Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 33 (1990) 323-332 323

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - - Pri nt ed i n The Netherlands

ON AE R ODYNAMI C S T AB I L I T Y OF DOUB L E - DE C KE D/ T R US S E D GI R DE R
F OR C AB L E - S T AYE D "HIGASHI- KOBE BRIDGE"
T. SAITO
Nagasaki Research & Development Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki 850-91
(Japan)
N. SHIRAISHI
Department of Civil Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606 (Japan)
H. ISHIZAKI
Engineering Division, Hanshin Expressway Public Corporation, Osaka 541 (Japan)
Summary
A cable-stayed, double-decked/trussed girder construction employed for a project known as "Hi -
gashi-Kobe Bridge" now i n the final design stage was analyzed i n advance for its aerodynamic stability
by testing its models i n a wind t unnel . The projected composite bridge girder configuration, though
found stable against vortex-induced or flutter oscillation, seemed liable to heavily buffet in the gust of
nat ural wind. Furt her studied experimentally and by numerical analysis of air-flow and pressure distri-
but i ons to explore the mechanism producing the buffeting oscillation, a solid (closed) parapet system
instead of a post-type (open) parapet arrangement originally employed was chosen as more effective
in stabilizing the bridge against the buffeting oscillation.
Keywords
Cable-stayed bridge, double decked/trussed girder, buffeting
I. I N T R O D U C T I O N
The H i g a s h i - K o b e B r i d g e n o w on the d r a w i n g b o a r d is an a m b i t i o u s e n g i n e e r i n g
p r o j e c t , b e i n g p l a n n e d as a c a b l e - s t a y e d b r i d g e m e a s u r i n g 485 m in c e n t e r span
and 885 m in total length. B e c a u s e of g e o g r a p h i c r e s t r i c t i o n s at the e r e c t i o n
site and a l s o w i t h c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o w a r d e c o n o m y , a d o u b l e - d e c k e d / t r u s s e d g i r d e r
c o n s t r u c t i o n is e m p l o y e d for the p r o j e c t e d b r i d g e (Fig.l).
B e s i d e the fact that the c a b l e - s t a y e d b r i d g e of this size w a r r a n t s due
d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n as r e g a r d s its s t r e n g t h a g a i n s t the wind, there h a v e b e e n no
e x a m p l e s of the d o u b l e - d e c k e d / t r u s s e d g i r d e r d e s i g n b e i n g tested in the w i n d
tunnel. The a u t h o r s t h e r e f o r e p e r f o r m e d a series of m o d e l tests in an i n d u s t r i a l
l a b o r a t o r y w i n d tunnel to e v a l u a t e the s t r e n g t h of the c o m p o s i t e g i r d e r a g a i n s t
the w i n d .
T h e w i n d tunnel t e s t i n g s h o w e d that the g i r d e r of the b r i d g e w o u l d p r o b a b l y
h e a v i l y b u f f e t in the gust of n a t u r a l wind. E n g i n e e r i n g e f f o r t s w e r e m a d e
towards i m p r o v i n g the g i r d e r a e r o d y n a m i c d e s i g n t h r o u g h w i n d t u n n e l t e s t i n g and
b y n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s .
0167-6105/90/$03.50 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
324
2. AERODYNAMIC STABILITY OF GIRDER WITH ORIGINAL CROSS SECTION
2.1 Wind Tunnel Test
A series of wind tunnel tests were carried out in a 3 x I0 m section of an
industrial laboratory wind tunnel owned by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Nagasaki
Research & Development Center, using scale models representing a local cross
section and on entire structure of the Higashi-Kobe Bridge.
The local cross section model was 1/27.8 in scale (Fig.2) and the entire
structure model, built as an elastic model, was 1/i00 in scale (Fig.3).
2.1.1 Static test
Wind loads (drag, lift, and pitching moment) acting on the local cross
section model which was fixed in the wind tunnel with the string were measured
with the load cell attached to the end of the string.
2.1.2 Dynamic test
In this test the local cross section model was supported in the wind tunnel
by means of spring so as to enable the model to vibrate with two-degree of
freedom, and by blowing air at the model the amplitudes of its deflectional and
torsional oscillations were measured to determine the aerodynamic response of the
girder.
Also, the entire structure model was placed on the floor of the wind tunnel,
and again by blowing air at the model the amounts of its deflectional and
torsional vibratory displacements were measured to study aerodynamic response of
the entire bridge including the effects of towers and cables. The model was
tested both in uniform air flow and in turbulent air flow.
