Kannada Class Notes

Kannada Class Notes
Page 1 of 71
Table of Contents
1 KANNADA .......................................................................................... 3
1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................3
1.2 Kannada language has got .......................................................................................3
1.2.1 Alphabets...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Syllables........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.3 Parts of Speech............................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.4 Genders (Linga) ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.5 Numbers (Vachana) ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.6 Case - (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) ............................................................................................................ 4
1.2.7 Tenses........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.8 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence .................................................................... 4
1.2.9 VAKYA Kartu, Kriya, Karmani ..................................................................................................... 4
1.2.10 Articles.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.11 Sanskrit Influence ......................................................................................................................... 4
2 Pronouns (I, You, We, He, She & It).................................................. 6
3 Verbs Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense) ........................... 7
4 Quick Samadhan English / Kannada / Hindi / Use .......................... 16
4.1 Verbs......................................................................................................................16
4.2 Pronouns ................................................................................................................25
4.3 Relations ................................................................................................................27
4.4 Questions ...............................................................................................................28
4.5 Location - Here, There & Everywhere ..................................................................29
5 Miscellaneous .................................................................................. 34
5.1 Opposites ...............................................................................................................34
5.2 Location.................................................................................................................34
5.3 Courtesy words ......................................................................................................35
5.4 Relations ................................................................................................................35
5.5 Things ....................................................................................................................35
5.6 Questions ...............................................................................................................36
5.7 Persons...................................................................................................................36
5.8 Months...................................................................................................................36
5.9 Seasons ..................................................................................................................37
5.10 Parts of the Day .....................................................................................................37
5.11 Days of the Week ..................................................................................................37
5.12 Time of the Day.....................................................................................................39
5.13 Day, Week, Month, Year.......................................................................................39
5.14 Here, There and Everywhere.................................................................................39
5.15 Relatives ................................................................................................................39
5.16 Colours Banna ....................................................................................................40
5.17 Vegetables Tharakaari ........................................................................................40
5.18 Fruits Hannugalu ................................................................................................40
6 Cases - Vibhakti Pratyaya ................................................................. 42
7 Cases - Historical .............................................................................. 44
8 Cases - Latin 112/113: ...................................................................... 46
Kannada Class Notes
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8.2 The Nominative Case (Nom.)................................................................................46
8.3 The Accusative Case (Acc.) ..................................................................................47
8.4 The Genitive Case (Gen.) ......................................................................................48
8.5 The Dative Case (Dat.) ..........................................................................................49
8.6 The Ablative Case (Abl.).......................................................................................51
8.7 The Vocative Case (Voc.) .....................................................................................52
9 Note on Prepositions........................................................................ 52
10 Kannada Alphabets (Vowels, Consonants, Ligatures, Secondary Forms,
Marathi Varnmala ............................................................................ 53
11 Cardinal Numbers............................................................................. 64
12 Ordinal Numbers.............................................................................. 68
13 Fractions .......................................................................................... 69
Kannada Class Notes
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1 KANNADA
1.1 Introduction
We often talk of using a language in its correct form. In order to use a language in its correct
form its very much essential that you know the grammar of that language. The grammar of a
language can be derived on various theoretical principles and linguistic models that have
already been accepted in that language. However we can obtain a proximate reality by
historical reconstruction and the resulting comparison with cognate
languages.
For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com
Since Kannada has been heavily under Sanskrit influence Kannada grammar too is more or
less similar to Sanskrit grammar. Kavirajamarga of 850 AD can be considered as the first
book on Kannada grammar, the name of the book literally means the main road for a poet.
This has laid down many principles to be followed by a poet in creating his works. There is a
reference of earlier Sanskrit works of Kalidasa, BanaBhatta and also a call for contemporary
writers to emulate the high standards set by those
works.Kavyavalokana and Karnatabhashabhushana by Nagavarma (12
th
century AD) is
also a notable work on Kannada grammar. Kannada grammar is primarily based
on Shabdamanidarpana (1260AD) by Keshiraja.
1.2 Kannada language has got
1.2.1 Alphabets
50 letters in its alphabet Varnamale
16 vowels Swara)and
34 consonants Vyanjana
1.2.2 Syllables
Syllables (Kaagunita) are formed by combining vowel sounds with the consonants.
1.2.3 Parts of Speech
There are 8 parts of speech;
(1) Noun Naamapada
(2) Pronoun Sarvanaama
(3) Adjective Naamavisheshana
(4) Verb Kriyapada
(5) Adverb Kriyavisheshana
(6) Preposition Sambandha suchaka
(7) Conjunction Samuchhaya suchaka and
(8) Interjection Avadharana suchaka.
1.2.4 Genders (Linga)
Shabdamanidarpana describes 9 different forms of genders (Linga) but in modern Kannada
there are three genders namely,
(1) Masculine gender Pullinga
(2) Feminine gender Strilinga and
(3) Neuter gender Napumsakalinga
1.2.5 Numbers (Vachana)
Numbers (Vachana) are 2,
Kannada Class Notes
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(1) Singular (Ekavachana) and
(2) Plural (Bahuvachana).
1.2.6 Case - (Vibhakti-Pratyaya)
There are 8 different case endings (Vibhakti-Pratyaya) commonly in use.
Cases vibhakti -
First Nominative prathama
Second Accusative dviteeya
Third Instrumental triteeya
Fourth Dative chaturthi
fifth Ablative panchami
Sixth Possesive / Genitive shashti
Seventh Locative saptami
Eight Vocative Sambodhane
1.2.7 Tenses
Tenses are three, namely
(1) Present Tense Vartamanakala
(2) Past Tense Bhutakala) and
(3)Future Tense Bhavishyatkala
1.2.8 Akshara / Pada / Vakya - Letters / Word / Sentence
The word (Pada) is a set of letters (Akshara) which has a meaning and in turn a sentence
