ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah that finally, I have succeeded in finishing this project work. I would like to thank
my Additional Mathematics teacher for all the guidance he had provided me during the process in finishing this project work.

I also appreciate her patience in guiding me completing this project work. I would like to give a thousand thanks to mother for
giving me her full support in this project work, financially and mentally. She gave me moral support when I needed it. I would
also like to give my thanks to my fellow friends who had helped me in finding the information that Im
clueless of, and the time we spent together in study groups on finishing this project work.


Last but not least, I would like to express my highest gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this
coursework. I really appreciate all the help I got.



Again, thank you very much.



















OBJECTIVES

The objectives of carrying out project work are:

To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems

To improve thinking skills

To promote effective mathematical communication

To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases
Students interest and confidence

To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely

To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning

To develop positive attitude towards mathematics

















IMPLEMENTATION OF
PROJECTWORK
i. Apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems.

ii. Experiences classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningful and hence improve
their thinking skills.

iii. Experiences classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways in solving
real-life problems.

iv. Experiences classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and
communication are highly encouraged and expected.

v. Experiences classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective learning.

vi. Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing, and to use the language of
mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely.

vii. Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving in ways that increases
internet and confidence.

viii. Prepare students for the demands of their future undertakings and in workplace.

ix. Realize that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence develop
positive attitude towards mathematics.

x. Trains themselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share
knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment.

xi. Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively










TASK SPECIFICATION
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT WORK 2014













CONTENT

























INTRODUCTION

Calculus is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape
and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. It has two major
branches, differential calculus(concerning rates of change and slopes of curves), and integral
calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between curves); these two
branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Both branches make use of the
fundamental notions of convergence of infinite sequences and series to a well-defined limit. Generally
considered to have been founded in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz,
today calculus has widespread uses in science, engineering and economics and can solve many problems
that algebra alone cannot.
Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more
advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly
called mathematical analysis. Calculus has historically been called "the calculus of infinitesimals", or
"infinitesimal calculus". The word "calculus" comes from Latin (calculus) and refers to a small stone used
for counting. More generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of calculation
guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well-known calculi
are propositional calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus, and process calculus.




















































Ren Descartes Biography


Born 31 March 1596
La Haye en Touraine, Kingdom of France
Died 11 February 1650 (aged 53)
Stockholm, Swedish Empire
Nationality French
Religion Catholic
[

Signature


Era 17th-century philosophy
Region Western Philosophy
School Cartesianism, rationalism,foundationalism, founder ofCartesianism
Main interests metaphysics, epistemology,mathematics
Notable ideas Cogito ergo sum, method of doubt, method of normals,Cartesian
coordinate system,Cartesian dualism, ontological argument for the
existence of God, mathesis universalis;
folium of Descartes




Ren Descartes

Ren Descartes (French: [ne dekat]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31
March 1596 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who spent most of
his life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy", but he was also
one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century, and is sometimes considered the
first of the modern school of mathematics. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to
be a standard text at most university philosophy departments.
Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system allowing
reference to a point in space as a set of numbers, and allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as
geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system (and conversely, shapes to be described as
equations) was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge
between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes
was also one of the key figures in the scientific revolution and has been described as an example
of genius. He refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers and also refused to accept the
obviousness of his own senses.
Descartes frequently sets his views apart from those of his predecessors. In the opening section of
the Passions of the Soul, a treatise on the early modern version of what are now commonly
called emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic "as if no one had written
on these matters before". Many elements of his philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism,
the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural
philosophy, he differs from the schools on two major points: First, he rejects the splitting of corporeal
substance into matter and form; second, he rejects any appeal to final endsdivine or naturalin
explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation.
Descartes laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch
Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting
of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza and Descartes were all well versed in
mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well.
He is perhaps best known for the philosophical statement "Cogito ergo sum" (French: Je pense, donc je
suis; I think, therefore I am), found in part IV of Discourse on the Method (1637 written in French but
with inclusion of Cogito ergo sum) and 7 of part I of Principles of Philosophy.


