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Archives of Applied Science Research, 2011, 3 (4):536-541
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ISSN 0975-508X
CODEN (USA) AASRC9

536
Scholars Research Library

Extraction and Physicochemical Analysis of some selected Northern
Nigerian Industrial oils

Warra, A.A.
*1
, Wawata, I.G
2
. Gunu, S.Y
1
. and Aujara, K.M.
3

1
Dept. of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Sci. &Technology, PMB 1144, Aliero, Nigeria
2
Dept. of Pure & Applied Chem., Kebbi State Univ. of Sci. &Tech., PMB 1144, Aliero, Nigeria
3
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Jigawa State Polytechnic, Dutse, Nigereia
_________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

The physicochemical parameters; Saponification value, Iodine value and Acid value of some
selected Northern Nigerian industrial oils were determined. The following values were obtained
for the various parameters measured; For Castor seed oil, Saponification value 123.3 3.428
mgKOH/g, Iodine value 76.93 0.397 g I
2
/100g and Acid value 2.39 0.065 mgKOH/g were
obtained. For Jatropha oil, Saponification value 122.49 2.591 mgKOH/g, Iodine value 73.46
5.00 g I
2
/100g and Acid value 1.20 0.065 mgKOH/g were obtained. For Cotton seed oil,
Saponification value 199.42 0.53 mgKOH/g, Iodine value 119.78 0.81 g I
2
/100g and Acid
value 0.81 0.01 mgKOH/g were obtained. The oil yield for Castor seed oil, Jatropha oil and
Cotton seed oil were 42% , were 48% , were 48% respectively. The objective was to justify their
industrial utilization.

Key words: Seed oils, extraction, oil yield, chemical analysis, industrial uses.
_________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

Seed oils are important sources of nutritional oils, industrial and pharmaceutical importance
[15]. There are numerous vegetable oils derived from various sources. These include the popular
vegetable oils: the foremost oilseed oils - soybean, cottonseed, peanuts and sunflower oils; and
others such as palm oil,palm kernel oil, coconut oil, castor oil, rapeseed oil and others. They also
include the less commonly known oils such as rice bran oil, tiger nut oil, patua oil, kome oil,
niger seed oil, piririma oil and numerous others. Their yields, different compositions and by
extension their physical and chemical properties determine their usefulness in various
Warra, A.A.

et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (4):536-541
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applications aside edible uses [4]. The characteristics of oils from different sources depend
mainly on their compositions and no oil from a single source can be suitable for all purposes
[13]. This work is aimed at extraction and physicochemical analysis of some selected Northern
Nigerian Industrial oils in order to justify their industrial utilization.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Source of Research materials
Indigenous Castor and Jatropha seeds were plucked directly from plant during three consecutive
years (2007 - 2009) harvesting seasons. The plants were identified and authenticated by a
Botanist at the Biological Sciences Department, Bayero University, Kano (BUK) Nigeria.
Confirmation of taxonomic identity of the plants was achieved by comparison with voucher
specimens (voucher No. 225 and No. 110) respectively kept at the Herbarium of the Department
of Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, Bayero University, Kano (BUK) and
use of documented literature [11]. Wild variety, which ripens from late October until late
December, was obtained from a test plot in Warra town of Ngaski Local Government Area of
Kebbi State, Nigeria. Good seeds were carefully selected cleaned, de-shelled and well dried.
Seeds were grounded using laboratory plastic pestle and mortar prior to extraction. While the
cotton seeds were collected from Inter-ginnery plant at Gusau in Zamfara state, Nigeria. The
shells were cracked with sharp knife to remove the seed, which were grounded into small sizes
and then sundried for 5days.

Oil extraction
The extraction of 5.0g of grounded seed kernels of Indigenous Jatropha Curcas.L. and Castor
was conducted in a soxhlet extractor using n-hexane (boiling point of 4060 C) for six hours.
The oils were obtained after the solvent was removed under reduced temperature and pressure
and refluxing at 70 C to remove excess solvent used in the oil.. Extracted seed oil was stored in
freezer at2 C for subsequent physicochemical analysis. While for the cotton seed in addition to
solvent extraction the crude cotton seeds were clarified using 0.5M NaOH.

Oil Yield
Each oil which was recovered by complete distilling of most of the solvent on a heating mantle
was then transferred to measuring cylinder. The measuring cylinder is then placed over water
bath for complete evaporation of solvent for about 2-3 hours in accordance with the method
reported [20] and volume of the oil was recorded and expressed as oil content(%) as follow

Oil weight
Oil content (%) = ____________ 100
Sample weight

Chemical Analysis
The chemical analysis of the oils was carried out using the methods reported [7]., [2], and [8].
Saponification value: 2 g of the oil sample was added to a flask with 30cm
3
of ethanolic KOH
and was then attached to a condenser for 30 minutes to ensure the sample was fully dissolved.
After sample they had cooled, 1cm
3
of phenolphthalein was added and titrated with 0.5M HCl
until a pink endpoint has reached.
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et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (4):536-541
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Saponification value was calculated from the equation

(S-B) x M x 56.1
SV = ____________
Sample weight (g)
Where S = sample titre value
B = blank titre value
M = molarity of the Hcl
56.1 = molecular weight of KOH

Iodine value: 0.4 g of the sample was weighed into a conical flask and 20 cm
3
of carbon tetra
chloride was added to dissolve the oil. Then 25cm
3
of Dams reagent was added to the flask
using a safety pipette in fume chamber. Stopper was then inserted and the content of the flask
was vigorously swirled. The flask was then placed in the dark for 2 hours 30 minutes. At the end
of this period, 20cm
3
of 10% aqueous potassium iodide and 125cm
3
of water were added using a
measuring cylinder. The content was titrated with 0.1M sodium thiosulphate solutions until the
yellow colour almost disappeared.

