Isotopes of Tantalum - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Isotopes of tantalum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1 of 5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Natural tantalum (Ta) consists of two stable isotopes: 181Ta (99.988%) and
The latter nuclide
180m
Ta (0.012%).
180m
Ta (m denotes a metastable state) has sufficient energy to decay in three ways: isomeric transition to the ground
180
180
180
state of Ta, beta decay to W, and electron capture to Hf. However, no radioactivity from any decay mode of this nuclear
isomer has ever been observed. Only a lower limit on its half-life of over 1015 years has been set, by observation. The very slow
180m
Ta is attributed to its high spin (9 units) and the low spin of lower-lying states. Gamma or beta decay would require
decay of
many units of angular momentum to be removed in a single step, so that the process would be very slow.[1]
The very unusual nature of 180mTa is underscored by the fact that the ground state of this nuclear isomer,
180
Ta, has a half-life of only
180m
Ta is the only naturally occurring nuclear isomer (excluding radiogenic and cosmogenic short-living nuclides). It is also
8 hours.
the rarest primordial nuclide in the Universe observed for any element that has any stable isotopes.
There are also 35 known artificial radioisotopes, the longest-lived of which are 179Ta with a half-life of 1.82 years, 182Ta with a
half-life of 114.43 days, 183Ta with a half-life of 5.1 days, and 177Ta with a half-life of 56.56 hours. All other isotopes have half-lives
under a day, most under an hour. There are also numerous isomers, the most stable of which (other than 180mTa) is 178m1Ta with a
half-life of 2.36 hours.
Tantalum has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of
181
Ta, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the
182
Ta with a half-life of 114.43 days and produce approximately 1.12 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly
radioactive isotope
increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several months. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or
used.
Tantalum has a standard atomic mass of 180.94788(2) u
Table
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Z(p) N(n) isotopic mass (u)
nuclide
symbol
half-life
decay
daughter
nuclear
[2][n 1]
spin
mode(s)
isotope(s)[n 2]
excitation energy
155
73
82 154.97459(54)#
13(4) s
[12(+43) s]
156
73
83 155.97230(43)#
144(24) ms
Ta
Ta
156m
102(7) keV
Ta
157
73
Ta
84 156.96819(22)
0.36(4) s
10.1(4) ms
157m1
22(5) keV
4.3(1) ms
157m2
1593(9) keV
1.7(1) ms
Ta
Ta
158
73
Ta
158m
141(9) keV
Ta
159
73
Ta
159m
73
Ta
160m
73
Ta
161m
88 160.95842(6)#
50(50)# keV
Ta
162
87 159.96149(10)
310(90)# keV
Ta
161
86 158.963018(22)
64(5) keV
Ta
160
85 157.96670(22)#
49(8) ms
36.0(8) ms
1.04(9) s
514(9) ms
1.70(20) s
1.55(4) s
3# s
155
(91%)
153
Hf
Hf
(9%)
Lu
157
Hf
9+
1/2+
11/2
153
(96%)
154
Lu
Lu
(4%)
158
(93%)
154
IT
158
158
(66%)
159
(34%)
155
(56%)
155
Hf
Ta
(9+)
Hf
Hf
Lu
Lu
(44%)
156
(2)
Lu
159
(25/2)
Hf
Lu
160
Hf
+ (66%)
160
(34%)
156
+ (95%)
161
(5%)
157
Hf
Lu
Hf
Lu
(1/2+)
(11/2)
(2#)
(9)+
1/2+#
11/2#
163
(.2%)
159
14.2(3) s
164
(3+)
31.0(15) s
165
5/2#
164
73
91 163.95353(3)
165
73
92 164.950773(19)
Hf
Lu
Hf
Lu
Hf
Hf
60(30) keV
Ta
(2)
+ (99.8%)
10.6(18) s
165m
Hf
(.073%)
90 162.95433(4)
Ta
p (4.2%)
155
158
73
Ta
156
162
3.57(12) s
Ta
+ (95.8%)
+ (99.92%)
89 161.95729(6)
163
(11/2)
2.89(12) s
73
Ta
3+#
1/2+#
9/2#
166
73
93 165.95051(3)
34.4(5) s
166
(2)+
167
73
94 166.94809(3)
1.33(7) min
167
(3/2+)
168
73
95 167.94805(3)
2.0(1) min
168
(2,3+)
169
73
96 168.94601(3)
4.9(4) min
169
(5/2+)
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
representative
range of natural
isotopic
variation
composition
(mole fraction)
(mole fraction)
Hf
Hf
Hf
Hf
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170
73
97 169.94618(3)
6.76(6) min
170
(3)(+#)
171
73
98 170.94448(3)
23.3(3) min
171
(5/2)
172
73
99 171.94490(3)
36.8(3) min
172
(3+)
173
73
100 172.94375(3)
3.14(13) h
173
Hf
5/2
174
73
101 173.94445(3)
1.14(8) h
174
Hf
3+
175
73
102 174.94374(3)
10.5(2) h
175
Hf
7/2+
176
73
103 175.94486(3)
8.09(5) h
176
Hf
(1)
IT
176
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
Hf
Hf
Hf
176m1
103.0(10) keV
1.1(1) ms
176m2
1372.6(11)+X keV
3.8(4) s
(14)
176m3
2820(50) keV
0.97(7) ms
(20)
Ta
Ta
Ta
177
73
Ta
104 176.944472(4)
56.56(6) h
Ta
177
Hf
(+)
7/2+
177m1
73.36(15) keV
410(7) ns
9/2
177m2
186.15(6) keV
3.62(10) s
5/2
177m3
1355.01(19) keV
5.31(25) s
21/2
177m4
4656.3(5) keV
133(4) s
49/2
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
178
73
Ta
105 177.945778(16)
9.31(3) min
178
Hf
1+
178
Hf
(7)
178m1
100(50)# keV
2.36(8) h
178m2
1570(50)# keV
59(3) ms
(15)
178m3
3000(50)# keV
290(12) ms
(21)
Ta
Ta
Ta
179
73
Ta
106 178.9459295(23) 1.82(3) a
EC
179
Hf
7/2+
179m1
30.7(1) keV
1.42(8) s
(9/2)
179m2
520.23(18) keV
335(45) ns
(1/2)+
179m3
1252.61(23) keV
322(16) ns
(21/2)
179m4
1317.3(4) keV
9.0(2) ms
179m5
1327.9(4) keV
1.6(4) s
(23/2)
179m6
2639.3(5) keV
54.1(17) ms
(37/2+)
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
180
73
Ta
107 179.9474648(24) 8.152(6) h
IT
179
Ta
EC (86%)
180
- (14%)
180
Hf
(25/2+)
1+
180m1
77.1(8) keV
180m2
1452.40(18) keV
31.2(14) s
15
180m3
3679.0(11) keV
2.0(5) s
(22)
180m4
4171.0+X keV
17(5) s
(23,24,25)
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
181
73
Ta
181m1
Ta
108 180.9479958(20)
6.238(20) keV
Observationally stable [n 3]
Observationally stable [n 4]
6.05(12) s
7/2+
1.2(2)104
0.99988(2)
9/2
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181m2
615.21(3) keV
18(1) s
1/2+
181m3
1485(3) keV
25(2) s
21/2
181m4
2230(3) keV
210(20) s
29/2
Ta
Ta
Ta
182
73
Ta
109 181.9501518(19) 114.43(3) d
182m1
16.263(3) keV
283(3) ms
182m2
519.572(18) keV
15.84(10) min
Ta
Ta
183
73
Ta
183m
110 182.9513726(19) 5.1(1) d

