The meshing of these production gears with a perfectly cut standard is
examined on the chart. Color control and classification. Many manufacturing operations in the paint, lacquer, enamel, dye, textile, paper, tile, and printing fields include careful color-control procedures. Section 4 includes detailed discussion of these problems. Moving parts. It is sometimes necessary to inspect and study moving parts while they are operating. This can be done with stroboscopic il- lumination which can be adjusted to "stop" or "slow up" the motion of constant-speed rotating and reciprocating machinery. Stroboscopic lamps give flashes of light at controllable intervals (frequencies). Their flashing can be so timed that when the flash occurs, an object with rotating or reciprocating motion is always in exactly the same position and appears to stand still. METAL WORKING Some very difficult seeing tasks are encountered in metal-working shops. The difficulties are a result of many different causes, including the following : 1. Low-reflectance metal surfaces result in low task brightnesses. The rapid collection of oil and dirt further reduces reflectance and makes good maintenance difficult. 2. Work and machine surfaces are of similar character and reflectance and consequently provide poor contrasts. 3. Specular metal surfaces in the process of fabrication form images of luminous areas in the surround. 4. Much metal-working machinery is bulky, and obstructs the distribu- tion of light flux. 5. Dimensional tolerances often are extremely narrow. In many industrial processes the seeing task may be greatly facilitated by painting various parts of the working areas, including the machines, in contrasting colors of good reflectance. (See Section 4.) Lighting for Heavy Industry The heavy-industry type of metal working is done in foundries, steel and iron mills, and fabrication assembly plants in the manufacture of such products as ships, locomotives, engines, turbines, structural steel, and automobile bodies. This work is carried on in high-bay buildings covering large areas. Materials are moved from place to place by means of traveling cranes. General illumination usualh^ is provided by high-bay luminaires, employing a high output light source such as the incandescent lamp or high- intensity mercury lamp. (See Fig. 10-74 and Fig. 10-75.) Incandescent- and mercury-lamp combinations sometimes are installed on alternate out- lets. The illumination from this arrangement is whiter than that of either source alone; radiation from the incandescent alone is yellowish and from