MT (Updated)

1
Title: To Study the Application of Newtons Second Law

Introduction
When an object is thrown up vertically, the time taken to reach the highest point
and the time taken to fall back to the initial projection level can be compared by
constructing a mathematical model using a differential equation to describe the
phenomenon.
The purpose of this assignment is to study the comparison of the time taken to
reach the highest point and the time taken to fall back to the initial projection level by
using differential equation. Besides, this assignment also study about the application of
integration and differentiation.
Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that together laid the foundation
for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and
the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response is said to be forces. If a force
generates a motion, a double force will generate double the motion, a triple force triple
the motion, whether that force be impressed altogether and at once, or gradually and
successively. (Wikipedia.com, 2014)
Next, Newtons second law can state in term of acceleration. Since the law is
valid for constant-mass systems, the mass can be taken outside the differentiation
operator by the constant factor rule in differentiation. (Wikipedia.com, 2014)

F= net force applied

m= mass of the body
a = bodys acceleration
Thus, the net force applied to a body produces a proportional acceleration. In
other words, if a body is accelerating, then there is a force on it.

is the acceleration, the rate of change, or derivative, of the velocity with respect to
time.

2

is the velocity, also called the derivative of s with respect to t, or the rate ,
of change of s with respect to t.

Gravitational theory was began with the work of Galileo Galilei from his famous
experiment by dropping balls from the Tower of Pisa and later with careful
measurements of balls rolling down inclines. He showed that gravitation acceleration for
all objects are at the same rate. (Wikipedia.com, 2014) Gravitational pull is the natural
phenomenon by which all physical bodies attract to each other. It is most commonly
recognized and experienced as the agent that gives weight to physical objects and causes
physical objects to fall towards the ground when dropped from a height. (Wikipedia.com,
2014)
Resistance force is the force which an effort force needed to be overcome in order
to do work on an object. Resistance force provides a force, and therefore acceleration in
the opposite direction of motion. (Wikipedia.com, 2014) In addition, air resistance refers
to a force that acts against relative motion of an object through a liquid or gas. It is also
known as drag and acts in an opposite direction to the oncoming velocity.
(Wikipedia.com, 2014)
Velocity is the rate of change of the position of an object, equivalent to a
specification of its speed and direction of motion. Velocity is a vector physical quantity
which both magnitude and direction is required to define it. If there is a change of speed,
direction or both, the object has a changing velocity which is said to be undergoing
acceleration. If a speed of the body decreases, it is said to be deceleration where
displacement is the vector quantity which describe as the shortest path between the final
point and initial point of a body. (Wikipedia.com, 2014)
An iterative method is a repetitive process which attempts to solve a problem by
finding successive approximations to the solutions starting from an initial guess until the
required degree of accuracy is achieved. (Wikipedia.com, 2014)
Differential equation is an equation which describes the relationship between an
unknown function and its derivatives. (Wikipedia.com, 2014)Differential equation not
3

only can be study Mathematics (T), we can also study it in Physics and Engineering.
Differential equations play an important role in modeling virtually every physical,
technical, or biological process like bridge design and it is very important since many
problems in sciences and technology can be resolved using the solution of differential
equations.
In conclusion, by doing this assignment, I hope that I will be able to apply
differential equations in my real life situations but not only in completing the task of this
coursework. With what I have learnt from this coursework, I will continue to study more
questions about the real-world phenomena and explain about it.

Methodology
There are several methods and mathematical formulae are use in this coursework
in order of me to complete all the tasks. The methods use are differentiation, integration,
differential equation and numerical methods.
Firstly, Newtons second law is use in solving the first question in this
coursework. Newtons second law state that acceleration of an object as produced by a
net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction
as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object, F=ma.
Next, differentiation is the next method use in this coursework. Differentiation is
the rate of change of one quantity relative to one another such as velocity and
acceleration. For example,
is the acceleration, the rate of change, or derivative, of the

velocity with respect to time. By understanding the concept and the rate of change of
quantity, problems can be solved easily.
Integration, it is a branch of calculus which involved the reverse process of
differentiation. Several basic formulae of integration are use in this coursework such as
4

basic rules of integration, integrals of exponential functions, (
c e dx e x f
x f x f ) ( ) (
) ( ),
integrals of
n
x , and also
x
1
( c x f dx
x f
x f

