, WCI - OAJC/12 Physics Review -Equations of Motion K-J5

Summary

I
Constant Velocity Constant Acceleration Changing
(uniform motion, a = 0) ( a = constant) Acceleration

v = Ad/At vavg = Ad/At vavg = Ad/At

V a v g = ^(V] V2) Hava = Av/At

Ad = '/ 2 (vi + v2)At contains no " a "

These Ad = vjAt + '/2aAt2 contains no "V2 "
equations
are called Ad = v2At - !/2aAt2 contains no "vj"
the
"famous 5" v2 = Y] + aAt contains no"Ad "
v,2 = v 2 + 2aAd contains no "At"

[Note: the "famous five" equations have been placed in descending order according to the complexity of the
missing variable - second rate of change of vector ( a ), rate of change, of-a vector ( . V j and v?), vector ( Ad ), and

Learning The Equations

The above nine equations must be memorized. The most effective method (except for those fortunate few who
have a photographic memory) is to write the equations out many times. This repeated activity will very quickly
put the equations into your long term memory. You are not required to known the derivations of the equations.

A Problem Solving Strategy

The situation however is not as complex as it may appear. When solving a kinematics problem, first ask yourself
"What kind of motion is involved". If it is uniform motion, then you need use only one equation. Also look for
two key quantities - these are vavg and"aavg . A problem involving these two greatly reduces your choice of
equations. Finally, be aware that 95% of the'kinematics problems in Gr. 12 Physics deal with Hn& famous five.
These types of problems are easy to recognize either by the term uniform (constant) acceleration, or by the fact
that three of the five variables are given in the question. We will initially emphasize solving famous five
problems.

A Strategy for Uniform Acceleration ("Famous Five") Problems

. 1. Write down a chart of the five variables - a, v2, V|, Ad and At,.
"!-. Fill in the known variables (there must be three!).
i. Identify the unknown or desired variable.
4. Identify the 5th variable which we are not interested in.
5. Use the equation that does not contain the 5th variable (ie use an equation that contains-the three known
• variables and the unknown one):
 Review: Equations of Motion - Sample Problems WCI - OAC Physics
(A) One Object Problems

' #1: How long does.it take a boat to change velocity from 2.2 m/s to 4.1 m/s, accelerating at 0.23 ni/s2? _-

(B) Free Fall Problems

Recall that free fall- occurs when an object falls under the influence of gravity. If frictional forces are
negligible, the object falls with constant acceleration (over relatively small displacements, say a few hundred
metres) and the "famous five" equations may be used to solve all problems. The value of acceleration varies'
slightly at different places on the earth's surface. In Toronto it has a value of 9.80 m/s2: Usually the symbol
!1
g" represents the acceleration due to gravity, and [down] is taken to be negative.
Eg #2: A ball is thrown upwards, with an initial velocity of 15 m/s from the edge of-a 20 m high cliff.

V.

c
up +ve

.:-
clown -ve

(b) Assuming that the ball on the return trip just misses the edge of the cliff and falls to the bottom, how
long (ie time) is the journey, measured from when it was first thrown? O
'1
V*
up , +ve

d = -20 m
down -ve
f

;
 WCI - OAC Physics Review: Equations of Motion
(C) Problems Involving Two Different Kinds of Motion

'-'roblems in1 which there are different kinds of motion, or two different accelerations, must be solved in steps -
one step for each type of motion and/or acceleration. A diagram is useful in these types of problems.