(Vakya) is a group of words arranged in a sequence to get a proper meaning or that make
sense.
1.2.9 VAKYA Kartu, Kriya, Karmani
The sentence has in turn
Subject Kartru
Predicate Kriya &
Object Karmani
1.2.10 Articles
The articles are of two types
(1) Definite and
(2) Indefinite articles.
1.2.11 Sanskrit Influence
There is a general debate that due to Sanskrit influence and too much adherence to Sanskrit
hegemony in its earlier days Kannada has blindly adapted some grammatical features that are
not its own. Certain features are derived without any rationality. This intentional emulation
from Sanskrit for sometime had led to a belief that Kannada must have been derived from
Kannada Class Notes
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Sanskrit. There is an argument to reconstruct the grammar of Kannada at various levels such
as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics on its Dravidian lineage. It is
opined that reconstruction has to be based on modern models relinquishing the redundant
patterns derived from Sanskrit. This is inevitably a question of political as well as social
will! For Kannada translation by native translator contact www.indianscripts.com
Kannada Class Notes I, You, We, He, She & It
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2 Pronouns (I, You, We, He, She & It)
MALE / FEMALE
1
st
Person (Singular) 1
st
Person (Plural) 2
nd
Person (Singular)
2
nd
Person (Plural)
With Respect
Naanu I Naavu We Neenu You Neevu You
Nanna My Namma Our Ninna Your Nimma Your
Nannage For me Nammage For us Ninnage For you Nimmage For you
Nannadhu Mine Nammadhu Ours Ninnadhu Yours Nimmadhu Yours
MALE FEMALE MALE / FEMALE
3
rd
Person (Singular) 3
rd
Person (Singular)
3
rd
Person (Plural)
With Respect
Ivanu / Avanu He is Ivalu / Avalu She is Ivaru / Avaru They
Ivana / Avana His Ivala / Avala Her Ivara / Avara Their
Ivannage
Avanage
For him
Ivalage
Avalage
For her
Ivarge
Avarge
For them
Ivanadhu
Avanadhu
His (Belonging)
Ivaldhu
Avaldhu
Hers
(Belonging)
Ivardhu
Avardhu
Theirs
Kannada Class Notes Verbs - Conjugation & Tenses
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3 Verbs Conjugation (Past, Present & Future Tense)
No Kriya Verbs Tenses I you He She We YOU They It
Padagalu Nannu Neenu Avanu Avalu Naavu Neevu Avaru Adhu
1 Maadu To Do
Past Maad dhe Maad dha Maad dhlu Maad dhvi Maad dhru Maad thu
Present Maad thidini Maad thidane Maad thidhale Maad thidhivi
Maad
thidhare
Maad thidhu
Furture Maad thini Maad thane Maad thale Maad thivi Maad thare Maad thhe
2 Thinnu To Eat
Past Thin dhe Thin dha Thin dhlu Thin dhvi Thin dhru Thin thu
Present Thin thidhini Thin thidhivi
Furture Thin thini Thin dhivi
3 Kudi To Drink
Past Kudi dhe Kudi dha Kudi dhlu Kudi dhvi Kud dhru Kudi thu
Present Kudi thidini Kudi thidane Kudi thidhale Kudi thidivi Kudi thidhare Kudi thidhe
Furture Kudi thini Kudi thane Kudi thale Kudi thivi Kudi thare Kudi thhe
4 Helu To Tell
Past Heli dhe Heli dha Heli dhlu Heli dhvi Heli dhru Heli thu
Present Heli thidhini Heli thidane Heli thidale Heli thidivi Heli thidhare Heli thide
Furture Heli thini Heli thane Heli thale Heli thvi Heli thare Heli thhe
5 Kelu
To Ask
To Listen
Past Keli dhe Keli dha Keli dhla Keli dhvi Keli dhru Keli thu
Present Keli thidhini Keli thidane Keli thidale Keli thidivi Keli thidare Keli thide
Furture Keli thini Keli thane Keli thale Keli thivi Keli thare Keli thhe
6 Nodu To See
Past Nod dhe Nod dha Nod dhla Nod dhvi Nod dhru Nod thu
Present Nod thidihi Nod thidane Nod thidale Nod thidivi Nod thidare Nod thide
Furture Nod thini Nod thane Nod thale Nod thivi Nod thare Nod thhe
7 Baa To Come
Past Baar dhe Baar dha Baar dhla Baar dhvi Baar dhru Baar thu
Present Baar thidini Baar thidane Baa r thidale Baar thidivi Baar thidare Baar thide
Furture Baar thini Baar thane Baar thale Baar thivi Baar thare Baar thhe
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8 Hogu To Go
Past
Present
Furture
9 Kodu To Give
Past
Present
Furture
10 Oodhu To Read
Past
Present
Furture
11 Oodu To Run
Past
Present
Furture
12 Bari To Write
Past
Present
Furture
13 Kali To Learn
Past
Present
Furture
14 Malagu
To Lie
Down
To Relax
Past
Present
Furture
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15
Nidhre
Maadu
To Sleep
Past
Present
Furture
16 Maathadu To Talk
Past
Present
Furture
17 Haaku To Put
Past
Present
Furture
18 Thago To Take
Past
Present
Furture
19 konduko To Buy
Past
Present
Furture
20 Bisaku To Throw
Past
Present
Furture
21 Haadu
To Sing
Song
Past
Present
Furture
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22 Thallu To Push
Past
Present
Furture
23 Hidi To Catch
Past
Present
Furture
24 Eli To Pull
Past
Present
Furture
25 Aadu To Play
Past
Present
Furture
26 Kalisu To Teach
Past
Present
Furture
27 Thodu To Wear
Past
Present
Furture
28 Kalu Hisu To Send
Past
Present
Furture
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29 Nadi To Walk
Past
Present
Furture
30 Hodi To Beat
Past
Present
Furture
31 Nillu To Stand
Past
Present
Furture
32 Kari To Call
Past
Present
Furture
Past
Present
Furture
Nodhu To See
Past
Present
Furture
Odhu To Read
Past
Present
Furture
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Kudi To Drink
Past
Present
Furture
Odu To Run
Past
Present
Furture
Kodi To Give
Past
Present
Furture
Niddhe To Sleep
Past
Present
Furture
Nadi
To Walk
Past
Present
Furture
Haadu
To Sing /
Song
Past
Present
Furture
Kini To Dance
Past
Present
Furture
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Ili
To Get
down
Past
Present
Furture
Bari To Write
Past
Present
Furture
Kollu To Kill
Past
Present
Furture
Kollu To Buy
Past
Present
Furture
Hathu To Climb
Past
Present
Furture
Nagu To Laugh
Past
Present
Furture
Ogi To Wash
Past
Present
Furture
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Helu
To Say
Past
Present
Furture
Kelu
To Ask /
Listen
Past
Present
Furture
Muttu To Touch
Past
Present
Furture
Odi To Break
Past
Present
Furture
Odisu To Drive
Past
Present
Furture
Shursu To Start
Past
Present
Furture
Alu To Cry
Past
Present
Furture
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Maaru To Sell
Past
Present
Furture
Solu To Lose
Past
Present
Furture
Kannada Class Notes Miscellaneous (Quick Samadhan)
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4 Quick Samadhan English / Kannada / Hindi / Use
http://quicksamadhan.com/learn-english-to-kannada-verbs.aspx
4.1 Verbs
ENGLISH KANNADA HINDI USE
To come Baralu Baa/ Banni (respect)
To fly Haralu Haaru/ Haari (respect)
To boil Bisi madalu Bisi maadu/ Bisi maadi (respect)
To do Maadalu Maadu/ Maadi (respect)
To say, to tell Helalu Helu/ Heli (respect)
To try Prayathna padalu Prayathna padi (respect)
To bite Kacchalu Kacchu
To cut Kattarisu Kattarisu/ Kattharisi (respect)
To jump Hegaralu Hegaru/ Hegari (respect)
To buy Kondu kollalu Konduko
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4.1 Verbs
To eat Thinnalu Thinnu/ thinni (respect)
To pull, to drag Eleyalu Eli
To play Aadalu Aata aadu (play game)
To lose Kaleduko Kaledu hoyitu (I lost)
To seek Thilidukollalu Thiliduko/
To open Thereyalu Thegi/thegeyiri (respect)
To sing Haadalu Haadu (song/sing)
To count Enisalu Duddu Enisu (count money)
To climb,
To ride
Hatthalu, savari
Betta hatthu (climb hill),
kudure savari (horse ride)
To walk,
To move
Nadeyalu, Chalisalu
Nadi (walk),
Illinda chalisu (move from here)
To like Ishtapadu Nana ishta(I like)
To shout,
To cry
Kiruchu,
alu
Kiruchabeda (Dont shout)
Alabeda (dont cry)
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4.1 Verbs
To steal
Kalavu madalu/
Kadiyalu
Kalla kadda (Robber stole)
To kiss Mutthu kodalu. Mutthu kodu (Give kiss)
To burn Sudalu Benki suduttade (Fire burns)
To reply,
To answer
Prathyuttara/
Uttharisalu
Nanage Uttharisu (Answer me)
To awake Elisalu Avanannu elisu (wake him)
To go Hogalu Neenu hogu (You go)
To know Thiliyalu Adannu thiliduko (Know it)
To win Gellalu Naanu gedde (I won)
To add,
To relate
Serisalu, Sambanda
Idannu serisu (Add it),
Sambanda irada (Not related)
To quarrel Jagala adalu Avanu jagala maadida (He quarreled)
To tell a lie Ondu sullu helalu. Sullu helabaradu(shouldnt lie)
To walk Nadeyalu Avanu nadedu mane serida(He reached home by walking)
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4.1 Verbs
To swim Eejadalu Avanu eejaduttane(He will swim)
To break,
To pluck
Odeyalu/Keelalu Avanu odedu haakida(He broke ), hoovannu keelu(pluck flower)
To tire Susthagu Avarige susthayitu(He became tired)
To see,
To look
Nodalu, Nodu Nodu/Nodi (respect)
To show Thorisalu Avanige Thorisu (show him)
To give Kodalu Avanige kodalu (to give him)
To run Odalu Odu (run)
To push Thollalu Avanannu thollu (Push him)
To wash Tholeyalu Paathre tholi (wash vessels)
To dance Nruthya madalu Nruthya madu (Dance)
To take bath Snaana madalu Snaana madu (take bath)
To breakfast Thindige Naanu thindige hogthini (I will go for breakfast)
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4.1 Verbs
To catch Hidiyalu Kallanannu hidi (catch thief)
To read Odalu Pusthaka odu (Read book)
To take care Aaraike madalu Maguvina araike madu(take care of baby)
To reach Seralu Bega seru(reach fast)
To get,
To find,
To receive
Padeyalu,
kanduhidiyalu,
sveekarisalu
Naanu modalane bahumana padede/sveekariside(I got/received first

