Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry | Jul-Sep 2013 | Vol 31| Issue 3 | 201
Delayed replantation of an avulsed maxillary premolar
with open apex: A 24 months follow-up case report Ravi K. S., Pinky C. 1 , Shikhar Kumar 2 , Amit Vanka 3 Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 3 Division of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Sina National College of Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1 Pediatric Dentistry, Farooqia Dental College & Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, 2 Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University College of Medical Science, New Delhi, India that will cause tooth loss. [5] Andreason has reported that if the tooth has been out of the mouth for more than 2 h, there is 95% chance of external resorption. [6,7] Nevertheless, if managed appropriately, avulsed teeth with viable PDL when reimplanted can remain functional for some years. This article describes the rare case of management of an immature avulsed premolar with an extra-alveolar dry storage of more than 3 h. Case Report A healthy 11-year-old boy reported to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry with a chief complaint of missing upper right back tooth and lip laceration. History revealed that patient has had bicycle accident about 3 h ago resulting in loss of upper right back tooth. Intraoral examination revealed lip laceration along with clinically missing maxillary right rst premolar [Figure 1]. Following which parents were asked to visit the site of accident to nd the avulsed tooth if possible and meanwhile periapical radiographic investigation carried out revealed no evidence of any associated hard tissue injury. The tooth was subsequently found at the site of accident with soil contamination [Figure 2]. Examination of avulsed tooth revealed intact crown and root with wide apical Address for correspondence: Dr. Pinky C, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Farooqia Dental College & Hospital, Tilak Nagar, Mysore - 570 021, Karnataka, India. Email: pinky_0291@yahoo.co.in Case Report ABSTRACT Avulsion of permanent teeth is most serious of all dental injuries and accounts for 1-16% of all traumatic injuries, of which maxillary incisors are most commonly involved. However, in this report a rare case of isolated avulsed immature premolar has been described. The patient had reported more than 3 hours after the trauma with a tooth stored in dry condition and soil contamination. The prognosis depends on measures taken at the place of accident or the time immediately after avulsion. Replantation is the treatment of choice, but cannot always be performed immediately. An appropriate emergency management and treatment plan is important for good prognosis. In this report stepwise management of an avulsed immature maxillary premolar with extended period of dry storage has been described followed up for a period of 2 yrs. KEYWORDS: Avulsion, delayed replantation, immature premolar Introduction Avulsion accounts for 0.5-16% of traumatic injuries in the permanent dentition. [1,2] Avulsion of permanent teeth can occur at any age, but is most common in young permanent dentition due to roots being incompletely formed and resilient periodontium and bone. [3] Prognosis depends on measures taken at the place of accident or the time immediately after avulsion. [4] When a tooth is avulsed, attachment damage, pulp necrosis, and small localized cemental damage occurs. If the periodontal ligament (PDL) left attached to the root surface does not dry out, the negative consequences of tooth avulsion are usually minimal. However, if excessive drying occurs, following replantation these PDL cells will elicit a severe inammatory response, with physiologic bone re-contouring on the root surface Access this article online Quick response code Website: www.jisppd.com DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.117971 PMID: ****** Ravi, et al.: Immature maxillary premolar avulsion Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry | Jul-Sep 2013 | Vol 31| Issue 3 | 202 tissue, and thoroughly debrided with physiologic saline solution. The tooth was gently replanted with digital pressure, occlusion was evaluated and wire splinted with acid etch composite resin attached to adjacent teeth for a period of 2 weeks [Figures 3 and 4]. Patient was administered 5 days course of 250 mg amoxicillin thrice daily to prevent infection and advised to be on soft diet. Oral hygiene instructions were given and chlorhexidine mouthwash (Hexidine 2%, ICPA Health Products LTD, India) recommended twice a day for 2 week. Splint was removed after 2 weeks with no post-operative clinical or radiographic complications and patient was followed-up regularly at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months [Figures 5-8]. Tooth showed no clinical symptoms such as mobility, periodontal pocket or color change. Dull note on percussion was yielded at 24 months follow-up visit and periapical radiographic examination showed no sign of external root resorption. Discussion Best available treatment for avulsed teeth is immediate replantation, but for a