Globalization (or globalisation) describes a process by which regional

economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global

network of communication, transportation, and trade. The term is sometimes used
to refer specifcally to economic globalization: the integration of national economies
into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital
ows, migration, and the spread of technology.
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$owever, globalization is usually
recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological,
sociocultural, political, and biological factors.
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The term can also refer to the
transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through
acculturation.
Definitions
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word 'globalization' was first employed in 193,
to denote a holistic !iew of h"man experience in ed"cation#
$3%
An early description of
globalization was penned by the American entreprene"r&t"rned&minister 'harles (aze )"ssell
who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1*9+,
$,%
altho"gh it was not "ntil the 19-s that the term
began to be widely "sed by economists and other social scientists# (he term has since then
achie!ed widespread "se in the mainstream press by the later half of the 19*s# .ince its
inception, the concept of globalization has inspired n"mero"s competing definitions and
interpretations, with antecedents dating bac/ to the great mo!ements of trade and empire across
Asia and the 0ndian Ocean from the 11th cent"ry onwards#
$1%
(he 2nited 3ations E.'4A has written that globalization 5is a widely&"sed term that can be
defined in a n"mber of different ways# 4hen "sed in an economic context, it refers to the
red"ction and remo!al of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate the flow of
goods, capital, ser!ices and labor### altho"gh considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor###
6lobalization is not a new phenomenon# 0t began in the late nineteenth cent"ry, b"t it slowed
down d"ring the period from the start of the 7irst 4orld 4ar "ntil the third 8"arter of the
twentieth cent"ry# (his slowdown can be attrib"ted to the inward&loo/ing policies p"rs"ed by a
n"mber of co"ntries in order to protect their respecti!e ind"stries### howe!er, the pace of
globalization pic/ed "p rapidly d"ring the fo"rth 8"arter of the twentieth cent"ry###5
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.as/ia .assen writes that 5a good part of globalization consists of an enormo"s !ariety of micro&
processes that begin to denationalize what had been constr"cted as national 9 whether policies,
capital, political s"b:ecti!ity, "rban spaces, temporal frames, or any other of a !ariety of
dynamics and domains#5
$+%
(om ;# <almer of the 'ato 0nstit"te defines globalization as 5the dimin"tion or elimination of
state&enforced restrictions on exchanges across borders and the increasingly integrated and
complex global system of prod"ction and exchange that has emerged as a res"lt#5
$11%
(homas =# 7riedman has examined the impact of the 5flattening5 of the world, and arg"es that
globalized trade, o"tso"rcing, s"pply&chaining, and political forces ha!e changed the world
permanently, for both better and worse# >e also arg"es that the pace of globalization is
8"ic/ening and will contin"e to ha!e a growing impact on b"siness organization and practice#
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3oam 'homs/y arg"es that the word globalization is also "sed, in a doctrinal sense, to describe
the neoliberal form of economic globalization#
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>erman E# Daly arg"es that sometimes the terms internationalization and globalization are "sed
interchangeably b"t there is a significant formal difference# (he term 5internationalization5 @or
internationalisationA refers to the importance of international trade, relations, treaties etc# owing
to the @hypotheticalA immobility of labor and capital between or among nations#
$citation needed%
7inally, (a/is 7otopo"los arg"es that globalization is the res"lt of systemic trends manifesting
the mar/et economy's grow&or&die dynamic, following the rapid expansion of transnational
corporations# Beca"se these trends ha!e not been offset effecti!ely by co"nter&tendencies that
co"ld ha!e emanated from trade&"nion action and other forms of political acti!ity, the o"tcome
has been globalisation# (his is a m"lti&faceted and irre!ersible phenomenon within the system of
the mar/et economy and it is expressed asC economic globalisation, namely, the opening and
dereg"lation of commodity, capital and labo"r mar/ets which led to the present form of
neoliberal globalisationD political globalisation, i#e#, the emergence of a transnational elite and the
phasing o"t of the all powerf"l&nation state of the statist periodD c"lt"ral globalisation, i#e#, the
worldwide homogenisation of c"lt"reD ideological globalisationD technological globalisationD
social globalisation#
Effects
6lobalization has !ario"s aspects which affect the world in se!eral different ways s"ch asC

