A MATHEMATICAL ALGORITHM FOR FARM MACHINERY SELECTION

By:
Mekalilie Benjamin Bol
1
and Hassan I!a"im Mo"ammed
#
1-Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agriculture, Upper Nile University, P.O. Bo 1!!" #$artoum., %-
Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Agricultural &tu'ies, &u'an University of &cience an' (ec$nology, P.O. Bo
)% &$am*at.
$EY%OR&S: +orm mac$inery, &election an' ,anagement.
ABSTRACT
A mat$ematical mo'el for mac$inery selection -as 'evelope'. ($e mo'el -as
*ase' on t$e concept of o*taining t$e optimum -i't$ of a mac$ine using p$ysical
po-er of t$e tractor an' implement an' economical optimi.ation met$o'. ($e mo'el
-as 'esigne' to pre'ict t$e si.e of tractor an' implements t$at can *e re/uire' to
complete t$e farm operations 'uring a specific time, 'etermine t$e compati*ility of
tractor an' implement *y properly matc$ing t$e availa*le tractor po-er -it$ t$e
optimum -i't$ o*taine' an' compute t$e fiel' time re/uire' for a mac$ine to
complete a certain operation, fiel' capacity an' fuel consumption. ($ere is no
significant 'ifference 0at ".12 an' ".1134 -$en t$e mo'el is verifie' -it$ t$e Case
5nternational ,et$o' 0plastic ruler4 irrespective of soil or mac$ine type. 6o-ever, t$e
mo'el -as foun' sensitive to spee', soil con'itions, an' cultiva*le area an' not
sensitive to purc$ase price. ($e results of t$e mo'el application are foun' almost
i'entical -it$ actual 'ata of 7a$a' Agricultural &c$eme 8 &u'an ecept t$e fuel
consumption, -$ic$ -as slig$tly less in case of t$e mo'el. 6ence, t$e 'evelope'
mo'el can *e use' to ai' 'ecision 8 ma9ers in selecting t$e optimum tractor8mac$ine
complement si.e an' in sc$e'uling mac$inery fleet.
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INTRO&'CTION
,ac$inery selection is a vital element in planning, implementation, an'
operation of agricultural services use' for large-scale mec$ani.e' sc$emes or for
small $ol'ers. ,atc$ing t$e tractor8implement si.es -as reporte' to *e a 'ifficult tas9
0Datt, 11::4 'ue to;
1- ($e 'iversity in t$e ma9es, types, an' si.es of tractors an' implements offere'
in t$e mar9et.
%- ($e varia*ility of -eat$er con'itions t$at constraint t$e availa*le -or9ing
'ays.
<- ($e temporal an' spatial varia*ility of soil 'ue to 'ifferences 'ue to soil
tractive force, moisture content an' soil teture an' structure.
=- >egal, financial an' a'ministrative pro*lems of fun'ing, custom 'uties, an'
availa*ility of spare parts an' maintenance facilities.
2- >a*our constraints an' 'iversity of cropping patterns an' intensities.
(ra'itionally selection -as ma'e on intuitive *asis an' su*?ective ?u'gment.
($is $as le' especially in t$e 'eveloping countries to 'eterioration of mec$ani.ation
level an' re'uction in crop pro'uctivity. 7ecently, mac$inery selection -as ma'e *y
single o*?ective /uantitative mo'els. ($ese mo'els consi'er eit$er t$e economic
varia*les or t$e p$ysicals varia*les. ($e varia*les in t$e economic met$o' inclu'e@
fie' costs of mac$ine an' la*our, crop yiel', fiel' efficiency, timeliness of operation
an' sc$e'uling time. ($is met$o' -as *ase' on t$e least cost or minimi.ation
principle of 06unt 11!=4 as cite' an' revie-e' *y 0Bol 111!4. ($e economic met$o'
-as favoure' *y many sc$olars suc$ as 06et. 11:!4, 0&iemens an' 6um*urg 11::4,
an' 06e et. al., 11:14. 0#leta9e an' &esta9 111"4 'evelope' ,AC6&E> computer
soft-are to select an' evaluate alternative mac$inery complements an' estimate t$eir
costs. 0>avoie et al., 11114 'evelope' a linear cost minimi.ation mo'el to select
optimum mac$inery complement. 05si9 an' &a*anci 111<4 co'e' a selection algorit$m
on PC-computer using Basic >anguage. ($e algorit$m 'etermines t$e optimum si.es
of farm mac$inery an' tractor po-er *y consi'ering farm si.es, cropping pattern, soil
con'itions an' -eat$er varia*ility. ($e mo'el -as 'esigne' so as to minimi.e farm
total cost.
