CDX Group 2 Final

CHAPTER 1
THE INTRODUCTION
COMMUNITY
A social group of people interacting with each other determined by geographic
boundaries living together to attain certain and common goals and sharing the same interest;
also, A group of people living in a specific location (Random House Webster's English
Learner's Dictionary).
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
A process by which the nurses collect data about the community in order to identify
factors may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population to formulate a community
health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement community health nursing intervention
and strategies.
Community diagnosis is defined as a means of appraising the needs and problems that
are present in the community.
Aside from the fact that this study is a requirement for this course, community
diagnosis is a form of preparatory for higher education and for the enhancement of the
students' existing skills and knowledge. It is a good training ground for student nurses who
aim to be professional nurses in the future for it is here where the application and
improvement takes place.
1
This also provides student nurses to share their existing knowledge to the community
so that 4they may alleviate their current health status.
Property isn't a new issue to be dealt with since all societies experience this kind of
problem everyday. Unfortunate people are outnumbered, having no decent place to live in.
Yes, a shelter may be essential but it doesn't necessarily mean that it provides conduciveness
among inhabitants. The health of an individual is especially affected with the kind of
environment that he's in. It is the setting that makes a person enhance his well-being and
enables him to be a more productive member of the society.
Wald's experience resulted in a decision to dedicate oneself fully in order to improve and
protect human life. This has been the primary motive of Community Health Nursing people.
A classical definition given by C.F. Winslow sets the role of Community Health Nursing
in context:
“Community Health Nursing is a science and an art of preventing disease prolonging life
promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for the sanitation of
environment the control of communicable infection, the education of individuals in personal
hygiene the organization of the medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and
preventative treatment of disease and the development of social machinery to ensure
everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these
benefits as to enable citizen to realize his/her birth right of health and longevity.”
2
Community Health Nursing in its sense in an enjoined Nursing and Public Health
practice intended for human service that is further developed or applied and has a
tremendous impact on human well-being. Hence, it aims to enable people to cope up with the
interruption and threats to health through maximizing their potential for higher level of
wellness as well as promoting supportive relationships between people as well as in their
physical and social environment. Moreover, it has a responsibility to the total population
within a defined area of environment as well as to the individual's and families whole well-
being which is essential to Community Health. Human beings are created to be the steward of
god in preserving His creation. Man is ought to be responsible in its environment, work, and
make the doest out of it.
The right functional relationship to society is the first task of an individual ---------
to his society. Find your real job and do it means you have to work with endurance and
perseverance in sustaining your health and well-being.
The community has a direct influence on the health of individuals and their families.
On its own level, most of the health services provision occurs. Health status is the product of
interacting elements such as physical, population, geographical character, topographical
(physical and manmade features of places like landscape etc.), socio-economic, and cultural
factors, basic health and social power within that community (Charlotte Perkins Gilman).
The community diagnosis being presented will greatly the people involved in terms of
identifying the situations and cases which need change, development and control. The
Philippines is said to be one of the Third World nation in the world. In fact, statistics released
3
by the National Statistical Coordination Board last 2006 indicates that approximately 24 out
of 100 Filipino families do not earn enough to satisfy their basic food and non-food
requirements including health.
As of 2004, statistics reveal that only about P494 are allotted for the health care costs
per capita of Filipinos.
Furthermore, only 50% of more than 80 million populations have access to
medications. And in terms of global ranking the Philippines ranks 103rd in terms of the
citizen's drug access. On the other hand, the ratio of the number of available physicians to
attend the health care needs of the people is only 1 for about 1000 pesos. (Retrieved at
http://www.nationamaster.com/red/country/rp-philippines/health&b_cite=1).
With these alarming data at hand, you could just imagine how many Filipinos do not
have any access to health care services which are said to be the right of each and every
individual. This just proves that here in the Philippines, there is really much work to be done
and lots of hands needed to make a difference. And the key to make things happen is to
empower the people or the citizens themselves to do something about the country's current
condition. Together, people have the power to change things and in time, bring their
communities as well as the whole nation to its healing.
As student researchers expand learning about health situations, the students will also be
able to enhance the skills in therapeutic communication in communicating with the people
and reaching out to others, and abilities in critical thinking when analyzing and interpreting
the data gathered and putting together facts and comprehending results. The students will be
more open about the different situations in the environment and become more knowledgeable
4
about the people who need help and guidance regarding health issues. The student nurses
meets some of the people they will be of service of and make a step in organizing and
practicing their responsibilities, problems and obligations. As future health care professionals,
within our hands lies the power to awaken the spirit of these people. With our
immediate access to their communities through Community Health Nursing, we have the
great opportunity in motivating and teaching them on how to resolve their problems
concerning health. But the first step in resolving these predicaments is having an awareness of
what their real problems are.
Every community is a unique community. Therefore, each of them has varied difficulties at
hand. This is where the Community Diagnosis plays its function.
In every community there is work to be done, in every nation, there are wounds to heal, and
in every heart there is power to do it.
Marianne Williamson
In formulating preventive measures and essential programs, evaluation of the problem
of the individual, family and community should be assessed. In the assessment process you
treat each person individually. Different persons constitute different illnesses, which manifest
different symptoms.
Each person is unique and each symptom varies from each individual. If we have the
necessary details about each individual, we can make conclusions about the family since they
are treated as a unit.
5
If some members of the family manifest signs and symptoms of a certain disease, everyone is
perceived to be infected. There is also the possibility that one member of the family has an
ailment.
The preventive measures should be rendered to all the members in order for them to
be aware and immediately take into action the needed prevention.
In the community, we may be able to relate our intervention if we have a background
regarding the health status of the people living there. That background will serve as our guide
to help them to be or conscious with their health condition. And when each family has been
assesses, programs for the community can be formulated. These programs in turn shall be
implemented and should be based on the needs, Interests and within the capability of the
community.
Community health nursing is a typical way on how to provide basic health care
services towards the promotion of health, prevention of disease and rehabilitation for
community people.
Moreover, through the process of community health nursing, health workers can be able to
make a very comprehensive plan in health programs like delineating health counseling. It also
encourages each individual in the community to boost their confidence until they can promote
self reliance in decision making process. The community health nursing needs the total
participation of the community people in order to reach their goal that has something to do
for the improvement of everyone.
6
According to the International Council of Nurses, one key role of a nurse
encompasses the care of individuals of all communities.
There are many ways in how to fulfill this role however, among all these ways which is
effective and sufficient to provide appropriate care to the community? And one valuable and
successful method that has been used over time and again to accomplish this nursing role is
Community Diagnosis.
Community is a group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and/or
common values and interests (Maglaya, 2004) while diagnosis is the investigation or analysis
of the cause or nature of a condition, situation, or problem; so combining the analysis of the
condition or problems of a particular group of people delimited by geographic boundaries,
common beliefs, values and interests.
Putting this into mind, the study, Community Diagnosis of Purok 5, Barangay Duquit, Dau
Mabalacat, Pampanga, will primarily provide information regarding the community's overall
status encompassing its health, socioeconomic ,cultural, and religious condition that was
based largely from the data that was collected beforehand.
With this, problems can be identified and nursing plans or solutions can be created in
order to address these pressing problems of the community. Furthermore, the study could
serve as a tool to future student nurses or researchers who will be exposed to the specified
community as they can use the data gathered from this study as a basis and other
recommendations and propositions that were generated. And lastly, the study will enhance
the communication skills, modify the attitude and instill more learning on the researchers'
part.
7
Interaction among the residents is the initial step in COPAR and this can be achieved
through data gathering in order to have a deeper understanding about the Barangay and to
determine their felt needs.
The actual data gathering happened last September in which each subgroup is assigned
with different streets in the Barangay. Each subgroup conducted their survey where the
results were tallied and validated. After which, all subgroups had their results collected to
have the grand total of the survey results.
According to Untalan, “Community Health Nursing (CHN) is a synthesis of nursing
and public health practice applied to the promotion of the client's optimum, level of
functioning and preserving the health of the population. The nature of this practice is general
and comprehensive. It is not limited to a particular age or diagnostic group. It is continuing
not episodic.
The dominant responsibility is the population as a whole. Therefore, nursing is
directed to individuals, families or a group that contributes to the health of the total
population.
CHN is an umbrella and one of the most important parts of CHN is Community
Organizing Participatory Action Research (COPAR), because the researchers are just more
facilitators in order to help the people to know or realize the existing problems that have been
identified in the community and enable them to participate in finding solutions to these
problems.
8
COPAR is initiated in order for the researchers to dig deeper in the community
through data gathering and this is possible through Community Diagnosis in order to know
the various aspect of the community which includes the political, behavioral, socio-economic,
environmental aspects, and its health care delivery system.
Through the data gathered it gave the researchers a glimpse on the life of the
community and it enables the researchers to know the areas of their strength and weaknesses,
the existing problems in the community, and areas of concerns, which needs the outmost
interventions. Furthermore, it provides an assessment on the health status of the people
which is considered as the heart and soul of this program, because this will determine on how
the implementation will be prioritize in accordance with the existing problems in the
community.
COPAR is a two way process, the researchers act as mere facilitators, while the
community and officials continue whatever program implementation has been started; this is
to achieve the ultimate goal of COPAR which is self-empowerment.
9
STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General Objectives
In line with concepts and principles established in directing the study,the researchers
after several months of community visits or exposure at Purok 5 Duquit Dau Mabalacat
Pampanga, the researchers will accomplish the following general objectives:
 To hone the proficiency of the researchers in the accomplishment of the Community
Diagnosis.
 To identify the problems that the community is experiencing.
Specific Objectives
At the end of the community diagnosis, the researchers will:
 To accomplish the Community Diagnosis
 To seek from permission to the Barangay Officials in Barangay Duquit.
 To gather information from their records in the Barangay Hall and to the Barangay
Health Center.
 To survey at least 5% of the total number of families of Purok 5, Barangay Duquit.
 To establish good working relationship with the people of Purok 5, Barangay Duquit.
 To be familiar with the vicinity of Barangay Duquit.
 To collect and tally all the data gathered accurately.
 To define and interpret gathered data by using statistical and numerical method.
 To know current and possible health needs and problems of the community through
the data collected.

10
Research Objectives
This Community Diagnosis was undertaken to answer the following queries:
 How may the status of the community be assessed as their social, economic,
environmental, cultural indicators and health behaviors?
 What are the problems encountered by the people in the community?
 What are the suggestion and recommendations of the group?
 How the environmental condition of the residents of Purok 5, Barangay Duquit may be
affected by their Drainage, and Water and Toilet Facility Ownership
 How may couples, (those female between 15-49y/o,and other criteria mentioned, to fall
under productive age) surveyed, of the Purok 5, Barangay Duquit be categorized as to
their productivity?
 How the children in the surveyed street may be described as to their type of infant
feeding, including their immunization, and their nutritional status.
 How may the food supply of the family be described as to their source, storage and
coverage status?
 How may the health services of the different streets of Purok 5, Barangay Duquit are
describe as to their facility or provider?
 What are the ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Barangay Duquit?
11
METHODOLOGY
A community diagnosis, in order to be successful, must be accurate, feasible, and
should contain pertinent data information acquired through proper assessment and
continuous data gathering for a set amount of time.
In order to achieve this goal, the researchers made use of practical methods of data
gathering.
These methods include observation, interview, questioning, and measurement.
Observation is a methods of a data gathering which involves detailed examination of
something, such as the community, before analysis, diagnosis, or interpretation.
Tools used for observation are as follows:
Tally Sheets refer to a form on which quantities (obtained numerical data of elicited
response) are recorded, especially when conditions make counting errors likely.
Questioning is the act of asking or interrogating the people in the community on a one on
one basis for
the purpose of gathering required data or information.
Structured Interview/Survey Form are readily prepared survey forms which are
presented to each families to gather required reply based on a set of criteria.
Measurement is a process of data completion done through instrumentation and
computation such as poverty threshold, height and weight, house dimension, and nutritional
status.
Sources of Data is the study utilized surveys where in the people in the community were the
respondents. The study made use of a structured type of questionnaire during the data
collection.
12
Design of Questionnaire
Structured Questionnaire is a printed paper or form containing specific questions that
serve as a guide for obtaining specific information from an individual; and Close-Ended
Questions Which limit the respondent's response to dichotomous answers such as ye/no,
true, false, and the like.
Tools in Data Gathering
 Checklist/Survey Form is a list for checking and references.
 Pen is a long, thin instrument used for writing with the use of ink; Pencil is an
instrument of writing which consists of graphite or black lead enclosed in a wooden
cylinder or metal case and Eraser is something used to rub out writing; a piece of
rubber for pencil markings.
 Weighing Scale is an instrument used to obtain the weight of children ages 3-6 years
old. Units used may be in pounds or kilograms and Tape Measure is a long roll or
strip of fabric, plastic, paper, or thin metal that is marked off in inches or centimeters
for measuring the height of children age 0-6 years old. It is also used in measuring the
total living space and total window length of each house in the community.
 Calculator is a handheld device that performs mathematical calculations and
functions.
Methods of Data Processing/Methods of Analysis
 Tallying refers to the counting of data acquired and Tabulation refers to the act of
systematic arrangement of the obtained data in columns, rows, or tables.

13
 Graphs is a diagram that shows relationships between numbers. Graphs arrange
numerical information into a picture such as histograms, pie charts, or line graphs
from which it is often possible to see overall patterns or trends in the information.
 Systemic Observation is a method used to identify systemic events occurred or
presently occurring in the community which are important in the identification,
breakdown, and analysis of data.
 Interview are meetings during which respondents/interviewee are asked questions
by the researchers/interviewers to obtain needed data. This is the primary source of
data gathering utilized in the study and Survey answers a number of questions in
order to obtain necessary information needed for the assessment of the problems in the
community.
 Records Review is a method which involves reviewing of accessible data which will
be utilized to set criteria.
Data Presentation
 Frequency Distribution refers to the manual tallying of the number of occurrence
of a specific data.
 Percentage Distribution is obtained by dividing the frequency with the total
population then multiplying the quotient by 100.
14
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Age and gender
“Children and adolescent make up nearly 40% of the world’s population. Among the
most vulnerable of population, their health problem account for over 50% of the gap in
health equity between the world’s richest and poorest people”. This accounts for their
statement that the seeds of health in adulthood and old age are sown during infancy,
childhood and adolescence. Meaning, the children require safe and supportive environments,
including families to nurture their growth and development. This serves as a foundation for a
good healthy status and will progress as the child ages.
In each case, gender norms, values and behavior certainly affect health. On the other
hand between health risk and opportunities to enjoy health, women face a greater number
of unavoidable health risks, in part because of their reproductive health. In health needs o
access to resources, which is again, largely because of the reproductive role, women, have
more different health needs than men. Men on the other hand are not conscious enough when
it comes to their health and will not consult a physician unless their health is at risk.
Civil Status
Marriage or wedlock is an interpersonal relationship (usually intimate and sexual)
with government, social, or religious recognition. It is often created by contract or through
civil processes. Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a governmental
institution. Single status is categorized as people who never married within 15 years old
15
and above or an individual without a spouse and offspring.
On the other hand, a widow is a woman whose spouse has died. A man whose spouse has
died is a widower.
A couple is legally separated only if the couple has successfully petitioned a court to
recognize their separation; simply living apart does not constitute separation for these
purposes. “Marriage keeps you alive and the effect is remarkably large. The excess mortality
for the unmarried is similar to that of a smoker”.
According to the studies of research and development (RAND) center for the study of
aging, married person tend to live longer than their un married counterparts. They showed
that there is a connection between longer life expectancy and the married state.
There is “protection” provided in marriage that can help contribute to good health.
In the publication entitled “Sex Roles: A Journal of Research” September 1, 2005, it
has been said that married may serve as health-promoter by encouraging positive health
behaviors, but mostly it depends on the health belief of the couple involved.
In their study they also protected that divorce and widowhood might lead to deterioration
of health behaviors including poorer diet, decrease physical activity and increase in vices. It is
probably a very experience for them.
Types of Family
Children of today are growing up in a variety of households and different family systems.
Their growing competence and development is largely influence by family life and family
relationship. Their well-being continues to depend on the quality of family interactions. In
short, family type plays an integral role an integral in children’s development.