Early life


Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine Indre-et-Loire,
France. When he was one year old, his mother Jeanne Brochard
died. His father Joachim was a member of the Parlement of
Brittany at Rennes. In 1606 or 1607 he entered
the Jesuit Collge Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Flche where he
was introduced to mathematics and physics, including Galileo's
work. After graduation in December 1616, he studied at
the University of Poitiers, earning
a Baccalaurat and Licence in law, in accordance with his
father's wishes that he should become a lawyer.



Graduation registry for Descartes at the
Collge Royal Henry-Le-Grand, La Flche

In his book, Discourse On The Method, he says..
"I entirely abandoned the study of letters. Resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could
be found in myself or else in the great book of the world, I spent the rest of my youth traveling, visiting
courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments and ranks, gathering various experiences,
testing myself in the situations which fortune offered me, and at all times reflecting upon whatever came
my way so as to derive some profit from it."
Given his ambition to become a professional military officer, Descartes joined the Army of Breda under
the command of Maurice of Nassau in the Dutch Republic, and undertook a formal study of military
engineering, as established by Simon Stevin. Descartes therefore received much encouragement in Breda
to advance his knowledge of mathematics.
[13]
In this way he became acquainted with Isaac Beeckman,
principal of Dordrecht school. Beeckman had proposed a difficult mathematical problem, and to his
astonishment, it was the young Descartes who found the solution. Both believed that it was necessary to
create a method that thoroughly linked mathematics and physics.
[14]
While in the service of the
Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, Descartes was present at the Battle of the White Mountain outside Prague,
in November 1620.






Visions


On the night of 1011 November 1619, while stationed in Neuburg an der Donau, Germany, Descartes
shut himself in an "oven" (some type of room specially heated for that purpose) to escape the cold. While
within, he had three visions and believed that a divine spirit revealed to him a new philosophy. Upon
exiting he had formulated analytical geometry and the idea of applying the mathematical method to
philosophy. He concluded from these visions that the pursuit of science would prove to be, for him, the
pursuit of true wisdom and a central part of his life's work. Descartes also saw very clearly that all truths
were linked with one another, so that finding a fundamental truth and proceeding with logic would open
the way to all science. This basic truth, Descartes found quite soon: his famous "I think".
In 1622, he returned to France, and during the next few years spent time in Paris and other parts of
Europe. It was during a stay in Paris that he composed his first essay on method: Regulae ad Directionem
Ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind). He arrived in La Haye in 1623, selling all of his property to
invest in bonds, which provided a comfortable income for the rest of his life. Descartes was present at
the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627. In the fall of the same year, in the residence of
the papal nuncio Guidi di Bagno, where he came with Mersenne and many other scholars to listen to a
lecture given by the alchemist Monsieur de Chandoux on the principles of a supposed new
philosophy, Cardinal Brulle urged him to write an exposition of his own new philosophy.














Works
























1641
Descartes continued to publish works concerning both mathematics and
philosophy for the rest of his life. In 1641 he published
a metaphysics work, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia written in Latin and
thus addressed to the learned. It was followed, in 1644, by Principia
Philosophi a kind of synthesis of the Meditations and the Discourse.
1643
In 1643, Cartesian philosophy was condemned at the University of Utrecht,
and Descartes began his long correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of
Bohemia, devoted mainly to moral and psychological subjects. Connected
with this correspondence, in 1649 he published Les Passions de l'me that he
dedicated to the Princess.
1647
A French translation of Principia Philosophi, prepared by Abbot Claude
Picot, was published in 1647. This edition Descartes dedicated to Princess
Elisabeth of Bohemia. In the preface Descartes praised true philosophy as a
means to attain wisdom. He identifies four ordinary sources to reach
wisdom, and finally says that there is a fifth, better and more secure,
consisting in the search for first causes.
1629
In April 1629 he joined the University of Franeker, living at the Sjaerdemaslot,
and the next year, under the name "Poitevin", he enrolled at the Leiden
University to study mathematics with Jacob Golius and astronomy with Martin
Hortensius.
1630
In October 1630 he had a falling-out with Beeckman, whom he accused of
plagiarizing some of his ideas. In Amsterdam, he had a relationship with a
servant girl, Helena Jans van der Strom, with whom he had a
daughter, Francine, at which time Descartes taught at the Utrecht University.
Francine Descartes died in 1640 in Amersfoort, from Scarlet Fever.
1637
In 1637 he published part of this work in three essays: Les Mtores, La
Dioptrique and La Gomtrie, preceded by an introduction, his
famous Discours de la method. In it Descartes lays out four rules of thought,
meant to ensure that our knowledge rests upon a firm foundation.


