Trends in Biosciences 6 (6): 781-783, 2013

Chemical Control of Wilt of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Caused by

Fusarium oxysporium F.Sp. melongenae (Schlecht) Mutuo and Ishigami

NARENDRA KUMAR JATAV, K. S. SHEKHAWAT AND LAXMAN PRASAD BALAI

Department of Plant Pathology, S.K.N. Collage of Agriculture, Jobner, Swami Keshwanand
Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner.
email: drnarendrakumarjatav@gmail.com


ABSTRACT

Wilt induced by Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. melongenae has
been observed as an important disease on brinjal (Solanum
melongena L.) around Jobner vicinity. The seed borne
inoculum was found to use more disease incidence than soil
borne inoculum. Six fungicides viz., Bavistin, Captan, Dithane
M-45, Kavach, Ridomil and Thiram, tested in vitro by poisoned
food technique, inhibited the growth of F. oxysporium.
Bavistin gave almost complete inhibition of mycelial growth at
all concentration used. Thiram and Captan were found to be
second and third in effectiveness in the control of fungus.
When tested as seed dressing fungicides under pot condition,
Bavistin was observed to be most effective seed dresser in
reducing the incidence of the disease.


of brinjals (Singh and Shukla, 1980) reported the appearance of
wilt the disease in Kanpur in the first fortnight of July, which
gradually increase up to November and then decline. Crop loss
varied from 5-60% Mathur and Prasad, 1964 reported an
average loss 20% in Rajasthan where diseases infection
ranged from 70-80% in vegetable fields. Effective and efficient
management of crop disease is generally achieved by the use
of synthetic pesticides (Kiran, et al., 2006). The main objective
of present investigation was to evaluate the possibility of
controlling Fusarium wilt of brinjal with the use of fungicides in
vitro and under the glass house conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Key words Fusarium oxysporium, Brinjal, wilt, Bavistin,
Thiram, Captan

Brinjal or eggplant is one of the most common and
principal vegetable crops grown in India and other part of world.
It can be grown in all seasons and almost in all part of India
except high altitude. This crop is extensively grown in warm
areas of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China and Philippines. In
Rajasthan state, it is grown in all districts where irrigation
facilities are available. It is cultivated over an area of 512,800
hectares with an annual production of 8.450,200 metric tonnes
in 2007 (Anonymous, 2006-07). The wilt disease of brinjal is
very common in eastern Rajasthan and U.P. and causes heavy
losses. Disease is more severe in soils of low pH below 6.4 and
above 7pH, other condition which pre dispose the plant to wilt
are short day length, low light intensity, low nitrogen and
phosphorous and high potassium nutrition to crop (Singh1998).
Initial symptoms of disease starts as of clearing of the vein lets,
but main veins remaining green. This followed by a unilateral
yellowing of the younger leaves, subsequent wilting and death,
which beginnings in the older leaves and progresses up to the
main stem and ultimately whole plant. Xylem vessels of
infected plant show brown discoloration. The root system is
very much reduced and their color also changes to light black.
The root becomes spongy. The root covers of affected roots
are easily removal. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae is a
highly destructive pathogen

In vitro test:

Efficacies of six fungicides were tested Bavistin, Captan,
Dithane M-45, Kavach, Ridomil and Thiram against mycelial
growth of pathogen. Three different concentrations viz., 500,
1000 and 2000 ppm each fungicides were used. They were
tested by using food poisoned technique. Need quantity of each
fungicides were mixed in 250 ml PDA separately to sterilized
PDA was poured in 9 cm diameter petridish and allowed to
solidify. Three replications were maintained for each treatment.
After 24 h these petridish were inoculated with 5 mm disc with
the help of sterilized cork borer from the edge of the in center
with Fusarium oxysporium isolated from brinjal roots. Petri dish
was incubated at 251c for ten day and the growth of the
fungus was recorded, PDA without fungicides was used as
control. The measuring of redial growth of the fungus was
recorded. Per cent growth inhibition was calculated. The
experiment was set up using CRD design.

In vivo test (under pot condition):

This experiment was conducted in S.K.N. College
of Agriculture, Jobner, green house pot condition.
Apparently healthy surface sterilized seeds of brinjal
were artificially inoculated with 7 day old culture of
pathogen. After inoculation with pathogen, the inoculated
seed were treated with fungicides viz, Bavistin, Captan,
Dithane M-45, Kavach, Ridomil and Thiram fungicides at
their recommended dose (Table 1).
782 Trends in Biosciences 6 (6), 2013

Table1. Fungicides used to test their efficacy against

Fusarium oxysporium in vitro and pot conditions

Chemical name Trade name Doses
ppm/liter
Methyl- Bavistin Used 500, 1000 and
12,benzimidazole 2000 ppm
carbamets concentration
N trichloromethyl, 1- Captan ,, ,,
thio-4 cyclohexene- 1,2
dicarboximide
Tetramethyl thion Thiram ,, ,,
disulphide
Megnese ethylene bis ti Dithane M-45 ,, ,,
thio carbamate
Metalaxyl Ridomil ,, ,,
Chlorothalanil Kavach ,, ,,

The treated seeds were planted in pots sterilized soil.
Untreated inoculated seeds served as control. Each
treatment was replicated thrice. After seven day and twenty
days of incubation in green house the observation was
recorded for seed germination. Pre and post emergence
mortality and percent disease control calculated.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In vitro test:

