-2-

1
3
6
10
16
33
39
55
56

1.

1.

()(
)()

-3-

()

()

()
()

32MPa
32MPa

2.

()

()()(
)

3.
1

()
()

-4-

()

()

( 0.30.8MPa)

4.

(GB/T786.193)()
()
(
)

-5-

1.

(
)

()Pas2NSm2
/2m2
s m2 s cSt
1cSt=10-2cm2/s
()0ESSU

() 200C500C 1000C
0E200E500E100 500C
0E50

t<300C

500C(323K) 20
5020cSt
2.
N/m2
(
)

0.4Pa() 0.6Pa()0.4Pa(
)
3.
-6-

()
(

()

4.Recr

RecrRecr=2320()Re<Recr
Re>Recr
5.

()
6.

()
vA= q = const v1A1 = v2A2
A v

z1 +

u2
p1 1u12
p
+
= z 2 + 2 + 2 2 + hw
g
g
2g
2g

hw 1 2
12121122

F = q 2 2 v 2 q1 1v1

1.33 1
F , v 2 , v1
F
F F

-7-

7.

q = C d A0

2p

p A0 CdCd
Cd0.600.62Cd0.700.80

q=

d 4
p
128l

8.

()

()

()
100

-8-

1.()

()(
)

()

()()
2.
()
()
pp
(
)()()

()()()

()qtp(qM)()
()
()qp(qM)()(
)qp<qtpqM>qtMqtp qp=qtp(qMqtM=qTm)

VpqpqtpVM
qtMqM
TtpTpTtp
Tp Tp>Ttp
Nm()
TtMTMTtM
TMTM<TtM
()Tlp (TlM)()Tp(TtM)(
)Ttp(TM)
mpTtpTpmM
TMTtM
PipTp
Popqppppp
MPaL/minPoppp qp/60 kW
PiMpMqMPiMTMM (M)
pVpmp
VMmM
3.()
-9-

75
80
4.

(25105pa )

(6.3MPa)
14MPa21MPa
()

()

()()
()
( 40MPa )

( 20MPa )
0.940.98

()
- 10 -

()

5.()
pq
31

31

(1)
ABBC B
(2)
ABppAxFsppAx>Fs
e0(emax)AB
ABpp
BBppAx=FsppFs/Axpb(pb)

BCppAx<Fse
qBCC(C)

BCC
(3)

e0
AB
F5pb
BC BC
BC

- 11 -

AB
BC

6.
()(
) 32
(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)
(f)(g)(h)

32

- 12 -

1.

2.5MPa6.3MPa
10MPa16MPa
25MPa31.5MPa

2.

D =

2d (d )

()
3.

()

(1)
41
p (p<10MPa)
(10MPa< p
<20MPa)(p >20MPa)

- 13 -

41

41
4 ()

[ 41(b)I]

41(c) I K (
)

- 14 -

4-2

(2)
4-2

(
)
(1)

43
4-3
1 2 3

44 44(a)
3() 6 4 5 2
1 44(b) 1 2 4
2 2 2 3 4-4(c) 1
2 3

- 15 -

4-4

(2)
45

45
(a)(b)(c)(d)
(e)(f)(g)
4.
()

()
() 46

5.(OYV)
O Y V
- 16 -

46

O 47

O d D O
O O
O ()
32MPa
70MPa 10MPa
32MPa O (
)
O

4-7

4-8

Y Y 48

Y
-408013 20MPa
V V 49

10MPa
3
10MPa V

-400C800C 50MPa

- 17 -

4-9 V
(d)(6)(c)

4-10
6.

( 410 )[ 4-10(a)][ 4-10(b)]

[ 4-10(c)] d
()
d
() 1

- 18 -

2.

1.

(1)

p1p2

0.03MPa0.05MPa

5-1
()()
- 19 -

51

52

5-2 2 ()
1 2

2 1
2

5-3 8
8 2(2 )( 4 ) 2 1 2
7 3 5() 6
1 4( 5) 33
8 8
7 ( 8 )
5 5 6
5-4

- 20 -

5-3
5-4
5-5 1 ( 2
)() 1 5 2
4 4 5 4 1
2
3() 1
3 ( 1 1
4 5 1
)
5-6 3
1 4 6
5 3
1 4
5 3
1 6 3

20MPa l0min 2MPa

- 21 -

5-5

5-6

(
(228 )
( Y32-300 )

()()
()

5-7
3 1 3 4
7 3
5
7 7 4 8
()
5 6 3 3 1
3 9

5-7

DC( E) AC( D)

- 22 -

( 120 rain 240 min )

(30 rain )

63Lmin

5-8
YA(1DT) 2YA
1YA 2YA

()

5-8

YT5249
SZ-250A

()

5-3

(2)

- 23 -

()

()
(
)

5-9 pppy
[ 5-10(a)]
[ 5-10(b)]p1 (= pp)
py()
()p1
py

5-9

5-10
()
p2pyFL
[ 511(a)][ 511(b)]
- 24 -

[ 511(b) 3 2
1 ]