2.2 Test Results
Fig.4 shows static-test results obtained by testing the local cross section
model in the uniform air flow, in which CD, CL, and C M represent, respectively,
the drag coefficient, lift coefficient, and pitching moment coefficient, each
being defined as follows.
CD = FD/(I/20V2A), CL = FL/(I/20 V2B), M = FM/(I/20V2B2) (I)
The symbols in the above formulas represent the following quantities.
FD: drag FL: lift FM: pitching moment
CD: drag coefficient CL: lift coefficient CM: pitching moment coefficinet
p : air density V : wind velocity B : girder width
A : solid elevation area of girder
The drag coefficient CD, as can be seen from Fig.4, is considerably small at
about 1.3 or little less than 65% as compared with the value of 2.0 experimen-
tally obtained using models of ordinary solid truss girder (see, for example,
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority (1976)). This is probably because, while the
ordinary truss girders are of noncomposite type with the floor separately placed
on the truss girder, the truss girder employed for Higashi-Kobe Bridge is of
composite type integrating the upper chords and deck floors together.
In other words, the most probable explanation is that with the latter type,
the deck floor is hidden between the upper chords with consequently less girder
exposure area and, in addition, the integral deck floor/upper chords construction
results in a profile closely resembling a flat plate.
The lift coefficient, on the other hand, exhibits a sharp positive gradient
in a small region of angles of attack from -i deg. to +3 deg., which is as steep
as 13. It therefore was feared that heavy buffeting oscillation could possibly
occur due to fluctuations in velocity of wind blowing vertically at the bridge.
Fig.6 shows dynamic-test results obtained by testing the local cross section
model in the uniform air flow. As can be seen, vortex-induced oscillation
occurred slightly when the downwash or upwash type of air was blown around the
girder model at the wind speed of 10 to 15 m/sec, of actual wind.
It was also found that the flutter oscillation would only taken place when
325
u p w a s b type of air was b l o w n at the w i n d speed of 80 m / s e c , and a b o v e of a c t u a l
w i n d .
It t h e r e f o r e w a s d e c i d e d that of the a b o v e m e n t i o n e d o s c i l l a t i o n s , the
f l u t t e r o s c i l l a t i o n c o u l d be d r o p p e d out of c o n s i d e r a t i o n as p o s i n g no p r o b l e m
in p a r t i c u l a r , b e c a u s e the w i n d v e l o c i t y at w h i c h the f l u t t e r o s c i l l a t i o n w o u l d
be o c c u r r e d w a s b e y o n d the c r i t i c a l w i n d v e l o c i t y k n o w n to c a u s e this p a r t i c u l a r
b r i d g e to f l u t t e r (in o t h e r w o r d s , the f l u t t e r o s c i l l a t i o n w o u l d not a c t u a l l y
o c c u r ) .
L i k e w i s e , the v o r t e x - i n d u c e d o s c i l l a t i o n , e x c i t e d o n l y w h e n the w i n d w o u l d
act on the b r i d g e at a c e r t a i n a n g l e of a t t a c k and n e v e r b y the w i n d b l o w i n g
h o r i z o n t a l l y , w a s e x p e c t e d to h a r d l y o c c u r in n a t u r a l wind, w h i c h w o u l d c o n -
s t a n t l y u n d e r g o c h a n g e s in v e l o c i t y and a n g l e of attack.
A c c o r d i n g l y , the d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e of the g i r d e r was e v a l u a t e d b y a r t i f i -
c i a l l y h a v i n g t u r b u l e n t flows of d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s act on the local
cross s e c t i o n m o d e l . As a r e s u l t it was found that no v o r t e x - i n d u c e d o s c i l l a t i o n
w o u l d o c c u r in a n y t u r b u l e n t air flows t a k i n g p l a c e a r o u n d the g i r d e r of such a
cross s e c t i o n a l d e s i g n .
T h e a b o v e o b s e r v a t i o n s led the a u t h o r s to a c o n c l u s i o n that the g i r d e r cross
s e c t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e e m p l o y e d for the b r i d g e w o u l d r e n d e r the b r i d g e h i g h l y
s t a b i l i z e d a g a i n s t wind, b o t h s t a t i c a l l y and d y n a m i c a l l y , except for the b u f f e t -
ing o s c i l l a t i o n e x c i t e d b y the gust of n a t u r a l wind.
