Mechanics The trickiest one of all: v = d t Average velocity: v ave = total displacement total time An equation with v, v o , a, t: v = v o +at An equation with d, v o , a, t: d = v o t + 1 2 at 2 An equation with v, v o , a, d: v 2 = v o 2 +2ad Newton's First Law: !"ects in #otion $or at rest% will stay in #otion $or at rest% unless acted on !y an outside force Newton's First Law: F = ma Newton's Third Law: &very force has an equal and o''osite force F y F F x = F cos 0 ( F x F y = F sin 0 )echanical *ower: P = energy time = Work t = Fv +#'ulse and )o#entu#: FAt = Ap = (mv) final (mv) initial Frictional Force: F f = jF N ,ravitational Force: F G = G m 1 m 2 r 2 -entri'etal Force: F c = mv 2 r .ork done !y centri'etal forces: Zero! Force of a s'ring $/0)%: F s = k x *otential &nergy of a /'ring: PE = 1 2 k x 2 *eriod of a *endulu# T = 2n . L g Electrostatics The charge of one electron: 1123 4 13 516 - Force !etween 2 charges: F = k q 1 q 2 r 2 The electrostatic constant k 6 4 13 6 N #7- 2 &lectric field of a 'oint charge: E = k q r 2 0ow are F and E related8 F ! q E &lectric 'otential of a 'oint charge: " = k q r &lectric 'otential of a ca'acitor: " ! E d -a'acitance # ! $ " &lectric 'otential energy slash .ork to #ove a charge: EPE ! q %" Circuits h#'s Law: " ! & ' &lectrical *ower: P = &" = & 2 ' = " 2 ' /eries *arallel -urrent: & ( ! & ) ! & * & total ! & ( + & ) + & * 9oltage: " total ! " ( + " ) + " * " ( ! " ) ! " * :esistance: ' total ! ' ( + ' ) + ' * 1 ' total = 1 ' 1 + 1 ' 2 + 1 ' ; -a'acitance: 1 $ total = 1 $ 1 + 1 $ 2 + 1 $ ; $ total ! $ ( + $ ) + $ * Magnetic Fields & Forces Field of a /traight .ire: , = j o & 2n' )agnetic Force on a -harge: F , = q" , )agnetic Force on a .ire: F , = & l , .ork done !y a )agnetic Field: Zero! )agnetic Flu4: < ! ,- +nduced 9oltage: " = emf = A1 At = ,lv Len='s Law: +nduced current generates a #agnetic flu4 that opposes the change in flu4 that induced it Modern Physics >ohn ?alton: es'ouses the #odern ato#ic theory >1 >1 Tho#'son: discovers the electron $in 'lu# 'udding@% :o!ert )illikan: #easured the charge of an electron &rnest :utherford: gold foil e4'eri#ent $A nuclei, e#'ty s'ace% Niels Bohr: electrons in fixed or!its like a solar syste# .hat is an electron5volt8 1 e9 C 1123 4 13 516 > &nergy of light: E 'hoton ! . f .ork function: 1 = .f incoming /E electrons :elativity -orrection Factor: . 1 v 2 c 2 The ?e5Broglie wavelength: \ = . p = . mv )oving lengths111 8 s.rink! )oving ti#es111 8 r0n slo1er 2longer3! )oving #asses111 8 get .eavier! Optics /'eed of light in a #ediu#: v = c n c Law of :eflection: 0 1 = 0 2 /nell's Law of :efraction: n 1 sin0 1 = n 2 sin0 2 .hich way does light !end8 to1ards the nor#al in a denser #ediu# and a1ay fro# the nor#al in a less dense #ediu# -ritical angle of internal reflection: n 1 sin0 c = n 2 sin 63 so sin0 c = n 2 n 1 The Lens &quation: 1 f = 1 d o45ect + 1 d image where f D 3 for converging lenses f E 3 for diverging lenses d i#age D 3 for real i#ages d i#age E 3 for virtual i#ages )agnification: m = . image . o45ect = d image d o45ect :ay Tracing :ules: for lenses 11 one line through the -enter 21 one line 'arallel to the a4is and through the Focus $;1 one line through the Focus and then 'arallel to the a4is% for mirrors 11 one line through the -enter 21 one line 'arallel to the a4is and through the Focus $;1 one line reflected through the 'oint where the #irror #eets the a4is% a!es Frequency of a wave: f = 1 period = 1 T /'eed of a wave : v = f \ &nergy of a wave: 'ro'ortional to $a#'litude% 2 ?o''ler shift rules 11 listener and source getting closer frequency goes u' $!lue shift% 21 listener and source getting further frequency goes down $red shift% ;1 listener is #oving s'eed changes cause freq1 change F1 source is #oving G changes cause freq1 change Beat frequency: f 4eats =
?estructive interference 'ath difference: \ 2 6 ;\ 2 6 H\ 2 6 111 1 st har#onic $funda#ental f % of a string: \ = 2L , f 1 = v 2L 2 nd har#onic $1 st overtone% of a string: \ = L , f 2 = v L = 2 f 1 n th har#onic of a string: f n = n f 1 ?ou!le5slit diffraction 1 st order #a4i#u# x = \ L d $for slit s'acing d and screen distance L% Ther"al Physics 0eat required to change te#'erature # = mcAT 0eat required to change 'hase: # = m7 f or # = m7 v First Law of Ther#odyna#ics: A8 = # W /econd Law of Ther#odyna#ics: Entropy increases! +deal ,as Law: P" = n 'T Boyle's Law: P 1 " 1 = P 2 " 2 at constant T, n -harles' Law: T 1 " 2 = T 2 " 1 at constant *, n .hat does adia!atic #ean8 No .eat transferred in or o0t! 0ow do we calculate .ork !y a gas8 W = PA" By how #uch does length increase AL = oLAT when so#ething is heated8 for coefficient of linear e4'ansion o +deal efficiency: c ideal = T 7ot T $old T 7ot Actual efficiency: c act0al = Work o0t 7eat in = W # in
Reduction of Organic Compounds With Sodium Borohydride-Transition Metal Salt Systems - Reduction of Organic Nitrile, Nitro and Amide Compounds To Primary Amines