Chapter-5 Detailed Component Description: 5.1 Piezoelectric Sensor

Foot Power Generation Project Report, 2012
Chapter-5
DETAILED COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
5.1 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR
One type of piezoelectric is a crystalline material made up of unit cells (defining its
pysical properties! tat lac" a center of symmetry, wile carges are oriented symmetrically, ma"ing
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te material electrically neutral *ecanical stress disrupts te symmetry of te carges, producing a
+oltage across te faces
,oltage across material is descri-ed in format of xy-mode x a.is is te a.is along wic
+oltage is produced, and y a.is is te a.is -eing stressed
(e stri"e of te eel against te ground can -e modeled as a force impulse tat causes te
sudden deceleration of te foot$ (e effect of te soe sole (especially te cusiony sole of a sport
soe! is to widen tis impulse as it does wor" compressing te sole$ /en te sole springs -ac", it
does not e.ert as muc force in return as was imparted to it -y te foot, and te loss is con+erted into
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waste energy manifesting itself as eat$ /it a piezoelectric de+ice, some of tis waste energy can -e
turned into electricity$
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Fig 5.1.1 Force/displacement curve for shoe sole
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/en te sole is -ent as te foot lea+es te ground, a similar process to te eel stri"e
occurs$ 2n addition to te direct force applied -y te -all of te foot, te sole also e.periences an
induced stress from te -ending action$ 3s -efore, te stress cur+e for te sole as it returns to its
normal sape e.i-its a ysteresis effect, wic indicates waste energy$
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Fig 5.1.2 Piezo electric efect
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5.2 LM3423IC
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FIG5.2.1 pin out of lm323
DESCRIPTION
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(e 8*0121920 are +ersatile ig +oltage :;cannel *osF%( controllers for 8%# dri+ers
(ey can -e easily configured in -uc", -oost, -uc";-oost and <%P2& topologies$ (is fle.i-ility, along
wit an input +oltage rating of 64,, ma"es te 8*0121920 ideal for illuminating 8%#s in a large
family of applications$ 3djusta-le ig;side current sense +oltage allows for tigt regulation of te
8%# current wit te igest efficiency possi-le$ (e 8*0121920 uses Predicti+e Off;time (PRO!
control, wic is a com-ination of pea" current;mode control and a predicti+e off;timer$ (is metod
of control eases te design of loop compensation wile pro+iding inerent input +oltage feed;forward
compensation$ (e 8*0121920 de+ices include a ig;+oltage startup regulator tat operates o+er a
wide input range of 1$4, to 64,$ (e internal P/* controller is designed for adjusta-le switcing
fre=uencies of up to 2$0 *>z, tus ena-ling compact solutions$ 3dditional features include ?zero
current? sutdown, analog dimming, P/* dimming, o+er;+oltage protection, under; +oltage loc";out,
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cycle;-y;cycle current limit, and termal sutdown$ (e 8*0120 also includes an 8%# output status
flag, a fault flag, a programma-le fault timer, and a logic input to select te polarity of te dimming
output dri+er$ (e 8*0121A1920A1 are 3%&;A100 grade 1 =ualified and8*0121A0920A0 are 3%&;
A100 grade 0 =ualified$
FEATURES
8*0121A198*0120A1 are 3utomoti+e Grade products tat are 3%&;A100 grade 1 =ualified
(;10B& to C124B& operating junction temperature! and similarly 8*0121A09 8*0120A0 are
3%&;A100 grade 0 =ualified (;10B& to C140B& operating junction temperature!
,2: range from 1$4, to 64,
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>ig;side adjusta-le current sense
2D, 13 Pea" *osF%( gate dri+er
2nput under;+oltage and output o+er;+oltage protection
P/* and analog dimming
&ycle;-y;cycle current limit
Programma-le switcing fre=uency
?Eero current? sutdown and termal sutdown
8%# output status flag (8*0120920A1920A0 only
Fault status flag and timer (8*0120920A1920A0 only!
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APPLICATION
8%# #ri+ers ; Fuc", Foost, Fuc";Foost, and <%P2&
2ndoor and Outdoor 3rea <<8
3utomoti+e
General 2llumination
&onstant;&urrent Regulators