prize)
To beat Hodeyalu Naanu avanige hodede (I bet him)
To drink Kudiyalu Neeru kudi (drink water)
To call Kareyalu Avanannu kari (Call him)
To ask Kelalu Avanannu kelu (Ask him)
To worship Poojisalu Devara pooje maadu (Worship God)
To love Preethisalu Ellarannu preethisu (Love everyone)
To change, Shift, Badalayisalu, Ninna daari badalayisu (Change your route)
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4.1 Verbs
To Divert Vargayisu, Dikku
badalisu
To talk Mathadalu Olle mathadu (Talk good)
To believe Nambu Ninnannu neenu nambu (Believe in yourself)
To speak Mathadalu Olle mathadu(speak good)
To shut Muchalu Baagilu muchu(Shut the door)
To sit Kooralu Kurchimele kulithuko(Sit on the chair)
To sell Maaralu Byke maaru (Sell the bike)
To forget Marethu Nanu marethe (I forgot)
To send Kaluhisalu Naanu kaluhiside (I sent)
To die Sayalu Naayi Sathittu (Dog died)
To kill Kollalu Avanu konda (He killed)
To meet Sandisalu Naanu avanannu Sandiside (I met him)
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4.1 Verbs
To remember Neneyalu Naanu ninna nenesi konde (I remembered you)
To put, keep Haakalu, ittukollalu Naanu dustbin ge haakide (I put it to dustbin)
To live, be Jeevisalu, iru Gellalu jeevisi(live to win)
To be Iralu Iralu thinni(Eat to live)
To weep Alalu Magu alutthide(baby is crying)
To bring Tharalu Naanu tharakari tharalu hogidde(I went to bring vegetables)
To write Bareyalu Naanu olle kavana barede(I wrote a good poetry)
To loot Kadiyalu Kadiyuvudu kettadu(Looting is bad)
To take Tegedukollalu Naanu bread thegedukonde(I took bread)
To return Hindirugisalu Naanu duddu hindirugiside(I returned the money)
To behave Nadedukollalu
Naavu olle rethi nadedukollabeku(We should behave in a good
manner)
To promise Pramana madalu
Naanu olle kelasa maadalu pramana maduttene(I promise to do good
deeds)
Page 23 of 71
4.1 Verbs
To decorate Alankaara maadu Naanu hovinda alankara madide(I decorated with flowers)
To understand Artha madikollalu Naanu paatagalannu artha madikonde(I understood the lessons)
To clean Svaccha maadalu Naanu nanna kotadi svaccha maadide(I cleaned my room)
To help Sahaya madalu Naanu sahaya maadide(I helped)
To sleep Malagalu Naanu malagikonde(I slept)
To become Aagalu cricketer aguttene(I will become a cricketer)
To laugh Nagalu Nanage nagu banthu(I got laugh)
http://quicksamadhan.com/learn-english-to-kannada-verbs.aspx
I Naanu
He Avanu
You Neenu
Page 24 of 71
4.1 Verbs
You(All) Neevu
You(Regards) Neenu
They Avaru
They(many) Avaru
We Naavu
You(All,
Regards)
Neevu
My(M/F) Nanna /
Mine Nannadu
Our(M/F) Namma /
Your(one) (M/F) Ninna /
Page 25 of 71
4.2 Pronouns
Your(many)
(M/F)
Nimma /
His Avana
Her Avala
Its(M/F) Adara /
Him/her Avanu/Avalu
Me Nanage
Them Avarige /
Us Namage
You Neenu
I have Naanu hondiruve
You have Neenu hondiruve
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He has Avanu hondiruva
Page 27 of 71
4.3 Relations
Mother Thaayi
Father Thande
Brother Sahodara
Sister Sahodari
Grand mother Ajji /
Grand father Taatha/Ajja /
Uncle Chikkappa/Doddappa
Aunt Chikkamma/Doddam
ma