(
)

5-11

5-12

512 Y1Y2
Y2Y1
Y1Y1
Y1Y2Y2
Y1()
513 2
1 2 ()3 3
1

- 25 -

5-13
513(b) 1 1YA
3 2YA 2
1 3 2 1 32
1 32 32
5-14 3 2 K
2 r 6

5-14

()

- 26 -

()
()
()
()

p1

p2()
()

()
515
5-15 1 2
6 3
4 ()

()
0.5MPa

5-16
4
5

5-15

() 3
30105Pa 4 5 15105Pa
5 3

5-16

- 27 -

()()

()

()

517 6(
) 7
1 3
6 6
( 4 3 )
5
7
( 3 ) 3 (
) 7
( 5 3
) 7
4 6
( 3 )
J

5-17

0.8MPa1MPa

5-18
(p2= px)
5-19 4
5
5-20 (
)1 2 1 2
3
3 3 2 ( 1
)

pp= px 5-21

- 28 -

5-18

5-19

5-20

5-21

()

5-22 p1(=pp)
pKP

5-22

5-23

5-23 1YA
1 5 ( 1 )
5 3(KPl)
3 3YA 2 6
- 29 -

( 2 ) 6 3YA
4YA 2 6 (
2 ) 4(KP2)
4 1YA2YA 1 5
( 1 )
2YA4YA

(35)105Pa
(3)

()

5-24

5-25

()

5-24

5-25

5-26

p2 5-27

- 30 -

5-26

5-27

5-24

5-27

2.

4 3
()
3.

()
120

()
- 31 -

()

63Lmin

4.
5-28 pKlpKl
pKl
()p'K2
pK2p'K2p'K2 (pK2)
p'K2m
pK2
pn
qnpn

q()
(
)(
)pn
pK

5-28
5.

()()
()

p1qp2

- 32 -

529

p2f(p1)

5-30 p2f(q)

(1)p1p2p2f(p1)
529 p2p1
mp20om
()(
) 450(p1p2 450)mn
p1p2
p2(p1p2)mnp2p1

(p1p2)p2
(2) qp2p2f(q)
5-30 p1p2q
()p2()(p1p2)
p2f(q)
(p1p2)
(q0)

6.

()()()

7.
()

()

0.2MPa0.6MPa
8.

- 33 -

9.

qT = CT AT ( pT ) CT
m

ATpTm0.5<m<1

pTmpTqT(m0.5)
(m=1)

10.
)
()

()
11.
531 p
q p
(p<pmin)

p >p min
(
)
p >p min0.4MPa0.5MPa

531

1(3)

12.

- 34 -

13.

- 35 -

()

(
)

1.

l00m ()10m100m
()5m10m ()1m5m ()

6-1

6-1

2.()
62

6-2

- 36 -

61(a)
1 ()
[(0.10.2)105Pa]

61

61(b)
l
3.5105Pa 3
2

6-1(c)
2
1
6-1(d) 1
2030
6-1(e) 1

4.
6-2
6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6

- 37 -

62

6-3

()

1 2 3()
[( 6-2)] l( 2)()()
( 6-3)
()

6-4

6-5

6-7 1 2 3
4 4 1 (
2 ) 5 5
6 4 3
5 4

6-8 1 5 6
()7 7 2
- 38 -

1 5 6
7 1

6-9 6 7 8
4

6-6

6-8

6-7

6-9

[ 6-10(a)][
6-10(b)]
6-10(a)
4 5
5.

()()

- 39 -

610

6.p2p0
(
)p0
V0()
V1p1V0V1()
p2V2V2V1 6-11

6-11

()
611
V1()pl
- 40 -

()p2p2=p0p0V0
()(p2< p0)
p2p2> p0V2<V0p2 ()
V2p2V2=V0

p2p0< p2
p0 =(0.80.85)p2p0 =(0.60.65)p2

- 41 -

(
)
()
()

1.

(
)

()

()

2.
]

()
()
(
)()

- 42 -

3.()

(1)
7-1 l
2 3 2

()

71
AT1F
7-1
()FLv

AT2AT3(AT1< AT2< AT3)

AT2AT3 72
(AT1AT2AT3)
()()
kv1v2v3
AT1AT2AT3
FLmax

7-2
pmaxFLmax

72 (1)
(AT1AT2AT3)AT1
A1>B1 (2)(FL=FLA)
A3>A2>A1

71
FLmaxppA1AT

Pop = p p q p = const

P1 = FL v = FL

F
q1
= q1 L = p1 q1
A1
A1

()
- 43 -

P = PP P1 = p p q p p1q1
= p p ( q1 + q ) ( p p pT )q1
= p p q + pT q1
ppqpTq1

c =

P1
pq
Fv
=
= 1 1
Pp
p p q vp
ppqp

qpq1

100()