Industrial & emergence of worldwide prod"ction mar/ets and broader access to a range of
foreign prod"cts for cons"mers and companies# <artic"larly mo!ement of material and
goods between and within national bo"ndaries# 0nternational trade in man"fact"red goods
increased more than 1 times @from E91 billion to E1? trillionA in the 1 years since
1911#
$3+%
'hina's trade with Africa rose se!enfold d"ring ?&+ alone#
$3*%$39%

Financial & emergence of worldwide financial mar/ets and better access to external
financing for borrowers# By the early part of the ?1st cent"ry more than E1#1 trillion in
national c"rrencies were traded daily to s"pport the expanded le!els of trade and
in!estment#
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As these worldwide str"ct"res grew more 8"ic/ly than any transnational
reg"latory regime, the instability of the global financial infrastr"ct"re dramatically
increased, as e!idenced by the 7inancial crisis of ?+F?1#
$,1%

Economic & realization of a global common mar/et, based on the freedom of exchange of
goods and capital#
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(he interconnectedness of these mar/ets, howe!er, meant that an
economic collapse in any one gi!en co"ntry co"ld not be contained#
$citation needed%

Health Policy & On the global scale, health becomes a commodity# 0n de!eloping nations
"nder the demands of .tr"ct"ral Ad:"stment <rograms, health systems are fragmented
and pri!atized# 6lobal health policy ma/ers ha!e shifted d"ring the 199s from 2nited
3ations players to financial instit"tions# (he res"lt of this power transition is an increase
in pri!atization in the health sector# (his pri!atization fragments health policy by
crowding it with many players with many pri!ate interests# (hese fragmented policy
players emphasize partnerships and specific inter!entions to combat specific problems @as
opposed to comprehensi!e health strategiesA# 0nfl"enced by global trade and global
economy, health policy is directed by technological ad!ances and inno!ati!e medical
trade# 6lobal priorities, in this sit"ation, are sometimes at odds with national priorities
where increased health infrastr"ct"re and basic primary care are of more !al"e to the
p"blic than pri!atized care for the wealthy#
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Political & some "se 5globalization5 to mean the creation of a world go!ernment which
reg"lates the relationships among go!ernments and g"arantees the rights arising from
social and economic globalization#
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<olitically, the 2nited .tates has en:oyed a position
of power among the world powers, in part beca"se of its strong and wealthy economy#
4ith the infl"ence of globalization and with the help of (he 2nited .tatesG own economy,
the <eople's )ep"blic of 'hina has experienced some tremendo"s growth within the past
decade# 0f 'hina contin"es to grow at the rate pro:ected by the trends, then it is !ery
li/ely that in the next twenty years, there will be a ma:or reallocation of power among the
world leaders# 'hina will ha!e eno"gh wealth, ind"stry, and technology to ri!al the
2nited .tates for the position of leading world power#
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Informational & increase in information flows between geographically remote locations#

Arg"ably this is a technological change with the ad!ent of fibre optic comm"nications,
satellites, and increased a!ailability of telephone and 0nternet#

Language & the most pop"lar first lang"age is Handarin @*,1 million spea/ersA followed
by .panish @3?9 million spea/ersA and English @3?* million spea/ersA#
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>owe!er the
most pop"lar second lang"age is "ndo"btedly English, the 5ling"a franca5 of
globalizationC
o
Abo"t 31I of the world's mail, telexes, and cables are in English#
o
Approximately ,I of the world's radio programs are in English#
o
Abo"t 1I of all 0nternet traffic "ses English#
$1?%