73.174(12) keV
Ta
182
IT
182
W
Ta
3
5+
10
183
107(11) ns
7/2+
9/2
184
73
111 183.954008(28)
8.7(1) h
184
(5)
185
73
112 184.955559(15)
49.4(15) min -
185
(7/2+)#
Ta
Ta
185m
1308(29) keV
Ta
186
73
Ta
113 185.95855(6)
186m
>1 ms
10.5(3) min
(21/2)
-
186
(2,3)
7/2+#
1.54(5) min
Ta
187
73
114 186.96053(21)#
2# min
[>300 ns]
187
188
73
115 187.96370(21)#
20# s
[>300 ns]
188
189
73
116 188.96583(32)#
3# s
[>300 ns]
190
73
117 189.96923(43)#
0.3# s
Ta
Ta
Ta
Ta
7/2+#
1. ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
2. ^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
3. ^ Only known observationally stable nuclear isomer, believed to decay by isomeric transition to 180Ta, - decay to 180W, or electron
capture to 180Hf with a half-life over 1.21015 years
4. ^ Believed to undergo decay to 177Lu
Notes
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak
assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one
standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
1. ^ Quantum mechanics for engineers (http://www.eng.fsu.edu/~dommelen/quantum/style_a/ntgd.html) Leon van Dommelen, Florida State
University
2. ^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
Isotope masses from:

G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay
properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Bhlke, P. De Bivre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic
11.2.2014 18:13
5 of 5
weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683

/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications
/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 20512066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomicweights_revised05.html).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay
properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128.
Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).
doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National
Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC
Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Isotopes of hafnium
Isotopes of tantalum
Isotopes of
tungsten
Table of nuclides
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Categories: Tantalum Isotopes of tantalum Lists of isotopes by element
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Ta, has a half-life of only