) ( ln
) (
) ( '
).
In order to find the solution of the question, differential equation is used. Methods
such as separable variable is used to find the solution of the first order differential
equation given [

dx x f dy
y g
) (
) (
1
, g(y). In general solution of differential equation is
then obtained by forming integration on each side of the equation, where is expressed
as a function . Besides, many problems in sciences and technology can be resolved
using differential equations.
Lastly, numerical methods also being used in this coursework. For many
questions like the questions given in this coursework, there is no simple method exists.
Therefore, some kind of solution by successive approximation numerically is resorted to
a required degree of accuracy. When the roots of the equations cannot be find exactly, we
are then looking for the approximate solutions. In order to locate the roots more
accurately, numerical method is used. Method of iteration will be used in this coursework
in order to obtain the t value, which is the time taken for the object to reach the highest
point and then descend to the ground. . A value of
0
x close to the root is first chosen,
F(
0
x )is then calculated, and let
1
x be the next approximation to the root. Perform the next
iteration and calculate x
2
and the iteration is continuously performed until a good
approximation to the root of the equation is obtained.
The iterative formula used in solving the problems is ) (
1 n n
x F x
.

5

Results
The motion of the object can be modeled by differential equation,
F= ma
F= -mg |v|
ma= -mg - |v|
m dv = -mg - |v|
dt object

where,
F= net force applied
m= mass of body
a= bodys acceleration
The motion of the object can be modelled by the differential equation
m
= -v mg. (shown)

To express v in terms of t,
m
= - v m g ,
m
= - ( v + m g)
m dv = - (v + mg) dt

dv = - dt

dv = - dt

dv = - dt

dv = - t + c
a
|v| mg
F
6

At the time t = 0 , v = u ,
ln| u +mg | = c + 0
c =
ln| u +mg | ,
ln | u +mg | = - t + (
ln | u +mg | )
Multiply both sides by
,
ln| v +mg | = -
t + ln | u +mg |

=(

)(

)
=

mg
v =

v is express in term of t , v =

.

To find the height s in terms of t,
As v =

ds = [

] dt
=

dt
dt
s =[

(-

) (-
) (

] -

s = -

) -
+ c

7

When t = 0, s = 0,
0 = -

) -
+ c
0 = -

( 1 ) ( 0 ) + c
c =

s = -

) -

s =

[ 1 -
] -

The height s in terms of t, s =

[1 -

] -

To calculate the time taken for the object to reach the highest point, given mass of the
object, m = 0.1 kg, initial velocity ,u = 5 m s
-1
, = 1.0 kg s
-1
and g = 10 m s
-2

At highest point, v = 0,
By using the equation v =

, the time taken for the object to reach the

highest point :
0 =

ln |
| = ln

t = ln

- ln |
t = ln

t = ln

t =
ln

8

Substitute mass of the object, m = 0.1 kg , initial velocity ,u = 5 m s
-1
, = 1.0 kg s
-1
and
g = 10 m s
-2
,
t =
ln

t = 0.179 s

The time taken for the object to reach the highest point is 0.179 s.

To estimate the time taken for the object to descend from the highest point to the ground,
given mass of the object, m = 0.1 kg, initial velocity ,u = 5 m s
-1
, = 1.0 kg s
-1
and g = 10
m s
-2

When the object descend from highest point to the ground, s = 0,
By using the equation s =

[1 -
] -
,
The time taken for an object to descend from highest point to ground is estimated:

Substitute mass of the object, m = 0.1 kg, initial velocity, u = 5 m s
-1
,

= 1.0 kg s
-1
and
g = 10 m s
-2
,
[ ]

5t = 3(1 -
)
t =
(1 -
)

9

By using iterative method,
Let
(1 -
)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
(1 -
)
= 0.59997 (
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.59997
(1 -
)
= 0.59851 (
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.59851
(1 -
)
= 0.59849 (
When n = 3, t
3
=

0.59849
(1 -
)
= 0.59849 (
Since t
3
= 0.5984s and t
4
= 0.5984s, the time taken for the object to descend from the
highest point to the ground is 0.598 ( nearest 3 decimal places )
The time taken for the object to descend from the highest point to the ground,
= the time taken for the object to descend from the highest point to the ground the time
taken for the object to reach the highest point
= 0.598s 0.179s
=0.419s
10

The time taken for the object to descend from the highest point to the ground is
0.419s.