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5.3 MICROCONTROLLER 18F452
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FIG5.3.1 pin out of !1"F52
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FEATURES
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5.4 LM8!5
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FIG5..1 pin out of #$%"&5
DESCRIPTION
(e 8* 6704 tree;terminal positi+e regulator are a+aila-le in te (O;2209#;P3) pac"age
and wit se+eral fi.ed output +oltages, ma"ing tem useful in a wide range of applications$ %ac type
employs internal current limiting, termal sut down and safe operating area protection, ma"ing it
essentially indestructi-le$ 2f ade=uate eat sin"ing is pro+ided, tey can deli+er o+er 13 output current$
3ltoug designed primarily as fi.ed +oltage regulators, tese de+ices can -e used wit e.ternal
components to o-tain adjusta-le +oltages and currents$
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FEATURES
Output &urrent up to 13
Output ,oltages of 4, 5, 7, @, 10, 12, 14, 17, 21,
(ermal O+erload Protection
<ort &ircuit Protection
Output (ransistor <afe Operating 3rea Protection
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5.5 MA"232 INTERFACE
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FIG5.5.1 pin out of $'(232
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DESCRIPTION
(e *3G202 de+ice is a dual dri+er9recei+er tat includes a capaciti+e +oltage generator
to supply %23;202 +oltage le+els from a single 4;, supply$ %ac recei+er con+erts %23;202 inputs to
4;, ((89&*O< le+els$ (ese recei+ers a+e a typical tresold of 1$0 , and a typical ysteresis of
0$4 ,, and can accept H00;, inputs$ %ac dri+er con+erts ((89&*O< input le+els into %23;202le+els$
(e dri+er, recei+er, and +oltage;generator functions are a+aila-le as cells in te (e.as 2nstruments
8in3<2&% li-rary$ (e *3G202 is caracterized for operation from 0B& to 60B&$ (e *3G2022 is
caracterized for operation from I10B& to 74B&$
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FEATURES
Operates /it <ingle 4;, Power <upply
8inFi&*O<% Process (ecnology
(wo #ri+ers and (wo Recei+ers
H00;, 2nput 8e+els
8ow <upply &urrent $ $ $ 7 m3 (ypical
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*eets or %.ceeds (239%23;202;F and 2( Recommendation ,$27
#esigned to -e 2ntercangea-le /it *a.im *3G202
%<# Protection %.ceeds 2000 , Per*28;<(#;770, *etod 0014
Pac"age Options 2nclude Plastic <mall;Outline (#, #/! Pac"ages and <tandard Plastic (:!
#ips
APPLICATIONS
(239%23;202;F
Fattery;Powered <ystems
(erminals
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*odems
&omputers
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Chapter-
PC# FA#RICATION TEC$NI%E
'ou need to generate a positi+e (copper -lac"! J, translucent artwor" film$ 'ou will
ne+er get a good artwor", so it is important to get te -est possi-le =uality at tis stage$ (e most
important ting is to get a clear sarp image wit a +ery solid opa=ue -lac"$ :ow a day, artwor" is
drawn using eiter a dedicated P&F &3# program or a suita-le drawing9grapics pac"age$ 2t is
a-solutely essential tat your P&F software prints oles in te middle of pads, wic will act as center
mar"s wen drilling$
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2t is +irtually impossi-le to accurately and;drill -oards witout tese oles$ 2f
youKre loo"ing to -uy P&F software at any cost le+el and want to do and;pro typing of -oards -efore
production, cec" tat tis facility is a+aila-le$ 2f youKre using a general;purpose &3# or grapics
pac"age, define pads as eiter a grouped o-ject containing a -lac";filled circle wit a smaller
concentric wite;filled circle on top of it, or as an unfilled circle wit a tic" -lac" line (i$e$ a -lac"
ring!$ /en defining pad and line sapes, te minimum size recommended for +i as (troug;lin"ing
oles! for relia-le results is 40 mil, assuming 0$7mm drill size 1 milL(191000!t of an inc$ 'ou can
go smaller wit smaller drill sizes, -ut troug ;lin"ing will -e arder$ 54*il round or s=uare pads for
normal components and #28 2&s, wit 0$7mm ole, will allow a 12$4 mil, down to 10 mil if you really
need to$ &entre;to;centre spacing of 12$4 mil trac"s sould -e 24 mil;sligtly less may -e possi-le if
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your printer can manage it$ (a"e care to preser+e te correct diagonal trac";trac" spacing on mitered
cornersM grid is 24 mil and trac" widt 12$4 mil$

