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10-104 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

The meshing of these production gears with a perfectly cut standard is


examined on the chart.
Color control and classification. Many manufacturing operations in the
paint, lacquer, enamel, dye, textile, paper, tile, and printing fields include
careful color-control procedures. Section 4 includes detailed discussion of
these problems.
Moving parts. It is sometimes necessary to inspect and study moving
parts while they are operating. This can be done with stroboscopic il-
lumination which can be adjusted to "stop" or "slow up" the motion of
constant-speed rotating and reciprocating machinery. Stroboscopic lamps
give flashes of light at controllable intervals (frequencies). Their flashing
can be so timed that when the flash occurs, an object with rotating or
reciprocating motion is always in exactly the same position and appears to
stand still.
METAL WORKING
Some very difficult seeing tasks are encountered in metal-working shops.
The difficulties are a result of many different causes, including the following
:
1. Low-reflectance metal surfaces result in low task brightnesses. The
rapid collection of oil and dirt further reduces reflectance and makes good
maintenance difficult.
2. Work and machine surfaces are of similar character and reflectance
and consequently provide poor contrasts.
3. Specular metal surfaces in the process of fabrication form images
of luminous areas in the surround.
4. Much metal-working machinery is bulky, and obstructs the distribu-
tion of light flux.
5. Dimensional tolerances often are extremely narrow.
In many industrial processes the seeing task may be greatly facilitated
by painting various parts of the working areas, including the machines,
in contrasting colors of good reflectance. (See Section
4.)
Lighting for Heavy Industry
The heavy-industry type of metal working is done in foundries, steel
and iron mills, and fabrication assembly plants in the manufacture of such
products as ships, locomotives, engines, turbines, structural steel, and
automobile bodies. This work is carried on in high-bay buildings covering
large areas. Materials are moved from place to place by means of traveling
cranes. General illumination usualh^ is provided by high-bay luminaires,
employing a high output light source such as the incandescent lamp or high-
intensity mercury lamp. (See Fig. 10-74 and Fig. 10-75.) Incandescent-
and mercury-lamp combinations sometimes are installed on alternate out-
lets. The illumination from this arrangement is whiter than that of either
source alone; radiation from the incandescent alone is yellowish and from

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