Eg #3: A model rocket, initially at rest, accelerates vertically from the earth's surface with an acceleration
of 20 m/s2 [up]. The acceleration lasts for 2.1 s, after which the rocket coasts vertically upward in
free fall motion. What is the maximum height above the
__e.arr±Lthat thej.ocke.txe.aches.?—The.height-of.tie-rocket-is-neg-—
ligible, and friction may be ingored.
U
Accelerating Region: P

v=0

coasting
(free fall)
down region

Coasting Region:

( \

at end of
accelerating
region
v=
Overall:
accelerating
region

I
 The Area Property WCI-OAC Physics
Area Under the v-t Graph
area = lensth x width
Let us begin with constant velocity. The displacement
travelled in. some At is given by: Ad = vAt If we
examine the v-t graph it becomes apparent that Ad is the
area under the graph in the region defined by At.
It can be shown _
be extended-to all v-t graphs, not just those of constant
velocity.
In general: displacement = Ad= area in some At under the v-t graph

The area that we have found is a vector with a sign - areas above the time axis are positive, those below are
• negative.
-i
Area Under the a-t Graph
The area property can be extended to the a-t graph. ,<;
In general: I change in velocity = Av = area in some At under the a-t graph J II Av = area
4*
Again, this are is a vector with a sign convention. t(s)
At

Areas Under Curved Graphs area #2 = area missed

area #1 = extra area by rectangle
The area under a curved graph can be found quite included in rectangle
accurately by using a small At and and a rectan P-IP. which -**«?
approximates the true area. This is done be drawing a
rectangle that, to the eye, includes an extra amount of area
more or less equal to the .area left missed by the rectangle. area.#l = area #2
See the example at the right.
'

Note: When the v-t (or a-t) is a straight sloping line, or a

curved line, the corresponding d-t (or v-t) will be a curve. t(s)
You must find at least three points in order to plot a curve.

Using Area to Find the v-t and a-t Graphs

The area under the v-t "graph gives only the change in position, Ad. To plot the corresponding d-t graph you '
must have instantaneous d vs t data values. These can only be found if you know the initial position. Then we
find d,ns as: d™ = d-, + Ad. A similar situation exists when going from the a-t to the v-t graph - you must know
v0., and then v^ = v0 + Av. This will become clearer when we do the sample on K-12.
Choose some At's Choose some At's
Find the areas to give Av's Find the areas to give Ad's
Plot Using v , find v- at some t Plot Using d0, find dj^ at some t Plot
.

J) ^^
a-t
graph
._. p» 11 v-t
graph
^•
^^ ^
d-t
graph
 Using Area to Find the v-t and a-t Graphs WCI - OA.C Physics

1.0
[Sample Problem Using an a-t Graph I

l vo «-10 m/s\
do« + 18m J.

Ms)
10 1 12

-1.0

-2.0 U

t(s)
o
10 1 12

16

12

•0
8 10 • ll 12
Homework: F nd the corresponding v-t and a-t graphs.
Date:
Ski!! Builder
Chapter 2 Fill '2 S13

GO3l L:se these activities to improve your graphing skills.

What To Do 1. Shown below are four sets of three graphs. Each column contains three graphs
for the same object: position-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time. For
each column, one of the three graphs is given and the other two are unfin-
ished. Complete the missing graphs for each of the four objects. Note that the
positions and velocities are marked on the uncompleted graphs where needed.
~
•......• ......... iSU • — h......-K"1- —-48 -.....-.......3-2
:\3
~= 20 _- 10-— . 14

-fcr
-2f-w-
ULJLJL

Si. . .:. .....

1
t(s) 2 3 4 t(s)

1 2 3 4
t(s)
_..

1> i- L-2-
2-----.......
3 -4 1 2 3 4 1 2 4

2 3 4

- /

tis) . |t(s) •t(s)

i 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 4 | 2 3 4
-|4 r-—4 !_44
-S- i -&f

2. Study the velocity-time graph of an object and its corresponding acceleration-

time graph shown below. What does the area under an acceleration-time graph
for an interval of time represent?

""e^ "" "T-" ~ ~ "~' ,

1 2 3 4 5
...... 'Til L
 Review of Position, Velocity and Acceleration

4 5 6

-2

Sample Questions:

1. What was the position at time 1 s?

2. What was the displacement from 2 s to 6 s ?

3. What was the distance travelled from 2 s to 6 s ?

4. What was the average velocity from 0 s to 10s?

5. What was the average speed from 0 s to 10s?

6. What was the instantaneous velocity at time 9 s ?

7. What was the instantaneous speed at time 9 s ?

 Review of Position, Velocity and Acceleration

Velocity vs Time

time (s)

6X7 8 9 ' 10

C
Sample Questions:

• 1. What was the acceleration from 0 s to 3 s ?