Competition & ."r!i!al in the new global b"siness mar/et calls for impro!ed prod"cti!ity
and increased competition# D"e to the mar/et becoming worldwide, companies in !ario"s
ind"stries ha!e to "pgrade their prod"cts and "se technology s/illf"lly in order to face
increased competition#
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Ecological & the ad!ent of global en!ironmental challenges that might be sol!ed with
international cooperation, s"ch as climate change, cross&bo"ndary water and air poll"tion,
o!er&fishing of the ocean, and the spread of in!asi!e species# .ince many factories are
b"ilt in de!eloping co"ntries with less en!ironmental reg"lation, globalism and free trade
may increase poll"tion and impact on precio"s fresh water reso"rces @>oe/stra and
'hapagain ?*A
$1,%
# On the other hand, economic de!elopment historically re8"ired a
5dirty5 ind"strial stage, and it is arg"ed that de!eloping co"ntries sho"ld not, !ia
reg"lation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of li!ing#
Cultural & growth of cross&c"lt"ral contactsD ad!ent of new categories of conscio"sness
and identities which embodies c"lt"ral diff"sion, the desire to increase one's standard of
li!ing and en:oy foreign prod"cts and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and
participate in a 5world c"lt"re5#
$1-%
.ome bemoan the res"lting cons"merism and loss of
lang"ages# Also see (ransformation of c"lt"re#
o
.preading of m"ltic"lt"ralism, and better indi!id"al access to c"lt"ral di!ersity
@e#g# thro"gh the export of >ollywoodA# .ome consider s"ch 5imported5 c"lt"re a
danger, since it may s"pplant the local c"lt"re, ca"sing red"ction in di!ersity or
e!en assimilation# Others consider m"ltic"lt"ralism to promote peace and
"nderstanding between people# A third position that gained pop"larity is the
notion that m"ltic"lt"ralism to a new form of monoc"lt"re in which no
distinctions exist and e!eryone :"st shift between !ario"s lifestyles in terms of
m"sic, cloth and other aspects once more firmly attached to a single c"lt"re# (h"s
not mere c"lt"ral assimilation as mentioned abo!e b"t the obliteration of c"lt"re
as we /now it today#
$1+%$1*%
0n reality, as it happens in co"ntries li/e the 2nited
Jingdom, 'anada, A"stralia or 3ew Kealand, people who allways li!ed in their
nati!e co"ntries maintain their c"lt"res witho"t feeling forced by any reason to
accept another and are pro"d of it e!en when they're accepti!e of immigrants,
while people who are newly arri!ed simply /eep their own c"lt"re or part of it
despite some minim"m ammo"nt of assimilation, altho"gh aspects of their c"lt"re
often become a c"riosity and a daily aspect of the li!es of the people of the
welcoming co"ntries#
o
6reater international tra!el and to"rism# 4>O estimates that "p to 1,
people are on planes at any one time#
$citation needed%$19%
0n ?*, there were o!er 9??
million international to"rist arri!als, with a growth of 1#9I as compared to ?+#
$-%
o
6reater immigration,
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incl"ding illegal immigration#
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(he 0OH estimates there
are more than ? million migrants aro"nd the world today#
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3ewly a!ailable
data show that remittance flows to de!eloping co"ntries reached E3?* billion in
?*#
$-,%
o
.pread of local cons"mer prod"cts @e#g#, foodA to other co"ntries @often adapted to
their c"lt"reA#
o
4orldwide fads and pop c"lt"re s"ch as <o/Lmon, ."do/", 3"ma 3"ma,
Origami, 0dol series, Mo"("be, Or/"t, 7aceboo/, and Hy.pace# Accessible to
those who ha!e 0nternet or (ele!ision, lea!ing o"t a s"bstantial segment of the
Earth's pop"lation#
o
4orldwide sporting e!ents s"ch as 707A 4orld '"p and the Olympic 6ames#
o
0ncorporation of m"ltinational corporations into new media# As the sponsors of
the All&Blac/s r"gby team, Adidas had created a parallel website with a
downloadable interacti!e r"gby game for its fans to play and compete#
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Social & de!elopment of the system of non&go!ernmental organisations as main agents of

global p"blic policy, incl"ding h"manitarian aid and de!elopmental efforts#
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Technical
o
De!elopment of a 6lobal 0nformation .ystem, global telecomm"nications
infrastr"ct"re and greater transborder data flow, "sing s"ch technologies as the
0nternet, comm"nication satellites, s"bmarine fiber optic cable, and wireless
telephones
o
0ncrease in the n"mber of standards applied globallyD e#g#, copyright laws, patents
and world trade agreements#