Steps above were repeated with a mass of 0.1 kg various between 0.02kg s
-1
to
2.0kg s
-1
, where, m = 0.1 kg, u = 5 ms
-1
, g = 10 ms
-2

The time taken for the object to reach the highest point was calculated using the
following equation:
t =
ln (

)
The time taken for an object to reach the highest point and descend to the ground was
calculated by using the following equation:
s =

[ 1 -
] -
, where s = 0

[ 1 -
] -
= 0

Results were tabulated in a table as shown below (Table 1):
Table 1: The values of time taken from the highest point to reach the ground with various
.

Time taken to reach the

highest point, t/ s
Time taken from the highest
point to reach the ground, t/ s
0.20 0.347 0.450
0.40 0.275 0.431
0.60 0.231 0.423
0.80 0.201 0.420
0.90 0.189 0.420

11

When = 0.20 kg s
-1
,
The time taken for the object to reach the highest point, t:
t =
ln

t = 0.347 s
The time taken for an object to reach the highest point and descend to the ground:
[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
5 (1 -

) 5t = 0

5t= 5 (1 -

)
T = (1 -

)
Let
(1 -
)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
t
1
= ( 1 -
)

= 0.86466 (
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.86466
t
2
= ( 1 -

)

= 0.82259 (
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.82259
t
3
= ( 1 -
)

= 0.80702 (

12

When n = 3, t
3
=

0.80702
t
4
= ( 1 -
)

= 0.80092 (
When n = 4, t
4
=

0.80092
t
5
= ( 1 -

)

= 0.79847 (
When n = 5, t
5
=

0.79847
t
6
= ( 1 -

)

= 0.79748 (
When n = 6, t
6
=

0.79748
t
7
= ( 1 -

)

= 0.79708 (
Since
= 0.79748 and
= 0.79708, the time taken for the object to reach the highest
point and then descend to the ground is 0.797s (to nearest 3 decimal points) for = 0.20
kg
and the time taken for the object to reach the highest point = 0.347s ,
The time taken for the object to descend from the highest point to the ground
= the time taken for the object to reach the highest point and descend to the ground the
time taken to reach the highest point
= 0.797s 0.347s
= 0.450s
13

0.450s .

When = 0.40 kg s
-1
,
Time taken to reach the highest point, t:
t =
ln

t = 0.275 s
Time taken for an object to reach the highest point and descend to the ground:
[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

)
t= 0

t =
(1 -

)

t=
(1 -
)
Let
(1 -

)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
t
1
=
(1 -

)

= 0.73626(
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.73626
t
2
=
(1 -

)

= 0.71055 (
14

When n = 2, t
2
=

0.71055
t
3
=
(1 -

)

= 0.70628(
When n = 3, t
3
=

0.70628
t
4
=
(1 -

)

= 0.70552(
Since
= 0.70628 and
point and then descend to the ground is 0.706 s (to nearest 3 decimal points) for = 0.40
kg
and the time taken for the object to reach the highest point = 0.275s,
= the time taken for the object to reach the highest point and descend to the ground- the
= 0.706s 0.275s
= 0.431s
0.431s .

When = 0.60 kg s
-1
,
t =
ln

t = 0.231 s
15

[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

)
t = 0

t =
(1 -

)

t=
(1 -
)
Let
(1 -

)
When n = 0, t
0 =
1
t
1
=
(1 -

)

= 0.66501(
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.66501
t
2
=
(1 -

)

= 0.65433(
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.65433
t
3
=
(1 -

)

= 0.65352(
Since
= 0.65433 and
point and then descend to the ground is 0.654 s (to nearest 3 decimal points) for = 0.60
kg
and the time taken for the object to reach the highest point = 0.231s,
16

= 0.654s 0.231s
= 0.423s
0.423s .

