Technical Project

TRANSFER CAPABILITY STUDY FOR

THE TRANSMISSION LINES
CONNECTED TO THE NUCLEAR
POWER PLANT IN VIETNAMESE
POWER SYSTEM

Student: Nhut Tien Nguyen Matrikel-Nr: 201975

Supervisor: Dr.-Ing. C. Nguyen Mau



Magdeburg, August 2014
i
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Keywords
Power system stability, frequency stability, oscillatory stability, transient stability,
voltage stability, voltage collapse, voltage security, voltage instability, load dynamics,
reactive power compensation, shunt compensation, series compensation.


















ii
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Abstract
Nowadays, the demand for electricity around the world in general as well as in
Vietnam in specific has been continuously rising, especially the increase in load areas.
To meet the increasing demand, new large capacity nuclear power plants have been
constructed. In Vietnam, the first nuclear power plant with the total capacity of 2000
MW will be synchronized with the power network, and start generating electricity in
2020. To assure the security and the stable operating condition of power system with
the presence of the nuclear power, especially the areas surrounding the nuclear power
plant, static voltage stability analysis is carried out to evaluate the mutual effect
between the nuclear power plant and its proximity.
The aim of this project is to analysis the effect between the nuclear power plant
and the surroundings in the Vietnamese power system at the level of 500 kV. Power
system simulator for engineer (PSS/E), which is a powerful software for power system
transmission analysis and generation performance in steady state as well as dynamics
conditions, is employed for simulating and analysing static voltage stability i n this
project. To put it another way, P-V and Q-V analysis are carried out to evaluate the
voltage stability or the impact of the nuclear power plant on the surroundings in the
normal operation mode and contingency mode. The purpose of the analysis is to define
the unstable voltage buses to improve them as well as get suitable value of short circuit
current and the reactive power of generator when the value of short circuit voltage uk
changes.

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Nhut Tien Nguyen
Table of Contents
Keywords ......................................................................................................................................... i
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... iii
List of Figures.................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................iv
List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................vi
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY .....................................................1
1.2.1 Rotor angle stability ...................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Voltage stability .........................................................................................................3
1.2.3 Frequency stability ....................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: VOLTAGE STABILITY ..........................................................................................5
2.1 VOLTAGE STABILITY, VOLTAGE COLLAPSE AND VOLTAGE SECURITY................5
2.1.1 Voltage stability .........................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Voltage collapse ........................................................................................................5
2.1.3 Voltage security .........................................................................................................5
2.2 TIME FRAMES FOR VOLTAGE INSTABILITY AND MECHANISMS .............................5
2.2.1 Mechanisms-scenarios .............................................................................................6
2.2.2 Mechanism-load dynamics, equilibrium and region of attraction ...........................6
2.3 RELATION OF VOLTAGE STABILITY TO ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY........................7
CHAPTER 3: VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS AND POWER COMPENSATION .............9
3.1 VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS BY P-V CURVES .......................................................9
3.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS BY Q-V CURVES .................................................... 12
3.3 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE ............................. 15
3.3.1 Principles of power compensation in transmission system .................................. 15
3.3.2 Shunt compensation ............................................................................................... 16
3.3.3 Series compensation............................................................................................... 18
3.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of shunt and series compensation ................... 19
CHAPTER 4: STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS BY PSS/E FOR SURROUNDING AREA
OF THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ......................................................................................... 21
4.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT VIETNAMESE POWER SYSTEM: ....................................... 21
4.2 P-V AND Q-V ANALYSIS FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY OF THE AREA SURROUNDING THE
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ......................................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Voltage stability analysis by P-V and Q-V curves in base case mode ................ 22
4.2.2 Voltage stability analysis by P-V and Q-V curves at branch contingency mode 24
4.2.3 Voltage stability analysis by P-V and Q-V curves at increasing load mode ........ 27
4.2.4 Effect of short circuit voltage of step-up transformer of the nuclear power generator
on the operation of the power network around the power plant........................... 29
4.3 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................................................................ 31
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 32
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................... 33
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Nhut Tien Nguyen
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Classification of power system stability based on dynamics of the phenomenon. [1]
.........................................................................................................................................1
Figure 1.2 Rotor angle responses to large perturbations. [1] ......................................................3
Figure 2.1 Voltage stability phenomena and time responses. [2] ...............................................5
Figure 2.2 Three mechanisms for restorations of voltage sensitive loads. [2] ...........................6
Figure 2.3 Power versus state variables of load dynamics. [2] ...................................................7
Figure 2.4 Simple examples showing extreme situations. [2] .....................................................8
Figure 3.1 Characteristics of a simple radial system. [1] ........................................................... 10
Figure 3.2 The VR-PR characteristics of the simple radial system. [1] ...................................... 11
Figure 3.3 Normalized q-v curves for fixed source and reactance network with constant power
load. [2] .......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3.4 Reactive power margins. [2] ...................................................................................... 14
Figure 3.5 The effects of voltage sensitive loads and tap changers on limit. [2] ..................... 15
Figure 3.6 Simplified model of power transmission system....................................................... 15
Figure 3.7 The phasor diagram of simplified model of power transmission system. ............... 16
Figure 3.8 Simple model (a) and phase diagram (b) of transmission system with shunt
compensation. ............................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.9 The relationship between power and angle of a simple transmission system with
shunt compensation. .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.10 Simple model (a) and phase diagram (b) of transmission system with series
compensation. ............................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.11 The relationship between power and angle of a simple transmission system with
series compensation with various values of k. ........................................................... 19
Figure 4.1 Buses at the surrounding area of the nuclear power plant. ..................................... 21
Figure 4.2 P-V characteristic of such buses as Song May, Tan Dinh and Di Linh at base case.
....................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 4.3 Q-V curve of Song May bus at base case. ............................................................... 24
Figure 4.4 P-V curve of NPPB at base case and branch contingencies. ................................. 25
Figure 4.5 P-V characteristic of such buses as Song May, Tan Dinh, Di Linh at branch
contingencies. ............................................................................................................... 25
Figure 4.6 Q-V curves of Tan Dinh bus at branch contingency mode. ..................................... 26
Figure 4.7 Q-V curves of Di Linh bus at branch contingency mode. ........................................ 27
Figure 4.8 P-V curves at such buses as NPPB, Song May, Tan Dinh, Di Linh at increasing load
by 50% mode. ............................................................................................................... 28
Figure 4.9 Q-V curves of Tan Dinh bus with load increasing by 50%. ..................................... 29