F i g . 7 shows the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y t e s t i n g the e n t i r e s t r u c -
ture m o d e l in t u r b u l e n t air flows of two d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (see T a b l e i).
A l s o i n d i c a t e d in F i g . 7 are the b u f f e t i n g r e s p o n s e s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m the a f o r e m e n -
t i o n e d s t a t i c - t e s t r e s u l t s u s i n g the q u a s i - s t e a d y theory.
As s h o w n in T a b l e I the t u r b u l e n t flow I, t h o u g h s o m e w h a t low in i n t e n s i t y
of t u r b u l e n c e , is large in scale of t u r b u l e n c e and h e n c e w e l l - o r d e r e d as r e g a r d s
the c o r r e l a t i v i t y of t u r b u l e n c e s in the d i r e c t i o n of b r i d g e axis, w h i l e the
o p p o s i t e is true w i t h the t u r b u l e n t f l o w II. C o n s e q u e n t l y , the b u f f e t i n g
o s c i l l a t i o n s e x c i t e d b y two d i f f e r e n t t u r b u l e n t air flows g r e a t l y d i f f e r in
a m p l i t u d e s u c h that the m a x i m u m single a m p l i t u d e of b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n e x c i t e d
b y a c t u a l w i n d b l o w i n g at the m e a n speed of 50 m / s e c , at the h e i g h t of l0 m is
a b o u t 4 8 0 m m w i t h the t u r b u l e n t flow I w h i l e it is a b o u t 90 m m w i t h the t u r b u l e n t
f l o w II, the a m p l i t u d e w i t h the latter, w h i c h is h i g h in i n t e n s i t y of t u r b u l e n c e ,
thus b e i n g m a r k e d l y smaller.
R e a s o n s for this p h e n o m e n o n are p r o b a b l y that the t u r b u l e n t f l o w II is less
o r d e r l y in s p e c i a l t u r b u l e n c e c o r r e l a t i v i t y than the t u r b u l e n t f l o w I and that
the t u r b u l e n t flow II, as c o m p a r e d w i t h the t u r b u l e n t flow I, is less t u r b u l e n t
in its l o w - f r e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n t and h e n c e s m a l l e r in d i s p l a c e m e n t of l o w - f r e q u e n c y
r e s p o n s e not i n v o l v i n g the n a t u r a l - f r e q u e n c y c o m p o n e n t .
Also, as c a n be seen f r o m Fig.7, a l t h o u g h the e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a and c a l c u -
lated d a t a e x h i b i t a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d e g r e e of a g r e e m e n t in the low w i n d v e l o c i t y
region, the c a l c u l a t e d d a t a are s h o w n to s o m e w h a t e x c e e d the e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a as
the w i n d v e l o c i t y increases. This is p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e , w i t h the rise in w i n d
v e l o c i t y , the i n f l u e n c e s of a e r o d y n a m i c force a c t i n g on the towers, cable, etc.
or the o s c i l l a t i o n in the d i r e c t i o n of w i n d axis w e r e c o u n t e d in.
As is c l e a r f r o m the above, it c a n be said that the a m p l i t u d e of b u f f e t i n g
r e s p o n s e of the e n t i r e b r i d g e s t r u c t u r e is g e n e r a l l y d e t e r m i n a b l e w h e n a n a l y z e d
b y the q u a s i - s t e a d y t h e o r y e m p l o y i n g the static a e r o d y n a m i c c o e f f i c i e n t .
F i g . 8 shows the a c t u a l b r i d g e b u f f e t i n g r e s p o n s e a m p l i t u d e , w h i c h the above
n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s e s t i m a t e d to r e s u l t u n d e r the e x p o s u r e to n a t u r a l w i n d p r e -
v a i l i n g at the site. As F i g . 8 shows, it was d e e m e d p r o b a b l e that the b u f f e t i n g
r e s p o n s e of a b o u t 4 0 0 rmn m a x i m u m in single a m p l i t u d e w o u l d o c c u r at the c e n t e r of
the b r i d g e s p a n a s s u m i n g the w i n d to b l o w at 50 m/sec, of a c t u a l v e l o c i t y as
m e a s u r e d at the h e i g h t of i0 m.