16
Children of large families obviously experience different conditions from those in
smaller or one child families. Children in larger families have the advantage of having
relationships with siblings. These relationships and interactions give them the opportunity
to have companionship, emotional support and assistance while they are growing up.
Children in larger families often experience degrees of rivalry and may need to fight for
parent’s attention. The positive interactions that occur between siblings contribute to
perspective taking, moral maturity, and competence in relating to other children”.
Family is the basic unit of society. It is a group of people living in a particular location
sharing common culture, belief and tradition. It denotes a group of people affiliated by
consanguinity (by blood), affinity (kinship) and co-residence. There are different types of
families: Nuclear family developed in the western world referring to a family group consisting
of parent (usually a father and mother) and their children.
Extended family it is consists of a nuclear family and some intermediate relative
(grandparents, auntie, and uncles) living in one roof. Small sized family consists of 1 to 4
members. Medium sized family it is consists of 5 to 6 members. A large sized family consists
of 5 to 6 members. (wikipedia.com) other family types are as follows: Dyad family refers to the
beginning family a couple without children. Cohabitation is an emotionally and physically-
intimate relationship which includes a common living place and which exists without legal or
religious sanction. Stem family traditionally, a stepfamily is the family one acquires when a
parents enters a new marriage, weather the parent was widowed or divorced. For example, if
one’s mother died and one’s father marries other women, the new woman is one’s stepmother.
A single parent (also lone parent and sole parent) is a parent who cares for children without
the assistance of other parent in the home. The legal definition of “single parenthood” may
17
vary according to the local laws of different nations or regions. But the study was only limited
to some types, and the other were not shown.
Religion
One factor that made a large impact on seeking medical care is religion. It clearly effects
the mind of an individual that God is the center and the one that controls what could happen
in this world. This can discourage a person’s decision because he would think that God is the
only one who can give solutions to his problems in health and better not to perform
consultation to a health care provider since he believes that God can help him. In certain
religious areas where they give emphasis on female modesty, midwives tend to attend
childbirth rather than men. This is because there are certain rituals that must be performed
and health workers should understand these ceremonies before they can start to determine
their relation to the health of an individual.
Another example is that of the culture of the Muslim people. They prefer to use herbal
teas and vitamins in preparation for childbirth. They base their prenatal care on their beliefs
about pregnancy. Like most pregnant women, they also seek medical attention whenever
there is a serious problem like bleeding.
In seeking medical attention, patients are instructed to follow the right medication on
medicine a physician gave. Certain procedure are explained, which are in regards to their
health. But not all religious groups tend to follow this procedure. Jehovah’s Witness patients
would refuse to undergo blood transfusion, as it is against their belief. Health care provider’s
duty then is to explain every procedure and the consequences that may happen if a patient
refuses to undergo such intervention. It is also their responsibility to give proper care and
18
medication to patient but if they refuse to because of their belief, health workers have no other
choice but to respect it.
Catholics are the people who belong to the universal Christian church; a member of a
Catholic Church especially Roman Catholic while according to Britannica Dictionary, non-
catholic refers to those who are affiliated outside the Roman Catholic Church. Such religion
outside the Catholic Church includes: protestants, Buddhists, Muslim , Jehovah’s Witness,
and Seventh day Adventist.
Educational Attainment
According to the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, the data that the authors
presented show that the more education report having lower morbidity from the most
common acute and chronic disease (heart condition, stroke hypertension, cholesterol,
emphysema, diabetes, asthma attacks, and ulcer). More educated people are less likely to be
hypertensive, or o suffer from emphysema or diabetes.
Physical and mental functioning is also better for the better education. The better
education are substantially less likely to report that they are in poor health, and less likely to
report anxiety or depression. Finally, better educated people report spending fewer days in
bed or not at work because of disease, and they have fewer functional limitations.
The magnitude of the relationship between education and health varies across
conditions, but is generally large. An additional four years of education lower five-year
mortality by 1.8 percentage points; it also reduces the risk of heart disease b 2.16 percentage
19
points and the risk of diabetes by 1.3 percentage points. Four more years of schooling lowers
the probability of reporting oneself in fair or poor health by 6 percentage points and reduces
lost days of work to sickness by 2.3 each year.
income, which might be regarded as a secondary aspect of the vocation, however beneficial.
According to a book authored by Untalan, never been to school are individual who did not
attend formal or informal schooling.
Monthly income
Number of scholars have come to the conclusion that progress and prosperity, as
manifested in continuous income growth at both individual and national level, provide the has
more access to health and education service while those families with low income are ate high
risk of disease and poor environment.
In Hong Kong, the first local study to examine the effect of income on health and quality
of life has found than their higher income peers. This income effect however, does not seem to
apply to women, according to the study published in the October issue of the Hong Kong
Medical Journal. The authors suggest that with a widening gap appearing between rich and
poor both in Hong Kong and globally, health problem in low-income groups need to be
addressed. They recommended that health education and screening programmer targeting
low-income groups be developed.
Base on the statistics made by NEDA, poor id the family with an average income of less
20
than Php 2,768.60 per individual per month while not poor is family with an average income
of higher than Php per individual.
Employment status
Employment status affect health by the type of work or place, time allotted to work and
even the income earned. Men working in comfortable, safe and clean environment have fewer
chances to acquire disease and illness than the men working in dirty and accident prone place.
Injuries from accident work are an important public health problem. In construction, it is said
that 25% of worker have accident at work. The cost to the people affected and their families is
un-quantifiable.
Some people however, despite the safe working environment that they have, still
experience some health problem due to stress. Some people are very busy with work that they
don’t have time foe themselves anymore specifically to their health. And since their busy
schedules wouldn’t allow them to visit the hospital immediate when they are ill, these people
would just self- medicated or ignore the problem, which may eventually lead to severity of the
illness.
Men who belong to high-income groups can avail health service that can prevent and
cure illnesses unlike men whose income are low and not enough to suffice their needs. This is
due to the expensive health service that they can’t just afford. Men who belong to these low-
income groups just rely on free or affordable health services, which are not as good as the
service that private hospitals offer.
21
Consequences of parental employment status on their children’s health have usually
been studied together with other indicators of socio-economic status. However there is a need
for deeper understanding of the association between parental unemployment and its
consequence for children, which can be explored only if parental employment status is in the
centre of the researcher’s interest, not sidelined by the other socio-economics status indicator.
Only a few studies solely concerning parental employment status have been publish in recent
years. Reinhardt Pedersen et al. found increase prevalence of recurrent psychosomatic
symptoms and chronic illnesses among children (aged 2-7) whose parent (one or both) were
without paid work. Furthermore they found that the financial strain associated with non-
employment does not explain the increased prevalence of health problems among children.
Parental, particularly father’s, long term unemployment negatively affected the subjective
health of Slovak adolescents, and this negative effect remained even when adjusted for social
class and financial strain. Christoffersen reported parental unemployment as draining
children’s self-esteem.
Income is a gain measured in money derived in money from labor, business, or property.
Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employee. Employment status is
further classified into three sub group, employed unemployed and underemployed. Employed
are those individual who want additional work and are in fact looking for full time work?
Underemployed are those who are working part time (untalan, 2005). Self-employment refers
to the people that own business.
Unemployment, which had averaged about 4.5 percent during the 1970s, increase
drastically following the economic crises of the early 1980s, peaking in early 1989 at 11.4
percent. Urban areas fared worse; unemployment in mid-1990, for example, remained above
22
15 percent in Metro Manila.
Beyond the unemployment generated from economic mismanagement and crises was a
more long-term, structural employment problem, a consequence of the highly concentrated
control of productive assets and the inadequate number of work places created by investment
in the industrial economy. The size and growth of service sector was one indicator.
Underemployment was another.
Underemployment has been predominantly a problem for poor, less educated, and
older people. The unemployed have tented to be young, inexperience entrants into the labor
force, who were relatively well educated and not heads of households.
In the first half of the 1980s, approximately 20 percent of male household heads and 35
percent of female household heads were unable to find more than forty days of work a
quarter, according to an source.
Home ownership
In Germany, 44.0% of the populations live in homes that they owned. (Pollack,
Knesebeck and Siegrist, 2004). In bivariate analyses, women, people who live in
apartment buildings, reside near cities, live in crowded homes, have homes in need of
renovation, report higher pollution , and have distant contact with neighbors are more likely
to live in rented homes. In multilevel analyses, renting a home was found to be associated
with poor self-rated health.
23
Mechanisms that link home ownership and health must also situate the home in the
surrounding neighborhood. Rented homes tend to be clustered together, creating areas of
lower socioeconomic status. Neighborhoods have been postulated to affect health through the
physical, social, and service environment. In term of the physical environment, living in a
rented home was more common closer to cities and in areas where pollution was high.
Pollution was association between home ownership and health. This is consistent with past
studies that report air and noise pollution are more likely to be found among poorer areas.
Owned is a house or dwelling place, which is a real property of the family. Rented home
is a type of a home wherein the family pays a certain amount for the temporary possession of
the house usually at fixed intervals by the user and the owner. In rented free, the family does
not pay a certain amount to the owner of the dwelling place whose property they are living.
(Untalan 2005)
Type of building/housing structure
Housing accounts for a high proportion of the capital investment component of welfare. It
plays a major
part in defining life styles the structure of the community. The structure of the house
contributes to the overall health status of its residence as it could also cause health problem as
s result of the material used, the equipment installed, or the size and its design.
To have a home s more than mere fact of having a roof above one's head. It is having a
house (a place for oneself), to live in an adequate shelter means more than a roof over one's
head: It means to have a home, a place which protects privacy, contributes to physical and
psychological well-being, and supports the development and social function of the home.
24
The perception of a safe and intimate home is a major psychosocial benefits. It represents a
protected refuge from the outside world, enables the development of a sense of identity and
attachment as an individual or as a part of a family, and provides a space to be oneself. Any
intrusion of external factors or stressors strongly limits this feeling of safety, intimacy and
control, and there by reduces the mental and social function of the home.
Inadequate dwelling condition may trigger many of the direct health effects. Mould growth,
in door air pollution and emissions from building materials are as relevant issues as the
occurrence of infestation, inefficiency of heating systems and insulation measures, or lack of
hygiene and sanitation amenities. On the structural side, the quality and the design of the
dwelling are responsible for potential safety threats, the
social functionality of the dwelling, and the degree of limitation for residents with physical
handicaps. In addition, and influenced by other non-housing factors, crowing and noise
exposure are also relayed to the design and layout of the dwelling.
Concrete is a type of house where he floors, walls, and fences are made in concrete
materials. Woods is a type of house where the material used are wood. Concrete wood is a
combination of wood and concrete material. The roof of the house is mostly made of
galvanized iron sheets.
25
Ventilation
Poor indoor air quality cause or aggravates 50% of all illnesses and can lead to a host of
health problem
for people of all ages. This means that inadequate or poor ventilation can have damaging
effects on the health
of an individual especially if that person has present illnesses. If too little outdoor air enters a
homes, pollutants can sometimes accumulate to levels that can pose health and comfort
problem. Therefore, to be able to lower the concentration of in door air pollutant in your
home is by increasing the amount of outdoor air coming in.
Procedure in computing for ventilation, first, determines the total floor area in meters then;
get the area of the window or the window opening in meters. Third, apply the following
formula: Ventilation= TWO/TFA x 100.
For the state of ventilation, consider the following scale: 20%- satisfactory, 18-19% fair and
below poor,
This measurement was in accordance to a book by Untalan.
Source of lighting
There are different source of lighting being commonly used such as electricity, gas lamp
and candle. These sources of lighting are depending upon the type or satatus of the
community. Electricity is the common being used nowadays.
Although fluorescent lighting is one of the most commonly used, it has its counterpart
effect. UV rays from fluorescent lighting cause photochemical reactions, which lead to
26
formation of "smog" that can irritate eyes.
Candle is also being used. The most obvious hazard when you burn candles is the risk of
injury or death from fire. In most cases, candle fires are are caused by the human errors noted
above, but the design of candles can also increase the risk of fire and fire- Related injuries.
Using candles, gas lamps and other sources of lighting except for electricity is not widely
advisable to be used in everyday living. Their light emitted by those sources is not enough and
the mostly they may be dangerous and high risk of accident.
Electricity allows us to enjoy many of the conveniences of modern life and it allows
the residence to use various types of home appliances. Gas lamp is the process of burning
piped natural gas or coal for illumination. Before electricity became sufficiently widespread
and economical to allow for general public use, gas was the most popular means of lighting in
cities and suburbs, said by Untalan. A candle is a light source usually consisting of an internal
wick, which rises through the center of a column of solid fuel, definition retrieved in the
internet.
Adequacy of Lighting
Lighting in our homes can have a profound effect on the quality of our life.
Lighting makes a significant contribution to our physical and psychological functioning.
Better lighting can help increase personal independence; promote health and well-being, and
prevent6 injuries. In general, we should attempt to provide higher levels of illumination
throughout the entire house. This includes not just the major spaces, but ancillary areas
27
including hallways, stairs, and closets. Every area should have general illumination in
addition to ask lighting.
Day lighting and dimmable fluorescent are good indirect ambient light sources. Accent
lighting adds visual interest and becomes important for orientation and safety. As we age, it
becomes more critical to clearly define hallways, stairs, and potential changes in surfaces or
levels. Proper lighting can do this effectively. As eyes age, they loose their ability to distinguish
color, particularly in the short wave lengths (blue violet) 9.
Adequate light at daytime is a house wherein upon entering, a person can read properly and
windows are not obstructed which may block the passage of light. Inadequate light at daytime
wherein windows are obstructed which may block the passage light.
Adequate light at nighttime uses 50 watts incandescent light bulb or 20 – 40 watts fluorescent
bulb. Inadequate light at nighttime uses incandescent bulb less than 50 watts or 20 – 40
fluorescent lights.
Living Space
According to the Center for Children’s Environmental Health Research, at least
5,000,000 children in the United States live in deteriorated or crowded houses, about 1 for
every 14 children. One recent study showed that along side the effects of crowding, it has been
proved that housing disrepair is also a main contributing factor. This makes sense because
deteriorating houses serve as habitats for pests. Pest infestation then increases pesticide use,
which then expose children living in the home. And since there is very little space, ambient
moisture and condensation also increases, leading to more mold and water sources for pests.
Crowded is a living space is less than 3.0 square meters per family member
28
Water Supply and Ownership
Level 1 (Point Source) is protected well-developed spring with an outlet but without a
distribution system. Normally serves 15 to 45 households and its outreach are not more than
250 meters; Level 2 (Communal Faucet System or Stand Posts) is composed of a source
reservoir; a piped distribution network located not more than 25 metes from the farthest
house with 1 faucet per 4-6 household; and Level 3 (Waterworks System) is a system with a
source, reservoir, a piped distributor network and household taps and is commonly found in
urban areas.
Source of Water Supply
For the world’s poorest citizens, the right to safe water and adequate sanitation
remains a promise unfulfilled. At least 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water, and 2.6
billion lack access to basic sanitation, a silent humanitarian crisis that each day takes
thousand of lives, robs the poor of their health, thwarts progress towards gender equality, and
hamstring economic development, particularly in Africa and Asia.
If water comes from the surface water (river or lake), it can be exposed to acid rain,
storm water runoff, pesticide runoff, and industrial waste. This water is cleansed somewhat by
exposure to sunlight, aeration, and micro-organisms in the water. However, if water comes
from groundwater (private wells and some public water supplies), it generally takes longer to
become contaminated but the natural cleansing process also may take much longer.
Groundwater can be contaminated by disease-producing pathogens, leachate from
landfills and septic systems, careless disposal of hazardous household products, agricultural
chemicals, and leaking underground storage tanks.

29
The level of contaminants in drinking water are seldom high enough to cause
immediate health effects. Examples of acute health effects are nausea, lung irritation, skin,
rash, vomiting, dizziness, and even death. Contaminants are more likely to cause chronic
health effects – effects that occur long after repeated exposure to small amounts of a chemical.
Examples of chronic health effects include cancer, liver and kidney damage, disorders of the
nervous system, damage to the immune system, and birth defects.
Deep Well is protected well or developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution
system, mostly found in rural areas
Communal System is composed of a source water, reservoir, a piped distribution network and
communal faucets, located not more than 25 meters from the farthest house.
Distribution System is composed of source water, reservoir, a piped distribution network and
households taps’ generally suited for densely populated areas (Untalan 2005)
Source of Drinking Water
Safe drinking water for humans is important. If the water utilized by the people is
contaminated it can cause certain health problems. Typically the water supply networks
deliver a single quality of water whether it is used for drinking, washing and for other
household activities.
Drinking-water quality is an issue of concern for human health in developing and
developed countries world-wide. The risks arise from infectious agents, toxic chemicals and
radiological hazards. Experience highlights the value of preventive management approaches
spanning from water resource to consumer.