List of Tables
Table 4.1 Different operation modes for P-V and Q-V analysis. ............................................... 22
v
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Table 4.2 Reactive power margin at Song May, Tan Dinh and Di Linh bus at base case. ..... 23
Table 4.3 Transfer power limit with different branch contingencies at NPPB (101). ............... 24
Table 4.4 Reactive power margin of buses at branch contingencies. ...................................... 26
Table 4.5 Reactive power margin of buses at increasing load mode. ...................................... 28
Table 4.6 The relation between operating parameters of the nuclear power plant and various
values of short-circuit voltage of step-up transformer. ............................................... 30


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Nhut Tien Nguyen
List of Abbreviations
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current
VCPI Voltage Collapse Proximity Indicator
PSS/E Power System Simulator for Engineer
NPP Nuclear Power Plant
NPPB Nuclear Power Plant Bus
PSP Pumped-Storage Plant
PSPB Pumped-Storage Plant Bus
vii
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Acknowledgements
My thanks go to Dr.-Ing. C. Nguyen Mau for his invaluable guidance and
encouragement.


Nhut Tien Nguyen
August 2014

1
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Chapter 1: Introduction and Classification of
Power System Stability
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Power system stability is the capability of a system in not only keeping the state
of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions but also getting an
acceptable state of equilibrium back after experiencing a disturbance.
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
The power system stability is classified according to the physical nature of the
instability, the size of the disturbance, a situation in which the method of calculation
and prediction of stability are affected, and the system elements involving devices,
processes, and the time span.
Power system stability
The ability of power system to remain in operating equilibrium
Frequency stability
The ability to remain the frequency in a
specified range through demanded and
generated power balance
Mid-term stability
(fast and slow
dynamics)
Long-term
stability (slow
dynamics)
- Severe upsets
- Large V and f
excursions
- Study period: to
several minutes
- Uniform system
frequency
- Study periods to
tens of minutes
Rotor angle stability (fast dynamics)
The ability to maintain synchronism through
torque balance of synchronous machines
Small-disturbance
angle stability
The system finds an
operating point
identical or in the
vicinity of the one
prior to perturbation
Large-disturbance
angle stability
(transient stability)
- After disturbance
the system returns
to the acceptable
steady-state
operating point
- Study period: up
to 10s
Non-oscillatory
instablity
Insufficient
synchronizing
torque
Oscillatory
instablity
Insufficient
damping torque
and unstable
control action
Interarea
modes
Control
modes
Local plant
modes
Torsional
modes
Voltage stability (slow dynamics)
The ability to maintain steady acceptable
voltage through reactive power balance
Small-disturbance
voltage stability
- Contingencies
- Quasistatic
Large-disturbance
voltage stability
- Switching events
- Dynamics of
ULTC, loads
- Rotor or stator
field current
limiting

Figure 1.1 Classification of power system stability based on dynamics of the
phenomenon. [1]
Chapter 1: Introduction and Classification of Power System Stability 2
Nhut Tien Nguyen
1.2.1 Rotor angle stability
Rotor angle stability is defined as the ability of interconnected synchronous
machines to keep synchronism in a power system. The main reason of losing
synchronism is the increment of the angular swings of some generators with respect
to the others.
Having been subjected to a disturbance, the synchronous machine has the
change in electrical torque resolved into two components:

1.1
where

is the coefficient of the synchronizing torque, is the perturbation of rotor

angle,

is the coefficient of the damping torque, is the speed deviation,

is
referred to as the component of synchronizing and

is referred to as the
component of damping.
Small-disturbance (or small-signal) rotor angle stability
Small-disturbance rotor angle stability concerns with the power systems ability
that is able to keep synchronism against small disturbances. When a small disturbance
happens in the power system, the instability may be either a steady increase in rotor
angle due to insufficient synchronizing torque or an increase i n the amplitude of rotor
oscillations since the damping torque is not sufficient.
The problems of small-signal rotor angle stability have two types of oscillations:
Local modes or machine-system modes: it is referred to as the swinging
of generators at a power plant with regard to the rest of the power system.
Global modes or inter-area modes: it is referred to as the swinging of
generators in a group in one part of the system against generators in
another part.
The time duration for such disturbances is around 10-20 seconds.
Large-disturbance rotor angle stability or transient stability
Transient stability is associated with the capability of the power system to
maintain synchronism when being suffered from a tough perturbation. This type of
disturbance coincides with large excursions of rotor angles. In combination, the power-
angle relationship associated with such disturbances is nonlinear.