Bua Atthe
Fufa Maava
Mausi Chikkamma
Page 28 of 71
Mausa Chikkappa
Maternal uncle Maama
Maternal aunt Atthe
Brother in law Bhaava/Bhamaida /
Sister in law Naadini/Voragitti /
4.4 Questions
Where Elli
Who Yaaru
Why Yaake
What Enu
Whose Yaradu
How Hege /
When Yavaga
How much Eshtu /
Page 29 of 71
4.5 Location - Here, There & Everywhere
There Alli
Here Illi
Where(that
place)
Elli
This much Ishtu
That much Ashtu
Here(This way) Heege
There(That
way)
Haage
Which way Hege
From Inda
In Lift Liftnalli
In Bharat Bharathadalli
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In Kolkata Kolkatadalli
On Table Mejinamele
At Home Manenalli
Rams Home Ramana mane
I am Naanu
You are Neenu
He/she is Avanu/Avalu
We are Naavu
You are Neenu
They are Avaru
You are Neenu
And Matthu /
Extremely Vipareetha
Good Utthama
Page 31 of 71
Again Matte
Me too Naanu kooda
Like this Ee thara
Like that Aa thara
So (this) Idarinda
So (that) Adarinda
How
come(why)
Hege
For me Nanage
Till here Illi thanaka
Till there Alli thanaka
Because Ekendare
Small Sanna
Big Dodda
Much Thumba
Page 32 of 71
Less Kadime
New Hosa
Old Haleya
Proverb Gaade/Naannudi
Try Prayathna
Dirty Kolaku
Friend(M/F) Snehitha/Snehithe
Enemy Vairi(Yri)
Salty Uppuppu
In Olage
Out Horage
After Amele
Before Munche
Ahead Munde
Behind Hindgade
Page 33 of 71
Hurry Athyathura/Bega
Slow Nidaana
Specific place Nischita sthala
Morning Belagge
Evening Sayankaala
Some Kelavu
Just like that Aa thara
Rain male
Duplicate things Nakali vasthugalu /
Approx Andaaju
My Own Nanna svantha
Food/Meal Oota /
With me Nanna jothe
Papers Kagadagalu
Kannada Class Notes Miscellaneous
Page 34 of 71
5 Miscellaneous
5.1 Opposites
Mele Up Olage In Kashta Difficult Hecchu More
Kelage Down Horage Out Sulabha Easy Kadime Less
Baa Come Dappa Fat Dodda Big Thegi Open
Hogu Go Sanna Lean Chikka Small Mucchu Close
Hindhe Behind Bisi Hot Kutuko Sit Gidda Short
Mundhe Front Tampu Cold Nuntuko Stand Ethara Tall
Nagu Laugh Sihi Sweet Gatti Hard Labha Profit
Alu Cry Kahi Bitter Mrudhu Soft Nasat Loss
Doora Far Bega Fast Raathri Night Belaku Bright
Hathira Near Nidhana Slow Hagalu Day Kathalu Dark
Sari Right Bhara Heavy Santosha Happy Preethi Love
Thappu Wrong Hagura Light Dukha Sad Dwesha Hate
Hosa New Mitra Friend Bigi Tight Prarambha Start
Haleya Old Shatru Enemy Sadila Loose Mukthaya End
Saku Enough Elli Pull
Beku Want Thalli Push
5.2 Location
Illi Here Alli There
Olage Inside Horage Outside
Dooradalli Over there Ella Dharu Anywhere
Ella Kade Everywhere Mane Home
Ellivu Illa Nowhere
Page 35 of 71
Dhoora Away
5.3 Courtesy words
Namaskaara - Hello
Shubhadina - Good morning
Shubharaatri - Good night
Hogi barutheeni- Good bye
Dayavittu- Please
Dhanyavada - Thankyou
Thumba Dhanyavadagalu - Thank you very much
Hege Iddira ?- How do you do?
Neevu Hegidheera ? - How are you?
Chennagi Iddini - Very well
Chennagidhene dhanyavadagalu- Very well,thank you
Susvaagatha - Welcome
ShubhashayagaLu- Congratulations
Hrudhayapurvaka shubhashayagalu - Heartly congratulations
Kshamisi ,thada ayitu - Sorry,I am late
5.4 Relations
Amma- -Mother
Appa- -Father
Maga- -Son
Magalu- -Daughter
ANNa- -Elder brother
Akka- - Elder sister
Tamma- -Younger brother
Tangi- -Younger sister
Ajja- -Grandfather
Ajji- -Grandmother
Ganda - -Husband
Hendathi- -Wife
Maava- -Uncle/father in law
Atte- -Aunt/mother in law
ALiya- -Son in law
Sose Daughter in law
Chikkappa Father's younger brother /Mother's younger sister's husband
Chikkamma Father's younger brother's wife / Mother's younger sister
Doddappa Father's elder brother / Mother's elder sister's husband
Doddamma Father's elder brother's wife / Mother's elder sister
5.5 Things
Ooru Hometown/Place
Page 36 of 71
Mane House
Hesaru Name
aagilu Door
Kitak Window
Kurchi Chair
Meju Table
Pustaka Book
Pennu Pen
Pencil Pencil
MaLe Rain
Kathe Story
5.6 Questions
Yaaru Who
Yaavaga When
Yelli Where
Yaake Why
Yenu What
Hege How
5.7 Persons
Naanu Me/I am
Naanage I ,To Me
Nanna My
Neenu You
Neevu You ( with respect )
Namma Ours
Nimma Yours
Avaru He/She ( with respect) ,They / Those people
Ivaru He/She ,This / These
Avanu He
Avalu She
Idu This/It
Adu That
5.8 Months
Month Kannada Kannada English Months
1 caitra March - April
2 vaikha April - May
3 , jha May - June
4 ha June - July
5 rvaa July - August
6 bhdrapada, August - September
Page 37 of 71
Month Kannada Kannada English Months
7 vja September - October
8 krtka October - November
9 mrgaira November - December
10 puya December - January
11 mgha January - February
12 phlgua February - March
5.9 Seasons
348. The year is divided into six seasons.
Seasons Kannada Kannada English Months
spring vasata tu
caitra and vaikha
hot season grma tu
jha and ha
rainy season vara tu
rvaa and
bhdrapada
autumn aradtu
vja and krtka
winter himata tu
mrgaira and
puya
cool season iira tu
mgha and
phlgua
5.10 Parts of the Day
349. The days of 24 English hours is divided into sixty ghalige of 24 minutes each
5.11 Days of the Week
350. The days of the week are called after the planets.
Day Kannada Kannada From
Sunday
* bhnuvra bhnu, Sun
ravivra ravi, Sun
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dityavra ditya, Sun
* divra di, First
* smavra sma, Moon
Monday iduvra idu, Moon
cadravra cadra, Moon
Tuesday
* magalavra magala, Mars
kujavra kuja, Mars
agrakavra
agraka,
Mars
bhaumavra bhauma, Mars
Wednesday
* budhavra budha, Mercury
saumyavra
saumya,
Mercury
Thursday
*
bhaspativra
bhaspati,
Jupiter
guruvra guru, Jupiter
Friday
* ukravra ukra, Venus
bhrgavavra
bhrgava,
Venus
Saturday * anivra ani, Saturn
Page 39 of 71
sthiravra sthira, Saturn
madavra
mada, Saturn
* These are generally used.
5.12 Time of the Day
Iga Now Bellige Morning
Madhyana Afternoon Sanje / Sayankala Evening
Raathri Night Aamele After
Aadhmele Afterwards Mathu And
Mathe Again
5.13 Day, Week, Month, Year
Ivathu / Eedina Today
Naale Tomorrow Naalidhu Day after Tomorrow
Nenne Yesterday Munne
Day before
Yesterday
Dina Day Vaara Week
Thingalu Month Varsha Year
5.14 Here, There and Everywhere
Illi Here Alli There
Idhu This Adhu That
Ivu These Avu Those
5.15 Relatives
Appa / Thande Father Amma Thangi Mother
Anna Elder Brother Akka Elder Sister
Thamma Younger Brother Thangi Younger Sister