Media

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3rtwor" =uality is +ery dependent on -ot te output de+ice and te media used$ 2t is
not necessary to use a transparent artwor" medium;as long as it is reasona-ly translucent to J,, its
fine;less translucent materials may need a sligtly longer e.posure time$ 8ine definitions, -lac"
opa=ueness and toner9in" retention are muc more important$ (racing paper as good enoug J,
translucency and is nearly as good as drafting film for toner retention$ 2t stays flatter under laser;
printer eat tan polyester or acetate film$ Get te tic"est you can find as tinner stuff can cric"le$ 2t
sould -e rated at least @0 gsm is e+en -etter -ut arder to find$ 2t is ceap and easily a+aila-le from
office or art suppliers$
Output Devices
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8aser printers offer te -est all;round solution$ (ese are afforda-le, fast and good;
=uality$ (e printer used must a+e at least 500dpi resolution for all -ut te simplest P&FKs as you will
usually -e wor"ing in multiples of 0$05cm (10 trac"s per inc!$ 500 dpi di+ides into 10, so you get
consistent spacing and line widt$ 2t is +ery important tat te printer produces a good solid -lac" wit
no toner pinoles$ 2f youKre planning to -uy a printer for P&F use, do some test prints on tracing paper
to cec" te =uality first$ 2f te printer as a density control, set it to te -lac"est$
Photoresist PCB Laminates
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3lways use good;=uality, pre;coated poto resist fi-er glass (FR1! -oard$ &ec" carefully
for scratces in te protecti+e co+ering and on te surface after peeling off te co+ering$ 'ou donKt
need dar"room or su-dued ligting wen andling -oards, as long as you a+oid direct sunligt,
minimize unnecessary e.posure, and de+elop immediately after J, e.posure$

Exposure
(e poto resist -oard needs to -e e.posed to J, ligt troug te artwor", using a J,
e.posure -o.$ J, e.posures units can easily -e made using standard fluorescent lamp -allasts and J,
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tu-es$ For small P&FKs two or four 7;watt, 00$4cm tu-es will -e ade=uate$ For larger (30! units, four
07cm tu-es are ideal$ (o determine te tu-e;to;glass spacing, place a seet of tracing paper on te
glass and adjust te distance to get te most e+en ligt le+el o+er te surface of te paper$ %+en
illumination is a lot easier to o-tain wit 1;tu-e units$ (e J, tu-es you need are sold as replacements
for J, e.posure units, K-lac" ligtK tu-es for disco ligting, etc$ (ese loo" wite, occasionally
-lac"9-lue wen off, and ligt up wit a ligt purple$ #o not use sort;wa+e J, lamps li"e %PRO*
eraser tu-es and germicidal lamps tat a+e clear glass, -ecause tese emit sort;wa+e J, wic can
cause eye and s"in damages$
3 timer tat switces off te J, lamps automatically is essential, and sould allow
e.posure times from 2 to 10 minutes in 14 to 00 second increments$ 2t is useful if te timer as an
audi-le indication wen te timing period as completed$ 3 timer from a scrap microwa+e o+en would
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-e ideal$ Jse glass seet rater tan plastic for te top of te J, unit ,as it will fle. less and -e less
prone to scratces$ 3 com-ined unit, wit switca-le J, and wite tu-es, dou-les as an e.posure unit
and a ligt -o. for lining up dou-le; sided art wor"s $ 2f you do a lot of dou-le; sided P&FKs it may -e
wort ma"ing a dou-le;sided e.posure unit, were te P&F can -e sand witced -etween two ligt
sources to e.posure -ot simultaneously$ (o find te re=uired time for a particular J, unit and
laminate type, e.pose a test piece in 00;second increments from 2 to 7 minutes, de+elop and use te
time wic ga+e te -est image$ Generally spea"ing, o+ere.posure is -etter tan under e.posure $ For
a single;sided P&F, place te artwor"Ks toner side up on te J, -o. glass, peel of te protecti+e film
from te laminate, and place its sensiti+e side down on top of te artwor"$ (e laminate must -e
pressed firmly down to ensure good contact all o+er te artwor"$
$
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Developing
#o not use sodium ydro.ide for de+eloping poto resist laminates$ 2t is a completely
and utterly dreadful stuff for de+eloping P&FKs$ 3part from its causticity, it is +ery sensiti+e to -ot
temperature and concentration, and made;up solution doesnKt last long$ /en itKs too wea" it doesnKt
de+elop at all, and wen too strong it strips all te resist off$ 2t is almost impossi-le to get relia-le and
consistent results, especially wen ma"ing P&FKs in an en+ironment wit large temperature +ariations$
3 muc -etter de+eloper is a silicate;-ased product tat comes as a li=uid concentrate$ 'ou can lea+e
te -oard in it for se+eral times te normal de+eloping time witout noticea-le degradation$ (is also
means tat it is not temperature critical no ris" of stripping at warmer temperatures$ *ade;up solution
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also as a +ery long self;life and lasts until itKs used up$ 'ou can ma"e te solution up really strong
for +ery fast de+eloping$