Chapter 1: Introduction and Classification of Power System Stability 3
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 1.2 Rotor angle responses to large perturbations. [1]
In Figure 1.2, case 1 shows that the rotor angle oscillations are damped, then the
rotor angle stabilizes to a constant value; however, the rotor angle can increase
significantly in amplitude in case 2 and 3, and the generator losses synchronism.
The study period is usually approximately 3-5 seconds following the disturbance;
however, with dominant inter-area modes of oscillation in very large systems it may
extend to about 10-20 seconds.
1.2.2 Voltage stability
Voltage stability is defined as the power systems capacity, which is able to
sustain acceptable voltages at all buses under normal operating conditions as well as
after experiencing a perturbation. The reasons resulting in unstable voltage are l oad
changes, loss of a unit of generator, a heavily-loaded line, characteristics of the
network, using excessive shunt capacitor for compensation or poor coordination
among elements in the power system. However, the main cause is the inability of the
system to meet the reactive demands.
Large-disturbance voltage stability
Large-disturbance voltage stability is associated with the capability of a power
system to keep steady voltages within acceptable limits following large disturbances
such as system faults or disconnection of a transmission line, a transformer or a
synchronous generator.
Small-disturbance voltage stability
Small-disturbance voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to
control the voltage when small changes occur in the power system, mainly incremental
Chapter 1: Introduction and Classification of Power System Stability 4
Nhut Tien Nguyen
changes in load demand. The processes in this case are slow, associated with steady-
state conditions.
Short-term voltage stability
Short-term voltage stability associated with dynamics of fast acting load
components that is capable of recovering during the brief period after a major
disturbance occurrence. Instability may occur because of disturbance severity and the
discrete control systems are too slow. The study period of interest is around a few
seconds.
Long-term voltage stability
Long-term voltage stability deals with slower acting equipment such as tap
changing transformers located close to loads or generator over-excitation limiters.
There are such causes leading to instability as controlled loads, the long-term
equilibrium being lost, steady-state operating point after disturbance being small-
disturbance unstable, the attraction towards the stable post-disturbance equilibrium
being insufficient.
1.2.3 Frequency stability
It is the ability of the system to sustain steady frequency in allowable range after
the system disturbed. In general, there are such several causes leading to frequency
instability as deficient responses of equipment, poor coordination between control and
protection devices, or lack of power reserves of generators.
During the unstable frequency period, the processes and devices activated by
the large shifts in frequency and other system variables have various characteristic
times ranging from several seconds for the responses of generator controls and
protections to several minutes for the responses of prime mover energy supply
systems and load voltage regulators. The overall period for studying may extend to
several minutes although frequency stability is impacted by fast or slow dynamics.
5
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Chapter 2: Voltage Stability
2.1 VOLTAGE STABILITY, VOLTAGE COLLAPSE AND VOLTAGE SECURITY
2.1.1 Voltage stability
With a given operating state, a power system is considered as voltage stability if
voltages near loads reach equilibrium values after subjecting to a disturbance. [2]
2.1.2 Voltage collapse
With a given operating state, a power system is defined as voltage instability if
equilibrium voltage values after subjecting to a disturbance are lower than the
acceptable limits, a circumstance that may lead to outage. [2]
2.1.3 Voltage security
Voltage security is associated with the ability of a power system to operate stably
and to get stability back after experiencing contingencies or load increases. [2]
2.2 TIME FRAMES FOR VOLTAGE INSTABILITY AND MECHANISMS
The period of voltage instability and collapse dynamics may extend from a
fraction of a second to ten of minutes. Many components and controls illustrated in
Figure 2.1 determine voltage stability.
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Protective relaying including overload protection
DC DC converter LTCs System operator
Generator inertial dynamics Boiler dynamics Load/Transf. overload
SVC Generation change/AGC
Underload shedding Power plant operator
Mechanical switched capacitors/reactors Excitation limiting Gas turbine start-up
Prime mover control Load diversity/Thermostat
Generator/Excitation dynamics LTC Transf. & Dist. Voltage Reg.
Induction motor dynamics Load/Power transfer increase
Transient voltage stability Long-term voltage stability
Time (seconds)

Figure 2.1 Voltage stability phenomena and time responses. [2]
Chapter 2: Voltage Stability 6
Nhut Tien Nguyen
2.2.1 Mechanisms-scenarios
Transient voltage stability
The studying period extends from zero to tens of seconds. In this mode, there is
no explicit distinction between voltage instability and rotor angle instability. Fast acting
load components such as induction motors as well as DC converters cause voltage
collapse.
When such contingency as slowly-cleared short circuits occurs, the demand for
reactive power of induction motors rises, a situation that often leads to voltage collapse
if protective devices do not trip motors.
The weak power systems may face transient voltage instability when being
integrated with high voltage direct current (HVDC) due to the demand of reactive power
for DC converters.
Long-term voltage stability
The period in this mode typically extends from two to three minutes on which it is
impossible for operators to intervene. High loads, high power imported from remote
power plant as well as a sudden large disturbance play a role in this scenario.
Long-term voltage instability
The effect of either a very large load build-up or a large rapid increment of power
transfer is voltage instability. To protect power system from instability, such operation
actions as timely application of reactive power devices or load shedding may be used.
2.2.2 Mechanism-load dynamics, equilibrium and region of attraction
The load restoration plays an important key in voltage stability. There are three
mechanisms to restore active load in Figure 2.2.
Induction motor
dynamics
M
Other loads Constant energy
load dynamics
Tap changer dynamics
regulating low side voltage
P,Q
V