Maga Son Magalu Daughter
Ajja Grand Father Ajji Grand Mother
Ganda Husband Hendathi Wife
Maava Uncle / F in law Atte Aunt / M in law
cikkappa F / M younger bro chikkamma F / M younger sis
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doddappa F / M elder bro doddamma F / M elder sis
5.16 Colours Banna
Kempu Red
Haladi Yellow
Kappu Black
Bili White
Hasiru Green
Neeli Blue
Kandhu Brown
Bhoodhu Ash Grey
Kesari Saffron
Kittale Orange
Gulabi Pink
Herle Purple
Gaada Dark
Thelu Ligh
5.17 Vegetables Tharakaari
Eerulli Onion
Bellulli Garlic
Shunti Ginger
Alugadde Potato
Hurali kaayi Beans
Southe kaayi Cucumber
Bende kaayi Ladies finder
Badhane kaayi Brinjal
Hasimenasina kaayi Green Chilly
Karibevina soppu Bay leaves
Kothambari soppu Coriander leaves
5.18 Fruits Hannugalu
Sebu Apple
Kitthale Orange
Moosambi Sweet Lime
Page 41 of 71
Dhraakshi Grapes
Maavina hannu Mango
Sapota Chikku
Seethafala Custard Apple
Seebe hannu Guava
Kannada Class Notes Cases
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6 Cases - Vibhakti Pratyaya
Cases vibhakti -
ekavachana
Singular
bahuvachana
Plural
Examples - Kannada Examples - English
Nominative prathama first Naanu Naavu
naanu hudugi
I am girl
indicates the subject of a finite verb
We went to the store.
Accusative dviteeya second Nannannu nammannu
avanu nannannu karedanu
he called me
indicates the direct object of a verb:
The clerk remembered us
Instrumental triteeya third nanninda namminda
nanninda idannu maadalu
saadhyavilla
this could not be done from me
indicates an object used in performing an action:
We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by
hand
Dative chaturthi fourth nanage namage
nanage neeru beku
I want water
indicates the indirect object of a verb:
The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a
discount to us
Ablative panchami fifth Nanna deseyinda Namma deseyinda
nanna deseyinda heege aayithu
This happened because of me
indicates movement from something, or cause:
The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He
was unhappy because of depression.
Possesive
Genitive
shashti sixth nanna namma
idu nanna pustaka
this book is mine
which roughly corresponds to English's possessive
case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of
another noun:
J ohn's book was on the table. and The pages of the
book turned yellow
Locative saptami seventh nannalli nammalli
nannalli enide?
what is there in me?
indicates a location:
We live in China.
Vocative
Sambodhane -
eight
indicates an addressee: J ohn, are you all right? or
simply Hello, J ohn!
Kannada Class Notes Cases
Page 43 of 71
The eight historical Indo-European cases are as follows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case:
The nominative case indicates the subject of a finite verb: We went to the store.
The accusative case indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us.
The dative case indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us.
The ablative case indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was unhappy because of
depression.
The genitive case, which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun: J ohn's book
was on the table. and The pages of the book turned yellow.
The vocative case indicates an addressee: J ohn, are you all right? or simply Hello, J ohn!
The locative case indicates a location: We live in China.
The instrumental case indicates an object used in performing an action: We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand.
Cases Historical
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7 Cases - Historical
The eight historical Indo-European cases are as follows, with examples either of the English case or of the English syntactic alternative to case:
Cases for Nouns
1 Nominative Case indicates the subject of a finite verb We went to the store.
2 Accusative Case indicates the direct object of a verb: The clerk remembered us.
3 Dative Case indicates the indirect object of a verb The clerk gave us a discount. or The clerk gave a discount to us
4 Ablative Case indicates movement from something, or cause: The victim went from us to see the doctor. and He was
unhappy because of depression.
5 Genitive Case which roughly corresponds to English's possessive case
and preposition of, indicates the possessor of another noun
J ohn's book was on the table. and The pages of the book turned
yellow.
6 Vocative Case indicates an addressee:
J ohn, are you all right? or simply Hello, J ohn!
7 Locative case indicates a location We live in China
8 Instrumental Case indicates an object used in performing an action We wiped the floor with a mop. and Written by hand
All of the above are just rough descriptions; the precise distinctions vary from language to language, and are often quite complex. Case is based
fundamentally on changes to the noun to indicate the noun's role in the sentence. This is not how English works, where word order and prepositions are
used to achieve this.
Modern English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic constructions. The personal pronouns of Modern
English retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive case system of Old English). For other
pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the genitive clitic -'s.
Taken as a whole, English personal pronouns are typically said to have three morphological cases:
Cases Historical
Page 45 of 71
Cases for Personal Pronouns
1 Nominative Case
(Subjective Pronouns) such as I, he, she, we), used for the subject of a finite verb and sometimes for the complement of
a copula.
2 Oblique Case
(Objective Pronouns) such as me, him, her, us), used for the direct or indirect object of a verb, for the object of a preposition,
for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula.
3 Genitive Case (Possessive Pronouns) such as my/mine, his, her(s), our(s)), used for a grammatical possessor. This is not always considered
to be a case
See English possessive: Status of the possessive as a grammatical case.
Most English personal pronouns have five forms; in addition to the nominative and oblique case forms, the possessive case has both a determiner form (such