All fungicides namely Bavistin, Captan, Dithane M-45,
Kavach, Ridomil and Thiram tested at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm
concentration inhibited the fungal growth of Fusarium
oxysporium in petridish. Maximum inhibition was observed in
Bavistin (90.00%) growth inhibition occurred at lowest
concentration used i.e. 500 ppm. Higher concentrations (2000

Table 2. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium
by after 7 day of incubation at 251c

Concentration o f fungicides in (ppm)
Fungicides 500 1000 2000
Bavistin 90.00 90.00 90.00
(71.58) (71.58) (71.58)
Ridomil 44.26 47.18 79.12
(41.89) (43.37) (62.81)
Captan 47.98 51.41 82.19
(43.83) (45.82) (64.99)
Diathen M -45 45.76 49.07 80.48
(42.55) (44.46) (63.77)
Kavach 44.26 47.18 79.12
(41.89) (43.37) (62.81)
Thiram 51.77 61.41 85.00
(46.01) (51.58) (67.21)
Control 0.00 0.00 0.00
CD at 5% 1.19 0.99 1.29
SEm 0 .394 0.327 0.427
C.V. 1.66 1.32 1.31

*Average of the three replications.

**Figures in parenthesis are angular values.

ppm) of fungicides significantly inhibit the mycelial growth over
low concentrations (500 and 1000 ppm) and the maximum
inhibition was observed at 2000 ppm and minimum at 500 ppm
concentration in all the fungicides. Thiram, Captan and Dithane
M-45 were not so effective at lower concentration although
there were increase in growth inhibition in these fungicides with
increase in concentration. Our observations are in conformity to
Jayashekhar, 1995 who observed Bavistin and Vitavax seed
treatment resulted in eradication of Fusarium oxysporium from
brinjal seed and induced higher growth and Bavistin gave 90 %
germination and 10% pre emergence mortality and 5% post
emergence mortality and higher yield

Under pot condition:

Our result of pot experiment indicated that all
fungicides improved seed germination significantly over
untreated control (Table 3). Bavistin was found superior
when used as seed dresser @ 2g/kg of seed than other
fungicide used. It reduced pre emergence rot to 10% as
compared to 50% in control and only 5 % seedling post
emergence mortality as compared to 60% in control. Other
fungicides Thiram (80%), Captan (75%), Dithan M-45 (73%)
germination gave and (20%, 25% and 27%) pre emergence
mortality and Kavach and Ridomil gave at par results
71.25% germination and 28.36 % pre emergence mortality
and 23.95% post emergence mortality also significantly.

In relative efficacy of fungicides in -vitro and pot
condition Bavistin to be most effective followed by Thiram,
Captan and Dithane m- 45 were also found to be effective

Table 3. Effect of different systemic and non-systemic
fungicides on the incidence of wilt of brinjal

Fungi- Dose Seed Pre Disease Post Disease

cides g/kg germin- emerg- control emerg- control

seed ates ence % ence %

(%)
mortality
mortality


(%)


(%)



Bavistin 2g/kg 90.00 10.00 80.00 5.00 91.66

seed (71.58) (18.43) (12.92)

Ridomil ,, 71.25 28.36 43.28 23.95 60.08

(55.23) (33.17) (29.51)

Captan ,, 75.00 25.00 50.00 20.00 66.66

(61.00) (29.97) (27.97)

Diathen M ,, 73.00 27.00 46.00 22.00 63.33

-45 (58.50) (31.28) (25.56)

Kavach ,, 71.25 28.36 43.28 23.95 60.08

(55.23) (33.17) (29.91)

Thiram ,, 80.00 20.00 60.00 15.00 75.00

(64.44) (26.53) (22.78)

Control 50.00 50.00 60.00

(45.00) (45.00) (50.77)

CD at 5% 2.45 1.070 1.23

SEm 0.810 0.353 0.406

C.V. 2.38 1.98 2.45


*Average of the three replications.

**Figures in parenthesis are angular values
JATAV et al., Chemical Control of Wilt of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Caused by Fusarium oxysporium 783

over control in reducing disease incidence and decrease
the wilt symptoms and increasing per cent germination.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are grateful to Head, Department of Plant
Pathology S. K. N. College of Agriculture Jobner,
Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner for providing
necessary facilities during the course of investigation

LITERATURE CITED

Anonymous, 2006-07. Vital Agriculture Statistics. Directorate of
Agriculture Rajasthan, Jaipur, pp. 1-2.

Jaya shekhar, M. Alagia,O .A. 1995. Management of brinjal wilt disease.
Madras Ag. Journal, 82 (6-7):495-496.

Kiran, K., Linguraju, S. and Adiver, S. 2006. Effect agents of plant
extract on Sclerotium

Mathur, B. L. and Prasad, N. 1964. Studies on wilt disease of brinjal
caused by Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. melongenae. Indian
Journal Science, 34 (2) : 131-157.

Singh, M. and Shukla, T. N. 1980. Epidemiology of wilt and fruit rot
of brinjal. Ind. Journal Mycology and Plant Pathology, 7: 51-57.

Singh, R. S. 1998. Disease of vegetable crops . Oxford IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi, pp. 118-131.

Recieved on 08-07-2013 Accepted on 10-08-2013