variety of reasons this can be foramina and necrotic dried remnants of periodontal tissue due to extensive extraoral dry storage of over 3 h. Patient had bimaxillary protrusion and was referred to the Department of Orthodontics for possibility of extraction of other premolars and orthodontic correction. Despite advisability of orthodontic treatment and poor prognosis associated with replantation of an avulsed tooth, parents declined any kind of dental intervention and wanted the tooth to restored back. Treatment plan was established to carry out root surface treatment and extraoral root canal treatment (RCT). The tooth root was treated with triple antibiotic paste consisting of ciprooxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline in the ratio of 3:1:1 mixed with propylene glycol for a period of 10 min. Conventional enlargement and cleaning of root canal was performed. The canals were dried with sterile paper points and obturated with Gutta Percha (Dentsply Maillefer Swiss made, Ballaigues) and the root ends were sealed with glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji IX, Tokyo, Japan). Under local anesthesia the socket was gently curetted to remove any coagulum, granulation and pathologic Figure 1: Pre-operative intraoral photograph showing an avulsed right rst premolar Figure 3: Post-operative intraoral photograph after replantation and splinting with composite resin wire splint Figure 2: Photograph of an avulsed premolar with soil contamination Figure 4: Post-operative intraoral radiograph following splinting Ravi, et al.: Immature maxillary premolar avulsion Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry | Jul-Sep 2013 | Vol 31| Issue 3 | 203 difcult for nonprofessional person and teeth are often covered with debris. Clinical evidence suggests that macroscopic contamination on the root surface results in signicant higher percentage of teeth healing with ankylosis following avulsion and replantation. An explanation for this is that any foreign material and bacteria will increase the extent and duration of inammatory response. [8] In the present report, the time elapsed from occurrence of trauma up to emergency care was more than 3 h, worsened by dry storage and soil contamination on root surface. The anticipated healing of pulpal and periodontal tissues was extremely low as per scientic literature. However, despite unsatisfactory conditions replantation was the treatment option due to parents insistence and young age of the patient as the young permanent tooth loss leads to severe arrest of alveolar bone formation in a growing child. Alveolar ridge would be narrow and difcult to restore in future with either a bridge or implant. Most conservative approach for managing the avulsed teeth is to reimplant them as soon as possible. [9] The prerequisite for functional healing of an avulsed tooth is absence of infection. Early infection related complications derive from infected pulp space leading to tooth loss. Hence, pre-replantation extraoral RCT was performed in this case to prevent a common complication of inammatory root resorption, that occurs more rapidly in young patients as the dentinal tubules are more patent and readily transmit inammatory products from pulp to the root surface. [10,11] In this report, the root surface of premolar suffered extensive damage from improper storage conditions. Acc to Trope, when severe additional damage cannot be avoided and osseous replacement of the root is considered certain, steps are taken to slow the replacement of root by bone to maintain the tooth in mouth for as long as possible. [12] Root surface treatment with various agents such as tetracycline, dexamethasone, stannous uoride, sodium uoride, and tetracycline have been suggested by various authors. [13-16] In this case, root surface treatment was carried out with triple antibiotic paste containing ciprooxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline mixed Figure 5: 6 months follow-up radiograph Figure 6: 12 months follow-up radiograph Figure 7: 18 months follow-up radiograph Figure 8: 24 months follow-up radiograph demonstrating good bone healing without any root resorption Ravi, et al.: Immature maxillary premolar avulsion Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry | Jul-Sep 2013 | Vol 31| Issue 3 | 204 with propylene glycol to decontaminate the surface and exert prolonged bactericidal effect on PDL. [17]