as my, our) and a distinct independent form (such as mine, ours) (with the exceptions that these are not distinct for the third person singular masculine [his
car, it is his] and that the third person singular neuter it does not have the possessive independent form); and they have a distinct reflexive or intensive form
(such as myself, ourselves). The interrogative personal pronoun who exhibits the greatest diversity of forms within the modern English pronoun system having
definite nominative, oblique, and genitive forms (who, whom, whose) and equivalently coordinating indefinite forms (whoever, whomever, and whosoever).
Though English pronouns can have subject and object forms (he/him, she/her), nouns show only a singular/plural and a possessive/non-possessive
distinction (e.g., chair,chairs, chair's, chairs'). Note that chair does not change form between "the chair is here" (subject) and "I saw the chair" (direct object), a
distinction made by word order and context.
Cases Latin 112/113
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8 Cases - Latin 112/113:
8.1.1.1 For further discussion see the relevant entries in the "Glossary of English-Latin Grammar" on pp. xvii-xxiii of
the Reading Latin grammar.
In Latin, word order is not nearly so central to meaning as it is in English: the grammatical function of an individual noun or
pronoun in Latin is indicated by its form rather than by its position within the sentence. (Contrast English, where "The man bit
the dog" is quite a different thing from "The dog bit the man." On the other hand, modern English still retains some elements of
such a system: that is why one must say, "I go to the store" rather than "Me go to the store.")
Each of the various functions performed by nouns or pronouns in a Latin sentence is associated with one of six cases (the
nominative case, the accusative case, the genitive case, the dative case, the ablative case, and the vocative case) and, according
to the nature of the particular noun or pronoun, each case takes a particular form(as in the difference between English "I" and
"me"). The case of the noun or pronoun, as indicated by its particular form, will tell you whether the noun is the subject of the
sentence (the person or thing performing the action or, in more general terms, the subject under discussion: e.g., in the example
above, whether the dog or the man is doing the biting), thedirect object (the person or thing receiving the action: in the example
above, just who is being bitten), the indirect object, etc.
Below is a brief outline of the basic grammatical functions associated with each case. Over the course of the year, you will need
to develop a more nuanced sense of how each of the cases functions, but this outline should provide you with an initial general
guide to how they tend to be used and the contexts in which they tend to appear. [FN 1]
8.2 The Nominative Case (Nom.)
o Names the subject of the sentence i.e., the person or thing performing the action or under discussion. Tends
to answer the question, "Who/what did it?"
Cases Latin 112/113
Page 47 of 71
o In English, the subject of the sentence tends to come first: the main exception are questions, where the
interrogative word tends to be placed first for emphasis.
Examples:
The lions killed the gazelle.
The crowd went wild.
The girls were frightened.
Jimhas been sent to Paris.
Whom did he kill?
o The nominative case is also used when another noun, pronoun, or adjective refers back to the subject of the
sentence. A good example of this is the complement after the verb "to be."
Example:
Jimis president of our club. (Both "Jim" and "president" refer to the subject of the sentence, so both
would be in the nominative case.)
o As a rule of thumb, the nominative will be used whenever you are referring to the subject of the sentence.
8.3 The Accusative Case (Acc.)
o The accusative case in Latin is associated with three main functions:
a. Names the direct object the person or thing towards which the action of a transitive verb is directed.
Examples:
The lions killed the gazelle.
Jim assigned homework to the class.
Cases Latin 112/113
Page 48 of 71
This is the most common use of the accusative. Note that, generally speaking, leaving out the direct
object will leave you without a complete thought: in the second example above, the statement, "Jim
assigned," doesn't mean very much.
b. Names the goal of motion the person or thing towards which one is moving.
Examples:
Jim went to the store.
She ran toward the house.
We approached the girls.
It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a wall toward which one is heading.
In a sense, this use is very like the use of the accusative to indicate the direct object: in each instance
the accusative names that person or thing toward which the action is aimed.
c. Indicates the extent to which an action endures, in either temporal or geographical terms.
Examples:
He slept for three days.
We ran six miles.
In each instance, the accusative indicates that the action endured without a break: i.e., for three
whole days and for six continuous miles.
It is perhaps useful to imagine the accusative in this sense as a line, indicating the space
geographical or chronological throughout which the action endures.
8.4 The Genitive Case (Gen.)
The genitive is best thought of as the "adjectival" case: it is used when one wishes to employ one noun to specify
something about another. There are many different specific uses of the genitive, but most of them will be translated into
English through the use of the preposition "of."
Cases Latin 112/113
Page 49 of 71
Examples:
Dorothy and the Scarecrow found a man of tin. (The genitive of material. Notice how "of tin" uses
the noun "tin" to describe the man in more detail: one could just as easily have employed "tin" as an
adjective instead ["a tin man"].)
A person of great intelligence (i.e., "an intelligent person": the genitive of quality or descriptive
genitive)
The house of Euclio [= "Euclio's house"] (the possessive genitive: a very common use)
Three of us (the partitive genitive)
