RC Frame Design of Buildings November 2012 SKJ

Seismic Detailing of RC
Structures (IS:13920-1993)
Sudhir K Jain
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
November 2012
Outline
.
This lecture covers:
.
Covers important clauses of IS13920
.
With particular emphasis on Buildings
.
Many importantclauses applicableto buildings may not be
discussed in this lectureindetail.
Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN
Slide 2
Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012
How to ensure ductility How to ensure ductility
.
Correct collapse mechanism
.
Adequate ductility at locations likely to form
hinge in collapse mechanism
.
Need sufficient member ductility to ensure
adequate structural ductility.
.
Prevent brittle failure mechanisms to take place
prior to ductile yielding
Slide 3
Collapse Mechanism Collapse Mechanism
.
Storey Mechanism
.
Columns require too much ductility
.
Columns are difficult to make ductile
Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 4
Collapse Mechanism Collapse Mechanism
.
Beam
Hinge Mechanism (Sway Mechanism)
.
Preferred mechanism
.
Ensure that beams yield before columns do
.
Strong Column Weak Beam Design
R C Members

Bond Failure: Brittle

Shear Failure: Brittle

Flexural Failure

Brittle: if over-reinforced section (compression
failure)

Ductile: if under-reinforced section (tension
failure)

Hence, Ensure that

Bond failure does not take place

Shear failure does not precede flexural yielding

Beam is under-reinforced.
Failure of RC Section Failure of RC Section
.
Yielding of tension bars
.
Ductile
.
Tension failure
.
Under-reinforced section
.
Crushing of compression concrete
.
Brittle
.
Compression failure
.
Over-reinforced section
R C Section
.
Tension failure more likely if:
.
Less tension reinforcement
.
More compression reinforcement
.
Higher grade of concrete
.
Lower grade of steel
.
Lower value of axial compression
Section ductility increases as Section ductility increases as
.
Grade of concrete improves
.
Grade of steel reduces
.
Tension steel reduces
.
Compression steel increases
.
Axial compression force reduces
.
Generally, columns are less ductile than beams
Capacity Design Concept
BrittleLinkDuctileLinkCapacity Design Concept
BrittleLinkDuctileLink
.
The chain has both ductile and brittle elements.
.
To ensure ductile failure, we must ensure that
the ductile link yields before any of the brittle
links fails.
Slide 10
Capacity Design Concept (contd)
.
Assess required strength of chain from code.
.
Apply suitable safety factors on load and
material
.
Design/detail ductile element(s).
.
Assess upper-bound strength of the ductile
element
.
Design brittle elements for upper-bound load
.
Ensures that brittle elements are elastic when
the ductile elements yield.
Slide 11
Capacity Design Concept (contd)
.
For instance, in a RC member
.
Shear failure is brittle
.
Flexural failure can be made ductile
.
Element must yield in flexure and not fail in shear
Capacity Design of Frames

Choose yield mechanism

Locate desirable hinge locations

Estimate reasonable design seismic force on the
building

Design the members at hinge locations
(upper bound type)

Assess the member forces at other locations
under the action of capacity force

Design other locations for that force; need not
detail these for high ductility
Materials in RC Members Materials in RC Members

Concrete and steel have very different
characteristics

Steel ductile: strain capacity: ~12% to 25%

Concrete brittle: strain capacity: ~0.35%
HYSD
Mild Steel
0.35%
20-25%
Confinement of concrete
.
Considerably improves its strain capacity
Stress-strain relationship for concrete proposed by Saatcioglu and
Razvi, (1992)
Confinement of Column Sections
Fig. from Paulay
and Priestley, 1992
Confinement of Column Sections
Fig. from Paulay
and Priestley, 1992
Main Steps

Weak Girder
Strong Column Philosophy

Shear Failure Prevented by Special Calculations
(Capacity Design Method)

Good Development Length

Regions Likely to have Hinges Confined with
Closely-spaced and Closed Stirrups
Applicability of Code (Cl. 1.1.1)

Originally, this code was applicable for:

All structures in zones IV or V

Structures in zone III with I > 1.0

Industrial structures in zone III

More than 5-storey structures in zone III

After the Bhuj earthquake, the code made
applicable to all structures in zones III, IV and
V.

Even though the code title says structures, it
was written primarily for buildings.
Background Materials Background Materials
.
The code emerged from the following. These also
provide commentary:

Medhekar M S, Jain S K and Arya A S, "Proposed Draft for
IS:4326 on Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures," Bulletin of the Indian Society of Earthquake
Technology, Vol 29, No. 3, September 1992, 15 -35.