According to Makkes et al. uncontaminated devitalized tissue cause low/no inammatory reaction, and thereby accounting for good periodontal healing in this case at 24 months follow-up. [18] Experimental studies in non-human primates have demonstrated that rigid splinting, i.e., immobilization or a prolonged splinting period may lead to extensive PDL healing complications, such as dentoalveolar ankylosis or external root resorption (replacement resorption. [16] Hence, splinting technique that allows physiologic movement of the tooth during healing, and that is in place for a minimal time period should be used. [9] Wire-composite resin splint was used in this case for a period of 2 weeks as it allows good oral hygiene maintenance and well tolerated by patient. An avulsed tooth will be exposed to bacterial contamination both extraorally and intraorally and reduction in bacterial inammatory stimulus by the use of antibiotics may have some role in improving periodontal and pulpal healing. [19] Patient in this report was prescribed 5 days course of amoxycillin as the bacteria found within the alveolar socket of avulsed teeth have been found to be sensitive to penicillin based antibiotics in an investigation carried out by Parry et al. [20] During 2 years follow-up, patients esthetics and occlusal function have been maintained. Clinically, dull note on percussion was yielded at last follow- up visit, but radiographically there was no evidence of any resorption. The expected outcome in this case was replacement resorption, but radiographic normal appearance of root could be attributed to limitation of intraoral radiography, i.e., unable to visualize the teeth 3-dimensionally. However, the patient is still under follow-up to determine the ultimate fate of this tooth replanted under unfavorable conditions. Conclusion Despite the fact that tooth had extended extra-alveolar dry storage, root surface treatment with triple antibiotic paste rendered the root surface more resistant to resorption, indicating the possibility of its long survival in oral cavity. This case report highlights the need for in depth investigation of root surface treatment options and the importance of replanting avulsed teeth even when the conditions are not very favorable. References 1. Kin oshita S, Kojima R, Taguchi Y, Noda T. Tooth replantation after traumatic avulsion: A report of ten cases. Dent Traumatol 2002;18:153-6. 2. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Dental traumatology. Quo vadis Endod Dent Traumatol 1990;6:78-82. 3. Sharma NK, Duggal MS. Replantation in general dental practice. Br Dent J 1994;176:147-51. 4. Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Malmgren B, Barnett F, et al. Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth. Endod Topics 2006;14:110-8. 5. Fidel SR, Santiago MR, Reis C, de Berredo Pinho MA, Sergio Fidel RA. Successful treatment of a multiple dental trauma: Case report of combined avulsion and intrusion. Braz J Dent Traumatol 2009;1:32-7. 6. Andreasen JO. Effect of extra-alveolar period and storage media upon periodontal and pulpal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys. Int J Oral Surg 1981;10:43-5. 7. Khalilak Z, Shikholislami M, Mohajeri L. Delayed tooth replantation after traumatic avulsion: A case report. Iran Endod J 2008;3:86-9. 8. Donaldson M, Kinirons MJ. Factors affecting the time of onset of resorption in avulsed and replanted incisor teeth in children. Dent Traumatol 2001;17:205-9. 9. Barrett EJ, Kenny DJ. Avulsed permanent teeth: A review of the literature and treatment guidelines. Endod Dent Traumatol 1997;13:153-63. 10. Finucane D, Kinirons MJ. External inammatory and replacement resorption of luxated, and avulsed replanted permanent incisors: A review and case presentation. Dent Traumatol 2003;19:170-4. 11. Fuss Z, Tsesis I, Lin S. Root resorption Diagnosis, classication and treatment choices based on stimulation factors. Dent Traumatol 2003;19:175-82. 12. Trope M. Clinical management of the avulsed tooth: Present strategies and future directions. Dent Traumatol 2002;18:1-11. 13. Kum KY, Kwon OT, Spngberg LS, Kim CK, Kim J, Cho MI, et al. Effect of dexamethasone on root resorption after delayed replantation of rat tooth. J Endod 2003;29:810-3. 14. Selvig KA, Bjorvatn K, Claffey N. Effect of stannous uoride and tetracycline on repair after delayed replantation of root- planed teeth in dogs. Acta Odontol Scand 1990;48:107-12. 15. Cvek M, Cleaton-Jones P, Austin J, Lownie J, Kling M, Fatti P. Effect of topical application of doxycycline on pulp revascularization and periodontal healing in reimplanted monkey incisors. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990;6:170-6. 16. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM. Textbook and Colour Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth. Copenhagen: Blackwell Munksgaard; 1994. p. 383-425. 17. Cruz EV, Kota K, Huque J, Iwaku M, Hoshino E. Penetration of propylene glycol into dentine. Int Endod J 2002;35:330-6. 18. Makkes PC, van Velzen SK, van den Hooff A. The response of the living organism to dead and xed dead enclosed homologous tissue. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978;46:296-30. 19. Sae-Lim V, Wang CY, Trope M. Effect of systemic tetracycline and amoxicillin on inammatory root resorption of replanted dogs teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1998;14:216-20. 20. Parry J, Barrett E, Kenny DJ. Characteristics of bacteria cultured from sockets and transport media of avulsed and transport media of avulsed permanent teeth in children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2003;13 Suppl 1:49. How to cite this article: Ravi KS, Pinky C, Kumar S, Vanka A. Delayed replantation of an avulsed maxillary premolar with open apex: A 24 months follow-up case report. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2013;31:201-4. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.