30
According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people in low and
middle income countries lack access to safe drinking water. This is mainly because they can't
afford to maintain adequate infrastructure for safe water, overpopulation and scarce water
resources. Water coming from pumps and faucets may not always be clean. Sometimes
contaminants get into the pipes. These may cause problems to the body's systems. There
should be close monitoring of drinking water quality. Some people choose purified water
because it is believed to be safer than tap water. Whatever sources of drinking water, the
individual should make sure that it is safe to drink and free of contaminants.
Drinking Water Storage
According to the Emergency Preparedness Experts from the U.S Department of
Homeland Security, the U.S Federal Emergency Management Agency and the American
Red Cross, we should choose appropriate containers for water storage and disinfect them
before use. Clear food-grade plastic containers, such as soft drink bottles, are ideal. Other
options include fiberglass or enamel-lined metal containers. Never use a container that has
previously held toxic substances. Containers for water should be rinsed with diluted chlorine
bleach solutions (one part to ten parts water) before use.
Every year, many incidents of death are reported because of certain disease brought
by improper water storage that leads to contamination of water that causes diarrhea, and
other gastro-intestinal disturbance. In certain diseases like this, the patient is more prone to
be dehydrated because of severe loss of water in the body. In order prevent the contamination
of drinking water, the family can purify their water by boiling to kill the bacteria in it. After
letting it cool, they should place the water in a clean bottle or container.
31
It is not always sure that our water sources can be safe or potable. Even mineral water
can't be considered as always safe for drinking. It is based on the process on how water is
purified and also its storage and proper package.
Water storage refers to a place of storing or safekeeping of water in a depository for
future use. It can be pitcher, pail, bottle, jug, drum, or jar. The coverage status of drinking
water can be classified as covered wherein any container that has lid on its opening
(Untalan, 2005)
Coverage Status of Drinking Water Containers
Disease caused through consumption of contaminated water, and poor hygiene
practices are the leading cause of death among children worldwide after respiratory disease,
by WHO. Lack of safe drinking water practices like covering of water container can be very
detrimental to health. Water, when stored in an uncovered container will serve as a medium
for transmitting diseases. If drinking water is exposed to the external environment, there is
greater possibility for it to be contaminated. It may be contaminated with air borne
substances like dust, smoke or even saliva coming from people coughing or sneezing.
If the water is placed in a container, it must have a cover so that it can't easily get
contaminated and no insect especially mosquitoes could breed in it. Mosquitoes are the most
common insects that use water as a breeding site for them to multiply. It can also affect the
health of an individual because mosquito bites can give a person certain disease conditions
like
32
Dengue Fever or Filariasis, which is also known as “Elephantiasis”.
Method of Garbage Disposal
A new study from the Philippines conducted by Ma. Eugenia C. Bennagen and
Vincent Altez from the Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, INC.
(REECS) has investigated a progressive way of charging for domestic waste management
and has shown that it can provide incentives for waste reduction. It found that a unit-based
waste pricing system – in which households are charged for waste disposal based on the
number of containers of garbage they produced – led to a significant reduction in the quantity
of garbage a community produced. The researchers also found that the new scheme (more
popularly known as “pay-as-you-throw” or “pay-per-bag”) could make waste disposal cheaper
both for community as a whole and for most of the households within it.
Dumping. Disposed on a vacant area or a lot either with or without hole and left uncovered.
Burning. Gathered then burned into ash.
Burying. Disposed by digging a portion of the ground putting garbage then covering it with
sand or soil(Untalan 2005)
Garbge Collection. A process whereby the accumulated garbage is a collected on a household
basis by the city government or by private entries.
Types of Garbage Disposal Containers
Garbage disposal should be handled in such manner as to avoid contamination. Waste
management is collecting, transporting, processing and disposing waste material. Its aim is
to clean up the surrounding environment and see that the waste does not have a detrimental
33
effect on health.
In hospitals, MMDA implemented a regulation requiring that hospitals provide four
types of waste bags, which is used to be identified individually as follows: black trash bag for
collection of non-infectious dry waste, or non-biodegradable waste; yellow trash bag with
0.004 gauge for collection of dry and wet infectious and puncture proof container covered
with thick solution of lime; and orange trash bags with trefoil sign for collection of radioactive
waste, which will be stored in the hospital until rendered in active or dispose of in accordance
with prescribed rules and regulations of the Philippines Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI).
Sack is a large rectangular bag of coarse strong material, used the stored and ship goods;
Plastic Bag is a synthetic non-biodegradable material, which is used to hold a waste; Pail is
typically cylindrical vessel for catching, hold and carrying garbage usually having a handled;
Can is a cylindrical metal receptacle usually with an open top often with a removable cover;
and a Pit is an open hole which is drug and where the garbage is placed.
Types of Toilet Facility
According to Untalan (in the year 2005) Septic Tank with water carriage is a toilet
bowl, which have a very deep separate tank and could be mechanically flushed; Septic Tank
without water carriage is a toilet bowl, which have a deep separate tank and could be
mechanically flushed and need a manual flushing with pail of water.
34
Toilet Facility Ownership
Each year two million children die from disease. The main source of diarrheal
infection is a human excreta. Human excreta always contain large numbers of germs.
Therefore, human excreta should be managed as a potentially dangerous material.
The construction of latrines is a relatively simple technology that may be used to control the
spread of these infectious disease.
The type of toilet ownership is one of the contributing factors for the increase of
incidence of diarrheal diseases. This is due to the number of people using these toilet facilities
and the way they use it. Cleanliness is very important, not only to one's self but including our
surrounding, in order to reduce the incidence of acquiring these disease.
There are three types of toilet ownership: Owned is a type of toilet facility owned and used
exclusively by a particular family; Shared is a toilet facility used by another but not really his.
This toilet facility is owned by another family; and Public, which is a toilet facility used by a
group of several people living in the community. The government, built for the use of the
community, owns it.
According to the UN Millennium Project Task Force on Water and Sanitation, four
of every ten people in the world do not have access to even a simple pit latrine; and nearly two
in ten have no source of safe drinking water . This silent humanitarian crisis kills some 3.900
children every day; thwarts progress toward all the Millennium Development Goals,
35
especially in Africa and Asia; and robs the poorest—particularly women and girls---of their
health, time, and dignity.
Owned refers to a toilet facility which belongs to a family; Shared is a toilet that is used
by the family, which is owned by another family; and Public is a toilet provided by the
government available for all.
Acceptor of Family Planning
Family planning means deciding when the right time is to have children, and what is
the appropriate number of children for a couple to have. The right time to have children is (1)
when a woman is between 20 and 35 years old; (2) when a woman has not been pregnant for
the last 2-3 years; (3) when a woman has fewer than 4 children; (4) when a woman has no
illness that would place herself or her baby in danger; and (5) when the couple wants to have a
baby.
Another reason is to encourage couples to practice family planning as it provides a
better life for their children. They will be able to send them to school and provide them with
the material things they need, as well as give emotional support through guidance and love.
Non-acceptor is a couple under productive age who are not using any type of family
planning method. Acceptor is a productive couple who makes use of any method of family
planning either artificial or natural.
According to Family Heath International, family planning use ca affect numerous
aspects of women's lives, including their health, their work inside and outside the home,
their roles within the family, and their psychological well-being. Contraceptive use can
minimize women's concerns about unplanned pregnancies, allow them to space their children
reduce the time they spend in child bearing and child rearing, an allow them to pursue work
36
outside the home. However, many women find that taking on additional responsibilities
outside the home adds to their work burden and creates stress, as they try to generate income
and manage the household and children.
Nutritional Status (0-72 months)
Nutrition means the sum of the process by which an animal, plant and humans
take in and utilize food substances. Inadequate or excess food intake is called
Malnutrition, which essentially means “bad nourishment”. It can cause either
underweight or overweight. People are malnourished if they are unable to utilize fully
the food they eat, in all its forms increase the risk of disease and early death. Consuming
too many calories is considered over nutrition (overweight) while a diet, which do not
provide adequate calories and protein for growth and maintenance is called under
nutrition (underweight).
According to WHO, 2 out of 3 overweight and obese people now live in
developing countries, the vast majority in emerging markets and transition economies
and malnutrition affects all age groups, but it is especially common among the poor and
those with inadequate access to health education and to clean water and good sanitation.
According to the criteria base on the Nutritional chart prepared by the Food and Research
Institute and created by International Reference Standards (IRS, NCHS/WHO reference
data, 1978.) data were used upon the advice of Angles City Health Office, City
Nutritional Council, and in a reference book titled Basic Nutrition for Filipinos (2002)
Source of Health Services
Source of health services affects health by the effectiveness of the health
service, resources of health services, and the availability and accessibility of health
services. The more effective the health service, the more increase in the prognosis of the
people, leading to good health. Health sectors with sufficient, good and modern or
37
complete equipments may provide better services compared to health sectors in which the
resources are inadequate.
Health is also affected by the availability and accessibility of the health
service because there is a greater possibility for people to be cured or prevent illnesses if
they can easily avail and visit health sectors compared with people who live in places
where there are no available health sectors. They can’t always visit to have medication
or proper treatment from health sectors, which can result to increase in morbidity.
Health Center is government agency of Barangay where basic health
services are provided to individual and family within the community. Private Doctor is a
registered doctor with specialization in different field in medicine and render health
services in his own clinic. Hospital is an institution, either private or government where
health services other than basic services are being provided. Herbolario, a person houses
herbs and plants and rituals to cure different illness. The people also resort to him in
repining home fractures (Untalan 2005).
38
CHAPTER 2
BARANGAY PROFILE
BARANGAY PROFILE : PUROK 5, DUQUIT, MABALACAT, PAMPANGA
Mabalacat became a town in 1712. It was named after the balacat tree
(Zizyphus Zonulata Balaco), a fourth class timber. Then, a settlement of a negrito
tribe, the area was a virtual forest of balacat trees. "Ma-balacat" in the native
kapampangan dialect means "full of balacats."
The town has a land area of 165.8 square kilometres - more than double that of
Angeles City’s. Roughly three-fifths of the land area of Clark Air Base belong to
Mabalacat (the rest to Angeles City, where Clark's main gate is located) whose
boundary extend up to the Zambales Ranges. The soil is charcoal black and shiny,
a sign of fertility, and is suitable for growing rice, sugarcane and other rootcrops.
Before 1712 Mabalacat was a barrio (barangay) of Bambang, now Bamban, Tarlac.
Like Porac, Santa Rita, Magalang, and Angeles City, this town never gets
inundated by floods from heavy rain because it is situated on an elevated plain
known as the "Upper Pampanga".
Mabalacat is politically subdivided into 27 barangays.
• Atlu-Bola • Mangalit
• Bical • Marcos Village
• Bundagul • Mawaque
(Mauaque)
• Cacutud
• Paralayunan
• Calumpang
• Poblacion
• Camachiles
• San Francisco
• Dapdap
• San Joaquin
• Dau
• Santa Ines
• Dolores
• Santa Maria
• Duquit
• Santo Rosario
• Lakandula
• Sapang Balen
• Mabiga
• Sapang Biabas
• Macapagal
Village • Tabun
• Mamatitang
39
The road in Dau which leads to the North Luzon Expressway.
In 1853 Mabalacat had a population of 2,611 and four barangays, namely,
Babangdapu, Duquit, Malabni, and Paglimbunan. In 1903 its population increased
to 7,049 and already had 19 barangays. These were Bical, Bundagul, Dapdap,
Dau, Dolores, Iba, Mabiga, Mamatitang, Mangalit, Matas, Mawaque, Paralayunan,
Poblacion, Quitangil, San Joaquin, Santa Ines, Santa Maria, Sapang Balen, and
Sapang Biabas. In 1948 its barangays increased to 20 with the addition of Fort
Stotsenburg. Barangay Quitangil was renamed San Francisco.
The largest barangay is Dau, which became a barrio in 1936 by virtue of

Presidential Proclamation Number 1. It is now a business nerve-center whose
commercial input and output run parallel to that of downtown's. A former
terminus of the North Luzon Expressway, it is the most urban area in Mabalacat.
San Francisco, the second largest barangay, along with San Joaquin, Santa Ines,
Poblacion, Calumpang and other barangays are categorized as urban in view of
their proximity to the town proper. Sapang Balen, with a population of 203
persons, is the smallest barangay.
Barangay Duquit is previously spelled as (DUKIT) and according to the elders

DUQUIT is a species of tall lean trees, which made good as house, posts and
sculpture is their from of livelihood, it was then headed by a chieftain today
known as Barangay Captain.
The following persons headed the barangay in the previous years up to present:
1. Eugenio Pare
2. Juanito Anunciacion
3. Eulogio Nuguid
4. AKA Cabyong
5. Domingo Supan
6. Sotero Pare
7. Daniel Bulaon
8. Antonio Viray
9. Claro “Johnbi” B. Garcia Jr. – Present Brgy.Captain
NATURAL RESOURCES:
The land area of Duquit is being used for industrial, commercial and
residential, some areas are covered with fertile soil for crops growing which
contributes to the Duquit peoples means of livelihood which is farming.
40
UTILITIES
In the field of Telecommunications:
PLDT, BAYANTEL, DATELCOM, DIGITEL.
The electirc power is served by PELCO II, and the water works system is
operated by NAWASA.
SCHOOLS
Duquit Elementary School
Daycare Centers
Duquit High School
HOSPITAL
Dee Hwa Liong Foundation Medical Center

PROPOSED PROJECTS
1. Canalization project along Ubas St.

2. Farm to Market road (Legazpi Road)
3. Upgrading of basketball covered court
NGO
1. Portobello Home owners association

2. BDTODA
3. Portobello tricycle operator’s drivers association
4. PDDTODA
5. DOTDA
6. MDTODA
7. PDTODA
8. BDTODA
9. DEE HWA TODA
10. PTA PARENTS TEACHES ASSOCIATION
11. Sitio Pila Homeowners Association
12. Dau Duquit Vendors Association
13. Seniors Citizen Association Duquit Chapter
Source: Barangay Hall, Brgy Duquit, Dau Mabalacat Pampanga
41
TOTAL POPULATION OF BARANGAY DUQUIT
ACCORDING TO GENDER
Age Male Female TOTAL
0-1 81 75 156
1-4 458 427 156
7 75 70 312
8 - 14 485 457 624
15 - 44 1449 1501 1248
45 - 64 332 339 2496
65 89 120 4992
N = 9984
42
From the Barangay Health Center, Brgy. Duquit. Dau Mabalacat
Pampanga
CULTURAL PROFILE
Language from Brgy. Duquit, purok 5

Percentag
Criteria Frequency
e
Kapampan
29 47.54%
gan
Tagalog 16 26.23%
Bisaya 5 8.20%
Waray 4 6.56%
Ilonggo 3 4.92%
Bicolano 2 3.28%
Ilokano 1 1.64%
Panggalato
1 1.64%
k
Mindanao 0 0%
TOTAL 61
RELIGION
Percentag
Criteria Frequency
e
Catholic 51 89.47%
43
Born
4 7.02%
again
Iglesia ni
2 3.51%
Cristo
Protestant 0 0%
Dialect Spoken: Kapampangan, Tagalog, English etc.
HEALTH PROFILE
Health Care Facilities
 Hospital
 DEE HWA LIONG MEDICAL CENTER
 Health Center
 Barangay Duquit Health Center
 Rural Health Unit: RHU-III Duquit
44
The Sangguniang Barangay Officials of Barangay Duquit:
HON. CLARO(JOHNBI) B. GARCIA JR.

Punong Barangay
KGD. ASELA E. CANOZA
KGD. ROLANDO S. SALUNGA
KGD. TERESITA P. CUSIPAG
KGD. EDUARDO P. CORPUZ
KGD. AIDA M. PABALAN
KGD.ARTURO M. JEMILLA
KGD. REMIGIO M. GARCIA
SKC. LIBEERTY M. PABALAN
45
BRGY. SEC. GENESIS Q. DE LEON
BRGY. TREAS. JASON Q. TOLENTINO
BRK. ERLYN M. VILLANUEVA
BHRAO. REYNALDO SAMSON
BARANGAY POLICE
EX-O. FERNANDO F. PARE
DEP. EX-O. BAYANI FAJARDO
INV. LORETO VILLENA
JONATHAN ENSICO
RONNIE CAGUIN
RUBEN EVANGELISTA
FERNANDO DATU
BEN HERRERA
ROLANDO CHAVEZ JR.
46
ARMAND ACANTILADO
MARCELO GONZALES
RAMIL HALILI
ROBERT ALCOBER
ROGER ALMIROL
WILFREDO BALANG
BENJAMIN SALVO JR.
SAMUEL ONG
RICARDO MEDINA
ARNOLD SANTIAGO
NINO LEE PADECIO
PUROK LEADERS
1. ROGER LICUP
2. RONNIE AGUILAR
3. JULY CALMONA
4. BENJAMIN MANALASTAS
47
5. JOSE DAYRIT
6. VALENTINO ESPANOLA
7. REMY GONZALES
8. ROLANDO CHAVEZ
9. RUFINO LIWANAG
LUPON TAGAPAMANA
1. LINA DELA CRUZ
2. CATALINO TORRES
3. YOLANDA BANAL
4. ALFREDO TANGLAO
5. RAMON TABLANTE
6. YOLANDO JIMENEZ
7. HILARIO FAUSTINO
8. JUN AGUILAR
9. LITO LAUS
10. ALFONSO BALUETA
11. LEONARDO MAGSINO
12.FERNANDO VILLANUEVA
13.DESIDERIO SALUNGA
48
14.ARNOLD ORODIO
15.ANIELIE ARELLAN
TABLE AND FIGURE 1
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD
BELIEFS
CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Frequency of each criterion
FATHER 38 66.67
-------------------------------------- X 100
MOTHER 17 29.82
Total Number of Families Surveyed OTHERS 2 3.51
TOTAL 57 100.00
Family - A fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two

parents and their children. Two or more people who share goals and values, have
long-term commitments to one another, and reside usually in the same dwelling
place.
49
HEAD OF THE FAMILY
4%
30%
66% FATHER
MOTHER
OTHERS
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
The table demonstrates that 66. 67% or 38 out of 57 households have the
father as the head of the family. On the other hand, the households in which
mothers assume the head role gathered only 29.82% or 17, while the percentage
of “others”, usually relatives, have only 3.51% or 2 among the total sample
population.
The family member who is usually perceived as the head of the family is
the provider and decision-maker. That is why in most households, the father is
seen as the authority figure because he is typically the primary provider of needs,
wage earner and final decision- maker. Having fathers as the head of the
household provides the family greater stability, especially economically, and thus
gives the family a greater access to health facilities. This also enables the
mothers in this kind of set-up to concentrate more in caring and nurturing of the
children, as well as in supervising the health of each family member.
50
In some households, the mother acts as the head of the family because the
father is working overseas or was already deceased. On the other hand, having
other people to assume the role of being the head of household, especially other
relatives is usually caused by having a commuter family, dead parents or having
parents who cannot support the needs of the family and has to rely on a particular
relative/s.
TABLE AND FIGURE 2