Etching
Ferric cloride etcant is a messy stuff, -ut easily a+aila-le and ceaper tan most alternati+es$ 2t
attac"s any metal including stainless steel$ <o wen setting up a P&F etcing area, use a plastic or
ceramic sin", wit plastic fittings and screws were+er possi-le, and seal any metal screws wit
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silicone$ &opper water pipes may get splased or dripped;on, so slee+e or co+er tem in plasticM eat;
srin" slee+ing is great if youKre installing new pipes$
Tin Plating
(in;plating a P&F ma"es it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty muc essential for
surface mount -oards$ Jnless you a+e access to a roller tinning macine, cemical tinning is te only
option$ Jnfortunately, tin;plating cemicals are e.pensi+e -ut te results are usually wort it$ 2f you
donKt tin;plate te -oard, eiter lea+e te poto resist coating on (most resists are intended to act as
soldering flu.es! or spray te -oard wit rewor" flu. to pre+ent te copper from o.idizing$ Room;
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temperature tin;plating crystals produce a good finis in a few minutes$ (ere are oter tinning
cemicals a+aila-le, some of wic re=uire mi.ing wit acid or ig;temperature use$

Drilling
2f you a+e fi-re glass (FR1! -oard, you must use tungsten car-ide drill -its$ Fi-re glass
eats normal ig;speed steel (><<! -its +ery rapidly, altoug ><< drills are all rigt for odd larger
sizes ( N2 mm!$ &ar-ide drill -its are e.pensi+e and te tin ones snap +ery easily$ /en using car-ide
drill -its -elow 1 mm, you must use a good +ertical drill stand ,you will -rea" +ery =uic"ly witout
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one$ &ar-ide drill -its are a+aila-le as straigt;san" or tic" ( some times called K tur-oK !san"$ 2n
straigt san", te wole -it is te diameter of te ole, and in tic" san", a standard;size (typically
a-out 0$4 mm! san" tapers down to te ole size$
Cutting
3 small guillotine is te easiest way to cut fi-er glass laminate$ Ordinary saws (-and
saws, jig saws and ac" saws ! will -e -lunted =uic"ly unless tese are car-ide tipped , and te dust
can cause sin" irritation$ 3 car-ide tail;saw -lade in a jig saw migt -e wort a tray$ 2ts also easy to
accidentally scratc troug protecti+e film wen sawing, causing poto resist scratces and -ro"en
tea"s on finised -oard$ 3 seet metal guillotine is also e.cellent for cutting -oards pro+ided te -lade
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is fairly sarp$ (o ma"e cut outs, drill a series of small oles, punc out te and file to size$
3lternati+ely, use afrett saw or small ac" saw, -ut -e prepared to replace -lade often$ /it practice it
is possi-le to do corner cut outs wit a guillotine -ut you a+e to -e +ery careful tat you donKt o+er
cut$
Soldering
<oldering is te joining togeter of two metals to gi+e pysical -onding and good
electrical conducti+ity$ 2t is use primarily in electrical and electronics circuitry$ <older is a com-ination
of a metal, wic are solid at normal room temperature and -ecame li=uid at -etween 170B and 200Bc$
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<older -onds well to +aries metals and e.tremely well to copper$ <oldering is a necessary s"ill you
need to learn to successfully -uild te electronics circuit$ 2t is a primary way ow electronics
components are connected to circuit -oards, and sometimes directly to oter components
(o solder you need a solder iron $ 3 modern -asic electrical soldering iron consist of a
eating element, a soldering -it(often called te tip!,a andle and a power cord$ (e eating element
can -e eiter a resistance wire wound around a ceramic tu-e,or a tic" film resistance element printed
onto a ceramic -ase$ (e element is ten insulated and placed into a metal tu-e for strengt and
protection$ (is is ten termally insulated from te andle$ (e eating element of soldering iron
usually reaces temperatures of around 060 to 100 B& (iger tan needed to melt te solder&.(e
soldering -it is a specially saped piece of copper plated wit iron and ten usually plated wit crome
or iron$ (e tip planting ma"es it +ery resistant to aggressi+e solders and flu.es$ (e strengt or power
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of a soldering iron is usually e.pressed in watts$ 2rons generally used in electronics are typically in te
range 12 to 24 watts$ >iger powered iron will not run otter, -ut it will a+e more power a+aila-le to
=uic"ly replace eat drained from te iron during soldering$ *ost irons are a+aila-le in a +ariety of
+oltages, 12, , 21,, 114,, and 200, are most popular$ (oday most la-oratories and repair sops use
soldering irons, wic operate at 21 , (powered -y isolation transformer supplied wit te soldering
iron or -y separate low +oltage outlet!$ 'ou sould always use tis low +oltage were possi-le , as it is
muc safer $ For ad+ance soldering wor" (li"e +ery tiny +ery sensiti+e electronics components! , you
will need a soldering iron wit temperature control$ 2n tis type of soldering irons te temperature may
-e usually set -etween 200B& and 140B&$
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Chapter-5 Detailed Component Description: 5.1 Piezoelectric Sensor

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Foot Power Generation Project Report, 2012

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