Figure 2.2 Three mechanisms for restorations of voltage sensitive loads. [2]

Chapter 2: Voltage Stability 7
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Induction motors can quickly react to meet their mechanical load within
several seconds after sudden voltage changes. The induction motors
operate as impedance load following a sudden change with assumption
that the slip cannot change immediately due to the motor inertia.
Automatic tap changing on large power delivery transformers and
distribution voltage regulators respond from tens of seconds to several
minutes to reinstate voltage at load side, voltage sensitive loads as well as
reactive power loads, and reactive power output of shunt compensation.
Thermostatic or manual control may be employed to restore constant
energy resistive loads. When voltage decreases significantly, the loss of
load diversity for aggregated loads can occur over a period.
The dynamics of three mechanisms for restoring loads are not only considered
as the first order, but also may be modelled by single time constant as the first
approximation. Moreover, such state variables representing for induction motors,
automatic tap changers and constant energy resistive loads as motor slip (s), tap
changer turn ratios (n) and load conductance (G) respectively have the same pattern,
rising from zero, reaching the maximum and declining. The relationship between state
variables and power is illustrated in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 Power versus state variables of load dynamics. [2]
2.3 RELATION OF VOLTAGE STABILITY TO ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY
There is such relationship between voltage stability and rotor angle stability as
transient voltage stability and transient rotor angle stability, slower forms voltage
stability and small-disturbance rotor angle stability, in which it is difficult to split
mechanisms.
Chapter 2: Voltage Stability 8
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Large system
Large system
Pure angle stability
Load
Pure voltage stability

Figure 2.4 Simple examples showing extreme situations. [2]
The extreme situations in Figure 2.4 represent for dominant forms of instability.
Reactive power control plays an important role in voltage as well as rotor angle stability.
As a matter of fact, steady state instability caused by aperiodically-increased rotor
angle is considered as major problem before automatic voltage regulator of generator
was available because over-excitation limiter forestalls normal automatic voltage
regulator.
Characteristics of load as well as load areas determine voltage stability;
moreover, voltage stability and rotor angle stability are corresponded with load stability
as well as generator stability respectively. In general, angle instability is associated
with voltage collapse at a point in transmission line far away from loads, while voltage
instability is concerned with voltage collapse in load area. However, voltage collapse
in a load area may occur without losing synchronism of any generator for a large
interconnected system.


9
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and
Power Compensation
3.1 VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS BY P-V CURVES
P-V curves, which are an useful method not only for studying radial power
network but also for large meshed networks, are used to analyse voltage stability with
respect to limits of steady-state load-ability.
When load characteristics are the function of voltage, using P-V curves for
analysing becomes simple and useful. Nevertheless, the values near the knee of the
V-P curve prevent simulation of power flow from converging.
The simple radial power system is shown in Figure 3.1. From the schematic
diagram of the system, the quantities of current, voltage and power at receiving end
are given by the following equations:
The current I:

=
1

3.1
The voltage VR:

=
1

3.2
The power PR:

)
2
cos 3.3
where

= 1 +(

)
2
+2 (

) cos( )
3.4
The maximum power as well as the voltage at the maximum value of power are
calculated in case the power factor load is unity.
Normalize the variables based on the short circuit power:

=

2
, =

2
, =

3.5
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 10
Nhut Tien Nguyen
I
V
R
P
R
+jQ
R
E
S
Z
LD

Z
LN

(a) Schematic diagram

(b) The relationship between receiving end voltage, current, power and load demand
Figure 3.1 Characteristics of a simple radial system. [1]
The active and reactive power in normalized form:

sin , = sin

cos

, = cos
2


3.6
Applying trigonometry, the value of p is calculated in the following equation.

=
2

2
cos
2
=
2
( +
2
)
2

3.7
The maximum power and value of voltage at the highest value of power can be
computed with unity power factor (q = 0) as follow.

=
2

4

=
2
3

2

4
= 0

=
1
2

=

1
2

1
4
=
1
2

3.8
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 11
Nhut Tien Nguyen
In case of resistive load (ZLD = R), the maximum transmitted power may be gained
when the load resistance and the source reactance are equal.

=
0.5(2

)
2

=

2

3.9
The relationship of I, VR and PR with load demand (ZLN/ZLD) is illustrated in Figure
3.1b with normalized values of I, VR and PR. It can be seen from Figure 3.1b, when the
load demand is risen by declining ZLD, there is a dramatic rise in the power PR at first,
then followed by a gradual downward trend after reaching the highest value. On the
whole, with a constant voltage source the active power may be maximally transmitted
through an impedance, a circumstance in which the values of current as well as voltage
corresponding to the highest value of transmitted power are defined as critical values.
There are two different operating points of ZLD with a given value of delivered
power PR (shown in Figure 3.1b for PR = 0.8). The point on the left side is considered
as the normal operating point, whereas the point on the opposite side corresponds to
the abnormal operating point.
The more traditional method plotting the family of normalized P-V curves is shown
in Figure 3.2. The points above the critical operating points satisfy the operating
conditions. Moreover, the more leading power factors, the higher maximum transmitted
power as well as the higher value of critical voltage, which plays an essential factor in
voltage stability.