($e p$ysical met$o' -as 'escri*e' *y t$e American &ociety of Agricultural
Engineers 0A&AE4 in t$eir stan'ar' year*oo9 of 11)<. ($e approac$ matc$e' t$e
tractor 8 implement -i't$ via consi'eration of soil con'itions, soil attractive force,
an' engine po-er an' spee'. ($e p$ysical approac$ too9 its formal s$ape t$roug$ t$e
-or9 of 0Aones an' Bo-ers 11))4 in -$ic$ t$ey suggeste' a set of empirical formulas
to *e use' as a tool in t$e matc$ing process. 6o-ever, t$e monograp$ 'evelope' *y
0Aones an' Bo-ers 11))4 -as use' *y Case 5nternational Company

011:=4 to
construct a sli'ing ruler to estimate t$e optimum -i't$ of implement an' pro'uctivity
rates for various mec$ani.e' operations at 'ifferent soil types an' con'itions, re/uire'
implement 'raft per unit -i't$ an' tractor usea*le po-er. 5n &u'an, 0A$me' 11:14
recogni.e' t$e urgent nee' to 'evelop a 'ecision ai' algorit$m for mac$inery
selection. 6o-ever, no attempt -as ma'e in &u'an to arrive at t$at goal ecept t$e
-or9 of 0&amsaBa 11)!4 -$o employe' 06unt 11!)4 approac$ to select t$e minimum
-i't$ of self propelle' grain com*ine for t$e case of rain fe' areas of t$e &u'an.
5n or'er to improve t$e process of mac$inery selection a compromise nee' to
*e ma'e *et-een t$e /uantitative approac$es an' final 'ecision also nee' to *e ma'e
*y tra'e off t$e su*?ective an' /uantitative varia*les *y employing any one of 9no-n
multi- criterion met$o's of value ?u'gment.
($e main o*?ective of t$is stu'y -as to 'evelop a PC 8 computer p$ysical 8
economical co- mo'el to ai' 'ecision ma9ers on proper selection of tractor 8
implement si.es. ($e 'evelope' mo'el is inten'e' to *e statistic-ally vali'ate',
verifie', an' teste' for sensitivity to input c$anges. ($e mo'el is also inten'e' to *e
applie' an' compare' -it$ t$e actual con'itions an' specifications of t$e 7a$a'
,ec$ani.e' &c$eme.

MATERIAL AN& METHO&S
Model &e(elo)men*: ($e mat$ematical algorit$m for t$e selection of optimum tractor 8
implement com*ination -it$in t$e constraints of availa*le po-er, costs, soil types,
an' con'itions -as 'evelope' from t$e least cost mo'el, -$ic$ -as 'evelope' *y
06unt 11!=4, an' attractive force mo'el suggeste' *y 0Aones an' Bo-ers 11))4. ($e
least cost or economical mo'el -as *ase' on first 'ifferential of t$e annual e/uation
set e/ual to .ero to o*tain optimum -i't$ of t$e mac$ine as follo-s 06unt, 11!=4;
C D
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 . "
3

u h SC
A K V Y
T L
S e P C F
A C
.......................014
C$ere,
C D optimum -i't$ of mac$ine, m A D area to *e croppe', $a
+C D fie' cost of t$e mac$ine, U& E C D constant D 1"
P D purc$ase price of a mac$ine, U& E
e D fiel' efficiency of t$e mac$ine, 'ecimal
& D typical fiel' spee' of t$e mac$ine, 9m F $r
> D la*our cost, U& E
( D tractor use cost, U& E G D crop value, U& E
H D crop yiel', -eig$t unit # D timeliness loss factor, 'ecimal
&c D sc$e'uling factor, 'ecimal u D fractional utili.ation of total time, 'ecimal
$ D $ours of -or9 per 'ay
($e repair, maintenance an' fuel costs -ere assume' proportional to t$e area
covere' an' not a function of t$e si.e of t$e mac$ine an' engine oil costs -ere
assume' negligi*le.