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FATHERS /
HUSBAND ACCORDING TO AGE

20-24 YEAR OLD 2 3.57
25-29 11 19.64
-------------------------------------- X 100 30-34 8 14.04

35-39 7 12.5
40-44 5 8.93
45-49 7 12.5
Total Number of Families Surveyed

50-54 6 10.71
55-59 3 5.36
60 YEARS AND 12.5 51
7
ABOVE
TOTAL 56 100.00
AGE OF FATHERS/ HUSBAND
25
19.64
20
14.04
15
12.5 12.5 12.5
10.71
10 8.93
3.57 5.36
5
0
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60ABOVE
The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of
fathers in Purok 8, Barangay Duquit. The respondents within the age brackets of
25-29 years old have the highest frequency of 11 or 19.64% in the total sample
population of 56. This is followed by respondents within the age brackets of 30- 34
having 8 or 14.04 % and respondents within age brackets of 30- 34 and 60 years
and above, both having the same frequency of 7 or 12.5% of the total interviewed
respondents. On the other hand, the age bracket of 20-24 gathered the least
frequency of only 2 or 3.57% of the total population of fathers.
The data shows that most of the respondents are in the young adulthood to
52
middle adulthood category. Based on the table, it can be incurred that most of the
respondents have an active, lively and energetic behavior and most of them are
independent in terms of financial matters because most of them are employed.
This may therefore enables them to become better providers to the needs of their
family. On the other hand, respondents within the age brackets of 60 and above
may be incurred that most of them, if not all, are more likely to be dependent in
terms financial aids, as well as in health maintenance support.
TABLE AND FIGURE 3 CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

FREQUENCY AND BELOW 20 Y/O 1 1.64
PERCENTAGE 20-24 YEAR OLD 7 11.48
DISTRIBUTION OF 25-29 4 6.56
WIVES / MOTHERS 30-34 4 6.56
ACCORDING TO AGE
35-39 9 14.75
40-44 6 9.84
Frequency of each criterion 45-49 13 21.31
50-54 6 9.84
55-59 2 3.28
60 YEARS AND 14.76 53
9
ABOVE
TOTAL 61 100.00
-------------------------------------- X 100
AGE OF WIVES / MOTHERS
25
21.31
20
14.75 14.76
15
11.48
9.84 9.84
10
6.56 6.56
5 1.64 3.28
0
20YRS 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 ABOVE
BELOW
The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the age of
mothers in Purok 8, Barangay Duquit. The respondents within the age brackets of
45-49 years old have the highest frequency of 13 or 21.31% in the total sample
54
population of 61. This is followed by respondents within the age brackets of 30- 34
having 8 or 14.04 % and respondents within age brackets of 35- 39 and 60 years
and above, both having the same frequency of 9 or 14.76% of the total
interviewed respondents. On the other hand, the age bracket of 20 years and
below gathered the least frequency of only 1 or 1.64% in the total population of
mothers.
The data shows that mothers within the non-childbearing age (45 years
and above) have an almost equal rate with those of within the childbearing age.
However, since a large number of the total population of mothers still belongs to
the childbearing age, needs for teaching the concepts of family planning, as well
as health services for pregnant women and child care are still very vital in the
community.
Since most of the respondents are still in the middle adulthood category, it
can be incurred that most of them are still independent in terms of their
capabilities in taking care of the households and the whole family. On the other
hand, respondents within the age brackets of 60 and above may be incurred that
most of them, if not all, are more likely to be reliant in terms of financial aids, as
well as in health maintenance support.
55
TABLE AND FIGURE 4 & 5
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE FATHERS AND MOTHERS:
FREQUENC
CRITERIA PERCENTAGE
Y
Elem. Level 15 12.82%
Elem. graduate 11 9.40%
High school level 32 27.35%
-------------------------------------- X 100 High school grad. 23 19.66%
College level 15 12..82%
College grad. 16 13.68%
Vocational 5 4.27%
No answer 0 0%
TOTAL 117 100%
CRITERIA:
*Elementary level- presently completing the primary level of education is from
grades 1- 6 and those who are in the kindergarten and preparatory level.
*High school - presently completing secondary level of education, this is usually
for 4 years.
*College- presently completing the collegiate level of education, this is usually for
four years as case may be.
*Vocational- presently completing technical courses, this is usually for 6 months
to two years.
30
25
20
15
10
0
ELEM. LEVEL ELEM HIGH SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL COLLEGE COLLAGE VOCATIONAL NO ANSWER
GRADUATE LEVEL GRADUATE LEVEL GRADUAT E
56
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:
The table shows that regarding the educational attainment of fathers and
mothers, most of them have reached the high school level with a percentage of
27.35% and 19.66% are high school graduate. They were not able to pursue their
studies primarily because financial matters. This is followed by those who reached
the college level with the percentage of 13.68% while 12.82% are college
graduates. And 4.27% of the surveyed populations took up vocational.
The education of individual has a corresponding effect in one’s health. One

example is that it lowers morbidity, the risk of heart disease and the risk of
diabetes. It also reflects that those better educated have healthier behavior such
they are less likely to smoke drink, etc. which protects them from health hazards that may arise from
vices. They are also most likely to become more knowledgeable about health practices that are based
on scientific studies rather than traditional and superstitious beliefs.
57
TABLE AND FIGURE 6
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO LENGTH OF RESIDENCY

CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAG
E
Less than 1 year 7 12.28%
-------------------------------------- X 100
1-3 years 14 24.56%
4-6 years 7 12.28%
7-9 years 4 7.02%
Total Number of Families Surveyed 10-12 years 0 0%
13-15 years 5 8.77%
16-18 years 7 12.28%
19-21 years 3 5.26%
22-24 years 1 1.75%
25-40 years 5 8.77%
41-above 4 7.02%
TOTAL 57 100%
Length of Residency identifies the length of time that an individual has been at the same
address. At household level, Length of Residency identifies the length of time that the
longest residing head of household has been at the same address.
58
LENGTH OF RESIDENCY
25
20
15
10
0
LESS 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 25-40 41-
THAN 1 YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS ABOVE
YEAR
ANALY
SIS AND INTERPRETATION
Table shown above that 24.56% are 1-3 years are the first figure and second is less than 1 year,
4 – 6 years and 16-18 years means that those are been settler or like those in squatters they have a habit
that when they see a vacant space they tend to occupy that space even without any permission from any
owner of that lot. Last will be the 22-24 years those are the pioneers there and they been living in Purok
5 for that long years.
59
NUCLER 22 38.60%
SINGLE PARENTS 13 22.81%
EXTENDED 11 19.30%
COHABITATING 7 12.28%
COMMUTER 1 5.46%
ADOPTION 3 1.75%
TOTAL 57 100%
TABLE AND FIGURE 8

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FAMILY
-------------------------------------- X 10
Nuclear is defined one of the following: consisting of mother, father, and their
biological or adopted descendents or a single parent with offspring or a married
couple: Extended is a family having another kin outside the nuclear family:
Alternative includes single parent, cohabitating, commuter and adoption.
60
Family Type
5.26% 1.75%
12.28%
38.60% Nuclear
Single parents
Extended
Cohabitatint
19.30% communer
Adoption
22.81%
The table shows that majority of the population in Barangay Duquit, Purok 5
has a nuclear type of family with 38.60%. The second category is the single
parent family having 22.81%. The third category is the extended type having
19.30%. The fourth category would be alternative which has 19.49%
The nuclear type of family has the highest percentage which means that
they prefer to live on their own and value their privacy as married couples with
their children. Separately living with their family shows the value of
independence.
In terms of acquiring communicable disease it would be lessened because
they have the chance to monitor the health status of the family members. Next, is
the single parents, this the result when one of the couples die, the financial
demand in this family type is limited or not exact to the needs of the family. Next
is the extended type. In here, the respondents preferred to stay with their rooted
family members to have close ties with each other. Some of the married couples
have children and have to work and usually ask their parents to do the caring.
There is less privacy and somehow there is possible chance of acquiring
61
communicable disease.
Under the alternative category, ranks third and shows that they carry the
burden of raising their children alone and have strived hard to support the needs
of their children. Some choose to be cohabitating families. Some of the
respondents prefer to stay together with their partners without any legal bind
coming from the church or law for as long as they can support the needs of each
other and they both value health. It is quite difficult especially when the partner is
not responsible at all.
Children of today are growing up in variety of households and different
family system. Their growing competence and development is largely influenced
by family life and family relationships. Their well-being continues to depend on
the quality of family interactions. In short, family type plays an integral role in
children’s development.
The positive interactions that occur between siblings contribute to
perspective taking, moral maturity, and competence in relating to other children.
TABLE AND FIGURE 10

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO CHILDREN
1-2 CHILDREN 28 52.83%

3-4 CHILDREN 16 30.19%
-------------------------------------- X 100 23.68%

5-6 CHILDREN 9
62
100.00
TOTAL 53
Child Care the main purpose of a community. Because children is the main
composition of population a a community.
NUMBER OF CHILDREN
22%
1-2 CHILDREN
50%
28% 3-4 CHILDREN
5-6 CHILDREN
In the table shows that 52.83% of our respondents are having a 1-2 child,
means that there are usually having a marriages for about 2-5 years. Couples we
have interviewed are mostly at their young adulthood and middle adulthood. That
mostly half of our respondents having 1-2 children. Secondly is 3-4 child and lastly
is 23.68% 5-6 children which usually in the depress area in Purok 5.
Children are the primary concern of a Public Health Nurse because it

63
consists mostly of the population of a community. Like they have to be concern
thru their health status and providing education thru mothers how to keep their
children stay healthy. Parents should be aware also if they can really give the
basic commodities among their children which sometimes even the basic are
being neglected. That’s why it affected the health of individual especially among
the children.
TABLE AND FIGURE 11

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO BIRTH GAP OF CHILDREN
64
1 YEAR 9 17.65%
2 YEARS 12 23.53%

3 YEARS 10 19.60%
4 YEARS 7 13.73%
5 YEARS 2 3.92%
-------------------------------------- X 100
6 YEARS 6 11.76%
7 YEARS 3 5.88%
10 YEARS 2 3.92%
TOTAL 51 100.00
Child Care the main purpose of a community. Because children is the main
composition of population a a community.
AVERAGE BIRTH GAP

25
20
15
10
0
1 YEAR 2 YEARS 3 YEARS 4 YEARS 5 YEARS 6 YEARS 7 YEARS 10
YEARS
65
The table shows that 23.53% of the respondents have an averaged gap in 2 years and 19.61% of
the respondents have an averaged gap in 3 years 17.65% of the respondents has an averaged gap in 1
year. Because most of the respondents are not aware in the family planning and some of them did not
know to use of contra intensive like pills, condoms and inject able methods and also some of them they
habit is sex because they have no work.
TABLE AND FIGURE 12

66
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FATHERS
ACCORDING TO EMPLOYMENT STATUS
NONE 17 30.36
SELF – EMPLOYED 9 16.07

-------------------------------------- X 100
TEMPORARY 8 14.29
Total Number of Families Surveyed PERMANENT 22 39.29
TOTAL 56 100.00
The Father-child relationship is the defining factor of the fatherhood role The
majority of Fathers are naturally protective and supportive responsible parents
who are able to engender a number of significant benefits for themselves, their
communities, and most importantly, their children.] Involved fathers offer
developmentally specific provisions to their sons and daughters throughout the
life cycle and are impacted themselves by their doing so. Active father figures
have a key role to play in reducing behavior problems in boys and psychological
problems in young women.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE FATHER
45
39.29
40
30.36
35
30
25
20
14.28
14.29
15
10
0
NONE SELF EMPLOYED TEMPORARY PERMANENT
67
The table shows the employment status of fathers in Purok 8, Barangay

Duquit, which sums up to 56 of the total sample population of the category,
39.29% or 22 are permanently employed, contributing to make their family lives
become more stable, and also helps to the stability of the Barangay. 14.29% or 8
are, on the other hand, temporarily employed, such as those jobs following
contract of six months or more. 9 (16.87%) are self –employed, contributing to the
development increase in the economy. And only 30.36% or 17 of the population
under this category are unemployed.
Employment in every family is very essential to be able to sustain their

daily necessities and compensate for their financial expenses. According to WHO,
the employment status affects health by type of work or workplace, time allotted
to work and even the income earned. This implies that those people who work in
comfortable, safe and clean environment have lesser chances of acquiring
different diseases and the occurrence of accidents.
In relation to health, those families with employed individuals and who

belong to high income groups can avail health services efficiently and those
employed individuals whose incomes are low do not suffice their needs.
68
TABLE AND FIGURE 13
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MOTHERS
ACCORDING TO EMPLOYMENT STATUS

NONE 33 57.4
SELF – EMPLOYED 10 17.86

-------------------------------------- X 100
GOV’T EMPLOYEE 1 1.79
TEMPORARY 7 12.5
PERMANENT 5 8.93
TOTAL 56 100.00
A mother is a biological and/or social female parent of an offspring. Because of the complexity and
differences of mothers' social, cultural, and religious definitions and roles, it is challenging to define a
mother to suit a universally accepted definition.
69
EMPLOYMENT STATUSOF THE MOTHER
70
57.4
60
50
40
30
17.86
20
12.5
8.93
10
1.79
0
NONE SELF EMPLOYED GOVT EMPLOYEE TEMPORARY PERMANENT
The table shows the employment status of mothers in Purok 5, Barangay

Duquit, which sums up to 56 of the total sample population of the category,
8.93% or 5 are permanently employed and 1.78% or 1 is a government employee,
helping their family lives to become more stable, which also helps to the stability
of the Barangay. 7 out of 57 (12.5%) are, on the other hand, temporarily
employed, such as those jobs following contract of six months or more. 10
(17.86%) are self –employed, contributing to the development increase in the
economy. And 57.4% or 95 of the population under this category are unemployed.
Dual-parent employment is becoming very common at present due to the

increasing family economic demands. Mothers who work outside the home enable
them to increase the family income. This helps to better enhance the family’s
ability to meet their needs. However, this may also cause an implication due to
the lack of time for both parents in supervising their children, especially their
children’s health.
70
TABLE AND FIGURE 14
HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO MONTHLY INCOME

MORE THAN P 5000 40 70.18
-------------------------------------- X 100 P3000 - 4000 8 14.07
P2000 - 3000 4 7.02
P1000 OR LESS 0 0
NO ANSWER 5 8.77
TOTAL 56 100.00
71
A sole breadwinner in a five-member family residing at the National
Capital Region (NCR) should earn a monthly income of at least P8,061
or P266/day to support his family.
MONTHLY INCOME
0%
7% 9%
14%
70%
MORE THAN 5000

3000 - 4000
2000 - 3000
1000 OR LESS
NO ANSWER
The table shows the monthly income of each surveyed family in Purok
5, Barangay Duquit, which sums up to 57 households of the total sample
population of the category. Major or 70.18% of the workforce earns more than
P5000. The households with the second highest frequency of 8 or 14.04% earn
P3000-4000 monthly. And only 4 or 7.02% of the households under this category
have monthly earnings of P2000-3000. On the other hand, 5 or 8.57% of the total
households have no answer because they are not sure of the amount of their
monthly income.
A local study examined the effects of income on health and quality of

life and it has been found that low income men have a poorer health related
72
quality of life than the higher income peers. This income effect, however, does not
seem to apply to women. Sufficiency of income goes hand in hand with the
number of members of family. The total income of family should be divided among
them and they must have at least the ideal amount per member which is stated
above.
Those family with higher income but belongs to a small sized group of
family obviously would have greater access on health and even for their lifestyle.
And for the average income groups whose money are just enough to suffice their
needs are also able to access their needs whether its for health and for
physiologic needs which they found more important. And lastly for those incomes
who are not enough for the members of the family, they are more focused on how
they’re going to budget their money or all their needs such as for their food and
shelter. In line with this, they tend to disregard their needs for health service
because they find it expensive.
TABLE AND FIGURE 15

HOUSEHOLD ACCORDING TO DAILY FOOD ALLOWANCE
73
UP TO P 20 0 0
-------------------------------------- X 100
P30 - 50 1 1.75
MORE THAN 50 56 98.25
TOTAL 57 100.00
According to Institute of Labor Studies under (DOLE), The living wage is defined
as the amount of family income needed to provide for the family’s food and non-
food expenditures with sufficient allowance for savings/investments for social
security so as to enable the family to live and maintain a decent standard of
human existence beyond mere subsistence level, taking into account all of the
family’s physiological, social and other needs.
DAILY FOOD ALLOWANCE
2%
98%
P30 - 50
MORE THAN 50
The commitment of United Nations member-countries to meet the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) indicates the widespread acceptance of the World
74
Bank’s poverty line of $1 a day. This measure is enshrined in Goal 1, which targets
the reduction by half of the proportion of people living on $1 a day.
But if the Philippine government, as a country that has committed to achieving

the MDGs, accepts this measure, then it should also admit that the country’s
legislated minimum wages are not enough to meet this international poverty line.
Based on an average prevailing exchange rate of P56 to $1, the daily poverty line
for a family of six members is P336 ($5.96) or P10,080 ($178.82) monthly. This is
the minimum amount a local worker must earn to be considered non-poor.
If the poverty line is divided by the average of 26 working days in a month, a

worker should thus be earning P386.70 ($6.86) per day. In the National Capital
Region where the legislated minimum wage is the highest at P250 ($4.43), this
amount is still P137 ($2.43) short.
To bring the minimum wage to international poverty standards therefore, the