Figure 3.2 The VR-PR characteristics of the simple radial system. [1]
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 12
Nhut Tien Nguyen
To put it another way, the maximum transmitted power PR from Equation 3.3 may
be risen by increasing source voltage ES or reducing . When the load demand
increases, the value of voltage near the knee of the curve experiences a dramatic
decline, causing instability due to the divergence of power-flow solution beyond this
limit. It is impractical for the power system to operate at or near the stability limit;
therefore, the sufficient power margin is necessary for satisfactory operating
conditions.
3.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS BY Q-V CURVES
The changes of P and Q in the load area are concerned with voltage stability at
load buses. Besides analysing voltage stability by P-V curves, the method of Q-V
curves, which represents not only sensitivity but also the change of bus voltage
corresponding to injections or absorptions of reactive power, is employed for analysing
voltage stability.
Voltage collapse proximity indicator is calculated based on the simple radial
system in Figure 3.1a with purely reactive load (PR = 0 and = 0).
Normalize the variables based on the short circuit power and the relations in
normalised form as follow:

cos

=
1

) = 0

=
2

3.10
The maximum power in normalized form

=
1
2

2
= 0.25 3.11
The value of voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) is expressed in the
following equations:

Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 13
Nhut Tien Nguyen

2
=

= 0

=
1
2
(

2

4

=
1

1
4

2
=
1
1

3.12
Where QS is sending end reactive power.
The relationship between two normalized components v and q is shown in Figure
3.3. It can be seen that with purely reactive load (p =0) voltage decreases from E to
E/2 corresponding at no load and at maximum load respectively. The index of VCPI
increases from unity at no load to infinity at the maximum load. When the load reaches
near its maximum value, a huge amount of reactive power is necessary to support this
increment. To put it another way, VCPI is considered as sensitivity index reflecting the
imminent voltage collapse.

Figure 3.3 Normalized q-v curves for fixed source and reactance network with
constant power load. [2]

Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 14
Nhut Tien Nguyen
The characteristics at different values of load power are illustrated in Figure 3.3,
which can be used to consider requisites for reactive power compensation. The bottom
of the curves, in which the derivative dQ/dV is zero, is not only referred to as voltage
stability limit, but also specifies the minimal value of reactive power for stable operating
condition. The parts of the Q-V curves on the right hand side represent stable condition,
where reactive power control devices are applied to raise the voltage corresponding to
an increment in reactive power. In contrast, the curves on the left side are associated
with unstable operation region, a situation in which protective equipment may be
activated due to very low voltage.
Voltage stability analysis by Q-V curves provide some benefits. The Q-V curve
shows the reactive power margin at tested bus, which is reactive power distance from
the operating point to the bottom of the curve as shown in Figure 3.4. Moreover, the
robustness of the system may be tested by computing the Q-V curves based on points
along a P-V curve. One of solutions for voltage stability problem is reactive power
compensation, in which characteristics of shunt reactive compensated bus are directly
plotted on the V-Q curve. In addition, the derivative dQ/dV or slope is defined as test
bus stiffness.

Figure 3.4 Reactive power margins. [2]
Figure 3.5 shows the effect of voltage sensitive loads and tap changers on limit.
In case of voltage sensitive loads, the reactive power margins are very high, and the
critical voltages are low. However, the curve begins to level off when tap changers
reach their limits.


Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 15
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 3.5 The effects of voltage sensitive loads and tap changers on limit. [2]
3.3 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE
To maintain the stability as well as the security of power network there are such
various approaches being employed as reactive power compensation.
3.3.1 Principles of power compensation in transmission system
A simple model of power transmission system is shown in Figure 3.6, in which
two power grids are connected via transmission line with reactance X.
I
jX
E
R

R
E
S

S
Bus 1 Bus 2

Figure 3.6 Simplified model of power transmission system.
From the phasor diagram in Figure 3.7, the values of the system are calculated
in the following equations.
The current value of the transmission line is given below:

=

=
|

3.13
Where V is the different voltage of the transmission line.
The active as well as reactive current flow at bus 1 are calculated by

1
=

sin

;
1
=

cos

3.14
Where is the different angle between two power grids.
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 16
Nhut Tien Nguyen

E
R

R
E
S

S
V
I

Figure 3.7 The phasor diagram of simplified model of power transmission system.
The active as well as reactive power at bus 1 are calculated by:

1
=

sin

;
1
=

cos )

3.15
The active as well as reactive current flow at bus 2 are calculated by:

2
=

sin

;
2
=

cos

3.16
The active and reactive power at bus 2 are calculated by:

2
=

sin

;
2
=

cos )

3.17
The above equations show that the active and reactive power can be adjusted by
controlling voltage, phase angle as well as line impedance of transmission line. In
addition, the value of active power reach the maximum with the phase angle being
90
0
. However, such phase angle is impractical; therefore, a small angle is essential to
maintain the stability from transient as well as dynamics oscillations. In general, the
two popular types of compensation such as shunt and series application are used for
compensating transmission systems.
3.3.2 Shunt compensation
I
1
jX/2
Bus 1 Bus 2
V /2 V -/2
jX/2
I
2
I
C
C
(a)
V -/2
V /2
V
C
I
1
I
2
(b)

Figure 3.8 Simple model (a) and phase diagram (b) of transmission system with
shunt compensation.
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 17
Nhut Tien Nguyen
To control the voltage magnitude, enhance voltage quality as well as maintain
voltage stability, shunt reactive compensation is one of the popular applications for
power transmission system. In contrast, to absorb the reactive power due to over-
voltage of transmission line, shunt-connected reactors are employed; whereas shunt-
connected capacitors are applied to keep the levels of voltage by supplying reactive
power for transmission line.
Figure 3.8 illustrates a simple transmission system connected by transmission
line reactance with shunt compensation, with assumption that the two buses have the
same voltage V and different phase angle is . Moreover, the voltage at mid-point, in
which the controlled capacitor is connected, is kept constant as V.
Similarly, the active power at bus 1 and 2 have the same value:

1
=
2
= 2

sin

2

3.18
The reactive power of capacitor injected at mid-point is given by:

= 4

(1 cos

2
)
3.19
The power-angle curve in Figure 3.9 shows that the power transmitted is
dramatically improved, with the maximum power shifting from 90
0
to 180
0
.