The love of God is not earned but is granted freely. (A subjective genitive: it implies the notion that
"God loves," where "God" is the subject of the verb implied by the abstract verbal noun "love.")
The love of fine wines killed him. (An objective genitive: it implies the notion that "he loved fine
wines," where "fine wines" is the object of the verb implied by the abstract verbal noun "love.")
He accuses me of theft. (the genitive of the charge)
8.5 The Dative Case (Dat.)
The dative case is in some ways the most abstract of the cases and one of the hardest for English speakers to
conceptualize. In general, the dative indicates a person or thing who is somehow interested in or affected by the action in
some immediate way.
Consistently, the dative will be translated via the English "to" or "for."
The most concrete (and most common) use of the dative is to indicate the indirect object.
Cases Latin 112/113
Page 50 of 71
Example:
He gave the pot to Euclio. (Here, "he" is the subject and "pot" is the direct object; "to Euclio"
indicates the person in whose interest the action was conducted.)
Warning: English speakers, hearing the word "to," will immediately make an association with the idea of
motion. But motion toward something, as we have seen, is the province of the accusative case: the dative
is never used to indicate the goal of motion except in poetic texts (and even there it doesn't literally
indicate motion but rather implies it). In Latin, the sentence in the above example indicates that the action
was undertaken in Euclio's interest or to his advantage or in some way that affected him. The best way to
illustrate this is to consider some other examples:
He took the pot from Euclio. (Here, "from Euclio" would again be in the dative in Latin, indicating
that the action immediately concerned Euclio, this time to his disadvantage. As we will see below, if
the Roman speaker wanted to say literally that the person removed the pot from Euclio's vicinity,
he/she would employ the ablative case.)
This is difficult for me (i.e., so far as I am concerned).
He seemed to me to be a fool.
The most abstract use of the dative is the so-called ethical dative, which indicates that the statement is offered for
someone's consideration (often, but not always, with an implication of irony or indignation) or as something that concerns
him/her. Modern English readers would perhaps be most likely to run into this dative in the works of Shakespeare or other
Elizabethan authors.
Example:
I am not yet of Percy's mind, the Hotspur of the North; he that kills me some six or seven dozen of
Scots at a breakfast, washes his hands, and says to his wife, 'Fie upon this quiet life! I want work.' (I
Henry IV II.iv.113-15)
Cases Latin 112/113
Page 51 of 71
at tibi repente venit ad me Caninius. ["But I tell you!/Can you believe it?! Caninius suddenly
came to me!"]
8.6 The Ablative Case (Abl.)
The ablative case in Latin is associated with three main functions:
. The "true" ablative, indicating separation (as the name implies)
Examples:
She departed from the station.
They got out of town.
Note that, as in the second example, the idea of separation is often associated with the genitive in
English: hence the use of the word "of." Latin consistently employs the ablative in contexts where
the idea of separation is implied. (For an apparent exception, see above on the so-called "dative of
disadvantage.")
a. The ablative used to indicate location in a specific spot or a rigorously defined area
Examples:
They are in the house.
We sat on the chair.
He slept under the bench.
It is perhaps useful to imagine the ablative in this sense as a specific point or as a point within a well-
defined region.
b. The ablative indicating instrument (or means) or accompaniment
Examples:
They hit me with a stick. (instrument/means)
Cases Latin 112/113
Page 52 of 71
I do not write well with a pencil. (instrument/means)
We went to the store with our friends. (accompaniment)
He sang with great gusto. (accompaniment: the ablative of manner)
We will find that, where English employs "with" in each of the above sentences, the Latin involves
quite distinct constructions.
8.7 The Vocative Case (Voc.)
The vocative case is used to address someone or something directly.
Such addresses stand outside of the construction of the sentence and are really a type of interjection.
The vocative is easily recognized: it generally looks exactly like the nominative (the main exception: the vocative singular
of second-declension nouns in -us) and is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Examples:
Get over here, Jim!
Jim, you have got to be the laziest person on the planet.
Jim, they're over here! (Here "Jim" is quite clearly a cry to get Jim's attention, since "Jim" plays no
role in the sentence proper.)
Have you seen the neighbor's cat, Jim? (where it is assumed that the neighbor's cat is not named
Jim)
9 Note on Prepositions
A number of the above case usages involve the use of prepositional phrases in English that is, the English translation
employs a combination of a preposition and a noun ("to the store," "of tin," "for me," "in the house," "with a stick," etc.).
Cases Latin 112/113
Page 53 of 71
Latin also uses prepositions, but not as extensively as does English. Often the use of a noun in a specific case all by itself
will indicate a notion that in modern English requires a prepositional phrase. That is, the case of the noun all by itself, in
accordance with the principles set out above, conveys the sense of the modern English prepositional phrase.
English once had such usages but dropped them for the most part. Consider the following expressions:
here (= "at this place")
hither (= "to this place")
hence (= "fromthis place")
there (= "at that place")
thither (= "to that place")
thence (= "fromthat place")
where (= "at what place")
whither (= "to what place")
whence (= "fromwhat place")
When Latin does employ a prepositional phrase, the preposition in effect merely reinforces the sense that is already
inherent, in some fashion, in the form of the noun itself
10 Kannada Alphabets (Vowels, Consonants, Ligatures, Secondary Forms, Marathi Varnmala
Vowels
Page 54 of 71