Macapagal-Arroyo administration should legislate a P137 ($2.43) wage increase.
The current P125 ($2.22) across-the-board, nationwide wage increase that labor
groups are demanding is even lower than the World Bank (WB) criteria. Amid the
rising cost of living, this increase would help ordinary Filipinos meet their basic
food and non-food needs.
The table shows that the daily food allowance in each family respondent in
Purok 5, Barangay Duquit; 98% of respondents are having a more than 50 pesos a
day it means that the people mostly they have a good source of income everyday.
Mostly to our respondent are having a good job and they are self employed. Like
they have there own Sari Sari Store in there house. The graph show that only 2%
is having 30 -50 pesos a day mostly coming from the depress area in Purok 5
which are near in the riverside and mostly they rely only with “kalakal” it means
they have to search the garbage for the valuable item which they can sold like
metals, plastic, bottle etc. Those 2%
75
TABLE AND FIGURE 16
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF PURCHASING CLOTHES FOR

THEIR FAMILY PER YEAR

ONCE 16 28.07
-------------------------------------- X 100 TWICE 4 7.01

THRICE 8 14.04
Total Number of Families Surveyed FOUR TIMES OR
MORE 27 47.37
NONE 2 3.51
TOTAL 57 100
The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the

elements. Clothes also enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hunting
and cooking by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes
incidentally also provide a hygienic barrier, keeping toxins away from the body
and limiting the transmission of bacteria and viruses.
Clothes also have important social and cultural functions. A uniform, for example,
may identify civil authority figures, such as police and army personnel, or it may
identify team or group or even political affiliations. In most societies, clothing is an
aspect of norms of the society, in relation to standards of modesty, religious
practices and social status. Clothing may also function as a form of adornment
and an expression of personal taste or style.
76
PURCHASE OF CLOTHES PER YEAR
4%
28%
47%
7%
14% ONCE
TWICE
THRICE
4 TIMES OR MORE
NONE
The human race universally wears articles of clothing-also known as dress,

garments, or attire-on the body in order to protect it against the adverse climate
conditions. In its broadest sense, clothing is defined as the coverings of the torso
and limbs, as well as the coverings for the hands, feet and head. Articles carried
rather than worn, such as purses, are usually counted as accessories, while
glasses or jewelry, although worn, also fit this category. On the other hand, the
body's decoration with tattoos, make-up and hairstyle, although contributes to the
general message an individuals want to relay in addition to his or her clothing
choices, do not constitute clothing as such
.
In most cultures, clothing was introduced as a method of protecting the human
body against extreme weather conditions -strong winds, intense heat, cold and
precipitation. In particular, the weaves of clothes prevent the circulation of air
around the skin and thus, avoid the exit of the air reheated by the skin, which
makes people feel uncomfortable and cold. Additionally, the clear weaves of
clothing avoid the ultraviolet radiation of the sun and the burns in the skin,
protecting it, therefore, from the heat. Finally, more impermeable weaves protect
the human body from coming into contact with the water of rain or snow. Since
water is an excellent thermal storage cell, when the cold rain drops of snow flakes
77
fall and touch the human skin, they immediately send through the nerve cells a
message to the human brain that the exposed area is becoming colder than the
rest of the body and causing people to feel discomfort.
Today, there are many materials with which clothes are made. A person can
choose from purchasing clothes made from natural origin materials, like silk, wool,
and leather, but may also select one for the man-made fibers extensively used in
clothes manufacturing, like nylon, polyester, Lycra and Gore-Tex. With the recent
technological developments, there is great speculation for the direction future
clothes will take; in fact the clothing electronics industry has just started.
In the table above 47.37% are buying clothes 4 times a year those are in the Juicy
fruit St. in purok 5 because mostly of the respondents they have a family working
abroad. Some of our respondents are 14.04% are buying clothes thrice a year
those are in the middle class in Purok 5. 7.01% are buying twice a year, 28.07%
are buying once a year and 3.51% are not buying any clothes. Some of our
respondents especially those people who are buying clothes Four times and thrice
a year telling us that because of affordable cost of fashion now a day that’s why
they can afford to buy some clothes. And those remaining percentage of our
respondents they are buying from ukay ukay which every Friday they will just go
to the Basketball which near in the Barangay Hall in Duquit which they can easily
have also access for cheaper clothes.
TABLE AND FIGURE 17

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FACILITIES PRESENT AT HOME

ELECTRICITY 56 46.28
-------------------------------------- X 100
WATER 47 38.84
Total Number of Families Surveyed 14.88
TELEPHONE 18
78
100.00
TOTAL 121
Electricity is very important in our community because almost everything we use
is operated by electricity. If we have a phone all the contacts are on it. If the
phone is gone then all the contacts is. In this way there are many appliances
without which life would be very difficult.
FACILITIES PRESENT AT HOME
15%
39% 46%
ELECTRICITY
WATER
TELEPHONE
Electricity is what gives us more hours in the day to do everyday tasks in addition
to reading and other activities that you need to have good lighting to perform.
Before electricity, people got up with the first light of day and the day's activities
ended after the sun went down. 56% or 57 of our respondents have a access in
Electricity even in the depress area because
In the Philippines, coverage and quality of water supply and sanitation suffer from
low investment rates, many small supply systems, a fragmented sector structure,
79
and increasing pollution of water resources. While 39% of our respondents have a
good access in water & Electricity supply at home. But in the depress area there
water resources are coming from a Deep Well.
Although water resources become scarce in some regions and seasons, the
Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However,
the neglect of a coherent environmental policy led to the actual situation, in which
58% of the groundwater is contaminated. The main source of pollution is
untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Filipino river
systems are considered suitable for public water supply. It is estimated that in
2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19
major river basins. Besides severe health concerns, water pollution also leads to
problems in the fishing and tourism industries. The national government
recognized the problem and since 2004 has sought to introduce sustainable water
resources development management
TABLE AND FIGURE 18

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF SCHOOLING
THEIR CHILDREN RECEIVE
80
PUBLIC 48 85.71
-------------------------------------- X 100
PRIVATE 8 14.29
TOTAL 56 100.00
Public schools, simply put, are composed of elementary, secondary, tertiary and
other government schools which are subsidized by the national government to
provide free basic education and to alleviate the rising cost of education in higher
levels. Public schools do not base admission on religious and political preference,
race, or gender
Private schools are academic institutions not directly administered by the state
and local governments. In that case, the institutions have the autonomy to select
their students carefully and charge their students with full tuition fees rather than
rely on government funds and subsidies. Their being private institutions however
do not exempt them from abiding by the policies, standards and guidelines set by
the DepEd (for elementary and secondary schools) and Commission on Higher
Education (for universities and colleges).
TYPES OF SCHOOLING THEIR

CHILDREN RECEIVE
14%
86%
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
81
In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational
services, accounting for about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary
enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. There were 4,800 private
elementary schools, 3,377 private secondary schools and 2,036 private higher
education institutions in the country as of 2007.
According to the the DepEd, there are 36,234 public elementary schools and
4,422 public secondary schools in the country. Some of these provide not only
basic education but also alternative learning programs for out-of-school youth and
adult learners or continuing students.
The CHEd lists 110 SUCs and 326 satellite campuses (branches) of such in the
country. There are also government-created higher education institutions which
provide academic degrees and advanced training programs to the students
interested in the military sciences and national defense.
In the graph above shows that 86% of our respondents that there children are
going to public school, in Barangay Duquit they have a good access of education,
they are near in a public school which provide by the government, Barangay
Duquit have there own Day Care Center, Elementary School and High School
Building that can easily access by the community. 14% going to the Private School
which mostly composed of College Students which also near in Duquit is JCFC.
82
TABLE AND FIGURE 19
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILIES

ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF HOUSE
Frequency of each criterion CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
-------------------------------------- X 100 CONCRETE 37 67.91%
Total Number of Families Surveyed WOOD 10 17.54%
MIXED 9 15.79%
MAKESHIFT 1 1.75%
TOTAL 57 99.99%
A building is concrete if it is made up of hollow blocks cement, and some wood for
the structure of the house; wood is the structure, foundation, and walls of the
house is made up of lumber and timber; concrete-wood (mixed) if the house is a
combination of cement, blocks, sand, gravel, lumber, and timber; makeshift if the
house is made of various materials that are available such as tarpaulins, woods,
tin cans, etc.
83
TYPE OF HOUSE
40
30
20
10
0
CONCRETE WOOD MIXED MAKESHIFT
The table shows the frequency and percentage of the types of building in
barangay Duquit purok 5. Most of the respondents reside in the households made
of concrete or 67.91% of the population. On the other hand, there are 10
households or 17.54% which prefer wood type of building. In addition, 9 or
15.79% are in favor of mixed type of household and the remaining 1 or 1.75% are
the family that prefer a makeshift type of household or the so called “barong-
barong”.
The structure contributes to the overall health status of its residence as it could
also cause health problems as a result of the materials used, equipments
installed, or the size and its design.
The data indicates that majority of the residents in the community owns the
concrete type of building because for them, it is safe, strong, and durable. Also, it
provides security against natural phenomenon such as typhoon and earthquakes
compared with the other type of house. Another is for their security from the
increasing number of law offenders particularly thieves.
On the other hand, some do prefer to have wood type due to the fact that it is far
cheaper than concrete. Also, they find it advantageous, particularly during warm
weather. The only disadvantage of this kind of house is that it is not fire proof and
maintenance is a must for it withers easily specially in the presence of termites.
84
Close to the number of families preferring wood type are the families that prefer
mixed type of housing. The combination of wood and concrete is said to have the
advantages of both wood type and concrete type. It is less expensive than
concrete type and it is more fire proof than wood type, but, gaining the
advantages of both types also means gaining the disadvantages of each. The
types of house having the smallest number are the makeshift type. Even though it
is considered to be the cheapest, makeshift type or barong-barongs are in the
least of numbers due to the fact that it is not permanent. It is not fire proof, it has
the less security standards, and it is vulnerable to natural phenomena.
TABLE AND FIGURE 20

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO HOUSE OWNERSHIP
Frequency of each criterion CRITERI FREQUENC PERCENTAG

A Y E
-------------------------------------- X 100 Owned 33 57.90%
Total Number of Families Surveyed Rented 24 42.10%
TOTAL 57 100%
Owned is a type of house ownership that is utilized with all the rights by a
particular family: and a house is rented if a house and lot that is utilized by a
particular family with a corresponding payment to the house and house owner.
85
HOUSE OWNERSHIP
42%
58% OWNED
RENTED

The table shows that out of 57 households, 33 (57.90%) owned their houses,
24 (42.11%) are rent their housed.
The basic needs of the children including their education can be affected, for
the parents have to pay the rent first rather than just spending the money for
other important expenses. Some who are unable to own a house are likely to live
on rented houses: this could affect their allocation for other needs like health
care.
According to a management book used by the students of the College of

Business Administration, a part of the family allowance maybe utilized in the other
expenses, hence, lowering the budget of the family.
86
TABLE AND FIGURE 21

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE QUALITY OF VENTILATION
OF THEIR HOUSE
CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

Frequency of each criterion E
Poor 10 17.54%
-------------------------------------- X 100
Good 47 82.46%
TOTAL 57 100%
87
The type of ventilation maybe poor if the of air is blocked and when the room
does not have any window or when the window measures less than 1 meter by 1
meter; or good if the entrance of air is not blocked; each room should have at
least one window , measures of at least 1 meter by 1 meter.
VENTILATION
18%
82% POOR
GOOD

Table 21 shows the frequency and percentage of adequacy of ventilation of
households in Barangay Duquit It could be seen that 47 households or 82.46% of
the total population have good ventilation while the remaining 17.54% or 10
households have poor ventilation.
According to Treshaw, Michael, if outdoor enters a house, pollutants can

sometimes accumulate to levels that can pose health and comfort problems.
Therefore, to be able to lowers concentrations of indoor air pollutants in your
home is by increasing that amount of outdoor air coming in. With this, it shows
88
that majority of the respondents are aware of the advantages of good ventilation
and consequences of poor ventilation in their houses.
The size of the family living in the house must be proportionate with the
adequacy of ventilation. There would be an uncomfortable feeling among the
members if there is poor ventilation.
In relation to the owner's economic status, those houses which are poor
ventilated are due to the owner's inability to afford activities such as providing
houses additional windows and improving their current sizes.
TABLE AND FIGURE 22

RESPONDENTS ACCODING TO QUALITY OF LIGHTING IN THEIR
HOUSE
89
FREQUENC PERCENTAG
Frequency of each criterion CRITERIA
Y E
-------------------------------------- X 100 ADEQUATE 35 61.40%
INADEQUATE 22 38.60%
TOTAL 57 100%
Daytime lightning maybe adequate if a house where in upon entering, a person

can read properly and windows are not obstructed which may block the passage
of light: or inadequate- windows are obstructed which may block the passage of
light.
LIGHTING
39% ADEQUATE
61%
INADEQUATE
90
The table shows percentage distribution of the surveyed households’
lighting during day time. 61.40% of households have adequate lighting while
38.60% have inadequate lighting.
This data reveals that majority of households in Barangay Duquit, Purok 5
have good lighting. According to WHO, lighting makes a significant contribution to
our physical and psychological functioning.
Better lighting can help increase personal independence, promote health
and well-being and prevent injuries, Moreover; good lighting improves the visual
and working performance of individual that will lead to improved man productivity.
However, 22 out of 57 households with inadequate lighting will merely
affect not only the individuals’ health status but also their performance at work.
91
TABLE AND FIGURE 23
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE CLEANLINESS OF THEIR
SURROUNDINGS
PERCENTAG
Frequency of each criterion CRITERIA FREQUENCY
E
-------------------------------------- X 100 CLEAN 36 63.16%

DIRTY 21 36.84%
TOTAL 57 100%
The condition of surrounding maybe: Clean (when the surrounding is classified of

having a good sanitary condition if both interior and exterior are clean) Dirty
(When the surrounding is classified of having a bad sanitary condition if both
interior and exterior are dirty).
SURROUNDINGS
37%
CLEAN
63%
DIRTY
92
The table shows that majority of the households surveyed are under the
category of clean condition having 63.16% of the total respondents. Dirty sanitary
condition is the next which has a percentage of 36.84%.
According to WHO, the general sanitary condition of the environment has
immediate effects to people’s health, Unhygienic conditions and practices can
cause health risk to children. In time with this, the households general condition of
the households should be improved and maintain its cleanliness to prevent and
lessen the possibilities of acquiring disease and illness.
93
TABLE AND FIGURE 24
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO SOURCE OF WATERS
Frequency of each criterion CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
NAWASA 37 64.41%
-------------------------------------- X 100
Deep well 12 21.05%
Artesian
8 14.04%
Total Number of Families Surveyed well
TOTAL 57 100%
The source of water maybe; NAWASA, a source of water supply which is run by
Mabalacat Water District: Deep Well, a source of water supply which is found in
underground spring water. Artesian well allows water that has traveled through
porous rock from a higher elevation to rise to the surface.
94
SOURCE OF WATER
14%
21% 65%
The tables show that majority of the source of water supply of the
households come from NAWASA with a percentage of 64.41%. The source of water
supply coming from Deep well has a percentage of 21.05% while the artesian well
has a percentage of 14.04%.
However, if water comes from ground water, it takes longer to become
contaminated but the cleansing process may also take much longer. Proper
management of water supply may e performed in every households like boiling of
water to kill bacteria.
On the other hand, families whose source of water is from artesian well and
deep well have higher risk of acquiring water-borne disease because the water
coming from these source directly comes from under the ground without any
treatment of disinfection, mostly depress area they use deep well and artesian
well. Ground water has a big possibility to be contaminated because it can absorb
waste especially if it is near the septic systems that are leaking.
95
TABLE AND FIGURE 25

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO STORAGE OF DRINKING WATER

UNCOVERD 8 14.04%
-------------------------------------- X 100
COVERED 36 63.16%
REFRIGIRATED 13 22.81%
100.01%
TOTAL 57
96
The drinking water storage may be: covered, where any container which has a lid
on its opening; or uncovered where any container which has no lid on its opening.
Refrigerated in the other hand, are refrigerator stored water for the purpose of
cooling and refreshment.
97
The table shows that 63.16% of the respondents are aware of the importance of
having their stored drinking water covered hence giving them the idea of covering
stored drinking water. 22.81% are refrigerated and the remaining 14.04% of the
respondent does not cover their drinking water.
Covering the stored drinking water is very important because according to WHO.
Diseases caused through consumption of contaminated water, and poor hygiene
practices are the leading cause of death among children worldwide. Every
household should be informed regarding the significance of having their stored
drinking water covered.
Refrigerating drinking water for storage is almost the same with covered ones.
Most of the families in the barangay prefer their drinking water to be cool for
refreshment but only a few can afford a refrigerator.
Uncovered stored drinking water may be very susceptible to contamination and

may lead to illness in case the water is ingested. According to WHO, Lack of safe
drinking water practices like covering of water container can be very detrimental
in transmitting diseases? If drinking water is exposed to the external environment,
there is greater possibility for it to be contaminated. It may be contaminated with
air bourn substances like dust, smoke, or even saliva coming from coughing or
sneezing people.
98
TABLE AND FIGURE 26
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO WATER CONTAINER USED