($e fie' cost or o-ning cost -$ic$ inclu'e' purc$ase price 0P4, investment
054, taes 0(a4, insurance 05ns4, s$elter 0&$4 an' 'epreciation 0D4 -as foun' *y first
using t$e investment formula as follo-s;
5 D
( )

+
1
0
L
SI P ir
...........................................................................................0%4
C$ere,
5 D investment, U& E
ir D rate of real interest on investment, 'ecimal
&5 D salvage value 9of t$e mac$ine, U& E
>1 D economic life of t$e mac$ine, years
($e rate of t$e real investment -as foun' using t$e follo-ing formula;
ir D
( )
( )

+
+
1
1
1
j
ii
..........................................................................................0<4
C$ere,
ii D t$e interest or investment rate, 'ecimal
? D inflation rate, 'ecimal
&econ'ly *y calculating t$e 'epreciation using t$e follo-ing e/uation;
D D

Li
S P
............................................................................................... 0=4
($e total fie' cost -as t$en calculate' as;
+C D 5 I D I (a I 5ns I &$ ...........................................................................024
6o-ever, values of taes, insurance -ere ta9en as percentage of purc$ase
price 0+,O, 11:)4. Ot$er input varia*les -ere estimate' as follo-s;
>a*our c$arges 0>4, tractor rent cost 0(4 may *e pre'icte' from suita*le mo'el 05si9
an' &a*anci, 111<4, crop mean yiel' 0H4 may *e ta9en from near*y researc$ station or
pro?ect target values, crop value 0G4 is usually ta9en as mar9et price, timeliness loss
factor 0#4 an' fractional utili.ation 0U4 may *e o*taine' from 06unt 11!)4, fiel'
efficiency 0e4 an' -or9ing spee' 0s4 may *e ta9en from local estimate or American
&ociety of Agricultural Engineers 0A&AE, 11)<4

management 'ata.
($e tractive force mo'el suggeste' *y 0Aones an' Bo-ers 11))4 -as *ase' on
matc$ing t$e tractor po-er to implement *y consi'ering t$e soil con'itions, soil
tractive force, engine po-er, an' spee'. 5n t$is approac$, no consi'eration is given to
economic factors. 6ence, 0A&AE 11)<4 recommen'e' t$e use of an e/uivalent po-er
ta9e- off 0e/uiv. P(O4 as a *ase for estimating t$e 'ra- *ar $orsepo-er 0DB6P4 as
given *y t$e follo-ing e/uation;
BD6P D e/uiv. P(O ".1! (E ...................................................................0!4
C$ere,
".1! D assume' tractor internal po-er transmission efficiency
(E D tactive efficiency 0ratio of 'ra- *ar po-er to aial po-er an' function of
soil type an' con'ition4.
($is approac$ too9 its formal s$ape t$roug$ a set of empirical formulae t$at
estimate tractor po-er an' monograp$ to pre'ict t$e 'ra- *ar po-er of tillage tools.
($e formulae are also use' to o*tain t$e optimum -i't$ using t$e follo-ing steps;
Esta*lis$ maimum engine $orse po-er 06P4, ,aimum P(O 6P D ".:!
0a4 , ,aimum DB6P 0concrete4 D ".:! 0*4, ,aimum DB6P 0firm soil4 D ".:!
0c4, usea*le DB6P 0firm soil4 D ".:! 0'4, usea*le DB6P 0tille' soil4 D ".:! 0e4
an' usea*le DB6P 0soft soil4 D ".:! 0f4.
($e 'raft *y t$e implement 0N4 is given as;
+ D

S
DBHP
......................................................................................... 0)4
C$ere,
+ D total 'raft re/uire' *y t$e implement,
($e -i't$ of t$e mac$ine is t$en calculate' as follo-s;
C D

Fw
F
........................................................................................... 0:4
C$ere,
C D implement -i't$, m
+- D 'raft per implement -i't$, NF m
($e mo'el matc$es t$e tractor po-er -it$ t$e implement si.e *y optimi.ation
of t$e -i't$ calculate' -it$ economic varia*les -it$ t$at estimate' from t$e p$ysical
varia*les *y trea'ing input of *ot$ p$ysical an' economical met$o' in interactive
met$o'. 6o-ever, t$e mo'el can give *esi'e t$e optimi.e' -i't$ t$e -i't$s estimate
*y t$e p$ysical an' economical met$o'. 5n a''ition t$e mo'el output inclu'es;
J +iel' capacity 0+C4 from t$e calculate' -it$ 0C4 an' spee' 0&4.