Philosophical work


Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences.
For him the philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, and expressed it in this way:

Thus, all Philosophy is like a tree, of which Metaphysics is the root, Physics the trunk,
and all the other sciences the branches that grow out of this trunk, which are reduced to
three principals, namely, Medicine, Mechanics, and Ethics. By the science of Morals, I
understand the highest and most perfect which, presupposing an entire knowledge of
the other sciences is the last degree of wisdom.

In his Discourse on the Method, he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know
as true without any doubt. To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt,
also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism: he rejects any ideas that can be doubted, and
then reestablishes them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge.
Initially, Descartes arrives at only a single principle: thought exists. Thought cannot be separated from
me, therefore, I exist (Discourse on the Method and Principles of Philosophy). Most famously, this is
known as cogito ergo sum (English: "I think, therefore I am"). Therefore, Descartes concluded, if he
doubted, then something or someone must be doing the doubting, therefore the very fact that he doubted
proved his existence. "The simple meaning of the phrase is that if one is skeptical of existence, that is in
and of itself proof that he does exist."
Descartes concludes that he can be certain that he exists because he thinks. But in what form? He
perceives his body through the use of the senses; however, these have previously been unreliable. So
Descartes determines that the only indubitable knowledge is that he is a thinking thing. Thinking is what
he does, and his power must come from his essence. Descartes defines "thought" (cogitatio) as "what
happens in me such that I am immediately conscious of it, insofar as I am conscious of it". Thinking is
thus every activity of a person of which the person is immediately conscious.











To further demonstrate the limitations of these senses, Descartes proceeds with what is known as the Wax
Argument. He considers a piece of wax; his senses inform him that it has certain characteristics, such as shape,
texture, size, color, smell, and so forth. When he brings the wax towards a flame, these characteristics change
completely. However, it seems that it is still the same thing: it is still the same piece of wax, even though the
data of the senses inform him that all of its characteristics are different. Therefore, in order to properly grasp
the nature of the wax, he should put aside the senses. He must use his mind. Descartes concludes:

And so something that I thought I was seeing with my eyes is in fact grasped solely by the faculty
of judgment which is in my mind.

In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as
unreliable and instead admitting only deduction as a method. In the third and fifth Meditation, he offers
an ontological proof of a benevolent God (through both the ontological argument and trademark
argument). Because God is benevolent, he can have some faith in
the account of reality his senses provide him, for God has provided
him with a working mind and sensory system and does not desire to
deceive him. From this supposition, however, he finally establishes
the possibility of acquiring knowledge about the world based on
deduction and perception. In terms of epistemology therefore, he
can be said to have contributed such ideas as a rigorous conception
of foundationalism and the possibility that reason is the only reliable
method of attaining knowledge. He, nevertheless, was very much
aware that experimentation was necessary in order to verify and
validate theories.


Descartes also wrote a response to scepticism about the existence of the external world. He argues
that sensory perceptions come to him involuntarily, and are not willed by him. They are external to his
senses, and according to Descartes, this is evidence of the existence of something outside of his mind, and
thus, an external world. Descartes goes on to show that the things in the external world are material by
arguing that God would not deceive him as to the ideas that are being transmitted, and that God has given
him the "propensity" to believe that such ideas are caused by material things.
