When = 0.80 kg s
-1
,
t =
ln

t = 0.201s
[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

)
t = 0

t=
(1 -

)

t=
(1 -

)
Let
(1 -

)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
t
1
=
(1 -

)

= 0.62479(
17

When n = 1, t
1
=

0.62479
t
2
=
(1 -

)

= 0.62078 (
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.62078
t
3
=
(1 -

)

= 0.62064(
Since
= 0.62078 and
point and then descend to the ground is s (to nearest 3 decimal points) for = 0.80
kg
and the time taken for the object to reach the highest point = 0.201s ,
= 0.621s 0.201s
= 0.420s
0.421s .

When = 0.90 kg s
-1
,
Time taken to reach the highest point, t
:

t =
ln

t = 0.189s
Time taken for an object to reach the highest point and descend to the ground:
18

[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

)
t = 0
t=
(1 -

)
t=
(1 -

)
Let
(1 -

)
When n = 0, t
0 =
1
t
1
=
(1 -

)

= 0.61104 (
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.61104
t
2
=
(1 -

)

= 0.60861 (
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.60861
t
3
=
(1 -
)

= 0.60856(
Since
= 0.60861 and
point and then descend to the ground is s (to nearest 3 decimal points) for = 0.90
kg
and the time taken for the object to reach the highest point = 0.189 s,
19

= 0.609 s 0.189s
= 0.420s
0.420 s.

Steps above were repeated with = 1.0 kg s
-1
and various masses between 0.05 kg to 0.5
kg. Given = 1.0 kg s
-1
,u = 5 ms
-1
, g = 10 ms
-2

The time taken for the object to reach the highest point was calculated by using following
equation :
t =
ln

The time taken for the object to reach the highest point and descend to the ground was
calculated by using the following equation :
s =

[ 1 -
] -
, where s=0

[ 1 -
] -
= 0

Results were tabulated in a table as below (Table 2):
Table 2: The values of the time taken from the highest point to reach the ground with
various mass, m.
Mass, m / kg Time taken to reach the
highest point, t/ s
Time taken from the highest
point to reach the ground, t/ s
0.05 0.120 0.430
0.15 0.220 0.421
0.20 0.251 0.425
0.25 0.275 0.431
0.30 0.294 0.436

When m = 0.05 kg
20

The time taken to reach the highest point, t:
t =
ln

t = 0.120s
[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

)
t= 0
t=
(1 -

)
t=
(1 -

)
Let
(1 -

)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
t
1
=
(1 -

)
= 0.54999(
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.54999
t
2
=
(1 -

)
= 0.54999 (
Since
= 0.54999 and
point and then descend to the ground is 0.550 s (to nearest 3 decimal points) for m = 0.05
kg and the time taken for the object to reach the highest point = 0.120s ,
21

= 0.550 s 0.120s
= 0.430 s.
0.430 s.

When m = 0.15 kg
t =
ln

t = 0.220s
[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -
t= 0
t =
(1 -

)

t=
(1 -

)
Let
(1 -
)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
t
1
=
(1 -
)

= 0.64917(
22

When n = 1, t
1
=

0.64917
t
2
=
(1 -

)

= 0.64142(
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.64142
t
3
=
(1 -

)

= 0.64097(
Since
= 0.64142 and
point and then descend to the ground is 0.641s (to nearest 3 decimal points) for m = 0.15
= 0.641s 0.220s
= 0.421s
0.421s .

When m = 0.20 kg
t =
ln

t = 0.251s
23

[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

) 2t = 0
t =
(1 -

)

t=
(1 -

)
Let
(1 -
)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
t
1
=
(1 -
)

= 0.69528 (
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.69528
t
2
=
(1 -
)

= 0.67836(
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.67836
t
3
=
(1 -

)

= 0.67645(
When n = 3, t
3
=

0.67645
t
4
=
(1 -

)

= 0.67622(

24

Since
= 0.67645 and
= 0.676s 0.251s
= 0.425s
0.425s .