T h e o s c i l l a t i o n a m p l i t u d e , t h o u g h not large e n o u g h to induce the stress
b e y o n d the a l l o w a b l e level f r o m the e n g i n e e r i n g point of view, was d e e m e d of
n e a r - c r i t i c a l v a l u e that w o u l d w a r r a n t a f u r t h e r s t u d y to e x p l o r e just h o w such
a l a r g e - a m p l i t u d e o s c i l l a t i o n was p r o d u c e d .
;126
3. M E C H A N I S M O F S H A R P I N C R E A S E IN D Y N A M I C L I F T
T h e b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n w i t h as l a r g e a n a m p l i t u d e as d e t e r m i n e d in the
f o r e g o i n g w a s c o n s i d e r e d a t t r i b u t a b l e to a n e x c e s s i v e l y s h a r p i n c r e a s e in d y n a m i c
l i f t in p r o p o r t i o n to the a n g l e o f a t t a c k . In o t h e r w o r d s , it w a s a s s u m e d t h a t
e v e n a s l i g h t c h a n g e in a n g l e o f w i n d ( a n g l e o f a t t a c k ) c o u l d c a u s e t h e d y n a m i c
l i f t to f l u c t u a t e e x c e s s i v e l y a n d t h i s f l u c t u a t i n g d y n a m i c l i f t in t u r n c o u l d
f o r c e t h e g i r d e r to o s c i l l a t e v e r t i c a l l y .
T o e x p l o r e a m e t h o d to e f f e c t i v e l y c u r b s u c h a b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n , j u s t
h o w s u c h a s h a r p i n c r e a s e in d y n a m i c l i f t c o u l d b e b r o u g h t a b o u t w a s s t u d i e d b y
n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s ( d i s c r e t e v o r t e x m e t h o d ) o n c o m p u t e r ( s e e I n a m u r o ( 1 9 8 4 ) ) ,
w i t h the r e s u l t s as s h o w n in F i g s . 9 a n d 10.
A s c a n be s e e n f r o m F i g . 1 0 , t h e d y n a m i c l i f t v a l u e s o b t a i n e d b y n u m e r i c a l
a n a l y s i s a n d e x p e r i m e n t , t h o u g h s l i g h t l y o f f s e t b y o n e to t w o d e g r e e s in r e a d i n g
in the d i r e c t i o n o f a n g l e o f a t t a c k , s h o w a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d e g r e e o f a g r e e m e n t
as r e g a r d s t h e i r g r a d i e n t s . T h u s t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d b y n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s , t h o u g h
s o m e w h a t at v a r i a n c e q u a n t i t a t i v e l y w i t h t h e t e s t d a t a b e c a u s e t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l
m o d e l o f t h e g i r d e r c r o s s s e c t i o n t h e r e i n e m p l o y e d n e g l e c t e d t h e d i a g o n a l m e m b e r s
or p a r a p e t , w e r e c o n s i d e r e d to s u c c e s s f u l l y r e p r e s e n t t h e p h e n o m e n o n q u a l i t a -
t i v e l y .
W i t h d u e c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o w a r d a l l t h e a b o v e , h o w t h e d y n a m i c l i f t c o u l d
i n c r e a s e to s h a r p l y w a s e x p l a i n e d as f o l l o w s .
A s s h o w n in F i g . 1 0 , w i t h t h e b r i d g e g i r d e r o f t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l d e s i g n
in q u e s t i o n the d y n a m i c l i f t g r a d i e n t ( d C L / d ~ ) a p p r o x i m a t e s 4 ~ . G e n e r a l l y ,
in c a s e s w h e r e t w o s h e e t s o f f l a t p l a t e ( t w o d e c k f l o o r s in t h e d o u b l e - d e c k e d
g i r d e r ) a r e p r o v i d e d in p a r a l l e l , i . e . , w i t h o n e a b o v e t h e o t h e r , it is p r e s u m e d
t h a t t h e d y n a m i c l i f t o f 2 ~ o f o n e o f t h e f l a t p l a t e s a n d t h a t o f t h e o t h e r w i l l
a d d to t h e s u m o f 4 ~ as w i t h t w o s e t s o f w i n g s o f a b i p l a n e .
It is s a i d , h o w e v e r , t h a t w h e n t h e s e t w o s e t s o f w i n g s a r e l o c a t e d c l o s e to
e a c h o t h e r , t h e y i n t e r f e r e w i t h e a c h o t h e r s o t h a t t h e c o m b i n e d l i f t g r a d i e n t o f
t h e t w o s e t s o f w i n g s as a w h o l e w i l l be s m a l l e r in v a l u e t h a n t h e s u m o f l i f t
g r a d i e n t s o f i n d i v i d u a l w i n g s .