a i u

e ai

o au

Consonants
Page 55 of 71
ka
kha ga gha a
ca
cha
ja
jha a
Consonants
Page 56 of 71
a ha
a
ha a
ta
tha
da dha
na
pa
pha ba
bha
ma
Consonants
Page 57 of 71
ya
ra
la
va
a a
sa ha a
Ligatures
Page 58 of 71
i u e ai o au () ()
1 ka k ki k ku k k ke k kai ko k kau ka ka
2 kha kh khi kh khu kh kh khe kh khai kho kh khau kha kha
3 ga g gi g gu g g ge g gai go g gau ga ga
4 gha gh ghi gh ghu gh gh ghe gh ghai gho gh ghau gha gha
5 a i u e ai o au a a
6 ca c ci c cu c c ce c cai co c cau ca ca
7 cha ch chi ch chu ch ch che ch chai cho ch chau cha cha
8 ja j ji j ju j j je j jai jo j jau ja ja
9 jha jh jhi jh jhu jh jh jhe jh jhai jho jh jhau jha jha
12 ha h hi h hu h h he h hai ho h hau ha ha
14 15ha h hi h hu h h he h hai ho h hau ha ha
16 ta t ti t tu t t te t tai to t tau ta ta
17 tha th thi th thu th th the th thai tho th thau tha tha
18 da d di d du d d de d dai do d dau da da
Ligatures
Page 59 of 71
i u e ai o au () ()
19 dha dh dhi dh dhu dh dh dhe dh dhai dho dh dhau dha dha
20 na n ni n nu n n ne n nai no n nau na na
21 pa p pi p pu p p pe p pai po p pau pa pa
22 pha ph phi ph phu ph ph phe ph phai pho ph phau pha pha
23 ba b bi b bu b b be b bai bo b bau ba ba
24 bha bh bhi bh bhu bh bh bhe bh bhai bho bh bhau bha bha
25 ma m mi mu m m me m mai mo m mau ma ma
26 ya y yi y yu y y ye y yai yo y yau ya ya
27 ra r ri r ru r r re r rai ro r rau ra ra
29 la l li l lu l l le l lai lo l lau la la
30 va v vi v vu v v ve v vai vo v vau va va
33 sa s si s su s s se s sai so s sau sa sa
34 ha h hi h hu h h he h hai ho h hau ha ha
Secondary Forms
Page 60 of 71
Initial forms
Secondary forms
a

inherent

Secondary Forms
Page 61 of 71
Initial forms
Secondary forms

ai

o

au

Page 62 of 71
Marathi Varnmala
Click on the Alphabets below to see what each alphabet stands for.
Page 63 of 71
Numbers
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11 Cardinal Numbers
English
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals Word
English
Pronunciation
1
odu
2
erau
3
mru
4
nlku
5
aidu
6
ru
7
u
8
eu
9
obhattu
10
hattu
11
hannodu
12
hannerau
13
hadimru
14
hadinlku
15
hadinaidu
16
hadinru
17
hadinu
Numbers
P a g e | 65 of 71
English
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals Word
English
Pronunciation
18
hadineu
19
hattobhattu
20
ippattu
21
ippattodu
22
ippatterau
23
ippattumru
24
ippattunlku
25
ippattaidu
26
ippattru
27
ippattu
28
ippatteu
29
ippattobhattu
30
mvattu
40
nlvattu
50
aivattu
60
aravattu
70
eppattu
80
ebhattu
Numbers
P a g e | 66 of 71
English
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals Word
English
Pronunciation
90
tobhattu
100
nru
101
nrodu
110
nrhattu
200
innru
300
munnru
400
nnru
500
ainru
600
runru
700
nru
800
eunru
900
obhayinru
1000 .
svira
1001 .
sviradodu
1010 .
sviradahattu
1100
sviradanru
10.000 .
hattusvira
100.000 ..
laka
Numbers
P a g e | 67 of 71
English
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals Word
English
Pronunciation
10.000.000
...
ki
Numbers
P a g e | 68 of 71
12 Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers. The ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix an, to the
Cardinal numbers.
English
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals
Kannada
Numerals Word
English Numeral
Word
odan
modalan
1st.
eraan 2nd.
mran 3rd.
nlkan 4th.
&c. &c.
&c. &c.
Numbers
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13 Fractions
The principal fractions with their signs are
English
Fractions
Kannada
Fractions
Kannada Fractions
Word
English Fractions Word
1/16 vsa
1/8 be
klu
are
mukklu
Months, Seasons, Parts of the Day, Days of the Week
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P a g e | 71 of 71

Kannada Class Notes

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Kannada Class Notes

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Kannada Class Notes

Naanu modalane bahumana padede/sveekariside(I got/received first

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