Few drops of 1% starch indicator was added and the titration continued by adding thiosulphate
drop wise until blue coloration disappeared after vigorous shaking. The same procedure was used
for blank test and other samples [2].

The iodine value (I.V) is given by the expression

12.69C (V
1
-V
2
)
I. V. = _____________
M

Where C = Concentration of sodium
V
1
= Volume of sodium thiosulphate used for blank
V
2
= Volume of sodium thiosulphate used for determination
M = Mass of the sample.

Acid value: 100 ml of neutral ethyl alcohol was heated with 10 g of oil or fat sample in a 250cm
3

beaker until the mixture began to boil. The heat was removed and was titrated with N/10 KOH
solution, using two drops of phenolphthalein as indicator with consistent shaking for which a
permanent pink colour was obtained at the end point.

The Acid value was calculated using the expression; A.V = 0.56 x No. of ml. N/10 KOH used

RESULTS

The results obtained are presented in table 1



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Table 1: Physicochemical characteristics of the selected Nigerian industrial oils*
The values are mean and standard deviation of triplicates determination.*

DISSCUSSION

The physicochemical analysis (Table 1), determined for the soxhlet extracted indigenous
Jatropha seed oil includes; Saponification value of 122.49 2.591 mgKOH/g the value
obtained was lower than that of Dennettia tripatala fruit oil(Pepper fruit)159.331-20 suitable
for soap making [14] but higher than that of beeswax (93 mgKOH/g), which are commonly used
in soap making [12]. This indicates that the oil could be used in soap making since its
saponification value falls within the range of these oils. Higher saponification justifies the usage
of fat or oil for soap production. Iodine value of 50.50 8.023 I
2
/100g (less than 100) was
obtained, which shows that the oil belongs to the class of Non-drying oils, which are useful in
the manufacture of soaps [11]. An Acid value of 14.77 0.065mgKOH/g was obtained which is
lower than that of olive oil 17 mgKOH/g [9] higher than the 10.49 3mgKOH/g reported [19]
suitable for soap production. The results of the physicochemical analysis (Table 1), determined
for the soxhlet extracted indigenous castor seed oil includes; Saponification value of 123.3
3.428 mgKOH/g the value obtained was lower than that of Terminalia catappa seed oil 207
0.13 suggested for use in the production of liquid soap, shampoos and lather shaving creams [16]
but higher than that of beeswax (93 mgKOH/g), which are commonly used in soap making [12].
This indicates that the oil could be used in soap making since its saponification value falls within
the range of these oils. Higher saponification justifies the usage of fat or oil for soap production.
Iodine value of 76. 93 0.397 I2/100g (less than 100) was obtained, which shows that the oil
belongs to the class of Non-drying oils, which are useful in the manufacture of soaps [11]. Castor
oil has only one double bond in each fatty acid chain and so is classified as nondrying oil. An
Acid value of 2.39 0.065 mgKOH/g was obtained which is lower than that of Demettia
tripetala fruit oil( Pepper fruit) 5.34 0.04 mgKOH/g [14] and Shea butter 10.3mgKOH/g [23],
higher than that of Palm kernel seed oil 0.834 0.004mgKOH/g reported [1] suitable for soap
production.

The results of the physicochemical analysis of Nigerian cotton seed oil (Table 1) showed that it
has Saponification value of 199.42 0.53 mgKOH/g which is lower than 213mgKOH/g in
neem seed oil [3] and 253.2mgKOH/g in coconut oil [18] higher than that of Dennettia tripatala
fruit oil(Pepper fruit)159.331-20 [14] and African pear oil 143.76 mgKOH/g which could be
good for soap making [10]. This indicates that the oil could be used in soap making since its
saponification value falls within the range of these oils. Higher saponification justify the usage of
fat or oil for soap production.

Iodine value of 119.78 0.81g I
2
/100g was obtained which is higher than 104.3g I
2
/100g for
sesame seed oil [21] and 84.8 g I
2
/100g for ground nut oil [22] useful in the manufacture of
Selected Industrial oils Castor seed oil Jatropha curcas L. seed oil Cotton seed oil
Saponification value mgKOH/g
Iodine value gI
2
/100g
Acid value mgKOH/g
Oil yield (%)
123.3 3.428
76.93 0.397
2.39 0.065
42
122.49 2.591
73.46 5.00
1.20 0.065
48
199.42 0.53
119.78 0.81
0.81 0.01
48
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et al Arch. Appl. Sci. Res., 2011, 3 (4):536-541
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soaps and lower than the Iodine value of C. lanatus 119.8 g I
2
/100g [5] which is within a range
of semi-drying oils consisting predominately polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly oleic and
lenoliec fatty acids. This class of oils whose iodine value is between 100 150 possesses the
property of absorbing oxygen on exposure to the atmosphere; though do not do so sufficiently to
qualify them as drying oils. They become thicken and remain sticky but do not form a hard dry
film. They are used in the production of margarine and soap [17]; [6].

An Acid value of 0.81 0.01 was obtained which is lower than that of olive oil 17 mgKOH/g
[9] and shea nut fat 10.49mgKOH/g reported [19] and 10.3mgKOH/g for shea nut butter
reported [23] suitable for soap making.

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