When m = 0.30 kg
t =
ln

t = 0.275s
[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

)
t= 0
t =
(1 -

)

t=
(1 -

)
Let
(1 -
)
When n = 0, t
0
=

1
25

t
1
=
(1 -
)

= 0.73626 (
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.73626
t
2
=
(1 -
)

= 0.71055 (
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.71055
t
3
=
(1 -
)

= 0.70628(
When n = 3, t
3
=

0.70628
t
4
=
(1 -
)

=0.70552 (

Since
= 0.70628 and
= 0.706s 0.275s
= 0.431s
0.431s .
26

When m = 0.30 kg
t =
ln

t = 0.294s
[]
[ 1 -
] -
= 0
(1 -

) 3t= 0
3t =
(1 -

)

t=
(1 -

)
Let
(1 -
)
When n = 0, t
0 =
1
t
1
=
(1 -
)

= 0.77146 (
When n = 1, t
1
=

0.77146
t
2
=
(1 -

)

= 0.73887(
When n = 2, t
2
=

0.73887
t
3
=
(1 -

)

= 0.73185(
27

When n = 3, t
3
=

0.73185
t
4
=
(1 -

)

=0.73024 (
When n = 4, t
4
=

0.73024
t
5
=
(1 -

)

=0.72986(
Since
= 0.73024 and
kg and the time taken for the object to reach the highest point = 0.294 s,
= 0.730s 0.294s
= 0.436 s
0.436 s.

28

Conclusion
By using Newtons Second law, F=ma, the motion of the object can be modelled
by differential equation, m
= -v mg.
Next, by applying first order differential equation with separable variables,
express in terms of and height express in terms of can be found. The equation in
terms of is v =

where height express in terms of is

s =

[1 -

] -
.
To calculate the time taken for the object to reach the highest point by using the
equation, v =

, given mass of the object, m = 0.1 kg, the initial

velocity, u = 5 m s
-1
, = 1.0 kg s
-1
and g = m s
-2
. Hence, the time taken for the object to
reach the highest point is found, t = 0.179 s.
In order to estimate the time taken for the object to descend from the highest point
to the ground= the time taken for the object to reach the highest point to the ground- the
time taken to reach the highest point. The time taken for the object to descend from the
highest point to the ground can be found by using the equation
s =

[1 -

] -
. Thus, the time taken for the object to descend from the
highest point to the ground is 0.419 s.
The steps to calculate both the time taken for the object to reach to the highest
point and the time taken for the object to descend from the highest point to the ground are
repeated in order to calculate the time taken in both condition which various in and
mass of object, m. Results are tabulated.
In conclusion, by using method of iteration and a change in value, an
approximate value of the highest point reach by the object is calculated. As value
increases, the time taken for the object to descend from the highest point to the ground
decreases. The time taken continues to decreases as value increases at later stage. Since
29

the approximate value calculated is used to calculate the time taken of the object to reach
the ground from the highest point, for 0.80 kg
s-1
and 0.90 kg
s-1
, the time taken from the
highest point to reach the ground are the same which is 0.420 s. Besides, the time taken
for the object to reach the ground is longer as compared to the time taken for the object to
reach the maximum point. As in the case of object with different mass, as mass increases,
the time taken for the object to reach the maximum point increases and the time taken to
reach the ground also increases.

30

References
Acceleration. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration
Differential equation. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation
Force. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force
Gravitational. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation
Iterative method. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_method
Iteration method . Accessed on 14 January 2014, from http://ncalculators.com/math-
worksheets/iteration-method-numerical-analysis.htm
Newtons laws of motion. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion
Resistance Force. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_force
Velocity. Accessed on 14 January 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity

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1

Title: To Study the Application of Newtons Second Law

F= net force applied

is the acceleration, the rate of change, or derivative, of the

, the time taken for the object to reach the

Time taken to reach the

where height express in terms of is

, given mass of the object, m = 0.1 kg, the initial

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