Figure 3.9 The relationship between power and angle of a simple transmission
system with shunt compensation.
The shunt compensation may be extended at the end of radial system, a
circumstance in which the compensation becomes more effective in improving voltage
stability.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Phase angle (Rad)
P
o
w
e
r

P

(
W
)
,

Q

(
V
A
r
)


Pmax
2Pmax
Qc
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 18
Nhut Tien Nguyen
3.3.3 Series compensation
The main purpose of series compensation is to adjust the series line impedance.
V
C
Bus 1
jX
L
V
L
(a)
C
Bus 2
V V 0
0
V
(b)
V 0
0
V
L
V
C

Figure 3.10 Simple model (a) and phase diagram (b) of transmission system with
series compensation.
Figure 3.10 illustrates a simple transmission system connected by transmission
line reactance with series compensation, with assumption that the two buses have the
same voltage V, and different phase angle is .
The capacitance C is defined by:

3.20
The overall series impedance is given by:

=

= (1 )

3.21
The current flows through transmission line:

=
2(1 + cos )
(1 )

3.22
The active power is transmitted through transmission line:

=

2
(1 )

sin 3.23
The reactive power is injected from the series capacitor:

=
2

= 2

1 +cos
(1 )
2
3.24
The transmitted power increases with the higher value of k as illustrated in
Figure 3.11.
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 19
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 3.11 The relationship between power and angle of a simple transmission
system with series compensation with various values of k.
3.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of shunt and series compensation
Shunt capacitors are not so expensive devices used for supplying reactive power
as well as voltage support. The shunt capacitors may be assembled in certain points
in which receiving end power factor needs to be corrected to improve the voltage
stability limits. In addition, this method releases the reactive reserve in generators;
therefore, the power system is protected from voltage collapse. In contrast, there are
several limitations in term of voltage stability and control with applying shunt capacitors.
The voltage regulation becomes limited with systems being compensated with heavy
shunt compensators. Moreover, it is difficult to maintain the stable operation when the
value of reactive power compensation is beyond a certain level. When the low voltage
problem occurs, the reactive power from shunt capacitors declines dramatically,
correspondingly decreasing in proportion to the square of the voltage, a circumstance
that often leads to voltage instability.
Series capacitors are inherent in self-regulating. The reactive power injected from
series capacitors is proportional to the square of the line current, and does not depend
on voltage of buses; therefore, this method lower the critical voltage. Series capacitors
are effective in shortening the long transmission line, a situation in which the
characteristic impedance as well as electrical length of the line are reduced; resulting
in enhancing the voltage regulation and stability. Nevertheless, the voltage at one side
of series compensators may be overloaded during heavy loading. In case of light load
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Phase angle (Rad)
P
o
w
e
r

P

(
W
)
,

Q

(
V
A
r
)


k=0
k=0.2
k=0.4
Chapter 3: Voltage Stability Analysis and Power Compensation 20
Nhut Tien Nguyen
compensation, shunt reactors are needed to absorb excessive reactive power; in
addition, the problem of sub-synchronous resonance is inevitable.



