PLASTIC 8 10%
-------------------------------------- X 100
JARS 42 52.5%
Total Number of Families Surveyed BOTTLES 30 37.5%
TOTAL 80 100
99
WATER CONTAINER USED
100%
50%
0%
PLASTIC
JARS
BOTTLES
ANALYSIS AND INTERVENTION
Table shown above that 52.5% of our respondents are using Jars, 37.5% are
using Bottles & 10% are using Plastics. Most types of plastic bottles are safe to
reuse at least a few times if properly washed with hot soapy water. But recent
revelations about chemicals in Lexan (plastic #7) bottles are enough to scare
even the most committed environmentalists from reusing them (or buying them in
the first place). Studies have indicated that food and drinks stored in such
containers—including those ubiquitous clear Nalgene water bottles hanging from
just about every hiker’s backpack—can contain trace amount of Bisphenol A
(BPA), a synthetic chemical that interferes with the body’s natural hormonal
messaging system.
The same studies found that repeated re-use of such bottles—which get
dinged up through normal wear and tear and while being washed—increases the
chance that chemicals will leak out of the tiny cracks and crevices that develop
over time. According to the Environment California Research & Policy Center,
which reviewed 130 studies on the topic, BPA has been linked to breast and
uterine cancer, an increased risk of miscarriage, and decreased testosterone
levels ( http://www.naturescrib.com/dangers-of-plastic-bottles )
100
TABLE AND FIGURE 27
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPE OF TOILET

FLUSH 22 38.60
-------------------------------------- X 100
PIT PRIVY 35 61.40
Total Number of Families Surveyed TOTAL 57 100
101
102
Table shows that 61.40% of our respondents are using pit privy. Studies
show that toilet facilities play a vital role in our community, because it was said by
the WHO that septic tank is more appropriate to use because it has the least
possibly of the cross contamination of the pathogens or bacteria present in the
waste.
Disposing excreta safely, isolating excreta from flies and other insects and
preventing fecal contamination of water supplies would greatly reduce the spread
of disease (WHO). An important in considering the type of toilet facilities results to
decrease in the number of people who acquired illness coming from fecal matters.
Hence, proper hygiene is very important, particularly hand washing after
defecating and before eating and cooking.
103
TABLE AND FIGURE 28

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO TOILET OWNERSHIP

OWNED 48 84.27
-------------------------------------- X 100
SHARED 9 15.79
TOTAL 57 100.00
A toilet is a plumbing fixture and disposal system primarily intended for the
disposal of the bodily wastes: urine and fecal matter. Additionally, vomit and
menstrual waste are sometimes disposed of in toilets in Western societies. The
word toilet describes the fixture and, especially in British English, the room
containing the fixture
104
TOILET OWNERSHIP
16%
84%
OWNED SHARED
The table shows the frequency of toilet ownership, a total of 85.21% have
their own toilet facility. Out of 15.79% are using shared toilet, however, no
respondent has public toilet facility and those who, at all, do not have toilet
facility.
Since majority of the families surveyed have their own toilet facility, they
have less chances of acquiring diseases. They also have the ability to provide the
value of privacy in using their own toilet. Families who are using shared toilet
facility have a higher risk of acquiring bacterial infections through stool. But if
some of the residents have their own toilets but do not know how to clean, health
is still at danger.
The type of toilet ownership is one of the contributing factors of the
105
increase of incidence of diarrhea diseases. This is due to the number of people
using these toilet facilities and the way they use it. Cleanliness is very important
not only to one’s self but including the surroundings in order to reduce the
incidence of acquiring these diseases, according to World Health Organization.
TABLE AND FIGURE 29

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION RESPONDENTS
ACCORDING TO METHOD OF GARBAGE DISPOSAL

COLLECTION 35 61.40
-------------------------------------- X 100 GARBAGE CANS 0 0
BURNING 4 7.02
OPEN DUMPING 12 21.05
BURYING 4 7.02
3.57 106
OTHERS 2
TOTAL 57 100.00
The country’s garbage problem was becoming an environmental disaster due to

the government’s lack of long-term and permanent solution to waste disposal,
particularly in Metro Manila.
Studies show that Metro Manila produces at least 8,000 tons of solid waste per
day, of which only 6,000 end up in dumps. The rest are dumped illegally on
private land and even in rivers, creeks or at times openly burned.
61.4
TYPE OF GARBAGE DISPOSAL
70
60
50 7.02
0 7.02
40
30 21.05
20
10 3.57
0
COLLECTION GARBAGE BURNING OPEN BURYING OTHERS
CANS DUMPING
The table demonstrates that majority of the interviewed respondents

dispose their garbage through garbage collection (35 0r 61.40%) and open
dumping along the riverside (15 or 24. 62%). While the remaining households use
methods such as burning and burying (both having 4 or 7.02%).
Since the community has a regular garbage collection which each

households pay for P10.00 each collection, this means that the government has a
dynamic involvement with regards to making efforts in keeping their barangay
107
clean. However, some of the households who cannot regularly pay for the said
garbage disposal method said that they just dump their waste in the riverside.
This contributes to much health related problems since dumpsites serve as
primary breeding grounds of diseases. On the other hand, burning waste may
cause air pollution and contributes to thinning of the ozone layer, which also
threatens the health of the population. The best way to dispose garbage is
through burying if wastes are properly separated from non-biodegradable to
biodegradable.
Proper disposal of garbage should be made in order to have a clean

community conducive to the development of every resident. It is reflected in the
table that majority depend on the garbage collection being done which means
that they are educated regarding the proper disposal of their trash.
According to Senator Vicente Sotto, “garbage collection is essential to the

public health and should not be curtailed”. Therefore, there is a need for the
people to comply to the proper disposal of garbage.
TABLE AND FIGURE 30

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO METHOD OF FOOD STORAGE
108
UNCOVERED 6 10.53
-------------------------------------- X 100
COVERED 51 89.47
Total Number of Families Surveyed TOTAL 57 100.00
Food storage is both a traditional domestic skill and is important

industrially. Food is stored by almost every human society and by
many animals
FOOD COVERAGE
11%
89%
COVERED UNCOVERED
109
The table above shows that 89.47% of the respondents cover their food
while the remaining 10.53% do not. Majority of the respondents are aware on the
importance of having their food covered.
Food is essential for man to survive. Proper food covering is intended to

protect the food from being contaminated and it also protects the person from
acquiring diseases.
Leaving food uncovered at anytime, whether in dry or cooler storage,

makes it vulnerable to contamination through the air by means of saliva from
cough or sneezes, flying insects or drips from above. (
www.who.int/foodsafety/en/), which somehow may cause disease to a person, who
happens to eat the contaminated food.
110
TABLE AND FIGURE 31

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO PRESENCE OF ANIMALS

DOGS 29 38.16
-------------------------------------- X 100
CATS 16 21.05
BIRDS AND
9 11.84
POULTRY
NONE 22 28.94
TOTAL 56 100.00
Pet is an animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a household

animal, as opposed to livestock, laboratory animals, working animals or sport
animals, which are kept for economic reasons. The most popular pets are noted
for their loyal or playful characteristics, for their attractive appearance, or for their
song. Pets also generally seem to provide their owners with non-trivial health
benefits; keeping pets has been shown to help relieve stress to those who like
having animals around. There is now a medically-approved class of "therapy
animals," mostly dogs that are brought to visit confined humans. Walking a dog
can provide both the owner and the dog with exercise, fresh air, and social
interaction.
111
PRESENCE OF ANIMALS
12% 29%
21%
38%
DOGS
CATS
BIRDS AND
POULTRY
NONE
Pets are common due to the fact that they not only serve for amusement
purposes but also for utility. It is shown on the table above that 38% of the total
household owns a dog; 21% are cats; 12% are birds and poultry; 29% that they
don’t have any animal presence on their backyard. Dogs have the highest number
due to that fact that dog is man best friend. It serves not only amusement but
keep the house safe from intruders by guarding the house for any strangers or
thief.
112
TABLE AND FIGURE 32

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF PLANTS
PRESENT IN THEIR BACKYARD

NONE 22 38.60
-------------------------------------- X 100 VEGETABLES 8 14.04
FRUIT-BEARING 15 26.32
MEDICINAL 0 0
ORNAMENTAL 6 10.52
OTHERS 6 10.52
TOTAL 57 100.00
113
Trees in your backyard can be home to many different types of wildlife. Trees can
also reduce your heating and cooling costs, help clean the air, add beauty and
color provide shelter from the wind and the sun, and add value to your home.
TYPES OF PLANT PRESENT IN THEIR

BAYCKYARD
11%
11% 38%
0% NONE
VEGETABLES
FRUIT-BEARING
26%
MEDICINAL
14% ORNAMENTAL
OTHERS
Plants provide food to humans and all other non photosynthetic organisms, either
directly or indirectly. Agriculture began about 10,000 years ago in the fertile
crescent of the Near East, where people first cultivated wheat and barley.
Scientists believe that as people of the Fertile Crescent gathered wild seeds, they
selected for certain genetically determined traits, which made the plants
produced from those seeds more suited for cultivation and as foods. For example,
most strains of wild wheat bear their seeds on stalks that break off to disperse the
mature seeds. As people selected wild wheat plants for food, they unknowingly
selected genetic variants in the wild population whose seed stalks did not break
114
off. This trait made it easier to harvest and cultivates wheat, and is a feature of all
of our modern varieties of wheat.
Mostly of our respondents 39.60% of them they don’t have any plant in their area.
While 26.32% have a fruit bearing in their backyard like manga, guava, avocado
etc. Ornamental and Others like flowers, orchids, bonggavilla etc. have 10% and
the other 14.04% haver vegetables in their backyard like the people in the
Riverside they have camote, eggplant, kang kong and many more which they
sometimes sell it to their neighbor to earn some money. Plants in our backyard
somehow help our health in exchanging clean oxygen and carbon dioxide thru
plants.when we are breathing.
TABLE AND FIGURE 33

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO INDIGENOUS HEALTH WORKERS
115
TRAINED HILOT 0 0
-------------------------------------- X 100
BRGY. HEALTH
37 64.91%
WORKER
HERBULARYO 0 0
UNTRAINED
1 1.75%
HILOT
NONE 19 33.33%
TOTAL 57 99.99%
Health workers are usually found in the barangay health center. They may not be
professionals but they are trained by professionals in the medical field in order to
aid in the community’s health needs. While some are trained, others that are
untrained may have the native knowledge in promoting health in the community
such as herbularyo and untrained hilots.
116
Majority of the families in barangay Duquit prefer to meet a barangay health
worker. A few prefer to meet hilots in time of illness and others prefer to stay at
home for just home medication and confinement.
64.91% of the families in the barangay prefer to see a barangay health worker
whenever a member of their family gets sick in believing that they have the
knowledge in curing. The health workers can give health teachings to the families
to aid in their health needs and may assist them when needed.
33.33% of the families on the other hand are in favor of just staying at home and
do all the caring themselves. This is applicable because most cases of disease in
the barangay are just the ones that are easily be cured by bed rest and over the
counter medications.
The remaining 1.75% of the families tends to prefer the hilots. Even thou it is in
the least of numbers, these families are in favor of the native and traditional way
of curing, because, it’s been part of their lives consulting this people and overtime
tested their effectiveness.
117
TABLE AND FIGURE 34

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO FOOD PREFERENCES

FISH 4 7.02
FRUITS
-------------------------------------- X 100 2 3.51
VEGETABLES
MEAT 6 10.53
MIXED 45 78.95
TOTAL 57 100.00
Some foods maybe appetizing to you, and yet the same foods will be disgusting to
someone else. A big, juicy steak may make your mouth water, but this food would
offer no appeal to a vegetarian. Certain foods are not eaten for many reasons,
including religious and cultural beliefs, personal taste, likes and dislikes, dietary
restrictions, illness and allergies. Generally, mealtime has many different
meanings. it is a time to eat, but in some cultures, it is the gathering of a
community together to eat, relax and communicate.
118
FOOD PREFERENCES
7% 3% FISH
11%
FRUITS /VEGETABLES
79% MEAT
MIXED
For others, mealtime means “grab something to eat, gobble it down, and run out
the door.” Many people who live alone just don’t bother to prepare food; mealtime
is often a frozen dinner heated in the microwave.
Food customs are also closely linked at religious holidays or cultural celebrations.
Some religions have rules about the kinds and amounts of food to be eaten,
including food used for certain religious events and celebrations. Dietary laws
indicate the regulations to follow, such as fasting, care of cooking and eating
utensils, and other rules regarding food preparation. (Refer to the table below for
dietary requirements according to religious belief.)
79% of our respondents preferred mixed food and we have lower percentage of
fish and fruits and vegetable is only 21%, the percentage shown that many of
119
them does not have any special dietary precaution or prepared food. Due to the
high cost of foods now a day’s people in Purok 5 Duquit are buying foods which
they can only afford to buy. The market place in Purok 5 Duquit is about 3 km
away from them sometimes they have to buy in Sari Sari Store for canned goods,
ready to eat food like noodles and some dry fish like tuyo, dilis and etc.
TABLE AND FIGURE 35

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF DISTRIBUTION OF THE
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN BELOW 72 MONTHS

NORMAL 32 78
-------------------------------------- X 100 BELOW NORMAL 3 7.31

ABOVE NORMAL 5 12.19
Total Number of Families Surveyed BELOW NORMAL,
VERY LOW
1 2.43
TOTAL 41 100.00
Normal – when the weight of the child is appropriate for age referring to the FNRI.
Below normal – when the weight of the child is below the normal range set by
FNRL.
120
Above normal – when the weight of the child is above the normal range set by the
FNRI.
121
The table shows the percentage distribution of nutritional status of children 0-6
years of age. The data gathered reveals that 000% of the children 0-72 months
have normal nutritional status, 000% are below normal and 000% are above
normal, while the criteria below normal, very low with 0 or 000% have the lowest
percentage. Therefore, majority of the children of Barangay Duquit purok 5 have
healthy nutritional status which means they have proper and adequate nutrition
compared to those under weight and obese children. To obtain a normal status,
parents should have adequate knowledge and awareness on the complete and
proper nutrition for their children. They must be conscious on their children’s
health because ignorance of their children’s nutritional status can lead to
malnutrition or over nutrition and risk of having disease.
According to WHO, as stated in the previous chapter on Related Literatures,
inadequate or excess food intake is called malnutrition, which essentially means
“bad nourishment”. It can cause either underweight or overweight. People are
malnourished if they are unable to utilize fully the food they eat, in all its forms
increases the risk of disease. Consuming too many calories is considered over
nutrition while a diet, which does not provide adequate calories and protein for
growth and maintenance, is called under nutrition.
122
TABLE AND FIGURE 36

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO UTIZATION OF HEALTH
WORKERS

YES 37 64.91%
-------------------------------------- X 100
NO 20 35.09%
TOTAL 57 100.%
Barangay health care workers refers to a person who has undergone training
programs under any accredited government and non-government organization
and who voluntarily renders primarily health care services in the community after
having been accredited to function as such by the local health board in
accordance with the guidelines promulgated by the Philippines Department of
Health (DOH)
123
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
The tables show that 65% of our respondent has a good access to the barangay
heath center. Barangay health workers in Duquit are actively informing the people
about the health program they are giving. But some of our respondents, 35% of
them especially in the riverside, tend to neglect the health opportunity given by
the government. This people don’t have the will to visit the heath care facilities
because sometimes they are neglecting their health problems.
124
TABLE AND FIGURE 37
FREQUENCY AND
PERCENTAGE OF CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
DISTRIBUTION OF
RESPONDENTS ILLNESS 29 49.15%
ACCORDING TO
REASON FOR GOING PRENATAL 3 5.08%
TO HEALTH CENTER
POSTNATAL 3 5.08%
DENTAL 1 1.69%
NUTRITION 11 18.64%
FAMILY
12 20.33%
-------------------------------------- X 100 PLANNING
0%
WELL BABY 0 125
TOTAL 57 100%
Barangay health centers provide health benefits to the people in the community.
Maintaining and improving the health of the community are the goals of the heath
center and the people can benefit in its services in a variety of reasons.
FREQUENCY
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
N
L
S
AL
AL
BY
IO
A
ES
..
AT
NT
AT
IT
A.
BA
LN
TR
EN
PL
N
DE
ST
IL
L
NU
EL
PR
Y
PO
IL
W
M
FA
In the table shows that majority of our respondents 49.15% are going to
health center to consult when there are sick or in times of illnesses. Family
Planning is second at 20.33% which contraindicated in our survey that mostly our
respondents don’t practice family planning that’s why mostly of their age gap of
their children of our respondents is 1-2 years gap.
126
Thirdly is nutrition 18.64% and fourth are Pre Natal and Post Natal
consultation 5.08% which is very poor, according to the mother we have
interviewed that they won’t even visit any health institution during their
childbearing year. And lastly 1.69% of our respondents they visit the health center
for Dental check up. Mostly our respondent does not even bring their newly born
baby for Well Baby check up, which shown in the table is very poor at 0%.
TABLE AND FIGURE 38

