6t Kopperum Seral lrumporai (Chera) 30 Oymin Nalliyakk6drln ;31 Oym6n Nalliydiin 3! Oymdn Villiydirln 33 Ori 34 Kadiyaneclu vettuvan 35 Karlunkov iiiy 6,tdn ( Chola) 36. Kalrlraki, wife of Pekan 37 Kapilar 38 Karikd,la 39 Karumban{rrki}dn 40 Karunkai olv6i Perum Peyarvaluti (P6ndiya) '11 Kriri, ihe Malayam6,n 42 K6riy6t| the son of the ohief of Malli 28 .IouRNAr,, n.a.s. (cEYLoN). [Vor,. Xl\r. 43 Killivalavan 44 Kirans6ttan (P6ndiya) 45 Kuttuvankotai (Chera) 46 Kudakko Seralirumporai (Chera) 47 Kolk6nankild,n 48 Kopperuncholan (ChoJa) 49 Kumalan 50 fantumiran 51 Tarumaputtiran 52 Tdman, chief of T6ndrj 53 Tittan (Chola) 54 Tirumudikkiri 55 Tervanmalaiyan 56 Tondaimd 57 T6yanm6,ran, chief of Irantrlr 58 Nannan 59 Nanm6ran (P6ndiya) 60 Nanmd,ran (Pdndiya) 61 Nambineduncheliyan (Pindiya) 62 Nalankillichelchanni (Chola) 63 Nalankilli (Chola) 64 Nalli 65 Nallurittiran (Chola) 66 N6gan, chief of N6lai 67 Nedunkilli 68 Neduncheliyan (P6ndiya) 69 Neduvel6t6,n . 70 Palnan, chief of Yall6r 71. Pa4nan, chief of Sirukudi 72 Palayan 73 P6ri 74 Pittankot{ran 75 Pekan 76 Perunatkilli (Chola) ?7 Perunkadunko, ((author of a poem on PSlai " (Chera) 78 Perunchottucliyan Seral6tan (Chera) 79 Perumsd,ttatr, son of the chief of Ollaiyrir 80 Perumsr4,ttan, son of the chief of Pidavtr 81 Perunaseralirumporai (Chera) 82 Peruvaluti (P6,ndiya) 83 Pokut Elini 84 Poraiydttrukil6n 85 P6rvaikkopperuna{kil}i (Cho}a) 86 Malayamdn's sons 87 Mallan, of Mukkdvaln6ttu Amrir 88 Marutand,r, of llanku{i No. 46.-1895.] encrnpr raMrr/ rrrrERATURE. 89 Mdntaram Seralirumporai (Chera) 90 Md,ranvaluii (Pd,ndiYa) il Mivalattdn (Chola) U2 Mdvenko (Chera) 93 Muilukutlumbipperuvaluti (P6ndiya) 94 Muc.liitalaikkopperunatkilli (Chola) 95 Mrlvan 96 Ya{imbalambanindra Pr{,ndiyan (P6ncliya) 97 Vanjan (Chera) 98 Yalluvan, of N6iyil 99 Vichchikk6n 100 Vi44antdYan 101 VenkaimS.rpan 102 Senkalldn (Chola) 103 Serald,tan (Chera) 104 Soliya Enddi Tirukkuttuvan 105 Soliya En6di Tirukkar,rlan II.*Krua SEATKUTTUvAN o; THE CHERA DvNASTv. OF the Chera kings of olclen times, Se4kuttuvan may be rirnked among tho most famous, not only by reason of his own greatness, but also as tho grandson of the great Chola king l(arikriLla, and., what is interesting to all Tamil scholaI,s, as the brother of one of the most esteemeal of Tamil poets. I shall endeavour to gather together \vhatever is said. of Segkuttuvan in Tamil literature. The Chera kiigdom extendecl on the north to palani (the rvell-known sanitarium near Mad"ura), on the east to Tenkri,si, ou the south to tho sea, and on the west to K6likk6clu (Calicut), and inclucled" within its limits mod.ern Travancore- Its capital was Yaffji. The inhabitants of this kingdom were in those clays both warlike anal enterprising, presenting a siriking contrast to