2. What was the acceleration from 3 s to 5 s ?

3. What was the average acceleration from 0 s to 10 s ?

4. ' What was the average acceleration from 1 s to 5 s ?

 Initial Conditions
(A) Initial Velocity
The initial velocity, or velocity at time zero (symbol v0) is an important kinematic term. Its method of graphical
determination depends on which graph you have.
(i) Using the d-t graph: Since v0 is just a special instantaneous velocity, it is found on a d-t graph as the slope
of the tangent drawn at t = 0. Its value may be 0, +ve or -ve.

(ii) Using the v-t graph: Simply read the y-intercept.

t V0 (+ve) t
Vo(=0)
, (-ve)

(B) Initial Acceleration

The acceleration at time zero (a0) is found as above, except that it is the slope of the v-t graph at time zero, and
is the y-intercept of the a-t graph.

Speeding Up and Slowing Down

An object is speeding up if the magnitude of the velocity is increasing, and slowing down if it is decreasing.
The graphs below illustrate this in four distinct, labelled regions. On the v-t, it is quite easy to see that the
object is speeding up in A and slowing down in B. In region C it is speeding up in the negative direction, while
in D it is slowing down while travelling negatively. If we examine the signs of v and a, we see that when the
they are the same the object is speeding up. To determine speeding up from the d-t graph, we must look at the
magnitude of the slope (ie v^s). In region A the slope is +ve and increasing, therefore we are speeding up. In
region B where the -fve slope gets smaller, we are slowing down. In region C the slope is -ve, but increasing,
therefore we are speeding
up. Finally in region D
the slope is -ve and
decreasing, ie, slowing
down.

va v a v i v a
speeding up slowing down

Homework: K-7 and

 Some Common Types of Motion

No Motion Uniform Motion Uniform Motion Uniform Acceleration Uniform Acceleration

(v = 0) ( v = constant i (v0 = (J, a = constant (v0 = 0, a = constant
& -ve) &-TVC) .1 d & -ve)

t
.^^A
>
•
~" '""""\

\
, '<
'

x^' ^t ^ t

1 •

t l

i
if
^.nments: For the first 3 graphs, we have shown three d-t graphs that are the same except they have
different initial starting points (d0 is +ve, 0 and -ve). Notice that this has no effect on the v-t
d a-t graphs. This is also true for the constant acceleration d-t, but we have only shown one for clarity. Other
nations on the constant acceleration graphs involve v0 as either +ve or -ve, rather than 0). Sketch these
Uniform Acceleration Uniform Acceleration Uniform Acceleration Uniform Acceleration
~v 0 = +ve,~a constant & v 0 = -veil constant & "~vo = +ve,"inconstant &' v0 = -veTa constant &
+ve) +ve) -ve) 4 -ve)

a j a J
 All Mo ions

Nonuniforrn Motion or Accel em ted Motion

ii
No Me Lion .
t
Uniform Motion
T
Unifonn Acceleration
i
Nonuniloini Acceleration
--».
ri constant with time Jcf anges uniformly with time / changes nommifotmly w. lime / ch 'inges nonuniformly w. lime

i i ; , (curve is parabolic) i (curve is no n parabolic)

1-13 1-0 1-ci 1-0
o
cf rf
o
d
o q
;-J . rH
• r-i
• to
H '&
CO CO GO
0 Q o 0
CM e^ P P-!