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF HEALTH PRACTITIONER
BEING CONSULTED
127
------------------------------------- X 100 CRITERIA FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

M.D 10 23.26%
Total Number of Families Surveyed Nurse 16 37.21%
BHW 6 13.95%
Hilot 1 2.33%
Herbularyo 2 4.65%
Others 8 18.60%
Health information in TOTAL 43 100.05%
the barangay was provided by: M.D. registered doctor Nurse- a healthcare
professional, along with other health care professionals, is responsible for the
treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely who or chronically ill or injured people,
health maintenance of the healthy, and treatment of life-threatening emergencies
in a wide range of health care settings.
CONSULTATION WHEN SICK
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
MD NURSE MIDWIFE BHW HILOT HERBULARYO OTHERS
128
The table above shows that 26 families or 60.57% of the total percentage
go directly to the hospitals for the acquisition of health services, or still seeking
for the health professional like Doctors and Nurses. Followed by BHW (Barangay
Health Worker) which is 35.55%, Herbularyo’s 4.65% and Hilots 2.33%. Since
majority of the families go to the primary and secondary level of health facilities,
it points out that they are aware of the importance of seeking health and they
have the means and are willing to spend money regarding the acquisition of
health services. The more effective the health service, the more increase in the
prognosis of the people, leading to good health.
Only few of the families go to herbolarios and hilots because most of the
families there have accepted the modern approaches to health care. This
indicates that they are more conscious of their health even if it costs them more.
Health is also affected by the availability and accessibility of the health services
because there is a greater possibility for people to be cured or their illness to be
prevented if they can easily avail and visit health sectors compared with the
people who live in place where there are no available health sectors (WHO, 2003)
129
URTI 31 51.69%
TABLE AND FIGURE 39 HPN 13 21.67%
FREQUENCY AND Skin Disease 3 5%
PERCENTAGE Asthma 5 8.33%
DISTRIBUTION OF TB 1 1.67%
RESPONDENTS
Pneumonia 2 3.33%
ACCORDING TO
COMMON ILLNESS Dental Problems 2 3.33%
EXPERIENCED BY THE Intestinal Parasite 1 1.67%
FAMILY GI Disturbances 1 1.67%
UTI 1 1.67%
TOTAL 60 100
------------------------------------- X 100
*please see criteria
130
COMMON ILLNESS
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
These are the criteria for Common Family Illness:
1. URTI - Acute upper respiratory tract infections include rhino-sinusitis (Common cold),
sinusitis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, ear infection, laryngitis and sometimes bronchitis.
Symptoms of URTI's commonly include cough, sore throat, runny nose, blocked nose,
phlegm, headache, fever, facial pressure and sneezing. Onset of the symptoms usually
begins after 1-3 days after exposure to a microbial pathogen, most commonly a virus.
The duration of the symptoms is typically 7 to 10 days but may persist longer.
2. HPN - Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood
pressure in the arteries is chronically elevated. With every heart beat, the heart pumps
blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. Blood pressure is the force of blood
that is pushing up against the walls of the blood vessels. If the pressure is too high, the
heart has to work harder to pump, and this could lead to organ damage and several
illnesses such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure, aneurysm, or renal failure
3. Skin Diseases - Skin disease is a very broad term that describes numerous conditions.
Some skin diseases are serious and deadly, while others are just annoying. Some skin
diseases are disfiguring, while others are barely visible.
4. Asthma - Asthma is a disease affecting the airways that carry air to and from your
lungs. People who suffer from this chronic condition (long-lasting or recurrent) are
said to be asthmatic. The inside walls of an asthmatic's airways are swollen or inflamed.
This swelling or inflammation makes the airways extremely sensitive to irritations and
increases your susceptibility to an allergic reaction.
5. TB - Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB primarily affects the lungs, but it can also affect
organs in the central nervous system, lymphatic system, and circulatory system among
others. The disease was called "consumption" in the past because of the way it would
131
consume from within anyone who became infected. According to Medilexicon`s
medical dictionary, tuberculosis is "A specific disease caused by infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the tubercle bacillus, which can affect almost any tissue
or organ of the body, the most common site of the disease being the lungs."
6. Pneumonia - Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that is caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, or parasites. It is characterized primarily by inflammation of the alveoli
in the lungs or by alveoli that are filled with fluid (alveoli are microscopic sacs in the
lungs that absorb oxygen). At times a very serious condition, pneumonia can make a
person very sick or even cause death. Although the disease can occur in young and
healthy people, it is most dangerous for older adults, babies, and people with other
diseases or impaired immune systems.
7. Dental Problems - Dental problems can range from toothaches and tooth decay to cold
sores, abscesses and dental phobias. In these sections, you can learn about causes,
treatments and prevention of a variety of dental problems.
8. Intestinal Parasites - Intestinal parasites are parasites that populate the gastro-
intestinal tract in humans and other animals]. They can live throughout the body, but
most prefer the intestinal wall. Means of exposure include: ingestion of undercooked
meat, drinking infected water, and skin absorption.
9. GI Disturbances - Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances commonly include symptoms of
stomach pain, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation, nausea and vomiting. When no
medical cause for GI disturbances is found, they are often termed “functional GI
symptoms.” Many studies have shown a correlation between anxiety, depression and
functional GI symptoms. Generally, study results have demonstrated that people who
have at least one GI symptom are more likely to have an anxiety disorder or depression
than those without any GI symptoms. In fact, unexplained physical complaints, as a
whole, – fatigue, headache, stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness,
musculoskeletal pains – were more commonly reported in individuals with an anxiety
disorder and/or depression.
10. UTI - A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects any part of
the urinary tract. Although urine contains a variety of fluids, salts, and waste products,
it usually does not have bacteria in it. When bacteria get into the bladder or kidney and
multiply in the urine, they cause a UTI. The most common type of UTI is a bladder
infection which is also often called cystitis. Another kind of UTI is a kidney infection,
known as pyelonephritis, and is much more serious. Although they cause discomfort,
urinary tract infections can usually be quickly and easily treated with a short course of
antibiotics.
In the table, 51.67% of the common illness in the surveyed community is
the acute respirator infection. Acute respiratory infections are usually caused by
bacteria and viruses. It is usually spread by the release of microorganisms from
132
the respiratory tract. If the households are crowded, the disease will be easily
transferred from one person to another. Other factors such as air pollution and
lack of knowledge of the community about the said disease may contribute on the
spread of the disease.
The second common illnesses is HPN, having 21.61% varies from mostly
affected are old age, previously have a heart disease condition. The following
disease is Asthma with 8.33 %. And the last common illness are TB, Intestinal
Parasites, GI Disturbance and UTI with 1.67%.
TABLE AND FIGURE 40

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO THEIR ACTIONS IN TIMES OF
ILLNESS
FREQUENC PERCENTAG
CRITERIA
Frequency of each criterion Y E
CONSULT
------------------------------------- X 100
HEALTH 25 43.86%
Total Number of Families Surveyed WORKER
SELF
16 28.07%
TREATMENT
HOSPITAL
14 24.56%
CONFINEMENT
NURSING
CARE GIVEN 2 3.51%
AT HOME
TOTAL 57 100%
Health information in barangay was provided by: Consult health worker- it

133
defines as the person who work on health center in barangay that provide by the
government agency within the community. Self-treatment may define as a
medication of oneself or treatment of one's own disease without medical
supervision or prescription. Hospital confinement may define as admitting in
hospital in times of illness and to treat the illness that individual have. Nursing
care given at home may define as the health care or supportive care provided in
the patient's home by healthcare professionals.
ACTION IN TIMES OF ILLNESS
4%
25%
43%
28%
The table above show that the most of the respondents, in times of illness
their action is consult the health worker having percentage of 43.86%, follow by
the self treatment that have percentage of 28.07%, follow by hospital
confinement have percentage of 24.56%, follow by the nursing care given at
home have percentage of 3.51%.
In barangay duquit, the most source of their health care is the health worker
in their health center that handle by the government agency, the health center in
barangay duquit is accessible and it is the reason why it is the most source of
134
health care. The depress area in barangay duquit they treat the illness by their
own knowledge, and mostly the people in depress area they use cultural belief,
like using of herbal medicine, “hilot”. The respondents in brarangay duquit they
go in hospital if their illness is severe, and one of the reasoned why individual not
go in hospital because of they don’t have money. And sometimes the individual
they wait for the care given by the nurse or their consult.
Health is one of the important aspects of being safety in illness or disease,
and being healthy is the most important need of our body to do a things, to
thinking, and to work well, if the person are not healthy it is difficult to her/his to
do everyday task that she/he have.
TABLE AND FIGURE 41

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING FREQUENC PERCENTAG
TO IMMUNIZATION OF CRITERIA
Y E
THEIR CHILDREN IMMUNIZE
44 93.62%
D
NOT 6.38%
IMMUNIZE 3
D 135
100%
TOTAL 47
-------------------------------------- X 100
Completely immunized- a child who has received 1 dose of BCG, 3 doses of DPT,
Dose of Measles and 3 doses of Hepa-B upon reaching the age of 12 months or a
child who received all the needed vaccines for his age is scheduled for
vaccination.
Not immunized- a child who never received any type of the immunization.
6%
94%
136
The table above show that majority of the immunization status has immunized
having percentage of 93.62% of the individual children in the community. While
there is only 6.38% of individual children were not immunized in the surveyed in
community.
The reason is that there is not enough knowledge for parents as to the
importance of immunization for these children as some believe that even with a
single dose of vaccine will be sufficient enough to complete vaccines disease. But
happy to know that in the community we have the BHW or Barangay Health
Workers. Are will elevated and is very active in assessing the health of the
individual disease in the community.
137
TABLE AND FIGURE 42
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
USED
FREQUENC PERCENTAG
CRITERIA
Y E
Frequency of each criterion NATURAL
-------------------------------------- X 100 CALENDAR 4 10.53%

ARTIFICIAL
MECHANICA
12 31.57%
L
NOT
22 57.89%
PRACTICING
TOTAL 38 100%
*please see criteria
METHODSOF FAMILY PLANNING
11%
32%
57.89
138
These are the criteria for Methods of Family Planning
Artificial
• A condom is a device, usually made of latex, or more recently polyurethane,
that is used during sexual intercourse. It is putt on a male penis and
physically blocks ejaculated semen from entering the body of sexual
partner.
• Oral Contraceptives are chemicals taken by mouth to inhibit normal fertility.
• The injectables Depo Provera given as an intramuscular injection every
three months and Noristerat (norethisterone acetate given as an
intramuscular injection every 8 weeks), and contraceptive implants.
• Spermicide is a substance that kills sperm, inserted vaginally prior to
intercourse to prevent pregnancy. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be
used alone.
• An intrauterine device is a birth control device also known as an IUD or a
coil. It is a device placed in the uterus and is the world’s most widely used
method or reversible birth control. A single IUD us approved for 5 to 10
years use
Natural Family Planning Method
• The Rhythm Method, also known as the Calendar Method is a method of
natural birth control that involves counting of days of a woman menstrual
cycle in order to achieve or avoid pregnancy.
• Fertility awareness (cervical mucus) methods of family planning rely on
observing the qualities of the cervical mucus to determine the periods of
139
fertility and infertility during woman’s cycle.
• Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancies
which is based on the natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a
woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding.
• Basal body temperature is the body temperature measured immediately
aster awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken. In
women, ovulation causes an increase of one-half to degree Fahrenheit (one-
quarter to one-half degree Celcius in basal body temperature (BBT)
• Sympto-thermal Method is the combination of cervical mucus and basal
body temperature
The table shows that 10.53% couples which are accepting natural family
planning methods. This means that all of the couples interviewed believe that it is
more efficient and practical using these methods, because these do not require
money, on the other hand 31.57% prefer using artificial methods which involves
the use of different contraceptives. According to Feminist Women’s Health Center,
most women are using contraceptives to avoid unwanted pregnancy even though
the Catholic Church only agrees with the natural methods of family planning.
While 57.89% of our respondents does not practicing any methods of family
planning.
140
This shows that they have their own means to avail those methods but
sometimes these are also available in the health center. The proper dissemination
of information regarding the use of these artificial methods such as their
advantages and disadvantages should also be taken into consideration. The
couples choose the natural method of family planning for it, on the name itself,
occurs naturally. The couple only has to be responsible in maintaining the method.
But the others, or they have unaware, or don’t believe in natural method, they
engage themselves in the artificial family planning methods.
TABLE AND FIGURE 43

RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO WHY THEY DO NOT PRACTICE
FAMILY PLANNING
FREQUENC PERCENTAG
CRITERIA
Y E
LACK OF
Frequency of each criterion 14 34.15%
KNOWLEGDE
-------------------------------------- X 100 TRYING TO HAVE
1 2.44%
A CHILD
OLD AGE 19 46.34
SPOUSE IS AWAY 2 4.88
OTHERS 5 12.20
TOTAL 41 100
141
Family planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other
techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education,
prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, re-conception counseling and
management, and infertility management.
REASON FOR NOT PRACTICING

FAMILY PLANNING
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
LACK OF TRYING TO HAVE A OLD AGE SPOUSE IS AWAY OTHERS
KNOWLEDGE CHILD
Family planning reduces the number of unintended and unwanted
pregnancies. Unwanted pregnancies are far more likely to end in induced
abortion, and are far less likely to receive adequate prenatal care than wanted
pregnancies. In some situations, abortions account for up to half of all pregnancy-
related deaths. The potential for family planning to reduce these deaths is very
great.
142
Our respondents mostly there reason for not practicing Family Planning due
to their Old Age about 46.34% follow by Lack of Knowledge about the family
planning is 34.15% and as follow Other is 12.20%, Spouse is Away 4.88% and
Trying to have a child is 2.44%.
At the individual level, family planning reduces the number of times a
woman becomes pregnant. Generally speaking, women of higher parity face
greater risks in pregnancy. For example, a woman who has been pregnant six
times has twice the risk of dying a maternal death as a woman who has been
pregnant only three times.
TABLE AND FIGURE 44

RESPONDENTS FREQUENC PERCENTAG
ACCORDING TO CRITERIA
Y E
BREASTFEEDING BREASTFEEDING 0 0%
BOTTLE-FEEDING 1 20%
143
MIXED 4 80%
TOTAL 38 100%
METHODS
-------------------------------------- X 100
Type of infant feeding maybe: breast feeding – a kind of feeding utilizing the milk
of the mother either the milk is place on the bottle or that baby is fed on the
breast; bottle feeding – babies are nourished with a milk formula through feeding
bottle; mixed feeding – babies are nourished with both milk formula and breast
milk.
TYPE OF INFANT FEEDING

(0-12MONTHS)
20%
80% BOTTLE FEEDING

MIXED
144
Majority of the mothers utilize mixed feeding. The table shows that 80% of
the infants are mixed fed while some are bottle fed with a percentage of 20%.
This indicates that most of the mothers neglect breast feeding which is alarming
because breast milk helps in boosting the immune system of infants. It produces
antibodies which boost up infant’s immunity to diseases. However, the population
of infants who are mixed fed are sill utilizing breast feeding and not totally
abandoning it.
According to executive order No. 51, which is the Philippine Code of
Marketing of Breast Milk Substitute, breast milk for infants is still best and its
continuous use is vital for the proper growth and development of children.
Mothers should be encouraged to breast fed their children because of its
advantageous effects on babies nutrition. Bottle feeding, usually with powdered
milk is expensive but also gives time for mothers to do activities like working and
doing household chores. Nevertheless, mothers should be aware that breast mill
is recommended and that the proper nutrition of the child should be prioritized.
145
TABLE AND FIGURE 45
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO HEALTH EDUCATION TOPIC
THEY PREFER
FREQUENC PERCENTAG
CRITERIA
Y E
Frequency of each criterion NUTRITION 10 24.39%
FAMILY
-------------------------------------- X 100 11 26.83%
PLANNING
Total Number of Families Surveyed HERBAL
1 2.44%
MEDICINE
FIRST AID
15 36.58%
MEASURES
TOTAL 41 100%
Health education is the profession of educating people about health. Areas

within this profession encompass environmental health, physical health, social
health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health. [It can be
defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave
in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health
146
HEALTH EDUCATION TOPICS
16
14
12
10
8
FREQUENC
6 Y
4
2
0
DRUG NUTRITION FAMILY HERBAL FIRST AID
ABUSE PLANNING MEDS MEASURES
According to our respondents they prefer first aid measures (40.54%) for
health education topics for them to have knowledge on how to do or apply it in
case of emergency/accident. They also prefer family planning (29.73%), nutrition
(27.03%), and herbal medicine (2.70%)
First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a lay
person to a sick or injured casualty until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-
limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention.
First aid is very important in times of any emergencies or injury have been acquired at home. Mostly of
our respondents are aware what will gonna happen if any incidences might occur.
147
CHAPTER 4: PROGRAM PLANNING
POVERTY (UNEMPLOYMENT)
The condition is a health resources problem

in nature because most of the families in
Nature of the problem 2/3 x 1 0.67 Purok 5, Brgy. Duquit are not financially
stable to sufficiently supply the needs of
their family members.
148
Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor, 54%
were not going to school, 57.89 % are not
acceptor of family planning and 43.75% are
Magnitude of the problem 3/4 x 3 2.25 unemployed.
63.5+ 54+ 57. 89+43.75/ 4 = 54.75%
Modifiability of the problem 1/3 x 4 1.33

The problem is low modifiable because
Current knowledge  there is less opportunity of employment
among individuals due to low educational
Resources of the family x level. Poverty is hard to be eradicated at
this level.
Resources of the nurse 
Resources of the community x
Preventive potential 1/3 x 1 0.33 The problem has low preventive potential
because poverty cannot be managed that
Severity or gravity easily. It will require a long period and
Duration effort for it to be managed totally.
Current management
High risk
The community do recognized the presence
Salience 1/2x 1 0.5 of poverty but shows no readiness to solve
the problem.
Total 5.08
FAMILY PLANNING
The condition is a health related problem in

nature because positive effects of utilizing
family planning is somewhat neglected;
Nature of the problem 1/3 x 1 1
thus, problems such as overpopulation,
inadequate family income and
overcrowding in homes may arise.
149
Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor,
89.47% are affiliated to Roman Catholic,
54% are not going to school and 57.89 %
Magnitude of the problem 3/4 x 3 2.25 are not acceptor of family planning.
63.5+89.47+54 +57.89/4= 66.22%
Modifiability of the problem 2/3 x 4 2.67 The problem is moderately modifiable.

