II
Rupa: Hi Hema, did you meet your classmate Hema: Long since I saw him.
yesterday?
classmate
(£æ…ß˝’ Ê£«´÷, E†o †’´¤y O’
†’ éπL-¨»¢√?)
Hema: I did. We met yesterday after nearly five
years. She looked a little older than she is.
(éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Å®·üË∞¡x ûª®√yûª E†oØË ¢Ë’ç
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. ûª†’ ´ßª’Ææ’ éπØ√o °ü¿l-C™«
éπE-°œç-*çC.)
Rupa: Are you the same age?
(O’Jü¿lJC äÍé ´ßª’≤ƒ?)
Hema: No, I am slightly older than her (she).
But now she looks older than me (I).
(ØËØË éÌçîÁç °ü¿l. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ûªØË Ø√éπçõ‰
°ü¿lí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) a) Åûª†’ Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’ (Comparative):
Rupa: What is she?
(Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫ç à´’Ø√o îË≤Úhçü∆?)
Hema: She is a government officer.
Rupa: That's it. She looks older than you
because of her responsibilities.
(Officer )
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª© ´©x í¬
Féπçõ‰ é¬Ææh °ü¿l-Cí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC)
Hema: I have responsibilities as well, as the
President of the local women's club.
women's club president
(≤ƒnEéπ í¬ Ø√èπÿ
¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©’-Ø√o®·.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 176
He was junior to me...
Rupa: But your responsibilities are not as seri-
ous, are they?
(Å®·ûË F ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©çûª Bv´-
¢Á’i-†N é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)
Hema: I wish I were in such a position.
(ûª†’†o ÆœnA™ ؈’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)
Rupa: Why so?
Hema: A government officer's position is cer-
tainly superior to that of a home maker,
isn't it?
position govern-
(´÷´‚©’ í∫%£œ«ùÀ éπØ√o
ment officer position íÌ°æpC éπü∆.)
Rupa: But I prefer being a home maker to
being a job holder. A home maker is in
no way inferior to an officer.
(é¬E Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç ÖüÓu-Tí¬ Öçúøôç éπçõ‰
í∫%£œ«-ùÀí¬ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç. í∫%£œ«ùÀ officer
éπØ√o àç ûªèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.)
Hema: Let's not talk of superior and inferior any
more. Everyone is great in their own way.
(áèπ◊\´ ûªèπ◊\-´© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúøôç
ÇÊ°ü∆lç. á´J íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡xüË.)
Rupa: Ramu is coming this evening.
(®√´· Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)
Hema: Who? Your brother?
Rupa: Yes. He returned from the states a few
days ago. He is coming to stay with me
for a few days.
(States †’ç* È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿ô
AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’. È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ø√ûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ
´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)
Hema: I've often wondered is he older or
younger than you?
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç– ®√´· Féπçõ‰ *Ø√o,
°ü∆l?)
Rupa: He is my elder. Doesn't he look so?
(Åûª†’ Ø√éπØ√o °ü¿l/ ´÷ ņo. Å™«
éπE-°œç-îªú≈?)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 26 -W-Ø˛ 2006
(îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV©®·çC)
Rupa: Perhaps you saw him prior to his leaving
for the states.
states
(•£æ›¨¡ †’´y-ûªEo èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-´·çü¿’
îª÷¨»-¢Ë¢Á÷?)
Hema: Yes.
È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç degrees of
comparison N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ
lesson ™ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
éÌEo éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x comparative, positive a) My sister likes my younger brother more than I.
´’J-éÌEo comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª
degrees ™ I, we, he, she, they ¢√ú≈™«, me, sister
´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ ØËE-≠d-°æ æúË ü∆E-éπØ√o ´÷ than ®√ü¿’. to ´Ææ’hçC. Å™«çöÀ comparatives,
us, him, her, them ¢√ú≈™« ÅØË confusion áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC (´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Superior (íÌ°æp), Inferior (ûªèπ◊\´), Senior
´Ææ÷h Öçô’çC. Look at the following: sister èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç). (´ßª’Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l), Junior (´ßª’-Ææ’™
b) My sister likes my younger more than me = ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ *†o), Prior (time ™ ´·çü¿’) Oô-
He is taller than I/ me (?) ´÷ sister èπ◊ Ø√éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ EoöÀ ûª®√yûª 'to' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. than ¢√úøç.
b) Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ *†o = áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç. a) Imported cars are superior to Indian cars
He is younger than she/ her (?) c) He likes the mango more than she = ¶µ«®Ωûª 鬮Ωx éπØ√o NüËQ 鬮Ω’x ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
c) clever
¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†-éπçõ‰ é¬ü¿’ = Éü¿l-JéÃmango Åçõ‰ É≠ædç. é¬F Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ b) A Collector is inferior to a Chief Secretary
They aren't cleverer than us/ we (?) -á-èπ◊\´ É≠ædç. ´·êu 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz éπØ√o Collector ûªèπ◊\´ (£æ«Ùü∆™)
d) d) He likes the mango more than her =
Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ °ü¿l = c) He is senior to the others in the group
He is older than she/ her (?) Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈, ´÷N’úÕ °æçúøç-õ‰ØË Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ . Ç •%çü¿ç™ Åûª†’ ´ßª’-Ææ’q™/ ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l.
In the sentences above, sentence *´-®Ωx™ 鬕öÀd É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. d) He was junior to me at College =
(a)
´’†-éÌîËa ÆæçüË-£æ…©’: ™ ¢√ú≈™«, me
I Positive™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
College ™ Åûª†’ Ø√ éÀçCClass ™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.
¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, (c) ™
(b) she her a) I don't like my brother as much as she =
e) Even prior to his marriage he knew the girl.
us ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, her
we (d) she brother
Ç¢Á’ É≠æd-°æ-úøfçûªí¬ ؈’ ´÷ †’ É≠æd°æ-úø†’. (Åûª-EéÀ °R}éÀ °æ‹®Ωy¢Ë’ Ç Å´÷t®· ûÁ©’Ææ’)
¢√ú≈™« ÅE. b) I don't like my brother as much as I like her.
Correct í¬ Å®·ûË sentence Å®Ωnç v°æ鬮Ωç, Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰ conversation at the beginning of
´÷ brother éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ØË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . the lesson ™ èπÿú≈ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
(a) taller than I, (b) ™ younger than she,
Positive Comparative Superlative a) I am slightly older than She/ her
(c) cleverer than we, and (d) ™ older than
Old Older Oldest b) A government officer's position is certainly
she ÅØË ®√¢√L.
Elder Eldest superior to that of a home maker.
c) A home maker is no way inferior to an official
d) He is my elder
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: American English elder™
brother •ü¿’©’ older brother ûª®Ω-í¬
¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
EXERCISE
Pratibha: O’ Éü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤, †’¢√y
a) He is taller than I (am)
Old has two comparatives and ÅEû√?
=
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆:
Pratima: ÅÆæ-©-®·ûË ÅEûË §Òúø’í∫’ Ø√éπçõ‰. é¬F
(؈’ §Òúø’í¬_ Ö†o-ü∆-E- two superlatives
éπçõ‰ Åûª-†’†o §Òúø’-Èí-
èπ◊\´ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC Old èπ◊ È®çúø-®√n©’ éπü∆? ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\-´-®·†/ ûª†’ Ø√ éπçõ‰ ™«´-´ôç ´©x ؈’
English ™.) Å™«Íí §ƒûªü¿®·†. 鬕öÀd Older, Oldest ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\´ ûª†éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í¬_ éπE-°œ≤ƒh.
Pratibha: ´’E-ü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?
(b), (c), (d) ©™ èπÿú≈: ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
Pratima: ÅüËç question? †’´¤y Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’-í∫’-
b) He is younger than
´Ææ’h´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.
she (is) 1) a) Janaki is older than Lalitha éπü∆!
M. SURESAN (Lalitha Pratibha: ÅEûª àüÓ Slimming machine
c) They aren't cleverer éπØ√o ñ«†éÀ °ü¿lC)
than we (are) b) Rama Rao is the oldest man in the village. é̆o-ô’xçC îª÷¨»¢√?
Pratima: îª÷¨»†’. é¬F Åü¿çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ææ’Fûª
d) He is older than she (is)- É™« ´≤ƒh®·. (Ç ví¬´’ç™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ Åçü¿-J™ °ü¿l)
ü¿í∫_®Ω’†o machine ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-ÈíjçC.