21
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis
By PSS/E For Surrounding Area
Of The Nuclear Power Plant
4.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT VIETNAMESE POWER SYSTEM:
The power network in Viet Nam with vision to 2030 at the level of 500 kV is built
according to the 7
th
Master Plan, including 1680 generators with the total amount of
power of 52.42 GW, 66 substations, 53 buses and 104 transmission lines.
The nuclear power plant (NPP) in 2020 that will be simulated in this project
operates with the rate of power at 2000 MW, power factor at 0.85, the terminal voltage
at 27 kV and the revolution 2500 rpm (revolutions per minute).
4.2 P-V AND Q-V ANALYSIS FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY OF THE AREA
SURROUNDING THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
There are three single branches and one double branches deriving from nuclear
power plant bus (NPPB) to the substations. The former ones are connected to such
substations as pumped-storage plant bus (PSPB), Di Linh and Tan Dinh while the latter
is connected to Song May substation respectively as shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Buses at the surrounding area of the nuclear power plant.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 22
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Mode Description
0 Base case: Normal operation
1 ADDLARGELOAD102: load increased by 50% at Song May bus
2 ADDLARGELOAD103: load increased by 50% at Tan Dinh bus
3 ADDLARGELOAD104: load increased by 50% at Di Linh bus
4 TRIP101-102: trip single line between NPPB and Song May bus
5 TRIP101-103: trip line between NPPB and Tan Dinh bus
6 TRIP101-104: trip line between NPPB and Di Linh bus
7 TRIP101-105: trip line between NPPB and PSPB
8 TRIP102-103: trip line between Song May bus and Tan Dinh bus
9 TRIP103-104: trip line between Tan Dinh bus and Di Linh bus
Table 4.1 Different operation modes for P-V and Q-V analysis.
P-V and Q-V analysis is carried out in term of base case (mode 0), contingency
N - 1 (from mode 4 to mode 9) and increasing load by 50% at some buses (from mode
1 to mode 3) to evaluate the mutual impact between the nuclear power plant and the
surrounding buses. To put it another way, the weak voltage buses as well as
contingencies that potentially effect the voltage stability can be identified. Moreover,
the value range of short circuit voltage uk is defined to get the suitable value of short
circuit current and the reactive power of generator.
4.2.1 Voltage stability analysis by P-V and Q-V curves in base case mode
P-V curve analysis
In base case mode, the voltage value at buses continues declining with the
increase of the transmission power illustrated in Figure 4.2. Moreover, when the
transmitted power in the area surrounding the nuclear power plant rises to 1300 MW,
which is considered as critical point, the voltage collapse occurs rapidly with the
increase in load demand. Beyond this limit, power-flow solution fails to converge, a
situation which may lead to instability. At the margin of the stability limit, Tan Dinh bus
has the lowest value of voltage at 0.797 pu, followed by Song May bus and Di Linh bus
with the value being 0.803 pu and 0.825 pu, respectively. With the value of transmitted
power at 1300 MW, the power network around the nuclear power plant will lose voltage
stability if there is any branch contingency.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 23
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 4.2 P-V characteristic of such buses as Song May, Tan Dinh and Di Linh at
base case.
Q-V curve analysis
When the value of reactive power margin, which is the absolute value of minimum
reactive power Qmin on Q-V curve, on buses is high, the voltage of these buses are
more stable. Reactive power margin at buses surrounding the nuclear power plant at
base case is shown in Table 4.2. It can be seen that Song May bus has the lowest
value of reactive power margin (734.8 MVAr), followed by Tan Dinh bus (744.4 MVAr).
Node Number Bus Reactive Power Margin (MVAr)
102 Song May 734.8
103 Tan Dinh 744.4
104 Di Linh 821.49
Table 4.2 Reactive power margin at Song May, Tan Dinh and Di Linh bus at
base case.
Figure 4.3 shows that an increment in reactive power is associated with an
increase in the voltage at Song May bus, which has the lowest value of reactive power
margin.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 24
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 4.3 Q-V curve of Song May bus at base case.
4.2.2 Voltage stability analysis by P-V and Q-V curves at branch contingency
mode
P-V curve analysis
The power transfer limit at NPPB with various branch contingencies is shown in
Table 4.3. Moreover, it can be seen from Figure 4.4 that the transfer power limit of the
system changes due to the change of the network structure. In addition, the system
load margin is greatly reduced, namely, 450 MW when the branch between NPPB and
Di Linh bus is tripped.
Node
Number
Bus
Transfer Power Limit (MW) at branch contingencies
101-102 101-103 101-104 101-105 102-103 103-104
101 NPPB 900 900 450 1250 1200 800
Table 4.3 Transfer power limit with different branch contingencies at NPPB (101).
The characteristics of P-V curves are shown in Figure 4.5, in which the branch
contingency between NPPB and Di Linh bus causes the most significant decline of the
transfer power limit at 450 MW. In addition, the value of voltage at Tan Dinh bus
decreases dramatically in most of branch contingencies, with the lowest value being
0.791 pu when the branch contingency between NPPB (101) and Tan Dinh bus (103)
occurs.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 25
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 4.4 P-V curve of NPPB at base case and branch contingencies.

Figure 4.5 P-V characteristic of such buses as Song May, Tan Dinh, Di Linh at
branch contingencies.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 26
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Q-V curve analysis
From Table 4.4, it can be seen that Tan Dinh bus has the lowest value of reactive
power margin in the area surrounding the nuclear power plant at the branch
contingency mode.
Node
Number
Bus
Reactive Power Margin (MVAr) at branch contingencies
101-102 101-103 101-104 101-105 102-103 103-104
102 Song May 359.73 434.71 252.12 692.1 507.85 430.64
103 Tan Dinh 427.41 380.01 173.93 699.56 489.22 354.08
104 Di Linh 544.24 504.47 120.47 775.29 6299.99 691.09
Table 4.4 Reactive power margin of buses at branch contingencies.
The value of reactive power margin at Di Linh bus and Tan Dinh bus decreases
significantly when the branch between NPPB and Di Linh bus is tripped, with the former
having lower level than the latter (120.47 MVAr and 173.93 MVAr, respectively).

Figure 4.6 Q-V curves of Tan Dinh bus at branch contingency mode.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 27
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 4.7 Q-V curves of Di Linh bus at branch contingency mode.
Besides the considerable decline at value of the voltage at Di Linh bus and Tan
Dinh bus illustrated in Figure 4.5, there is a significant decrease of the value of reactive
power margin with the branch contingency between NPPB and Di Linh bus as depicted
in Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 at Tan Dinh bus and Di Linh bus respectively, a situation
it may lead to voltage instability easily. Therefore, reactive power compensation at two
buses is necessary and is of great significance in improving the voltage stability for the
area around the nuclear power plant.
4.2.3 Voltage stability analysis by P-V and Q-V curves at increasing load mode
P-V curve analysis
When the load is increased by 50% at such buses as Song May, Tan Dinh and
Di Linh in sequence, the P-V characteristic at these buses are illustrated in Figure 4.8.
It can be shown that the load increment at buses is accompanied with the decline of
transferred power limit to 1000 MW in case of load increasing at Tan Dinh bus.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 28
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 4.8 P-V curves at such buses as NPPB, Song May, Tan Dinh, Di Linh at
increasing load by 50% mode.
Q-V curve analysis
Table 4.5 show that Tan Dinh bus has the lowest level of reactive power margin.
In addition, load increasing at this bus illustrated in Figure 4.9 causes a significant
decrease in the value of reactive power margin at 457.10 MVAr compared to 554.23
MVAr and 659.74 MVAr with the load being added at Song May bus and Di Linh bus,
respectively.
Node
Number
Bus
Reactive Power Margin (MVAr) in increasing load mode
ADDLARGELOAD
102
ADDLARGELOAD
103
ADDLARGELOAD
104
102 Song May 521.73 489.77 661.62
103 Tan Dinh 554.23 457.10 659.74
104 Di Linh 647.52 561.04 720.18
Table 4.5 Reactive power margin of buses at increasing load mode.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 29
Nhut Tien Nguyen