Medhekar M S and Jain S K, "Seismic Behaviour, Design,
and Detailing of R.C. Shear Walls, Part I: Behaviour and
Strength," The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 67, No. 7, July
1993, 311-318.

Medhekar M S and Jain S K, "Seismic Behaviour, Design,
and Detailing of R.C. Shear Walls, Part II: Design and
Detailing," The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 67, No. 8,
September 1993, 451-457.
Slide 19
Concrete Grade
.
Originally, as per Cl.5.2: buildings more than 3
storeys high, minimum concrete grade shall
preferably be M20.
.
Now, word preferably has been dropped.
.
Most codes specify higher grade of concrete for
seismic regions than that for non-seismic
constructions. Examples:
.
ACI allows M20 for ordinary constructions, but a
minimum of M25 for aseismic constructions.
.
Euro code allows M15 for non seismic, but
requires a min grade of M20 for low-seismic and
M25 for medium and high seismic regions.
Slide 20
Steel Grade (Cl. 5.3) Steel Grade (Cl. 5.3)
.
Originally, the code required that steel
reinforcement of grade Fe415 or less only be
used.
.
Higher grade of steel reduces ductility. Hence,
there is usually an upper limit on grade of steel
required.
Slide 21
Steel Grade (Contd)
.
Recently, the code relaxed this requirement.
Cl.5.3 now reads as
5.3 Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 (see IS 1786:1985) or less
only shall be used.
However, high strength deformed steel bars, produced by
the thermo-mechanical treatment process, of grades
Fe500 and Fe550, having elongation more than 14.5
percent and conforming to other requirements of IS
1786:1985 may also be used for the reinforcement.
.
Thus, higher grades of steel are now allowed in
the Indian code subject to the above restrictions
on ductility of bars.
Slide 22
Steel Grade (Contd)
.
ACI has two additional requirements on steel
reinforcement:
.
Actual yield strength must not exceed specified
yield strength by more than 120 MPa.
.
The shear or bond failuremay precede the flexural hinge
formation.
.
If the differenceis very high,thecapacitydesign concept
will not work.
.
Ratio of actual ultimate strength to actual yield
strength should be at least 1.25.
.
To develop inelasticrotationcapacity, need adequate length
of yield regionalong axis ofthe member. This attempts to
ensurethat.
Slide 23
Flexural Members
Positive Reinforcement
.
At a joint face, positive reinforcement should be at least
50% of the negative reinf.
Negative steel (At)
Negative steel (At)
Positive steel (Ab
0.5At)
Positive steel (Ab
0.5At)
.
Two reasons:
.
Need adequate compression reinforcement to ensure
ductility.
.
Seismic moments are reversible.
.
Seenextslide.
Slide 25
Reinforcement Elsewhere (Cl. 6.2.4) Reinforcement Elsewhere (Cl. 6.2.4)
.
Steel at top and bottom face anywhere should
be at least 25% of max negative moment steel
at face of either joint.
8 Nos 20
12 Nos 20
Min 3 Nos 20
Min4 Nos 20
Min6 Nos 20
Slide 26
Reinforcement (Contd)
.
Reasons:
.
Actual moments away from joint may be higher
than the design moment.
.
We do not want to reduce large amount of steel
abruptly away from the joint.
Slide 27
External Joint of Beam with Column External Joint of Beam with Column
.
Very important to
ensure adequate
anchorage of
beam bars in the
column
Slide 28
External Joint (Contd)
.
Notice the top bar of beam is shown to go into
column well below soffit of the beam.
.
This is a problem in the construction.
.
One would cast the columns up to beam soffit
level before fixing the beam reinforcement.
.
Problem arises since Indian code does not
require minimum column width.
.
If column is wide enough, this will not be a
problem.
.
Seismic codes generally require column width to
be at least 20 times the largest beam bar dia.
.
More on column width later in the section on
joints.
Slide 29
Lap Splice (Cl. 6.2.6)
.Lap length development length in tension
Lap Splice (Cl. 6.2.6)
.Lap length development length in tension
.
Due to reversal of seismic loads, the bar could
be in compression or tension.
.
Lap splice not to be provided
.