+C D

! . <
S W
...........................................................................................014
J +uel consumption; pre'icte' accor'ing to A&AE 0litF$4
J +uel re/. 0lF$4 D
( )
( ) ( ) h ha FC T l h kw
kw POWE e!ui" PTO
F . F !) . %
............................. 01"4
Model &es+!i)*ion: 5n or'er to construct an interactive user frien'ly mo'el t$at provi'e
a simple an' 'irect proce'ure for t$e selection of t$e optimum po-er an' mac$inery
si.es re/uire' un'er 'iverse input varia*le an' in or'er to optimi.e t$e t-o met$o's.
($e follo-ing *asic assumptions an' limitations -ere consi'ere' in t$e *uil'ing of
selection algorit$m;
0i4 ($e programme uses international system 0&54 units only.
0ii4 ($e programme is inten'e' for t$e selection of one mac$ine or a tractor at a
time for a single crop an' t$erefore, multiple mac$ine systems -ere not
consi'ere'.
0iii4 ($e e/uations given *y 06unt 11!)4 for estimating least cost -i't$ -as ta9en
true.
0iv4 ($e e/uations for estimating usa*le 'ra- *ar $orsepo-er 0DB6P4 -ere *ase'
on t$ose given *y Aones an' Bo-ers 011))4.
0v4&elf 8 propelle' mac$ines -ere not consi'ere' *ecause suc$ mac$ines 'o not
use DB6P.
($e mo'el -as t$en -ritten in Kuic98Basic language for PC 8 computer 0C$en
11:)4. ($e mo'el containe' *uil' on 'ata relate' to t$e mac$ines an' tractors -it$
t$eir availa*le po-er, soil con'itions, soil types, typical fiel' spee's, fiel' efficiency,
an' unit 'raft implements -i't$. 5t also containe' economic 'ata -$ic$ inclu'e unit
purc$ase price, savage value, economic life of mac$ine, investment factors, timeliness
costs varia*les 0suc$ as timeliness loss factor, fractional utili.ation of total time, gross
yiel' value an' sc$e'uling factor4, farm si.e to *e calculate' an' tractor use' cost.
($e programme starts *y initiali.ing all properties, limits an' constants an'
input varia*les 'esire' for computation of optimum -i't$ using t$e t-o approac$es
0+ig.14. ($e mo'el also gives t$e user t$e c$oice to use eit$er t$e p$ysical approac$
-$ere*y t$e computer 'etects t$e -i't$ using t$e empirical formulae as 'evelope' *y
0Aones an' Bo-ers 11))4, ignoring economic aspects or using *ot$ approac$es to
matc$ t$e economic -i't$ -it$ t$e p$ysical aspects. C$ile entering t$e 'ata, t$e
computer 'isplays all input ranges for t$e user to c$oose from t$e most suita*le
varia*le nee'e' suc$ as t$e type of tractor -it$ availa*le po-er, type of implement,
'raft for -i't$ an' typical spee' accor'ing to t$e operation nee'e'. ($e
recommen'e' -or9ing fiel' efficiency an' timeliness loss factor are also 'isplaye'. 5f
t$e userBs c$oice is to use t$e p$ysical approac$, t$e computer 'oes all t$e necessary
computations an' prints out t$e results. 6o-ever, -$en t$e user inten's *ot$
approac$es, t$e computer ma9es t$e calculations for *ot$ approac$es an' compares
t$e t-o -i't$s o*taine'. 5f t$e t-o -i't$s are e/ual, it gives t$e output results, *ut if
not, t$e computer as9s t$e user if $e or s$e can affor' *uying a ne- tractor -it$
'ifferent $orsepo-er. 5f yes, t$e computer fies t$e economic -i't$ an' rearranges
t$e p$ysical varia*les accor'ing to priorities, t$en increases or 'ecreases t$e varia*les
until t$e t-o -i't$s are optimi.e'. After t$at, t$e computer gives t$e results, -$ic$
inclu'e t$e tractor $orsepo-er, optimum -i't$ of selecte' mac$ine, fiel' capacity,
operational time re/uire' for a single tractor to perform t$e -or9 0area covere'4.