F i g . l l s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s o n t h e c h a n g e in s u c h a
c o m b i n e d l i f t g r a d i e n t t h a t w o u l d t a k e p l a c e w i t h t h e c h a n g e in d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n
t h e t w o s h e e t s o f flat p l a t e .
A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m F i g . 1 1 , w i t h t h e d o u b l e - d e c k e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s u c h a
s e c t i o n a l r a t i o as t h i s g i r d e r , t h e c o m b i n e d l i f t g r a d i e n t is s h o w n to be a b o u t
7 5 % o f t h e s u m o f v a l u e s o f i n d i v i d u a l d e c k f l o o r s . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e l i f t g r a d i e n t o f t h e g i r d e r a p p r o x i m a t e d 4 n m e a n s t h a t t h e l i f t g r a d i e n t
o f e a c h o f t h e u p p e r a n d l o w e r d e c k f l o o r s e x c e e d s 2~.
T h e m o s t r e a s o n a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s p h e n o m e n o n is t h a t as c a n b e s e e n
f r o m t h e f l o w p a t t e r n s h o w n in F i g . 9 , t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s e p a r a t e d a i r b u b b l e s at
t h e d e c k f l o o r l e a d i n g e d g e w i t h t h e c h a n g e in a t t a c k a n g l e c a u s e s t h i s a f f e c t e d
a r e a o f e a c h o f t h e u p p e r a n d l o w e r d e c k f l o o r s to c h a n g e in e f f e c t as s h o w n in
F i g . 1 2 , e x e r t i n g t h e s a m e e f f e c t as if t h e s e c t i o n a l p r o f i l e o f a s u b s t a n c e
c h a n g e d as s h o w n in F i g . 1 3 .
W h e n t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l p r o f i l e o f a s u b s t a n c e c h a n g e s l i k e (a), (b), a n d
(c) o f F i g . 1 3 , t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t a n d a t t a c k a n g l e as
e x p r e s s e d in t h e f o r m o f c u r v e is a s s u m e d to s h o w n o c h a n g e in g r a d i e n t b u t to
b e c o m e s o r t o f o f f s e t in t h e d i r e c t i o n o f a t t a c k a n g l e ( c a m b e r e f f e c t ) as s h o w n
in F i g . 1 4 .
T h u s it w a s d e c i d e d t h a t t h e l i f t a c t i n g o n e a c h d e c k f l o o r w o u l d c h a n g e in
s u c h a m a n n e r as to f i n a l l y p r o d u c e a l a r g e d i f f e r e n t i a l l i f t r e l a t i v e to t h e
a t t a c k a n g l e as i n d i c a t e d w i t h t h e d o t t e d l i n e in F i g . 1 4 , to c a u s e t h e l i f t g r a -
d i e n t to e x c e e d 2~.
4. B U F F E T I N G O S C I L L A T I O N R E S T R A I N T
R e s t r a i n i n g t h e b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n r e q u i r e s a s t u d y to w o r k o u t a m e a n s
t h a t w i l l m o d e r a t e t h e l i f t g r a d i e n t o f t h e g i r d e r c r o s s s e c t i o n r e l a t i v e to t h e
a n g l e o f a t t a c k .
327
In this study, the c a m b e r e f f e c t p r o d u c e d b y the f o r m a t i o n of s e p a r a t e d air
b u b b l e s at the d e c k floor l e a d i n g e d g e was d e f i n e d as the root c a u s e of the s h a r p
rise in lift g r a d i e n t , and e f f o r t s w e r e d i r e c t e d toward d e v i s i n g a m e a n s to
p r e v e n t the f o r m a t i o n of such s e p a r a t e d air b u b b l e s b y p o s i t i v e l y f e n d i n g off
the air flow u p w a r d at the floor l e a d i n g edge. M o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , an o r i g i n a l l y
e m p l o y e d post, or open, type p a r a p e t s y s t e m l o t t i n g t h r o u g h the w i n d was c h a n g e d
to a s o l i d - t y p e p a r a p e t d e s i g n that w o u l d b l o c k and fend off the wind.
F i g s . 1 5 and 16 s h o w the r e s u l t s of n u m e r i c a l a n a l y s i s m a d e of air flows
t a k i n g p l a c e a r o u n d the g i r d e r cross s e c t i o n w i t h the s o l i d p a r a p e t .
