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Part 6 Introduction
Major divisions of the nervous system:
Central nervous system CNS 中枢神经系统
consisting of brain and spinal cord, is the
integrating and command center of the nervous
system.
Neurofibril: a
filamentous structure
seen with the light
microscope in the nerve
cell's body, dendrites,
axon, and sometimes
synaptic endings,
Classification of neurons
1.Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar
neuron
2.Sensory neurons, interneurons and
motoneuron
3.Golgi typeⅠandⅡ, Amacrine
neurons
4.Monoaminergic, cholinergic and
peptidergic neurons
Neuroglial cell (Neuroglia)
Supporting cells that interact with neurons and regulate the
extracellular environment, provide defense against pathogens
and perform repairs within neural tissue
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglia
Ependymal cell
Terminology
Grey matter: neural tissue dominated
by neurons’ soma and dendrites
Cortex: a layer of grey matter at the
surface of the brain, cerebrum and
cerebellum
Nucleus: a group of nerve cell bodies
in the brain or spinal cord that can
be demarcated from neighboring groups
on the basis of differences in cell
type
White matter: neural tissue dominated
by myelinated axons
Medullary substance: consisting
of the lipid material present in
the myelin sheath of nerve fibers,
lies deep to the cortex in
cerebrum and cerebellum
Tract (fasciculus): a bundle of axons
within CNS that share a common origin,
destination and function
white matter 白质
anterior funiculus 前索
posterior funiculus 后索
lateral funiculus 外侧索
anterior white commissure 白质前连合
reticular formation 网状结构
Substantia gelatinosa
Posteromarginal N. 后角边缘核 receive incoming
fibers of dorsal root
Substantia gelatinosa 胶状质
receive fibers of pain and
Nucleus proprius
temperature sensation
Nucleus proprius 后角固有核
receive all sensory Thoracic nucleus
modalities
Thoracic nucleus 胸核 give
fibers to dorsal
spinocerebellar tract in
segments T1-L3
Motoneurons of anterior horn
前角运动神经元
αmotoneuron innervate
Medial motor neurons
skeletal muscles Lateral motor neurons
γmotoneuron innervate
Medial motor neuron axial muscles
intrafusal muscle
Lateral motor neuron distal muscles of arm
and leg
Lamina of Rexed a division of the gray matter of the spinal cord into nine
laminae (I–IX) and a gray area around the central canal (area X) based on
cytoarchitectural features; the dorsal (posterior) horn is composed of laminae I–
VI, the intermediate zone of lamina VII, and the ventral horn of laminae VIII and
IX;
Spinocerebellar tracts
Corticospinal tract CST 皮质脊髓束
descending projection pathway for controlling
voluntary movements / arise mainly from
precentral motor cortex and premotor area /
majority of fibers cross over to form lateral
CST and uncrossed fibers form anterior CST
Lateral CST: ends primarily in lateral portion
of the intermediate zone and anterior horn of
the cervical and lumbosacral enlargment to
contral distal limb muscles / somatotopic
organization: fibers controlling the lowest
part of the body are most laterally placed
Anterior CST: descends in anterior funiculus
and extends only to the upper thoracic cord /
ends in the same area with lateral CST to
control axial and girdle muscles of the upper
part of the body bilaterally
Corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract: facilitates flexor
muscles and inhibits extensor ones
Vestibulospinal tract: excite motor
neurons of extensor muscles and inhibit
those of flexor muscles
Reticulospinal tract: control axial and
girdle muscles and regulate posture;
help control automatic movements
Medial longitudinal fasciculus: help
control head position
Tectospinal tract: coordinate head
movements with eye movements, maybe
cause turning in response to sudden
visual or auditory stimuli