In),* &a*a Colle+*ion: ($e mo'el -as vali'ate' an' applie' using actual input 'ata
from t$e irrigate' an' rain fe' sectors of t$e &u'an. ($e 'ata collecte' -ere *ase' on
*ot$ primary an' secon'ary sources. Primary 'ata -ere collecte' using an informal
an' open /uestionnaire for group an' in'ivi'ual engineers from *ot$ irrigate' an'
rain fe' su* sectors. ($e 'ata collecte' inclu'e' t$e types an' si.es of implement an'
tractors availa*le, type of soil in t$e cultivate' area, type of crops gro-n an' mar9et
prices of crops. ($e main sources of secon'ary 'ata -ere t$e 0A&AE

11)<4 Case
5nternational Company pu*lications 011:=4, Agricultural Ban9 of t$e &u'an reports
0111%4, 07a$a' &tatistical Bulletins 111=4 an' information *ulletins from many
'ealers of agricultural mac$inery in t$e &u'an. ($e secon'ary 'ata collecte' inclu'e'
information a*out typical -or9ing spee's, types an' si.es of tractors an' implements,
recommen'e' fiel' efficiency range for implements accor'ing to specifie' fiel'
operation an' po-er or 'raft re/uirements for 'ifferent imple-ments accor'ing to soil
type. All collecte' 'ata -ere given in form of ta*les an' are 'isplaye' *y t$e
computer on t$e screen -$en necessary 'uring t$e entry of t$e re/uire' 'ata.
,oreover, t$e ta*les containing 'ata of timeliness factors of many crop operations
accor'ing to 06unt

11!=4 -ere also use'.
RES'LTS AN& &ISC'SSION
Model -alida*ion: t$e mo'el accuracy -as statistically teste' in comparison -it$ Case
5nternational Company ,et$o' 011:=4 0sli'ing ruler4 using si types of mac$ines
un'er t$ree soil con'itions an' recommen'e' spee' for eac$ operation. 0(a*le 14
s$o-s close agreement *et-een t$e t-o mo'els -it$ respect to t$e estimate' mac$ine
-i't$ -$en using t$e same recommen'e' spee'. ($e maimum percentage error of
estimates -as 2.2, <." an' <." 3 for firm, tille' an' soft soil respectively. +or fiel'
capacity 0(a*le %4 in'icates t$at t$e error of estimate -as in t$e range of %.% to %.) 3
in'icating goo' agreements. ($ere -as also a close relation *et-een t$e t-o mo'els
-it$ regar' to fuel consumption an' an error of estimate -as calculate' an' foun' to
*e in t$e rage of 1.< to %.) 0(a*le <4. 6o-ever, use of C$i 8 s/uare test reveals no
significant 'ifference 0P L "."24 an' 0P L "."14 *et-een t$e t-o met$o's irrespective
of soil or mac$ine type 0(a*le %4.
Sensi*i(i*y analysis: ($e mo'el sensitivity 0Evans, 11:)4 in terms of varying t$e input
'ata on t$e output results -as teste' -it$ respect to *ot$ p$ysical 0spee' an' soil
type4 an' economical 0purc$ase price an' serve' area varia*les4. ($e mo'el input
parameters consi'ere' for t$eir effect on results -ere 'ivi'e' into p$ysical varia*les
0spee' an' soil types4 an' economic varia*les 0purc$ase price an' t$e area4.$o-ever,
ot$er input varia*le 0fiel' efficiency, tractor an' la*our cost an' utili.ation an'
sc$e'uling factors4 -ere varie' as part of optimi.ation process.
."ysi+al -a!iales: ($e effect of c$anging spee' -as stu'ie' -it$ regar's to mac$ine
-i't$, fuel consumption an' fiel' capacity using five 'ifferent types of mac$ines. ($e
results s$o-e' t$at mac$ine -i't$ 'ecreases as t$e spee' increases for all t$e
mac$ines on all soil con'itions 0(a*le 14. ($is is accepta*le since t$e usea*le 'ra-*ar
po-er use' is constant. ($e results are in agreement -it$ +,O 011:)4 an' Aones an'
Bo-ers 011))4. 6o-ever, t$e 'ifferent types of mac$ines un'er 'ifferent soil
con'itions gave almost t$e same level of sensitivity. 5n particular +irm soil -as less
sensitive to c$anges in spee' -it$ Dis9 plo- an' fiel' Cultivator *ecause of t$e
p$ysical properties of t$e soil 0i.e. $ar' an' 'ry soil4. ($e effect of c$anging spee' on
t$eoretical fiel' capacity an' fuel consumption for all 'ifferent types of mac$ines is
s$o-n in 0(a*le %4. As evi'ent from t$e ta*le, t$eoretical fiel' capacity is a 'irect
function of spee' an' -i't$. A 'ecrease in mac$ine spee' automatically cause' an
increase in mac$ine -i't$, t$us in turn gives a constant fiel' capacity. &imilar results
-ere reporte' *y +,O

011:)4. ($e same pattern -as also o*serve' for fuel
consumption, $o-ever, t$e effect of fuel consumption in soft soil con'itions s$o-e'
less energy re/uirement *y t$e 'ifferent implements. ($is may *e attri*ute' to t$e fact
t$at usea*le energy re/uire' *y t$e implement is very lo- 'ue to t$e looseness of t$e
soil alt$oug$ t$ere is $ig$ energy 'eman' to overcome soil slippage.