La Gomtrie
Passions of the Soul

Principles of Philosophy
Discourse on the Method


Historical impact


Mathematical legacy
One of Descartes' most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which
uses algebra to describe geometry. He "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations
by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c". He also "pioneered the standard notation" that
uses superscripts to show the powers or exponents; for example, the 4 used in x
4
to indicate squaring of
squaring. He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in our system of knowledge, and believed
that algebra was a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown
quantities. European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of
mathematics, serving as the foundation of algebra. Algebraic rules were given geometric proofs by
mathematicians such as Pacioli,Cardan, Tartaglia and Ferrari. Equations of degree higher than the third
were regarded as unreal, because a three-dimensional form, such as a cube, occupied the largest
dimension of reality. Descartes professed that the abstract quantitya
2
could represent length as well as an
area. This was in opposition to the teachings of mathematicians, such as Vieta, who argued that it could
represent only area. Although Descartes did not pursue the subject, he preceded Leibniz in envisioning a
more general science of algebra or "universal mathematics," as a precursor to symbolic logic, that could
encompass logical principles and methods symbolically, and mechanize general reasoning.
Descartes' work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, who
applied infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of
modern mathematics. His rule of signs is also a commonly used method to determine the number of
positive and negative roots of a polynomial.
Descartes discovered an early form of the law of conservation of mechanical momentum (a measure of
the motion of an object), and envisioned it as pertaining to motion in a straight line, as opposed to perfect
circular motion, as Galileo had envisioned it. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of
Philosophy.
Descartes also made contributions to the field of optics. He showed by using geometric construction and
the law of refraction (also known as Descartes' law or more commonly Snell's law, who discovered it 16
years earlier) that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 degrees (i.e., the angle subtended at the eye by the
edge of the rainbow and the ray passing from the sun through the rainbow's centre is 42).He also
independently discovered the law of reflection, and his essay on optics was the first published mention of
this law.




Cartesian coordinate system


A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a
pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two
fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called
a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin, usually at ordered
pair (0, 0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the
point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin.
One can use the same principle to specify the position of any point in three-dimensional space by three
Cartesian coordinates, its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes (or, equivalently, by its
perpendicular projection onto three mutually perpendicular lines). In general, n Cartesian coordinates (an
element of real n-space) specify the point in an n-dimensional Euclidean space for any dimension n.
These coordinates are equal, up to sign, to distances from the point to n mutually
perpendicular hyperplanes.
b)
2
= r
2
where a and b are the coordinates of the center (a, b) and r is the radius.
The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by Ren Descartes revolutionized
mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the
Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes (such as curves) can be described by Cartesian equations:
algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of
radius 2 in a plane may be described as the set of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the
equation x
2
+ y
2
= 4.
Cartesian coordinates are the foundation of analytic geometry, and provide enlightening geometric
interpretations for many other branches of mathematics, such as linear algebra, complex
analysis, differential geometry, multivariate calculus, group theory, and more. A familiar example is the
concept of the graph of a function. Cartesian coordinates are also essential tools for most applied
disciplines that deal with geometry, including astronomy, physics, engineering, and many more. They are
the most common coordinate system used in computer graphics, computer-aided geometric design, and
other geometry-related data processing.



















BASIC PRINCIPLE

1.1 Coordinates
In analytic geometry, the plane is given a coordinate system, by which
every point has a pair of real number coordinates. The most common
coordinate system to use is the Cartesian coordinate system, where
each point has an x-coordinate representing its horizontal position, and
a y-coordinate representing its vertical position. These are typically
written as anordered pair (x, y). This system can also be used for
three-dimensional geometry, where every point in Euclidean spaceis
represented by an ordered triple of coordinates (x, y, z).
Other coordinate systems are possible. On the plane the most common
alternative is polar coordinates, where every point is represented by
its radius r from the origin and its angle . In three dimensions, common
alternative coordinate systems include cylindrical coordinates and spherical coordinates.