Proper health teachings and information
Current knowledge x dissemination will help in creating
awareness in advocating family planning
Resources of the family x and its advantages. But it will take some
time for the people to realize what it may
Resources of the nurse  bring about of the influence of the teachings
of the Church.
Resources of the community 
Preventive potential 2/3 x 1 0.67 The problem has moderate preventive

potential because most of the families in the
Severity or gravity community are Catholics and that they have
already set their minds artificial family
Duration
planning is discouraged by the Church. It
Current management will be very hard to advocate family
High risk planning.
The community do recognize the problem

Salience 0.5
1/2 x 1 but doesn’t need urgent attention.
Total 7.09
POOR SANITATION
The condition is a health related problem in

nature because poor environmental
Nature of the problem 1/3 x 1 0.33 sanitation, as well as personal hygiene,
contributes to increased occurrence of
diseases.
150
Cues: 36.84% of the households have dirty
surroundings, 61.40% have pit privy as
Magnitude of the problem 2/4 x 3 1.5 toilet facility, 21.05% utilize open dumping
as method of garbage disposal
36.84+61.40+21.05/3 = 39.76%
Modifiability of the problem 1/3 x 4 1.32 The problem is low modifiable because the
individuals lack self- discipline and do not
Current knowledge x have adequate concern regarding proper
sanitation and its effects on their health.
Resources of the family x Proper health teachings can help, but it will
still be on the discipline and willingness of
Resources of the nurse  the citizens that the problem in poor
sanitation can be reduced or solved.
Resources of the community  x
Preventive potential 1/3 x 1 0.33 The problem has low preventive potential
because poor sanitation results to numerous
Severity or gravity health diseases and that the problem of
Duration discipline and lack of sanitary resources
Current management among households cannot be easily
managed.
High risk

Salience 1/2 x 1 0.5
but doesn’t need urgent attention.
Total 3.98
ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION
The condition is health status problem in

nature because the health of the people in
Purok 5, Brgy. Duquit may be greatly
Nature of the problem 3/3 x 1 1
affected if there will be no actions done to
manage and lessen the incidence of these
diseases.
151
Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor and
51.69% is affected of Acute Respiratory
Infection in the community’s morbidity
Magnitude of the problem 3/4 x 3 2.25 rate.
63.5+ 51.69/2= 57. 60%
Modifiability of the problem 2/3 x 4 2.67 The problem is moderately modifiable.

Proper health teaching and information
Current knowledge x dissemination will help in creating
awareness in the prevention of the
Resources of the family development of the certain disease.
But it will take some time to really be
Resources of the nurse  compliant with lifestyle changes in order to
avoid the progression of these diseases.
Resources of the community 
Preventive potential 2/3 x 1 0.67
Severity or gravity The problem has moderate preventive

potential because poverty cannot be
Duration managed that easily. It will require a long
Current management period for it to be managed totally.
High risk
The community do recognized the presence
Salience 2/2 x 1 1 of poverty and shows readiness solve the
problems.
Total 7.59
MALNUTRITION
The condition is health problem in nature

because the health of the people in Purok
5, Brgy. Duquit may be greatly affected if
Nature of the problem 1/3 x 1 0.33
there will be no actions done to manage
and decrease the incidence of
malnutrition.
152
Cues: 63.5% of the families are poor,
3.43% is already malnourished and 7.31%
is risk for malnutrition
Magnitude of the problem 1/4 x 3 0.75
63.5+ 3.43+ 7.31/3= 24.74%
Modifiability of the problem 2/3 x 4 2.67

The problem is moderately modifiable
because malnutrition is related to the
Current knowledge  problems in poverty and unemployment.
However, proper health teaching and
Resources of the family x adequate nutritional programs by the
health center can contribute to the
Resources of the nurse  reduction of the problem.
Resources of the community x
Preventive potential 2/3 x 1 0.67

The problem has moderate preventive
Severity or gravity
potential because malnutrition cannot be
Duration managed that easily. It will require time
and effort for it to be managed totally.
Current management
High risk

Salience 1/2 x 1 0.5
but doesn’t need urgent attention.
Total 4.92
SUMMARY OF PROBLEM POTENTIALS
153
PROBLEM # 1
7.59
Acute Respiratory infection as a Health Problem
PROBLEM # 2
7.09
Family Planning
PROBLEM # 3
5.08
POVERTY (Unemployment)
PROBLEM # 4
4.92
Malnutrition
PROBLEM # 5
3.98
Poor Environmental Sanitation as to: Garbage
154
I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Table 1. Distribution of the Table 3. Distribution of Wives / Table 4. Distribution of Husbands /

Respondents According to their Mothers According to Age Fathers According to their Education
Head of the Household Beliefs Attainment
Ages of Wives / Husband
Head of the family Below 20 years old 1 Educational Attainment of the
Father 38 20 – 24 years old 7 Fathers / Husbands
Mother 17 25 – 29 4 Elementary level 4
Others 2 30 – 34 4 Elementary graduate 4
Total 57 35 – 39 9 High School level 16
40 – 44 6 High School graduate 7
Table 2. Distribution of Fathers / 45 – 49 13 College level 12
Husband According to Age 50 – 54 6 College graduate 11
55 – 59 2 Vocational 2
Age of Fathers / Husbands 60 years and above 9 No answer 0
20 – 24 years old 2 Not Applicable 0 Total 56
25 – 29 11 No answer 0
30 – 34 8 Total 61
35 – 39 7 Table 5. Distribution of Wives /
40 – 44 5 Mothers According to their Education
45 – 49 7 Attainment
50 – 54 6
55 – 59 3 Educational Attainment of the
60 years and above 7 Mothers / Wives
No answer 0 Elementary level 11
Total 56 Elementary graduate 7
High School level 16
High School graduate 16
College level 3
APPENDICES A: TABULATION College graduate 5
155
Vocational 3 Ilonggo 3 1 – 2 children 28
No answer 0 Mindanao 0 3 – 4 children 16
Total 61 Bicolano 2 5 – 6 children 9
Total 61 7 – 8 children 0
Table 6. Distribution of Respondents 8 – 10 children 0
According to Length to Residency Table 8. Distribution of Respondents No children 0
According to Type of Family Total 53
Length of Residency
Less than 1 year 7 Type of Family Table 11. Distribution of
1-3 years 14 Nuclear 22 Respondents According to Birth Gap
4-6 years 7 Extended 11 of Children
7-9 years 4 Cohabitating 7
10-12 years 0 Single Parent 13 Average Birth Gap of Children
13-15 years 5 Adoptation 1 1 year 9
16 – 18 years 7 Commuter 3 2 years 12
19 – 21 years 3 Total 57 3 years 10
22 – 24 years 1 4 years 7
25 – 40 years 5 Table 9. Distribution of Respondents 5 years 2
41 – Above 4 According to Religion 6 years 6
Total 57 7 years 3
Religion 10 years 2
Catholic 51 Total 51
Born Again 4
Table 7. Distribution of Respondents Protestant 0
According to Ethnic Origin Iglesia Ni Cristo 2
Total 57
Ethnic Origin
Tagalog 16 Table 10. Distribution of
Ilokano 1 Respondents According to Number of
Panggalatok 1 Children
Kapampangan 29
Bisaya 5 Number of Children II. SOCIO ECONOMIC
Waray 4 No child 0 CONDITION
156
Presents at Home
Table 12. Distribution of Fathers Monthly Income
According to Employment Status More than P 5000 40 Facilities Present at Home
P3000 – 4000 8 Electricity 56
Employment Status of the P2000 – 300 4 Water 47
Fathers P1000 or less 0 Telephone 18
None 17 No answer 5 Total 121
Self-employed 9 Total 57
Temporary Table 18. Distribution of
Permanent Table 15. Distribution of Household Respondents According to the Types
No answer According to Daily Food Allowance of Schooling their Children Receive
Total Daily Food Allowance
Up to P20 0 Type of Schooling
Table 13. Distribution of Mothers P30 – 50 1 Public 48
According to Employment Status More than 50 56 Private 8
Total 57 Total 56
Employment Status of the
Mothers Table 16. Distribution of
None 32 Respondents According to Frequency
Self-employed 10 of Purchasing Clothes for their
Gov’t Employee 1 Family per Year
Temporary 7
Permanent 5 Purchase of Clothes Per Year
No answer 1 Once 16
Total 56 Twice 4
Thrice 8
Four times or More 27
None 2
Total 57
Table 14. Distribution of Households Table 17. Distribution of

According to Monthly Income Respondents According to Facilities III. HOUSING AND
157
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION Table 22. Distribution of
Respondents According to Quality of Table 25. Distribution of
Table 19. Distribution of Families Lighting in their House Respondents According to Storage of
According to the Type of House Drinking Water
Lighting
Type of House Adequate 35 Water Storage
Concrete 37 Inadequate 22 Uncovered 8
Wood 10 Total 57 Covered 36
Mixed 9 Refrigerated 13
Makeshift 1 Table 23. Distribution of Total 57
Total 57 Respondents According to the
Cleanliness of Their Surroundings Table 26. Distribution of
Table 20. Distribution of Respondents According to Water
Respondents According to House Surroundings Container Used
Ownership Dirty 21
Clean 36 Water Container
House Ownership Total 57 Plastic 8
Owned 33 Jars 42
Rented 24 Table 24. Distribution of Bottles 30
Total 57 Respondents According to Source of Total 80
Waters
Table 21. Distribution of Table 27. Distribution of
Respondents According to the Source of Water Respondents According to the Type
Quality of Ventilation of their House Artesian Well 8 of Toilet Used
NAWASA 37
Ventilation Rasyon 0 Type of Toilet
Poor 10 Deep Well 12 Flush 22
Good 47 Total 57 Pit Privy 35
Total 57 Balot 0
Total 57
Table 28. Distribution of

158
Respondents According to Toilet Respondents According to Presence Total 57
Ownership of Animals Table 34. Distribution of
Respondents According to Food
Toilet Ownership Presence of Animal Preferences
Owned 48 None 22
Shared 9 Dogs 29 Food Preferences
Total 57 Cats 16 Fish 4
Birds and Poultry 9 Fruits / Vegetables 2
Table 29. Distribution of Total 76 Meat 6
Respondents According to Method of Mixed 45
Garbage Disposal Table 32. Distribution of Total 57
Respondents According to Type of
Garbage Disposal Plants Present in their Backyard Table 35. Distribution of
Collection 35 Respondents According to Nutritional
Garbage Cans 0 Backyard Gardening Disorders in the Family
Burning 4 None 22
Open Dumping 12 Vegetables 8 Nutritional Disorder
Burying 4 Fruit-bearing 15
Others 2 Medicinal 0
Total 57 Ornamental 6
Others 6
Table 30. Distribution of Total 57
Respondents According to Method of
Food Storage Table 33. Distribution of Total
Respondents According to
Food Storage Indigenous Health Workers Table 36. Distribution of
Uncovered 6 Respondents According to Utilization
Covered 51 Indigenous Health Worker of Health Center
Refrigerated 0 Trained Hilot 0
Total 57 Brgy. Health Worker 37 Utilization of Health Center
Herbularyo 0 Yes 37
Untrained Hilot 1 No 20
Table 31. Distribution of None 19 Total 57
159
Respondents According to Common Respondents According to
Table 37. Distribution of Illness Experienced by the Family Immunization of their Children
Respondents According to Reason for
Going to Health Center Common Family Illness Family Immunization Status
URTI 0 Immunized 44
Reason for Going to Health GI Disturbances 1 Not Immunized 3
Center HPN 13 Total 47
Illness 29 Skin Disease 3
Prenatal 3 Fever / Flu 31 Table 42. Distribution of
Postnatal 3 Asthma 5 Respondents According to Method
Dental 1 TB 1 of Family Planning Used
Nutrition 11 Anemia 0
Family Planning 12 Pneumonia 2 Family Planning Method
Well Baby 0 Dental Problems 2 Pills 6
Total 59 Intestinal Parasites 1 Condom 0
UTI 1 IUD 0
Table 38. Distribution of Others 0 Injectables 4
Respondents According to Type of Total 60 Calendar 3
Health Practitioner Being Consulted Rhythm 0
Table 40. Distribution of Permanent 2
Consultation When Sick Respondents According to Their Withdrawal 1
M.D 10 Actions in Times of Illness Not known 0
Nurse 16 None 22
Midwife 0 Actions in Times of Illness Total 38
BHW 6 Self Treatment 16
Hilot 1 Hospital Confinement 14
Herbularyo 2 Nursng care given at 2
Others 8 home
Total 43 Consult health worker 25
Total 57
Table 39. Distribution of Table 41. Distribution of Table 43. Distribution of

160
Respondents According to their
Reason Why They Do not Practice Table 45. Distribution of
Family Planning Respondents According to Health
Education Topics they Prefer
Reason for Not Practicing
Family Planning Health Education Topics
Lack of Knowledge 14 Drug Abuse 0
Trying to have a child 1 Nutrition 10
Unsatisfactory 0 Family Planning 11
Against beliefs 0 Herbal Medicine 1
Hazardous to health 0 First Aid Measures 15
Old age 19 Total 37
Spouse is away 2
Others 5
Total 41
Table 44. Distribution of

Respondents According to Method of
Infant Feeding
Infant Feeding
Breastfeeding 0
Bottle-Feeding 1
Mixed 4
Total 5
161

CDX Group 2 Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CDX Group 2 Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 1

A social group of people interacting with each other determined by geographic

are present in the community.

improvement takes place.

so that 4they may alleviate their current health status.

enables him to be a more productive member of the society.

environment the control of communicable infection, the education of individuals in personal

preventative treatment of disease and the development of social machinery to ensure

wellness as well as promoting supportive relationships between people as well as in their

make the doest out of it.

perseverance in sustaining your health and well-being.

interacting elements such as physical, population, geographical character, topographical

requirements including health.

per capita of Filipinos.

Furthermore, only 50% of more than 80 million populations have access to

communities as well as the whole nation to its healing.

what their real problems are.

hand. This is where the Community Diagnosis plays its function.

in every heart there is power to do it.

In formulating preventive measures and essential programs, evaluation of the problem

are treated as a unit.

be aware and immediately take into action the needed prevention.

In the community, we may be able to relate our intervention if we have a background

for the improvement of everyone.

encompasses the care of individuals of all communities.

Community is a group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and/or

condition or problems of a particular group of people delimited by geographic boundaries,

common beliefs, values and interests.

based largely from the data that was collected beforehand.

determine their felt needs.

have the grand total of the survey results.

According to Untalan, “Community Health Nursing (CHN) is a synthesis of nursing

and comprehensive. It is not limited to a particular age or diagnostic group. It is continuing

The dominant responsibility is the population as a whole. Therefore, nursing is

environmental aspects, and its health care delivery system.

interventions. Furthermore, it provides an assessment on the health status of the people

to achieve the ultimate goal of COPAR which is self-empowerment.

Pampanga, the researchers will accomplish the following general objectives:

 To hone the proficiency of the researchers in the accomplishment of the Community

 To identify the problems that the community is experiencing.

At the end of the community diagnosis, the researchers will:

 To accomplish the Community Diagnosis

 To seek from permission to the Barangay Officials in Barangay Duquit.

 To survey at least 5% of the total number of families of Purok 5, Barangay Duquit.

 To be familiar with the vicinity of Barangay Duquit.

 To collect and tally all the data gathered accurately.

the data collected.

This Community Diagnosis was undertaken to answer the following queries:

environmental, cultural indicators and health behaviors?

 What are the problems encountered by the people in the community?

 What are the suggestion and recommendations of the group?

affected by their Drainage, and Water and Toilet Facility Ownership

under productive age) surveyed, of the Purok 5, Barangay Duquit be categorized as to

feeding, including their immunization, and their nutritional status.

describe as to their facility or provider?

A community diagnosis, in order to be successful, must be accurate, feasible, and

continuous data gathering for a set amount of time.

These methods include observation, interview, questioning, and measurement.

Observation is a methods of a data gathering which involves detailed examination of

something, such as the community, before analysis, diagnosis, or interpretation.

Tools used for observation are as follows:

one basis for

the purpose of gathering required data or information.

presented to each families to gather required reply based on a set of criteria.