Tale /10: E11e+* o1 C"an2in2 S)eed on %id*"
Ma+"ine *y)e Soil
+ondi*ion
S)eed km3"! .e!+en* +"an2e
&oft <.:= <.") %"
Offset 'is9 $arro- +irm =.12 <.<% %.)= %" 1).2 <=
(ille' <.2) %.:2 %.<2 %" 1).2 <=
&oft <."2 %.=2 %."2 %" 1).! <=
&u*soiler +irm <.=! %.)) %.%: %" 1).) <=
(ille' %.1) %.<: 1.1! %" 1).! <=
%.2< %."% 1.!= %" 1).: <2
J -1 D mac$ine -i't$ at !.= 9mF$r, J -% D mac$ine -i't$ at :." 9mF$r, J -< D mac$ine -i't$ at 1.! 9mF$r.
E+onomi+ -a!iales: for t$e offset 'is9 $arro-, -$en using input varia*les t$e c$ange in
cultiva*le area resulte' in no c$ange in fuel consume', fiel' capacity or mac$ine
-i't$. ($e rate of c$ange in t$e time re/uire' for t$e offset 'is9 $arro- to cultivate
t$e -$ole area follo-s an eponential relation. ($e result is in line -it$ t$at reporte'
*y 05si9 an' &a*anci, 111<4 -$o state' t$at t$e optimum total mac$ine time c$anges
eponentially -it$ t$e farm si.e an' 'irectly -it$ s/uare root of t$e farm si.e.
Tale /#0: E11e+* o1 C"an2in2 S)eed on Field Ca)a+i*y and F,el Cons,m)*ion
Im)lemen* Soil
+ondi*ion
S)eed
km3"!
%id*" /m0 T"eo!e*i+al 1ield
+a)a4 "a3"!
F,el
Cons,m)*ion l3"!
Dis9 plo-
firm !.= 1.2! 1."! 1%.:1
:." 1.<< 1."! 1%.:1
tille' !.= 1.=< ".11 11."!
:." 1.1= ".11 11."!
soft !.= 1.%< ".)1 1.2%
:." ".1: ".)1 1.2%
C$isel plo-
firm !.= %.21 1.!! :.%2
:." %.") 1.!! :.%2
1.) 1.)1 1.!! :.%2
tille' !.= %.%< 1.=< ).":
:." 1.): 1.=< ).":
1.) 1.=) 1.=< ).":
soft !.= 1.1% 1.%< !.1"
:." 1.2< 1.%< !.1"
1.) 1.%! 1.%< !.1"
+iel'
cultivator
firm !.= =.1 %.12 =.!=
:." %.!1 %.12 =.!=
1.) <."= %.12 =.!=
tille' !.= <.1! %.2= <.1:
:." <.1) %.2= <.1:
1.) %.!% %.2= <.1:
soft !.= <.=" %.1: <.==
:." %.)< %.1: <.==
1.) %.%2 %.1: <.==
($e price of offset 'is9 $arro- -as also varie' *y 1" percent up to 2"
percent of estimate' current values using a 1" percent increment to stu'y t$e effect of
purc$ase price on t$e optimum -i't$ o*taine'. ($e results s$o-e' t$at t$ere -as no
c$ange in all t$e parameters stu'ie' 0-i't$, +iel' capacity, an' fuel consumption4.
($erefore, t$e mo'el is not sensitive to c$anges in purc$ase prices.
Model A))li+a*ion: t$e fiel' operation teste' -as 'isc $arro-ing *ecause it is t$e ma?or
lan' preparation in t$e area. 6arro-ing operation is usually eecute' after rainy
season an' t$e lan' is cultivate' using 'is9 $arro- to soften t$e soil for -$eat crop.