As can be seen f r o m F i g . 1 5 , w i t h the s o l i d p a r a p e t the w i n d a t t a c k i n g at
a n y a n g l e is g r e a t l y v e e r e d a w a y u p w a r d and a b o v e the d e c k floor a l t h o u g h the
g i r d e r cross s e c t i o n comes to r e s e m b l e a s u b s t a n c e s o m e w h a t b l u n t in terms of
fluid d y n a m i c s .
C o n s e q u e n t l y the s h a r p lift g r a d i e n t was m o d e r a t e d to a b o u t 8 (see F i g . 1 6 ) ,
as a c t u a l l y s u b s t a n t i a t e d b y w i n d tunnel tool u s i n g the local cross s e c t i o n
fitted w i t h the s o l i d p a r a p e t as s h o w n in F i g . 1 7 .
The c h a n g e in p a r a p e t d e s i g n f r o m the p o s t - t y p e , or o p e n - t y p e , to the solid
type t h e r e f o r e r e d u c e d to a b o u t 2/3 the lift g r a d i e n t as c o m p a r e d w i t h the o r i g i -
n a l v a l u e , s u g g e s t i n g that the b r i d g e b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n c o u l d be s u c c e s s f u l l y
b r o u g h t u n d e r c o n t r o l .
Since it was feared, h o w e v e r , that the s o l i d - t y p e p a r a p e t m i g h t i n c r e a s e
the d r a g s t a t i c a l l y and r e n d e r the b r i d g e v u l n e r a b l e to the f l u t t e r o s c i l l a t i o n
or v o r t e x - i n d u c e d o s c i l l a t i o n d y n a m i c a l l y , the local cross s e c t i o n m o d e l fitted
w i t h the s o l i d p a r a p e t was tested d y n a m i c a l l y in the w i n d tunnel.
The test s h o w e d that a l t h o u g h the d r a g w o u l d i n c r e a s e b y a b o u t 15% (C D =
1.5) the d o u b l e - d e c k e d / t r u s s e d c o n s t r u c t i o n w o u l d w o r k to a great a d v a n t a g e in
r e s t r a i n i n g the d r a g to an a d e q u a t e l y lower level than w h a t it w o u l d be w i t h
the o r d i n a r y truss g i r d e r (C D = a b o u t 2.0).
The v o r t e x - i n d u c e d o s c i l l a t i o n , t h o u g h e x p e c t e d to be s o m e w h a t large in
a m p l i t u d e , was d e e m e d less l i k e l y to o c c u r in t u r b u l e n t n a t u r a l w i n d as it was
d e c i d e d h i g h l y u n l i k e l y w i t h the p o s t - t y p e , open, p a r a p e t , as s h o w n in F i g . 1 8 .
Also, it was found that the f l u t t e r o s c i l l a t i o n , if a n y t h i n g , c o u l d be e v e n
m o r e n e u t r a l i z e d and w o u l d not be e x c i t e d at all b y w i n d b l o w i n g at 100 m / s e c .
and b e l o w of a c t u a l w i n d v e l o c i t y .
It t h e r e f o r e was d e c i d e d that the e m p l o y m e n t of the solid p a r a p e t was h i g h l y
e f f e c t i v e in a e r o d y n a m i c a l l y s t a b i l i z i n g the b r i d g e w i t h o u t a n y a p p r e c i a b l e
a d v e r s e e f f e c t s on static and d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
5. C O N C L U D I N G R E M A R K S
The H i g a s h i - K o b e B r i d g e was e v a l u a t e d for its g i r d e r a e r o d y n a m i c s t a b i l i t y
b y a series of w i n d tunnel tests and t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n a l y s e s as h e r e i n r e v i e w e d .
The b r i d g e g i r d e r cross s e c t i o n was p r o v e d to be a d e q u a t e l y s t a b i l i z e d
a g a i n s t w i n d b o t h s t a t i c a l l y and d y n a m i c a l l y , e x c e p t that the v e r t i c a l b u f f e t i n g
o s c i l l a t i o n c o u l d be h e a v y w h e n e x c i t e d b y gust of n a t u r a l wind.
As a m e a n s to r e s t r a i n the b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n , the o r i g i n a l l y e m p l o y e d p o s t -
type, or open, p a r a p e t was c h a n g e d to the solid type, w i t h s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s .