their clegenerate descendants. Their Ianguage then was Tamil. ,. S_e+kuttuvan's father was Seral6,tan, who was called Kutlakko Neclun Seralatan and. perum Seraldtan. Ife, too. 29, 28 .IouRNAr,, n.a.s. (cEYLoN). [Vor,. Xl\r. 43 Killivalavan 44 Kirans6ttan (P6ndiya) 45 Kuttuvankotai (Chera) 46 Kudakko Seralirumporai (Chera) 47 Kolk6nankild,n 48 Kopperuncholan (ChoJa) 49 Kumalan 50 fantumiran 51 Tarumaputtiran 52 Tdman, chief of T6ndrj 53 Tittan (Chola) 54 Tirumudikkiri 55 Tervanmalaiyan 56 Tondaimd 57 T6yanm6,ran, chief of Irantrlr 58 Nannan 59 Nanm6ran (P6ndiya) 60 Nanmd,ran (Pdndiya) 61 Nambineduncheliyan (Pindiya) 62 Nalankillichelchanni (Chola) 63 Nalankilli (Chola) 64 Nalli 65 Nallurittiran (Chola) 66 N6gan, chief of N6lai 67 Nedunkilli 68 Neduncheliyan (P6ndiya) 69 Neduvel6t6,n . 70 Palnan, chief of Yall6r 71. Pa4nan, chief of Sirukudi 72 Palayan 73 P6ri 74 Pittankot{ran 75 Pekan 76 Perunatkilli (Chola) ?7 Perunkadunko, ((author of a poem on PSlai " (Chera) 78 Perunchottucliyan Seral6tan (Chera) 79 Perumsd,ttatr, son of the chief of Ollaiyrir 80 Perumsr4,ttan, son of the chief of Pidavtr 81 Perunaseralirumporai (Chera) 82 Peruvaluti (P6,ndiya) 83 Pokut Elini 84 Poraiydttrukil6n 85 P6rvaikkopperuna{kil}i (Cho}a) 86 Malayamdn's sons 87 Mallan, of Mukkdvaln6ttu Amrir 88 Marutand,r, of llanku{i No. 46.-1895.] encrnpr raMrr/ rrrrERATURE. 89 Mdntaram Seralirumporai (Chera) 90 Md,ranvaluii (Pd,ndiYa) il Mivalattdn (Chola) U2 Mdvenko (Chera) 93 Muilukutlumbipperuvaluti (P6ndiya) 94 Muc.liitalaikkopperunatkilli (Chola) 95 Mrlvan 96 Ya{imbalambanindra Pr{,ndiyan (P6ncliya) 97 Vanjan (Chera) 98 Yalluvan, of N6iyil 99 Vichchikk6n 100 Vi44antdYan 101 VenkaimS.rpan 102 Senkalldn (Chola) 103 Serald,tan (Chera) 104 Soliya Enddi Tirukkuttuvan 105 Soliya En6di Tirukkar,rlan II.*Krua SEATKUTTUvAN o; THE CHERA DvNASTv. OF the Chera kings of olclen times, Se4kuttuvan may be rirnked among tho most famous, not only by reason of his own greatness, but also as tho grandson of the great Chola king l(arikriLla, and., what is interesting to all Tamil scholaI,s, as the brother of one of the most esteemeal of Tamil poets. I shall endeavour to gather together \vhatever is said. of Segkuttuvan in Tamil literature. The Chera kiigdom extendecl on the north to palani (the rvell-known sanitarium near Mad"ura), on the east to Tenkri,si, ou the south to tho sea, and on the west to K6likk6clu (Calicut), and inclucled" within its limits mod.ern Travancore- Its capital was Yaffji. The inhabitants of this kingdom were in those clays both warlike anal enterprising, presenting a siriking contrast to their clegenerate descendants. Their Ianguage then was Tamil. ,. S_e+kuttuvan's father was Seral6,tan, who was called Kutlakko Neclun Seralatan and. perum Seraldtan. Ife, too. 29,