Legal/Ethical
o
(he creation of the international criminal co"rt and international :"stice
mo!ements#
o
'rime importation and raising awareness of global crime&fighting efforts and
cooperation#
o
(he emergence of 6lobal administrati!e law#

Religious
o
(he spread and increased interrelations of !ario"s religio"s gro"ps, ideas, and
practices and their ideas of the meanings and !al"es of partic"lar spaces#
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Cultural efects
5'"lt"re5 is defined as patterns of h"man acti!ity and the symbols that gi!e these acti!ities
significance# '"lt"re is what people eat, how they dress, the beliefs they hold, and the acti!ities
they practice# 6lobalization has :oined different c"lt"res and made it into something different# As
Erla Kwingle, from the 3ational 6eographic article titled 56lobalization5 states, 54hen c"lt"res
recei!e o"tside infl"ences, they ignore some and adopt others, and then almost immediately start
to transform them#5
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One classic c"lt"re aspect is food# .omeone in America can be eating ;apanese noodles for l"nch
while someone in .ydney, A"stralia is eating classic 0talian meatballs# 0ndia is /nown for its
c"rry and exotic spices# 7rance is /nown for its cheeses# 3orth America is /nown for its b"rgers
and fries# HcDonald's is a 3orth American company which is now a global enterprise with
31, locations worldwide# (his company is :"st one example of food ca"sing c"lt"ral infl"ence
on the global scale#
Another common practice bro"ght abo"t by globalization is the "sage of 'hinese characters in
tattoos# (hese tattoos are pop"lar with today's yo"th despite the lac/ of social acceptance of
tattoos in 'hina#
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Also, there is a lac/ of comprehension in the meaning of 'hinese characters
that people get,
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ma/ing this an example of c"lt"ral appropriation#
(he internet brea/s down c"lt"ral bo"ndaries across the world by enabling easy, near&
instantaneo"s comm"nication between people anywhere in a !ariety of digital forms and media#
(he 0nternet is associated with the process of c"lt"ral globalization beca"se it allows interaction
and comm"nication between people with !ery different lifestyles and from !ery different
c"lt"res# <hoto sharing websites allow interaction e!en where lang"age wo"ld otherwise be a
barrier#
[edit] Negative efects
6lobalization has been one of the most hotly debated topics in international economics o!er the
past few years# 6lobalization has also generated significant international opposition o!er
concerns that it has increased ine8"ality and en!ironmental degradation#
$+1%
0n the Hidwestern
2nited .tates, globalization has eaten away at its competiti!e edge in ind"stry and agric"lt"re,
lowering the 8"ality of life in locations that lac/ the opport"nity to adapt to the change#
$+?%
.ome also !iew the effect of globalization on c"lt"re as a rising concern# Along with
globalization of economies and trade, c"lt"re is being imported and exported as well# (he
concern is that the stronger, bigger co"ntries s"ch as the 2nited .tates, may o!err"n the other,
smaller co"ntries' c"lt"res, leading to those c"stoms and !al"es being faded away# (his process is
also sometimes referred to as Americanization or HcDonaldization#
$+3%
egative efects of economic liberalization
(he world today is so interconnected that the collapse of the s"bprime mortgage mar/et in the
2#.# has led to a global financial crisis and recession on a scale not seen since the 6reat
Depression#
$+9%
6o!ernment dereg"lation and failed reg"lation of 4all .treet's in!estment ban/s