1.2 Equations of curves
In analytic geometry, any equation involving the coordinates specifies a subset of the plane, namely
the solution set for the equation. For example, the equation y = x corresponds to the set of all the points on
the plane whose x-coordinate and y-coordinate are equal. These points form a line, and y = x is said to be
the equation for this line. In general, linear equations involving x and y specify lines, quadratic
equations specify conic sections, and more complicated equations describe more complicated figures.
Usually, a single equation corresponds to a curve on the plane. This is not always the case: the trivial
equation x = x specifies the entire plane, and the equationx
2
+ y
2
= 0 specifies only the single point (0, 0).
In three dimensions, a single equation usually gives a surface, and a curve must be specified as
the intersection of two surfaces (see below), or as a system of parametric equations. The
equation x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
is the equation for any circle with a radius of r.

1.3 Distance and angle
In analytic geometry, geometric notions such
as distance and angle measure are defined using formulas. These
definitions are designed to be consistent with the
underlying Euclidean geometry. For example, using Cartesian
coordinates on the plane, the distance between two points
(x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) is defined by the formula

which can be viewed as a version of the Pythagorean theorem.
Similarly, the angle that a line makes with the horizontal can be
defined by the formula

where m is the slope of the line.











1.4 Transformations
Transformations are applied to parent functions to turn it into a new function with similar characteristics.
For example, the parent function has a horizontal and a vertical asymptote, and occupies the
first and third quadrant, and all of its transformed forms have one horizontal and vertical asymptote, and
occupies either the 1st and 3rd or 2nd and 4th quadrant. In general, if , then it can be
transformed into . In the new transformed function, is the factor that
vertically stretches the function if it is greater than 1 or vertically compresses the function if it is less than
1, and for negative values, the function is reflected in the -axis. The value compresses the graph of
the function horizontally if greater than 1 and stretches the function horizontally if less than 1, and like ,
reflects the function in the -axis when it is negative. The and values introduce translations, ,
vertical, and horizontal. Positive and values mean the function is translated to the positive end of
its axis and negative meaning translation towards the negative end.
Transformations can be applied to any geometric equation whether or not the equation represents a
function. Transformations can be considered as individual transactions or in combinations.
Suppose that is a relation in the plane. For example

is the relation that describes the unit circle. The graph of is changed by standard
transformations as follows:
Changing to moves the graph to
the right units.
Changing to moves the graph up
units.
Changing to stretches the graph
horizontally by a factor of . (think of the as being
dilated)
Changing to stretches the graph
vertically.
Changing to and
changing to rotates
the graph by an angle .





1.5 Intersections

While this discussion is limited to the xy-plane, it can easily be extended to higher dimensions. For two
geometric objects P and Q represented by the relations and the intersection is the
collection of all points which are in both relations. For example, might be the circle with
radius 1 and center : and might be the circle with radius 1
and center . The intersection of these two circles is
the collection of points which make both equations true. Does the point make both equations
true? Using for , the equation for becomes or
which is true, so is in the relation . On the other hand, still using for the
equation for becomes or which is false. is not in so it is not in the
intersection.
The intersection of and can be found by solving the simultaneous equations:


Traditional methods include substitution and elimination.
Substitution: Solve the first equation for in terms of and then substitute the expression for into
the second equation.

We then substitute this value for into the other equation:
and proceed to solve for :



We next place this value of in either of the original equations and solve for :









So that our intersection has two points:

Elimination: Add (or subtract) a multiple of one equation to the other equation so that one of the
variables is eliminated. For our current example, If we subtract the first equation from the second we
get: The in the first equation is subtracted from the in the second
equation leaving no term. The variable has been eliminated. We then solve the remaining equation
for , in the same way as in the substitution method.
We next place this value of in either of the original equations and solve for
:


So that our intersection has two points:

For conic sections, as many as 4 points might be in the intersection.