The H i g a s h i - K o b e B r i d g e is n o w in the final d e s i g n stage, w i t h w h a t w e r e
l e a r n e d f r o m the w i n d tunnel t e s t i n g t h e r e i n i n c o r p o r a t e d .
The p a r a p e t d e s i g n , a m o n g others, is b e i n g s t u d i e d for a final r e f i n e m e n t , w i t h
c o n s i d e r a t i o n toward its e f f e c t on r u n n i n g v e h i c l e s and its f u n c t i o n as p r o t e c -
tive r a i l i n g b e s i d e r e f i n i n g it as a m e a n s to a e r o d y n a m i c a l l y s t a b i l i z e the
b r i d g e .
6. A C K N O W L E D G M E N T
The a u t h o r s w i s h to e x p r e s s their a p p r e c i a t i o n s to e m e r i t u s P r o f e s s o r S.
K o m a t s u of O s a k a U n i v e r s i t y and Prof. M. Ito of the U n i v e r s i t y of T o k y o and Mr.
K. Y o k o y a m a of P u b l i c W o r k s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , M i n i s t r y of C o n s t r u c t i o n , and the
m e m b e r s of the c o m i t t e e , for c o n t r i b u t e d to v a l u a b l e d i s c u s s i o n .
328
R E F E R E N C E S
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority, 1976, "Standards for wind effect design".
Inamuro, T., Adachi, T., Sakata, H., 1 9 8 4 , "A numerical analysis of unsteady
separated flow by vortex shedding model (Ist report, flow around a square
prism), Bulletin of JSME, Voi.26, No.222.
Table 1 Characteristic of turbulence
I t e m
Turbulence
I
Intensity of
Scale of turbulence
turbulence
Longitudi- Vertical
hal
component
component
Lu Lw
Wind tunnel 300 m 100 m
test
[Scale: 1/100] Turbulence 8 m 4 m
II
Natural wind at the site i00 ~ 2 0 0 m 30 ~ 70 m
Longitudi- Vertical
nal
component
component
lu lw
11% 7%
15% 10%
13 ~ 17% 8 ~ 11%
200 ~
885-
485"_
~ _ ' f f _ _ _ Y Y i ~ Y . _ C Y - ~
[ I
J'L ,5- ir -i
Fig.1 General arrangement of Higashi-Kobe Bridge
329
RiE.2 Local cross section model for
wind tunnel test
(Scale: 1/27.8)
Fig.3 Full scale model for
wind tunnel test
(Scale: 1/100)
Fig .4
Co CL | CM
/
5.0 I 0 .20 CO
4.0 .S .16
4. 0
3.0 .6 .12
3.C
. . . , . o. ,/, .
-,'6 -L'2 -~ r~4O..r~ 4 ~" L~ ,6
ATTACK(DEG.) 2,C
- 0 - . - . 0 8 o : C o
/ o. c,
Static wind force acting on the
g i r d e r wi t h o r i g i n a l c r o s s s e c t i o n
X SI NGLE DECKED/TRUSSED GIRDER
:DOUBLU DECKED/TRUSSED GIRDER

X X
X x
xx~
o i , o ! 2 o ! 3
O
Oo
HIGASHI" KOBE
IBRIDGE
O
I i
0. 4 0,5
SOLIDITY RATIO
Fig.5 Drag coefficients
of truss girder
o ' ;
~7
Jb
(%o
F--J
<%)
90
80
. F - r S '
I s o
RESONANT VELOCI TY ) so
OF VORTEX INDUCED / " ,o I
OSCILLATION ~ 1 ' / 30
)3r~ : AMPLI TUDE ~ 20
I I I I 0
. i o - 8 - 6 , - 4 - 2 0
ONSETVELOCITY
OFFLUTTER
7 2 m l s
i
~ , ~ / CRT T I CAL
,\,r' - WI ND VELOCI TY
FOR FLUTTER
I
ANGLE OF
ATTACK (OEG.)