($e 'raft sue' for t$e mo'el -as assume' accor'ing to +,O 011:)4 recommen'ations
for $eavy clay soils. Ot$er 'ata nee'e' -ere ta9en from actual 'ata source of 7a$a'.
($e results of t$e test are s$o-n in 0(a*le <4. +or t$e 1<2 6P +or', mo'el 56 1":!,
fiel' capacity -as almost i'entical. ($e percent error -as ranging from !-: percent@
$o-ever, t$e fuel consumption pre'icte' *y t$e mo'el -as slig$tly less t$an t$at of
t$e 7a$a'. As given in t$e ta*le, t$ere -as no 'ifference -it$in t$e fiel' capacities
an' -or9ing -i't$s for t$e me'ium tractors.
Tale /50: Con*4
Im)lemen* Soil
+ondi*ion
S)eed
km3"!
%id*" /m0 T"eo!e*i+al 1ield
+a)a4 "a3"!
F,el +ons,m)*ion
l3"!
(an'em 'is9 $arro-
firm !.= 2.11 <.<% =.1%
:." =.12 <.<% =.1%
tille' !.= =.=! %.:! <.2=
:." <.21 %.:! <.2=
soft !.= <.:= %.=! <."2
:." <.") %.=! <."2
Offset 'is9 $arro-
firm !.= =.12 %.!2 2.1!
:." <.<% %.!2 2.1!
1.) %.)= %.!2 2.1!
tille' !.= <.2) %.%: =.=%
:." <.:2 %.%: =.=%
1.) %.<2 %.%: =.=%
soft !.= <.") 1.1! <.:1
:." %.=2 1.1! <.:1
&u*soiler
firm !.= <.=! %.%1 !.1:
:." %.)) %.%1 !.1:
1.) %.%: %.%1 !.1:
tille' !.= %.1) 1.1" 2.<1
:." %.<: 1.1" 2.<1
1.) 1.1! 1.1" 2.<1
soft !.= %.2< 1.!= =.!<
:." %."2 1.!= =.!<
1.) 1.!= 1.!= =.!<
Tale /60: Com)a!ison o1 Res,l*s e*7een *"e &e(elo)ed Model and A+*,al &a*a o1 Ra"ad
T!a+*o!
Ty)e
Fi!m Soil Tilled Soil
.a!ame*e! MSA Ra"ad .EE .a!ame*e! MSA Ra"ad .EE
1<2 6P
+C %.!2 %.2" ! +C %.%: %.2" :
+. gFf ".2) ".: - 1.% =< +. gFf
Ci't$ =.12 =.!= 1" Ci't$
C7; =.=2 - =.:2 C7; <.%) 8 <.:)
1%" 6P
+C %.= %.2" = +C %.22 %.2" %
+. gFf ".!1 ".: 8
1.%
<1 +. gFf ".)1 ".: 8
1.%
%1
Ci't$ %.)2 %.)2 "." Ci't$ %.)) %.)2 ".")
C7; %.)< 8 %.): C7; %.)= 8 %.:"
:" 6P
+C <.12 %.22 %! +C <.12 %.22 %<
+. gFf ".=1 ".!1 << +. gFf ".2 ".!1-
".:
%1
Ci't$ %.)! %.)" %.% Ci't$ %.)! %.)" %
C7; %.)< 8 %.)1 C7; %.)< 8 %.)1
+C D +iel' capacity 0$aF$r4, +. gFf D fuel consumption in gallon F +a''en, Ci't$ D -i't$ of mac$ine, m, ,&A D mac$inery
selection Algorit$m, PEE D percentage of estimate' error, C7 D -i't$ range, m.
CONCL'SION AN& RECOMMEN&ATIONS
+rom t$e results o*taine', it may *e note' t$at;
($e mo'el is capa*le of s$o-ing a great vali'ity in matc$ing t$e optimum
implement -it$ tractor si.e availa*le un'er a given fiel' -or9ing con'itions
0soil type an' status4.
($e mo'el can pre'ict optimum mac$ine -i't$ an' -i't$ range, fiel'
capacity, energy use' an' time re/uire' to cover a cultiva*le area.
($e mo'el -as foun' to *e sensitive to spee' an' cultiva*le area variations
an' not sensitive to purc$ase prices.
