6-14 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

changes in lumen output; the lumen output of series lamps, on the other
hand, remains fixed because generally the lumen output is specified in
street lighting contracts, and changes in efficiency resulting from improve-
ments are reflected by changes in wattage or voltage. This usually re-
sults in odd numbers and fractions, for example, the present 6,000 lumen,
6.6-ampere lamp has an average rating of 46.9 volts and 310 watts.
On a constant current circuit the filaments for all sizes of lamps of a
given current rating are of approximately the same diameter but vary in
length according to the lumen output. The lamp voltage will vary with
the lumen output, ranging from a few volts in the smaller sizes to 50 or
60 volts for the lamps of high lumen rating.
Series circuits should be closely regulated as fluctuations from normal
current will cause considerable variation in lamp performance. The
effect of current variation in series operation is considerably greater than
that of voltage variation on multiple operation. Roughly a 1 per cent
change in amperes (0.066 ampere on a 6.6-ampere circuit) will produce
a change of about
If
per cent in volts, about
2f
per cent change in watts,
about
3|
per cent change in efficiency, about 7 per cent change in light
output and about 20 per cent change in life.
The increase in voltage and wattage of lamps on series circuits will
amount to about 4 per cent above the initial rating at the end of their
rated life, averaging about 2 per cent during life. Provision should be
made in the capacity of constant current transformers for this increase in
voltage.
Bulb Shapes and Finishes
Shapes of common incandescent lamp bulbs are shown in Fig. 6-11.
_For general lighting there is almost complete standardization of lamps in
the A and PS bulb shapes. Lamps rated 15-100 watts are frosted inside.
Lamps in the 150-1,500 watt range may be either clear or frosted. Flame-
shaped and round-bulb lamps are available in 15-, 25-, and 40-watt sizes
for ornamental fixtures where the bulbs are exposed and where the bulb
shape is related to the artistic design of the luminaire.
Tubular bulb lamps extend lighting applications since they can be
placed in small inconspicuous reflectors for display cases, small coves, and
narrow cavities. Intermediate and medium screw bases are used on these
sources. Projection lamps employ tubular bulbs because of space limi-
tations; prefocused bases are most common. The Lumiline lamp repre-
sents a considerable departure from conventional lamp construction since
the filament extends between the contact caps at the ends. Special disk
bases and lamp holders are employed. The lumen output of tubular
bulb lamps is reduced below that of globe-shaped lamps of the same wattage
rating because the additional supports required cause a heat loss.
Many types of lamps are available with bulbs made of "hard" or "heat-
resisting" glass. Such bulbs withstand higher temperatures than ordinary
lead or lime glass, and are used on most lamps of the spotlight, flood-