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MATTER

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Heterogeneous do not have the same composition, properties and appearance throughout
Homogenoous composition, properties and appearance is uniform throughout
Pure substance FIXED COMPOSITION. has distinct properties and a composition
that does not vary from sample to sample
Elements simplest substance; cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances
Metals shiny, very high melting point, good conductors of heat of
electricity, usually dense, malleable and ductile, readily lose
electrons
Metalloids exhibit properties of metals and nonmetals; dull, can
conduct heat and electricity, often malleable and ductile, may
gain or lose electrons
Nonmetals dull, low melting point, poor conductors of heat and
electricity, less dense than metals, brittle, tend to gain
electrons
Compounds composed of two or more elements
Inorganic NO CARBON
Organic HAS CARBON
Acids less than pH 7
Bases more than pH 7
Salts pH 7
Mixture VARIABLE COMPOSITION. combinations of two or more substances in
which each substance retains its own chemistry
Solution - particles of one substances are EVENLY MIXED
Matter
Heterogenous Homogeneous
Pure
substance
Elements
Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
Compounds
Inorganic
Acids
Bases
Salts
Organic
Acids
Bases
Salts
Mixture
Homogeneous
mixture
Solution
Liquid solution
(transparent)
True solutions
(alloy)
Heterogenous
mixture
Colloid
Suspension
Is it uniform throughout?
Does it have a variable composition?
Can it be separated into
simpler substances?

2
Liquid solution transparent
True solution alloys; mixture of two or more metals
Colloid - particles are PERMANENTLY SUSPENDED; MURKY AND FOGGY; has
ability to scatter light (tyndall effect); moves slower than solution
particles/smaller particles observed in Brownian motion
*Emulsion suspension of two immiscible liquids
Suspension - mixture of two or more materials that SEPARATE ON STANDING;
OPAQUE, DO NOT TRANSMIT LIGHT
*Tyndall effect distinguishes colloid and suspension; scattering of light by particles
*Brownian motion distinguishes colloid and solutions; random movement of
particles observed in ultra microscope. Larger particles move slower than
smaller particles

NONMETALS VS METALS
Metals
left side of periodic table
have a shiny luster, most are silvery
solids are malleable and ductile
good conductors of heat and electricity
metal oxides BASIC ionic solids
low ionization energy/anion attracting powers
forms cations, give off electrons
Nonmetal
right side of periodic table
do not have luster (ability to shine)
solids are brittle, hard and soft
poor conductors of heat and electricity
nonmetal oxides ACIDIC solutions
high ionization energy/anion attracting powers
forms anions, gain electrons
7 diatomic nonmentals
O
1
, H
2
, N
2
, F
2
, Cl
2
gas
Br liquid
I
2
volatile solid
Metalliods
metallic + nonmetallic character
Si Si is used for integrated circuits because electrical conductivity is an
intermediate between that of metals and nonmetals

GAS no volume and shape molecules far apart compressible
LIQUID
volume dependent on
container, no shape
molecules are packed closely but
moves rapidly
not
compressible
SOLID
definitive volume,
definitive shape
molecules are held tightly and has
definite arrangement
not
compressible

Law of Constant Composition
also called as law of definite proportions
the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. Physical properties
a. Extensive properties depend on quantity (mass, volume, length, etc.)
b. Intensive properties nature of matter, do not depend on quantity
(temperature, melting point, boiling point, density, etc.)
2. Chemical properties
eg. Flammability

CHANGES OF MATTER

3
1. Physical Change change in state but not composition; same substance before and
after the change

2. Chemical Change chemical reactions, balancing equations; transformation to a
chemically different structure/composition
C
6
H
12
O
6
C
2
H
3
OH
Chemical reactions
Synthesis Reaction/Combination Reaction
A + B AB
Single Replacement Reaction
AB + C AC + B
Double Replacement Reaction
AB + CD AC + BD
Decomposition Reaction
AB A +B
Combustion Reaction
CH
4
+ 2OH
2
CO
2
+2 H
2
O


More specific reactions
metal oxide + water metal hydroxide
Na
2
O(s) + H
2
O(l) 2 NaOh
metal + nonmetal ionic substance
2 Ni(s) + O
2
(g) 2 NiO(s)
metal oxide + acid salt + water
2 NiO(s) + 2 HNO
3
(aq) Ni(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
nonmetal oxide + water acid
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) H
2
CO
3
(aq)
nonmetal oxide + base salt + water
CO
2
(g) + 2 NaOH(aq) Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)

John Dalton Daltons Atomic Theory and 3 postulates
- atoms are the smallest particles of an element that retain the chemical
identity of the element
- laws: laws of constant composition, law of conservation of mass, law of
multiple proportions
J. J. Thomson - plum-pudding model; electrons
Rutherford protons
James Chadwick neutrons
Max Planck quantum, Plancks constant
Albert Einstein photoelectric effect
Niels Bohr line spectra, Bohrs model of atom (microscopic solar system)
Erwin Schrodinger quantum mechanical model; quantum/wave mechanics

ORBITALS dense electron cloud
s just a sphere
p
x
p
y
p
z
dumbbell shape
d
1
d
2
d
3
d
4
d
5
splitting of d orbitals gives colors to gemstones,
transition elements
f


4 nucleus {

nuclei specific isotope

Arrangement of different electrons
ground state in lowest energy level
excited state - in highest energy level
*orbitals are in constant motion