^^isH^^— ' ^
Lime, 1. time, t time, I. time, i.
_>.
v = slope = 0 v = slope = constant v
avg =secant slope, vj ns =tangen( slope v
avg =secant slope, v i(is ={Mugen( slofie

_v _JV
_*
/ i V ~ o\ I v = constant v changes uniformly v changes nonuniformly
' i L i

1i> > ;> j>

;>" >^
_j
£
o
k~»

•8o ' iH •S
0 o
,3 o ^0
<D
>

—»•
- -- -
time, i
1^,
1)
^•

. ,
dine, t
j^_
s
it.—, ,—.
time, I:
^
'(D
l>

'•^\ . lime, t
il = slope = 0 ^i
a = slope = 0 a = slope = cons Urn l -J. _x
a
avj = secant slope, a i n s = langenl slope

—X
a — constant = 0 a = constant - 0 a = constant ^ 0 a changes, with time,
(how ? uniformly, nonuniformly)
CHAPTER 2 BLM ANSWER KEY
Inputting these values into the calculator produces a line of C TO 60 s ^ 6 0 min
m
xx 1 km , „„ 0
best fit equation and a velocity-time graph as follows. min > ~TF~ <
1 1000 m "
LinRe9 .-.28 ^ = 100.8 ^
n
s
y=ax+b
a=129.5 6.
b=- 1.066666667 V

5.9 x 1012m
3.0 x 108 —
s
At= 1.97 x 10 4 s
Ignoring the "b" part of the equation produces a velocity-
time graph with a slope of 129.5 cm/s2, which is the 1.97 x 10 1 .Kx 1 h _ 5 /,-r u
3600 s "
acceleration of the cart. The acceleration graph would
.-.Af = 5.5 h
simply be a horizontal line with a value of 129.5 cm/s2.
BLM 2-6: Fil 1 in the Graph/Skill Builder
1
- F+>25
is
BLM 2-5: Sections 2.1-2.3 Review/
Reinforcement 1 1 N
1. (a) position (b) vector, scalar I -g 20 rftl 1 ! 1 1K
Sr^Q^lj Ljj J
(c) tangent, position-time
2. i . . , . . . :T~T.
(d) acceleration
* 7 : -J)-

0
i j 4... |.
1 2 3 4
!
L_L_La
[TT~
^ffi
L_u_ LiiisLM i J P. 1 2 3 4
._JE]S)_J___

-4* —M-r^-i M—i*

36
±m:J ttf
P|;
i | 7 ; ; ^

I i 42
• £ no -4~f-| -;-4-
lUj-4-g.
L_L_Lc
^f ;j 7 i i o 1 2 3 4
j4
-* ' _j_SsLL
time (s) s :
2HZlZLj
i i 0 1 2 3 4 i
^ : I t(s( 1 \

-+'~T~"\ rtlf :
4. (a)
= 20.0 km[N] - 5.0 km[S]
fRt

irf— 1-2- : ::W;

= 20.0 km[N] + 5.0 km[N] |
:.&d = 2 Pj _™^ , „_„ ^ .^

p* t i
1 2 3 4
l l

i i 1 •! i 1 IP
' t(s) !

25 km[N] "co" r 6" —!—v i "m '" r6 ~f ~\ '•<

0.5 h
.v^=50-^[N]
±AH
11 1 \ ; t (-1 IpJitnd
i \. i i *t(
n

EI
1 2 34 , ^ 1 Ml
(c) Ld - 20 km + 5 km
/. A^/ = 25 km s -0-

,- M _ 25 km[N]
=
A7: 0.5 h
.-. v = 50^

Chapter 2 BLM Answer Key • MHR 205

 Date: Name: Class:
Skill Builder
Chapter 2 Kinematics
BIM2-7

Goal Improve your skills in working with kinematics equations.

What To Do Rearrange each of the following kinematics equation for the variable indicated.

(a) Vi =
_ Vf~ V,
1. a.
At (b) vf =

(c) At =

(a) Vi =

(c) At =

(a) ^ =
2
3. Ad = v,At+ ~aAt
(b) a =

(a)
4. Aaf =
(b)

(a) ^ =

(b) vf =
5. ,2 _ ,,2 lad
(c) « =

(d) d =

2. Derive the equation Ad = ifAt — —aAt2 from a velocity-time graph

2QO I Copyright © 20G2, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, s Subsidiary of the McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
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