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ brackets verbs (a)- am,
™ ÖçúË Â°j È®çúø’ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ í∫’Jç*)
Pratibha: †’´‹y Ææ’Fûª î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬
(b)- is, (c)- are, (d)- is omit
†’ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. c) This house is older than yours =
Öçö«®Ω’. O’®Ω’ classmates ņ’-èπ◊çö«.
Å®·ûË spoken English ™ É™«çöÀ sentences F ÉçöÀ éπØ√o Ñ É©’x §ƒûªC Pratima: é¬ü¿’. ؈’ ü∆E-éπØ√o äéπ class áèπ◊\´.
™ comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª me, us, him, d) This is the oldest building in the town -
´ßª’-Ææ’q™ èπÿú≈ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l
her, them ¢√úøôç É°æ¤púø’ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-§Ú- Ñ Ü®ÓxE buildings ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÉC §ƒûªC. ؈’.
®·çC. ÉC °ü¿l ûª°æ¤pí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. (c), (d) ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ í∫’Jç* Pratibha: Å™«í¬. Å®·ûË Ñ Ü®Ω’ Féπçõ‰ ûª†èπ◊
´·êuçí¬, comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª both, 2. Old èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Comparative, Elder; ÉçéÓ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ´’J.
all ™«çöÀN ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, we, they ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Superlative eldest. OöÀ Å®Ωnç ´ßª’-Ææ’™ °ü¿l Pratima: ؈’ ®√éπ-´·çüË ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*açC.
us, them áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«®·. ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´÷ô-©†÷, ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ ANSWER
a) He is cleverer than all of us/ all of them. (Å°æ¤-úø-°æ¤úø’ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅC Pratibha: Who is the taller of you two? You or
b) He is cleverer than both of us/ both of them.
èπÿú≈ äéπ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Anitha?
they, we
¢√úøû√ç.
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿’-í∫ü∆? Pratima: Actually she is taller than me (I), but
a) Sri Rama was the eldest of the sons of
Positive degree as I, we, he, because she is fatter than me, I look
™ èπÿú≈ ûª®√yûª, Dasaratha. ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’E éÌúø’èπ◊™x X ®√´·-úøç-ü¿-J™
she, they me, us, him, her, them- taller than her (she).
•ü¿’©’ É¢Ë Â°ü¿l –Same family ÅØËC îª÷úøçúÕ.
Pratibha: Who is the taller of us two?
áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. OöÀE á´®Ω÷ ûª°æ¤pí¬ b) Dharmaraja was the eldest of the Pandavas.
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. Pratima: What question is that? You certainly
§ƒçúø-´¤-©ç-ü¿J™ üµ¿®Ωt-®√V °ü¿l are taller than me (I)
a) He is as tall as I am/ Elder ¢√úøéπç: Important: Elder ûª®√yûª than
Pratibha: Anita seems to have bought a slim-
He is as tall as me (both are correct) é¬F, to é¬F ¢√úøç. Comparative Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ
ming machine. Have you seen it?
b) She is as old as he/ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
Pratima: Yes, I have. But it isn't that good.
She is as old as him. (both are correct) a) X®√-´·úø’ ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπØ√o °ü¿l –
Sunita's machine is superior to it.
c) They are as clever as we/ they are as clever Sri Rama was Lakshmana's elder.
Pratibha: You and Sunitha are close. Were you
as us. (Elder than/ to Lakshmana é¬ü¿’) classmates at College.
(Ééπ\úø ´÷vûªç as clever as us éÌçûª Å®Ω’üË) b) My uncle is my mother's elder -
Pratima: No. I was senior to her by a year. I
Å®·ûË éÌEo éÌEo îÓôx than I/ we/ he/ she/ ´÷ ´÷´’ ´÷ Å´’t éπçõ‰ °ü¿l. am senior to her in age too by a year.
they èπ◊, than me/ us/ him/ her/ them èπÿ c) My brother is my elder by two years Pratibha: She knows this place better than you.
brother
Pratima: She came here prior to my coming
Å®√n©’ ûËú≈í¬ Öçö«®·. Å°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ´÷ (ņo) Ø√ éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l.
àC ¢√ú≈™ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√L. ÉD elder ¢√úË Nüµ¿ç. here.