Within a joint
.
Within a distance of 2d from joint face
.
Within a quarter length of member where
yielding may occur due to seismic forces.
.
Lap splices are not reliable under cyclicinelastic
deformations and hencenot to be provided in thecritical
regions.
Slide 30
Lap Splice (Contd)
.
Wherever longitudinal bar splices are provided:
.
Hoops @ not more than 150 mm c/c should be
provided over the entire splice length
Ld = development length in tension
db = bar diameter
Slide 31
Web Reinforcement Web Reinforcement
.
Most important requirement in seismic regions
Web Reinforcement (Contd)
.
Several actions by web reinforcement:
.
Shear force capacity
.
Confinement of concrete
.
Lateral support to compression reinforcement
bars
Slide 33
.
Vertical hoops
.
Shear direction may reverse during earthquake
shaking
.
Hence, inclined bars not effective.
.
Closed stirrups
.
Open stirrups cannot confine concrete
.
135 degree hooks
.
As against normal 90 degree hooks
.
Provides good anchorage to stirrups
.
10 dia extension ( 75 mm)
.
As against 4 dia extension
.
Provides good anchorage.
Slide 34
.
Two pieces allowed:
.
U-stirrup and a cross tie
.
Both with 135 degree hooks at either end.
.
This is more conservative than the ACI Code
.
See next slide for ACI provision.
Hoops as per
ACI318
Hoops as per
ACI318
Spacing of Hoops Spacing of Hoops
.
Hoop spacing over 2d length at either end of
beam not to exceed
.
d/4
.
8 times dia of smallest longitudinal bar
2d 2d 2d
Spacing >d/4
>8db
Slide 37
Spacing of Hoops (Contd)
.
But, hoop spacing need not be less than 100
mm
.
To ensure space for needle vibrator.
.
Also, close spacing of hoops over 2d on either
side of any other location where flexural yielding
is likely
.
Elsewhere, hoop spacing to not exceed d/2
.
As against 3d/4 permitted by IS:456
.
First hoop should be placed within 50 mm of the
joint face.
Slide 38
Shear Des ign Shear Des ign
.
Shear reinforcement to be designed for:
.
Factored shear forces as per calculations for
applied design loads.
.
Shear forces that will develop when flexural
yielding takes place at either end of the beam
.
Capacity design conceptto ensure shear failure(brittle
failure) will not precedetheflexural yielding.
Slide 39
Capacity Design for Shear Capacity Design for Shear
.
Cantilever Beam Example
100kN (Factored Design Load)
.
Factored design load 100 kN,
.
Height of 5m
.
Design moment at base =100
x 5=500 kNm
.
Design for this moment.
5m
.
Generally, the actual
reinforcement may be
somewhat higher than
calculated.
.
Say the moment capacityofthe
section is 600kNm (instead of500
kNm).
Slide 40
Cantilever example (Contd)
.
Design assumes steel stress as 0.87fy (due to
partial safety factor of 1.15)
.
But, steel can take upto say 1.25fy (due to strain
hardening).
.
Hence, section can take moment upto about 860
kNm (= 600x1.25/0.87).
.
When moment at base is 860 kNm, the shear
force must be 172 kN (= 860/5).
.
Hence, to prevent shear failure prior to flexural
yielding, design shear force is 172 kN
.
As against 100 kN factored shear force!
Slide 41
Capacity Design (Contd)
.
Ratio 1.25 / 0.87 = 1.44 has been rounded off
to 1.4 in the code (Cl. 6.33)
Capacity Design for Shear Capacity Design for Shear
.
Consider beam part of a frame.
EQ Force
Sagging Hogging
EQ Force
Hogging Sagging
.
Flexural yielding will be in sagging at one end
and hogging at the other end, and vice versa.
Capacity Design for Shear (Contd) Capacity Design for Shear (Contd)
MSA MHB
L
+ MHB
MSA
Shear force =
L
MHA MSB
L
+ MSB
MHA
Shear force =
L
Capacity Design for Shear (Contd)
Example Example
kNLDVVLDbLDa5.6122.1
231'
paM295'
pbM
'
M
'
M
pa
pb
105
L
(V= 61.5-105=-45.5kN
a)min
(Vb)max = 61.5 + 105 = 166.5 kN
Example (Contd) Example (Contd)
102LMM'mbpa
303Mpa209M'pb
(Va)max
= 61.5 + 102 = 163.5 kN
= 61.5-102 = 40.5 kN
(Vb)min
Design shear reinforcement for these shear
force values as usual.
Slide 47
Detailing Reqmnts for Beams Detailing Reqmnts for Beams
Columns
Location of Lap Splices Location of Lap Splices

All laps should be only in the central half of the
column height.