Figure 4.9 Q-V curves of Tan Dinh bus with load increasing by 50%.
In general, the area surrounding the nuclear power plant may maintain stable
operating condition with the load increasing by 50% at such buses as Song May, Tan
Dinh and Di Linh.
4.2.4 Effect of short circuit voltage of step-up transformer of the nuclear power
generator on the operation of the power network around the power plant
The value change of short circuit voltage of step-up transformer connected from
nuclear power plant (bus 100) to NPPB (bus 101) is considered in the range between
10% and 30% with each step 2%.
The operation of the network in terms of such parameters as power transfer limit
(Pmax), the reactive power value of nuclear power generator (Qgen), reactive power
margin (Qmin) and the short-circuit current at Tan Dinh bus (Isc) is illustrated in Table
4.6 when the value of short circuit voltage uk varies from 10% to 30%. The
characteristics of Tan Dinh bus is carried out compared to the other buses because
the transmission line from nuclear power plant to this bus has the longest length about
300 km.
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 30
Nhut Tien Nguyen
u
k
(%) P
max
(MW) Q
gen
(MVAr) Q
min
(MVAr) I
sc
(A)
10 1500 -172.0961 215.42 1798.37
12 1450 -169.3694 198.13 1791.59
14 1350 -166.6078 181.77 1784.88
16 1250 -163.8573 166.26 1778.24
18 1200 -161.2052 151.50 1771.67
20 1100 -158.5121 137.44 1765.18
22 1050 -155.8329 124 1758.75
24 950 -153.1674 111.13 1752.39
26 900 -150.515 98.79 1746.09
28 850 -147.8756 86.93 1739.86
30 800 -145.2484 75.51 1733.7
Table 4.6 The relation between operating parameters of the nuclear power plant and
various values of short-circuit voltage of step-up transformer.
It can be seen from Table 4.6 that the value of power transfer limit, reactive power
margin, reactive power of nuclear generator and short-circuit current decreases
gradually with the increase of the short-circuit voltage value.
When the value of short-circuit voltage uk is smaller than 18%, the nuclear power
plant generates a large amount of reactive power; moreover, the power transfer limit
of the network is high enough to ensure stable operation condition of the area around
the power plant. However, when the short circuit occurs at Tan Dinh bus, the value of
short circuit is very high (more than 1770 A), a situation in which, protective devices
need high capacity and fast-acting characteristic. In addition, the smaller value of uk,
the more complicated manufacturing technology of transformers.
The value of short-circuit current experiences a gradual decline with the increase
of the value of uk, which is beneficial to choosing protective devices economically. In
contrast, the value of power transfer limit, reactive power value of generator as well as
reactive power margin decrease dramatically when the value of uk is greater than 23%,
a circumstance it may lead to voltage instability easily and causes instability for the
power network. As a result, the range of short-circuit voltage value between 18% and
Chapter 4: Static Voltage Stability Analysis By PSS/E For Surrounding Area Of The Nuclear Power Plant 31
Nhut Tien Nguyen
23% is suitable because it assures that the area around the nuclear power plant can
operate stably with not too large value of Isc when the short circuit occurs.
4.3 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Voltage stability plays an important role in Vietnamese power network, especially
with the presence of the first nuclear power plant in 2020. Therefore, P-V and Q-V
analysis by PSS/E software was carried out to evaluate the transfer capability of the
50 kV transmission lines connected at point of common coupling of the power plant at
different power flow cases and different operating points of generator so as to define
the weak voltage buses as well as contingencies that potentially affect the voltage
stability.
Through P-V and Q-V analysis, the area about the nuclear power plant maintains
stable operation in base case and increasing load mode by 50%; however, branch
contingency has a significant impact on the stability of the area surroundings the
nuclear power plant. For instance, the branch contingency between NPPB and Di Linh
bus causes considerable decline value of the voltage and reactive power margin at Di
Linh bus and Tan Dinh bus, a situation that leads to voltage instability. Therefore,
reactive power compensation at two buses is necessary and is of great significance in
improving the voltage stability for the area around of the nuclear power plant.
In addition, the value range of short circuit voltage uk of the step-up transformer
of the nuclear generator is varied in the range between 10% and 30% at each step 2%
with respect to power transfer limit, the reactive power value of nuclear power
generator, reactive power margin and the short-circuit current at Tan Dinh bus, with
the main purpose defining the suitable value of short circuit current and the reactive
power of generator. Power flow analysis is implemented with various values of uk in
the chosen range. As a result, the range of short-circuit voltage value between 18%
and 23% is suitable because it assures that the area around the nuclear power plant
can operate stably with not too large value of Isc when the short circuit occurs. As a
matter of fact, the value of short-circuit voltage, which is beyond the range (18% - 23%),
causes high value of short circuit current and instability of the network around the
power plant due to the decline in transfer power limit as well as reactive power margin
at buses around the nuclear power plant.
32
Nhut Tien Nguyen
References
[1] Kundur Prabha, Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[2] Carson W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 1993.



33
Nhut Tien Nguyen
Appendices