Fig.6 Aerodynamic response of the girder with original cross section
(local cross section model test)
~
400
- ~ - PEAK VALVE ) CALCULA1LD
~ - e - RMS VALVE ] RESULTS
- 4} - - PEAK VALVE ~ EXPERIMENTAL
~ J - I I - RM5 VALVE J" RESUI]S
/
/
I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00
ACTUAt W~ND VELOCITY ( m/ s l
~
600
~
400
0 0 5 ~ > - - I%AK VAt VE CAI CULATED RESULTS
I . . . . . . . . . . . . /
0 0 4 [ " ~ 3 - - PEAK VALVE
003 - ~ - RMS VALVE } EXPERIMENTA~ NESLJL]S
t
~ / ~
.gc [ UAL %'~Et]O V~L OCITY (m/s)
a) T u r b u l e n c e I b) T u r b u l e n c e II
F i g . 7 A m p l i t u d e of b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n of the g i r d e r
(full scale m o d e l test)
2 : [
6 o o - ~ o o 4
~ o o - ~
_ ~ o . o ~
2 0 0 - ~
9 oo,~
0 - 0.001
F i g . 8
M A X IM U M
VAL UE
~ R M S . VAL UE
tO ZO 30 4 0 50 60 ACTUAL W[NO
VELOCTTY( m/ s)
A m p l i t u d e of b u f f e t i n g o s c i l l a t i o n
of the g i r d e r in n a t u r a l w i n d
( c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s )
1.0-
0, 8-
0. 6-
0 4 I
0. 2"
- 0 , 2
OF
A T T A C K ( DEG)
- 0 4
E x P RE RI ME NT A L
RESUL TS
d c L / d = ~ 1 3
CAL CUL AT ED
- 0 - - RESUL TS
d CL / d # k- I I
a) a = +3*
b ) ~ = 0
c ) n = - 3
F i g . 1 0 Lift c o e f f i c i e n t s of the g i r d e r F i g . 9 U n s t e a d y flow a r o u n d the
w i t h post type p a r a p e t g i r d e r w i t h post type p a r a p e t
F i g . l l
6
P B ' I
W ~ N D - -
4 - - J
2
I
Oo I10 2 .0 310 H / B
L i f t g r a d i e n t - H / D r e l a t i o n ( c a l c u l a t e d r e s u l t s )
3 3 1
F i g . 12
a>O . . . . . . . . . . . a>O
C._l . . . . . . . I I
(o)
, , : 0 a: O o
- I I LJ --' -
(b)
a < O o a < O
(c)
F l o w p a t t e r n a r o u n d the g i r d e r
w i t h p o s t t y p e p a r a p e t
F i g . 1 3
( ( ] ) C A MB E R
LINE
L
(b)
. . T L - . - -
I
( c )
C h a n g e o f c r o s s
s e c t i o n a l p r o f i l e
dCLda = 2v~
Cl..
j/
(a)
// (b)
/ ( c )
/
dCL> 2~"
da
F i g . 1 4 M e c h a n i s m p r o d u c t i n g the s t e e p lift g r a d i e n t
3 3 2
a ) c~ = + 3
b) ~ = 0
c) ~ = -3
Fig.15 Unsteady flow around the girder
with solid type parapet
-i2 - 8
Fig.16
IOT
O 6 - ~ /
0 4 -
0 . 2 -
A ~1
I ~ 1 4 ~ I I I : i
- 4 4 8 12
ANGLE OF
- 0 . 2 - ATTACK (DEG}
EXPRERIMENTAL
- 0 4 - -,-A-'- RESULTS
dcL/da-r 8
0.6-
+ CALCULATED
RESULTS
- 0 . 8 dCL/dd-- 8
Lift coefficients of the girder
with solid type parapet
Co CL C~
5 0 n O - 2 0
4 0 S - 46
3.0 .6 .12
- g
I 0 " , 0 4
- , ~ - , ~ - i ~ - 4 % 4 ~ , 2 , o
ANGLE OF
-iO -. -.04 ATTACK (DEG)
- 2 0 -.4 - 0 8
- 3 0 - 6 -.12 0 ; CO
A: CL
O:CM
Fig.17 Static wind force acting on
the girder with solid type
parapet
Fig.18
ON SET VELOCITY
OF FLUTTER
~ r
D O
RESONANT VELOCITY
OF VORTEX INDUCED r ~
OSCILATION i 6 0
+ DEFLECTIONAL ; 5 0
~,MPI_ITUDE
AMPLITUDE,/ 5 0 ~ ' ~
( 2 0
e i O
i I I i h i i i i i i i i t i i I ! i t r
-IO - 8 - 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4 6 8 IO
7 2 m/ s
' - - ' 7
I
CRITICAL
~, J Wl ND VELOCITY
FOR FLUTTER
ANGLE OF A]-i-ACKa(DEG)
Aerodynamic response of the girder with solid type parapet
(local cross section model test)