Seismic moments are maximum in columns just
above and just below the beam: hence,
reinforcement must not change at those
locations.

Seismic moments minimum in the central half of
the column height.

Hence, reinforcement should be specified from
mid-storey-height to next mid-storey-height.
Locations of Laps in Columns
Region for
lap splices
Locations of Laps in Columns
Region for
lap splices
Bending Moment Diagram
Lap Splices

Should be proportioned as tension splices.

Columns may develop substantial moments.

The moments are reversible in direction.

Hence, all bars are liable to go under tension.
No of bars to be lapped No of bars to be lapped

Code does not allow more than 50% of the bars
to lapped at the same location.

For buildings of normal proportions, it means:

Half the bars to be spliced in one storey, and the
other half in the next storey.

Construction difficulties.

The clause appears to be very harsh.

It should allow all bars to be lapped at the same
location but with a penalty on the lap length.
Detailing at Lap Locations Detailing at Lap Locations

Hoops to be provided over entire splice length
at spacing not exceeding 150 c/c.
Transverse Reinforcement

A hoop must be (Cl. 7.3.1):

Closed stirrup

Have 135 degree hook

Have 10 dia extension (but not less than 75mm)
at each end which is embedded in core
concrete.

10 dia extension: difficulties in construction

ACI now allows 6 dia extension (subject to a
minimum of 75 mm).
Transverse Reinforcement

If length of any side of hoop exceeds 300mm,
cross tie to be provided (Cl. 7.3.2)
Transverse Reinforcement (Contd)
As per ACI318
Spacing of Hoops (Cl. 7.3.3) Spacing of Hoops (Cl. 7.3.3)

Spacing of hoops anywhere not to exceed half
the least lateral dimension of the column.

Except where confinement reinforcement is
needed: closer spacing will be needed there.
Shear Design Shear Design

Column to be designed for larger of

Calculated factored shear force.

Shear force by capacity design concept
assuming plastic hinge forms at the beams on
either side.

It is assumed in this clause that the columns will not yield
before the beams do (Strong Column
Weak Beam
Design)

However, recall that our code does not have the clause for
strong column
weak beam design.
Design Shear Force for Column
Special Confining Reinf. Special Confining Reinf.

Must be provided over a length lo from each
joint face. Length lo must be larger of:

Larger lateral dimension of the column

1/6 of the clear span of member

450mm
Special Confining Reinf. (Contd)
.
If point of contraflexure not within middle half
of the member clear height:
.
Special confining reinforcement should be
provided over full column height.
Slide 63
Column End at Footing Column End at Footing
Spacing of Special Conf. Reinf.

Spacing of hoops for special confinement
reinforcement

Not to exceed of minimum column dimension.

But need not be less than 75mm nor more than
100 mm.

The above spacing is really for buildings.

For large bridge piers, may allow larger spacing

AASHTO: minimum spacing of 100mm

Japanese code: minimum spacing of 150mm

Indian code needs to incorporate this.
Confinement Reinf. Area

Area of cross section of circular hoops or spirals
to be not less than:
0.109.0kgyckkshAAffSDA
Example:

Column dia: 300 mm

M20 concrete, Fe415 reinforcement

Spacing of confinement reinforcement should not
exceed 300/4 = 75, or 100mm and cannot be less
than75mm.

Hence, spacing of confinement reinf. = 75 mm

Assuming clear cover of 40mm:

Core dia (Dk) is 220mm; Ak=38,000 sq.m

Overall dia = 300mm; A=70,700 sq.m
g
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 220 x (20/415) x [(300/220)2 -1] = 61.5 sq.mm
Hence, 10 mm dia bars are needed.
Another Example: Another Example:

Same as earlier: change column dia to 200mm.

Stirrup spacing will still be 75mm.

Core dia is 120mm
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 120 x (20/415) x [(200/120)2 -1] = 69.4 sq.mm
Need 10 mm stirrups.


Stirrup spacing will still be 75mm.

Core dia is 70mm
= 0.09 x 75 x 70 x (20/415) x [(150/70)2 -1] = 81.8 sq.mm
Ash
Need 12 mm dia stirrups!!
Confinement Reinforcement

The last term in bracket tends to increase as the
column size reduces.

For very small sections, you will get larger dia
bars.

Can be a problem in the detailing of boundary
elements of shear walls.
More Example More Example

Stirrup spacing will now be 100mm.
Core dia is 1920mm
Ash = 0.09 x 100 x 1920 x (20/415) x [(2000/1920)2 -1]
= 70.84 sq.mm
Need 10 mm stirrups!! Clearly, too small for 2 m
dia column.
Confinement Reinforcement

For very large diameters, the last term in
bracket tends to be very small.