1.6 Intercepts
One type of intersection which is widely studied is the intersection of a geometric object with the
and coordinate axes.
The intersection of a geometric object and the -axis is called the -intercept of the object. The
intersection of a geometric object and the -axis is called the -intercept of the object.
For the line , the parameter specifies the point where the line crosses the axis.
Depending on the context, either or the point is called the -intercept.












REN DSCARTES TIMELINE
1596:
Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, (now known as
Descartes), France.
1618:
He was in the defense force of Maurice of Nassau, Dutch
Republic.
1622:
He returned to France.
1628:
He moved to Dutch Republic.
1637:
He publishedLa Gomtrie and Discourse on the Method.
1641:
He wrote Meditations on First Philosophy.
1644:
He published Principal of Philosophy.
1647:
He was rewarded pension by the king of France.
1649:
-Passions of the Soul.
1650:
He died on 11 February 1650 in Stockholm, Sweden due
to pneumonia.






























































PART 2
A car travels along a road and is velocity time function is illustrated in Diagram 1. The straight
line PQ is parallel o the straight line RS.









(a) From the graph, find
(i) the acceleration oh car in first hour,









(ii) the average speed of the car in the first two hours.















(b) What is the significance of the position of the graph
(i) Above the t-axis,










(ii) Below the t-axis?























(c) Using two different methods, find the total istance travelled by the car.
First Method












Second Method













(d) Based on the above graph, write an interesting story of the journey in not more than 100
words















PART 3
Diagram 2 shows a parabolic satellite disc which is symmetrical at the y-axis. Given that
the diameter of the disc is 8 m and the depth is 1 m.


(a) Find the equation of the curve y = f(x).














(b) To find the approximate area under a curve, wecan divide the region into several
vertical strips, then add up the areas of all the strips.
Using a scientific calculator or any suitable computer software, estimate the area
bounded by the area curved y=f(x) at (a),the x-axis, x=0 and x=4.


(i)


































(ii)


























(iii)



























(c) (i) Calculated the area under the curve using integration






(ii) Compare your answer in c (i) with the values obtained in (b). Hence, discuss
which Diagram gives the best approximate area.








(iii) Explain how you can improve the value in c (ii)










(d) Calculate the volume of the satellite disc





























FURTHER EXPLORATION
A gold in Diagram 4 (a) has the same volume as the solid of revolution obtained when the
shaded region in Diagram 4 (b) is rotated 360 about the x-axis.

Find
(a) The volume of gold needed,







(b) The cost of gold needed for the ring.
(Gold density is 19.3 gcm . The price of gold can be obtained from the goldsmith)








REFLECTION

During this whole project, I cooperate with my friends and my additional mathematics teacher to
finish up this challenging task. At first, I found that this task was hard because I did not learn this
topic yet. However, as the time goes by, I am exposed to the concepts of the the concepts of
the topic is integration and Motion Along the Straight Line.
Throughout this project also I learn to be punctual, make a good use of technologies such as
the scientific calculator and the internet. In my project I had studied about the life of a model in
calculus which is Rene Descartes. From him, I had learned about Cartesian or analytic
geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry. Rene also taught me that all truths were
linked with one another, so that finding a fundamental truth and proceeding with logic would
open the way to all science.
In addition, I would like to thanks my additional mathematics teacher for the time he had spent
for us and all the useful tips given to complete this task. Thanks also to my friends Ain Hannah
and Izzati who had given full commitment to complete this task. This gratitude also will be given
to my parents who willing to spent some time sending me to school for our project discussion







The greatest minds are
capable of the greatest vices
as well as of the greatest
virtues.

-Rene Descartes



































Common sense is the
most fairly distributed
thing in the world, for
each one thinks he is so
well-endowed with it
that even those who are
hardest to satisfy in all
other matters are not in
the habit of desiring
more of it than they
already have.
-Rene Descartes












CONCLUSION