were important contrib"tors to the s"bprime mortgage crisis#
$*%$*1%
A flood of cons"mer goods s"ch as tele!isions, radios, bicycles, and textiles into the 2nited
.tates, E"rope, and ;apan has helped f"el the economic expansion of Asian tiger economies in
recent decades#
$*?%
>owe!er, 'hinese textile and clothing exports ha!e recently enco"ntered
criticism from E"rope, the 2nited .tates and some African co"ntries#
$*3%$*,%
0n .o"th Africa, some
3, textile wor/ers ha!e lost their :obs d"e to the infl"x of 'hinese goods#
$*1%
(he increasing
2#.# trade deficit with 'hina has cost ?#, million American :obs between ?1 and ?*,
according to a st"dy by the Economic <olicy 0nstit"te @E<0A#
$*-%
A total of 3#? million F one in six
2#.# factory :obs F ha!e disappeared between ? and ?+#
$*+%
Brain drain
Opport"nities in richer co"ntries dri!es talent away from poorer co"ntries, leading to brain
drains# Brain drain has cost the African continent o!er E,#1 billion in the employment of 11,
expatriate professionals ann"ally#
$**%
0ndian st"dents going abroad for their higher st"dies costs
0ndia a foreign exchange o"tflow of E1 billion ann"ally#
$*
Environmental degradation
(he 4orldwatch 0nstit"te said the booming economies of 'hina and 0ndia are planetary powers
that are shaping the global biosphere# 0n ?+, 'hina o!ertoo/ the 2nited .tates as the world's
biggest prod"cer of 'O?#
$91%
At present rates, tropical rainforests in 0ndonesia wo"ld be logged
o"t in 1 years, <ap"a 3ew 6"inea in 13 to 1- years#
$9?%
A ma:or so"rce of deforestation is the
logging ind"stry, dri!en spectac"larly by 'hina and ;apan#
$93%
(hri!ing economies s"ch as 'hina
and 0ndia are 8"ic/ly becoming large oil cons"mers#
$9,%$91%
'hina has seen oil cons"mption grow
by *I yearly since ??, do"bling from 199-F?-#
$9-%
'r"de oil prices in the last se!eral years
ha!e steadily risen from abo"t E?1 a barrel in A"g"st ?3 to o!er E1, a barrel in ;"ly ?*#
$9+%
State of the World ?- report said the two co"ntries' high economic growth hid a reality of
se!ere poll"tion# (he report statesC
The world's ecological capacity is simply insufcient to satisfy the ambitions
of China, India, Japan, Europe and the United States as well as the aspirations
of the rest of the world in a sustainable way
!&'#
4itho"t more recycling, zinc co"ld be "sed "p by ?3+, both indi"m and hafni"m co"ld r"n o"t
by ?1+, and terbi"m co"ld be gone before ?1?#
$99%
0t is said that if 'hina and 0ndia were to
cons"me as m"ch reso"rces per capita as 2nited .tates or ;apan in ?3 together they wo"ld
re8"ire a f"ll planet Earth to meet their needs#
$1%
0n the longterm these effects can lead to
increased conflict o!er dwindling reso"rces
$11%
and in the worst case a Halth"sian catastrophe#
References
! ^ Bhagwati, ;agdish @?,A# In "efense of #lo$ali%ation# Oxford, 3ew Mor/C Oxford
2ni!ersity <ress#
&! ^ .heila =# 'ro"cher# #lo$ali%ation and 'elonging( The Politics of Identity in a
Changing World! )owman N =ittlefield# @?,A# p#1
)! ^ 4# Boyd N H H HacJenzie# To*ards +e* Education I,-! ./)01! p! )20
3! ^ 5''(he Battle of Armageddon'', October, 1*9+ pages 3-1F3+5# <astor&r"ssell#com#
httpCOOwww#pastor&r"ssell#comO!ol"mesOP,O.t"dyQ+#html# )etrie!ed ?1&+&31#
2! ^ A#6# >op/ins, ed# 56lobalization in 4orld >istory5# 3orton# @?,A# pp# ,&*
4! ^ ."mmary of the Ann"al )e!iew of De!elopments in 6lobalization and )egional
0ntegration in the 'o"ntries of the E.'4A )egion by the 2nited 3ations Economic and
.ocial 'ommission for 4estern Asia
5! ^ .assen, .as/ia @?-A# Territory6 7uthority6 Rights( From 8edie9al to #lo$al
7ssem$lages# <rinceton 2ni!ersity <ress# 0.B3 -91913**#
httpCOOpress#princeton#ed"OtitlesO*119#html#