This leads to under-design of large
diameter bridge piers.
Rectangular Hoops Rectangular Hoops
0.118.0kgyckshAAffShA
Confinement Hoops Confinement Hoops
Thus, equations of Cl. 7.4.7 and Cl. 7.4.8
break down for very large sections and
very small sections.
This needs to be fixed in the code. IRC draft
under discussion provides additional
requirements on this.
Beam Column Joints
Joints in RC Frames Joints in RC Frames
.
Moment resisting frame has three components
.
Beams
.
Columns
.
Rigid joint between beams and columns.
.
Joint is a very important element.
.
Earlier, joint was often ignored in RC
constructions, even though in steel constructions
adequate attention was always paid to the joint.
Slide 75
Codal Provisions
.
Provisions in IS:13920 on joints are very weak.
.
Considerable improvements are needed in the
next edition.
.
Partly, this is because IS:456 lacks general
framework for joint calculations.
Slide 76
Reinforcement in Joint
.
Joint too needs to have stirrups like columns do.
.
In most constructions in our country, joints are
not provided with stirrups.
.
It is often tedious to provide stirrups in joint due to
congestion.
.
In gravity design, there was a practice that
bottom beam bars need not be continuous
through the joint.
.
It is simply not acceptable when building has to
carry lateral loads.
Slide 77
RC Detailing Handbook of BIS
Incorrect
Practice
RC Detailing Handbook of BIS
Incorrect
Practice
Issues
.
Serviceability
.
Cracks should not occur due to
.
Diagonal compressionm
.
Joint shear
.
Strength
.
Should be more than that in adjacent members
.
Ductility
.
Not needed for gravity loads
.
Needed for seismic loads
.
Ease of Construction
.
Should not be congested.
Cracks in Joint Region Cracks in Joint Region
Type of Joints Type of Joints
Geometric Description of Joints
Moment Strength Ratio Moment Strength Ratio
.
Moment strength ratio to ensure Strong
Column
Weak Beam
.
Columns should have higher moment capacity
than the beams
0.1MM)beams(n)cols(n
.
Normally, the codes require this ratio to be at
least 1.2
Slide 83
Moment Strength Ratio (Contd)
.
Our code does not have this requirement.
.
Notice that the original draft contained in
Medhekars paper had this clause
.
This clause requires much larger column sizes
than prevalent in India.
.
It was felt that this may not be followed in
practice and hence it should be deferred for the
time being.
.
It is perhaps time to think of bringing this clause
in the code.
Slide 84
Confinement of Concrete Core Confinement of Concrete Core
.
Core concrete acts as compression strut, and
.
It carries shear force.
shell
core
Compression Strut Compression Strut
Compression Strut
Moment
Moment
Confinement Confinement
.
Provided by the beams (and slabs) around the
joint, and
Col.
Plan
.
By the reinforcement:
.
Longitudinal bars (from beams and columns,
passing through the joint), and
.
Transverse reinforcement
Slide 87
Confinement (Contd)
.
Better to provide more number of smaller dia
longitudinal bars in beams and columns.
.
Requirements on transverse reinforcement
reduced if joint is confined by beams on all
faces.
Slide 88
IS:13920
.
Unless the joint is confined by beams, special
confinement reinforcement provided in the
columns to also be provided in joint.
.
If beams frame on all four faces of the joint, the
joint may be provided half the reinforcement
given above. This is provided:
.
Beam widths are at least column width.
.
Spacing of hoops in the joint region not to
exceed 150 mm.
Slide 89
Shear Force in Joint Shear Force in Joint
Shear Force in Joint (Contd) Shear Force in Joint (Contd)
Shear Strength Shear Strength
.
Indian code does not require shear strength of
joint to be checked.
.
This should be introduced.
.
ACI and other codes provide a formal method to
check shear stress within the joint region.
Slide 92
Anchorage for Longitudinal Bars
.
Joints should be capable of providing anchorage
to beam and column bars.
External Joints External Joints
.
ACI has standard hooks. Hence, the column
width is checked to ensure anchorage.
lcbydhfdfl'65
Bar Stresses
Under Lateral
Gravity Loads Lateral Loads
Loads
Internal Joints Internal Joints

Seismic Codes usually require that
20DiameterBar BeamthColumn Wid

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