2
73
q2(v=q2A2)

(
)
()

- 44 -

73

74

(3)
74

qpqT
q1qpqT+q1qT ()q1(
)(v=qlA1)pp()
FL

(AT1AT2AT3
FLvFL
FLv)
7-5
(1)(A'TA''TA'''T)FL
(2)(AT= AT1)(FL2>FL1)('2<'1)

7-5

(3)(FL=FL1)(A'TA''TA'''T)
('''1>''1>'1)

(
- 45 -

()
()
( 75 F'''Lmax < F''Lmax <F'Lmax)
pp
p1()

(4)

76

0.4MPa05
MPa ( 0.3 MPa) 1 MPa

(a)

(b)
(c)

76

4.()
()

()
+

(1)+

- 46 -

77 (a)(b)
3 (
)(b)()

5 5
4 4
()

77

()
(
)()

Fmax
Fmaxp3A1m
p3 3 mA1

P
(qtp) 78
(2)+
79 3
5 5 a b
4 1
2
6 1 0.3MPa1MPa
3 1015

- 47 -

7-8 +
79 +
nM
nM

nM =

qp
qtp
np
qtM q M
=
=
=
=
qp = f ( qp )
qM
qM qM qM qM

qmnp 3 qpnMnMqp
nMqp 710

pMmax 4 ( 7-9)
TMmax

TM max =

p M max q M
mM = const
2

7-10 nMTMmaxPMmaxqp

7-10 )

PM max = q p p M max = n p q p p M max = f ( q p )

710

qp 40

(3)+
711
3 4 5

- 48 -

7-12 nMTMmaxPMmaxqM

7-11 +

nMnM

nM =

qtp n p q p
q tM
1
=
=
= f(
)
qM
qM
qM
qM

qpconstqM
nMf(1/qM) 712
3 pMmax
PMmax

PM max = p M max q M M = p M max q p M = const

(qMqpconst)
MPMmx
7-12 (
7-12
)

+qM
( 4 )
()

7-13 +
(4)+
713 1 12
1 45 67
8 9 () 2
10
- 49 -

2 10
3 () 10
11 7 ( 6 ) 1
5 11 4 3
3 11 (
0.5MPa) 9 11
9 1
( 8 ) 8
9 1 12 12 9
8 9 12
3 11 10 1
4 3 8 9 3
6

714nMTMmaxPMMaxxqMqp

7-15

nMTMmaxPMMaxxqp 714

nMTMmaxPMMaxxqM 7-14

( 100)

5.
(1)
7-15 2 1
?

1 2
- 50 -

1 qpqlqp =qlql
pp
ppeqpqp =ql
qlppqpqp =ql

qlqpqp =ql()
()
()()
p1
p1p2

(
)

6.

()

(
)

()

( 40)()
( 4)
100

7.()

(1)
- 51 -

716 4 1
3 2 3 3 2
2 3
3 2 A1()
() 3
Al=2A2

716

717

717 l 2 3
2 46 5 1
2 3 12( 64)
()() 3
3 2 3 () 1
3

5-7

()
(2)

718
3 3
1 3 ()()
7 3 ()
5 7 7
4 8( 3 )

5 6 3 3 1 3
9 4 4() 3
- 52 -

7-18

7-19

719 () 4 6 ()
3 3 1 3

9 3 46 L 6
6 10 8 3
8 4 ()
4 3 3 9
5 4 7
6
() 7

(3)

720 1 3 5
3
5 4 5 4

34
( 4)
()()

721 3
5 3
4 4 3 4
4 3
- 53 -

4 ,

720

7-21

8.

()

(1)
()

722 7-23

7-23 1
4 3
34

723 1 ( 10MPa) 1YA

3 ( 5MPa)2YA 2 ( 7MPa)
()
1
23

- 54 -

722

7-23

(2)
()

()
519 520 ()

724 py()
pjl1YApYl2YApj2
pylpy2pjl
pjl
9.
7-25 pp=py 2
3 2 3 4 4 pp=py1
pypyt 2 ( 4
)(pp=py)

7-24

725

10.
(1)
()
- 55 -

()

()

(2)

(3)

()
11.

()
()()
()
()()
(
)

12.
1 2 2
726

727

34 1
1 3 3 1
- 56 -

3 2 2
2 4 4 4 2
4 1
1 3 3 3 1
3 2 2 2
4 4 2

13.
2 2 ()

()()()2 () 2

()

()

- 57 -

()

()
(10MPa40MPa)
(80MPa150MPa)

- 58 -

I
()

()

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

2
(1)
()

- 59 -

(2)
(
)

(1)

0.1 MPa

(2)()

(3)

(
)
7

(1)

05-08MPa 0.7-1.0MPa

(2)

140-170 40-50

(3)

(4)

- 60 -

()

(5)

(6)

8
(1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

(2)

91 a

1 5

91b

- 61 -

(3)
/
(4)

- 62 -

- 63 -