+rom t$e 'iscussion ma'e it may *e conclu'e' t$at t$e mo'el coul' *e use' as
an ai' to 'ecision 8 ma9ers to pre'ict t$e num*er of tractors to cover a certain
inten'e' area -it$ in a time constrain or may *e a'opte' for 'evelop-ment of a
sc$e'uling programme in case of operating multi- mac$inery units.
REFERENCES
1- A2!i+,l*,!al Bank o1 *"e S,dan4 0111%4. Agricultural Ban9 of t$e &u'an reports.
Agricultural Ban9 of t$e &u'an #$artoum &u'an.
%- A"med8 M4 H4 011:14. ,ec$ani.ation of 9enaf pro'uction at A*u Naama &c$eme
in &u'an. Agricultural ,ec$ani.ation in Asia, Africa an' >atin America, A,A.
#9 0<4; PP; M!1 -!)N.
<- ASAE4 011)<4. Engineering practices, Agricultural ,ac$inery ,anage-ment,
American &ociety of Agricultural Engineers A&AE Hear *oo9. Ep <)1. &t
Aosep$, ,5, U&A.
=- Bol8 M4 B4 /111!4. Development of a computer mo'el for mac$inery selection an'
management. ,. &c. t$esis, University of Oe.ira.
2- Case In*e!na*ional Com)any4 011:=4. Case international mac$inery selec-tion
met$o'. A. 5. Case Atenneco Company )"" &tate, 7acine, C5 2<="=, U&A.
!- C"en8 L4 H4 011:)4. A mirocomputer mo'el for selection of mac$ines an' tractors.
Paper, American &ociety of Agricultural Engineers, A&AE No. :) -1"2", &(.
Aosep$, ,5. U&A.
)- &a**8 .4 011::4. A successful mo'el for intro'ucing agricultural mac$in-ery.
Agricultural ,ec$ani.ation in Asia, Africa an' >atin America A,A, 1: 0%4; PP;
M)% 8 )!N.
:- E(ans8 ;4R4 011:)4. &ensitivity Analysis in 'ecision t$eory. Department of
Kuantitative Analysis, University of Cincinnati, O6 =2%%1, U&A.
1- FMO4 011:)4. +un'amental of ,ac$ine Operation, ,ac$inery ,anage-ment.
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Deere 7oa', ,oline, 5llinois, !1%!2, U&A.
1"-He8 C4 S4< L,i8 =4 L4< >"an28 &4 ;4 and Yan28 =4%4 011:14. ,et$o'ological researc$
on agricultural mac$inery selection. Procee'ings of t$e international
symposium on agricultural engineering 0:1 8 5&AE4 Bei?ing C$ina 1% -12
&eptem*er. PP; M11:- 1%1N.
11- He*?8 H4 E4 011:!4. +arm mac$inery nee's accor'ing to cultivate' area, tillage
intensity an' crop rotation. Agro- &ur. 16 0%4; PP; M!) 8 ))N.
1%-H,n*8 &4R4 011!=4. +arm po-er an' mac$inery management. =
t$
e'., 5o-a &tate
University Press.
1<-H,n*8 &4R4 011!)4. A fortran programme for farm e/uipment. American &ociety
of Agricultural Engineers A&AE, 66 0!4; PP; M<<%8<<2N, &t Aosep$, ,5, U&A.
1=-Isik8 A4 and A4 Saan+i4 0111<4. A computer mo'el to select optimum si.es of
mec$ani.ation planning. Agricultural ,ec$ani.ation in Asia, Africa an' >atin
America A,A, #6 0<4; PP; M!:8)%N.
12-;ones8 $4 and % o7e!s4 011))4. ,atc$ing tillage implement to *ig tractors,
O9la$oma &tate University Etension act. No. 1%"1. O9la$oma &tate, U&A.
1!-$el*ka8 &4 and Ses*ak8 R4 0111"4. A 'ecision ai' for evaluating alternative farm
mac$inery complement 0,AC6&E>4 current farm economic. Agricultural
,ec$ani.ation in Asia, Africa an' >atin America A,A. @5 0<4; PP; M< -1=N.
1)-La(oie8 G48 G,njal8 $4 and Ra"a(an8 S4-4 011114. &oil compaction, mac$inery
selection an' optimum crop planning. (ransactions of American &ociety of
Agricultural Engineers, A&AE. #6 014; % 8 :, &(. Aosep$, ,5, U&A.
1:-Ra"ad A2!i+,l*,!al S+"eme4 0111=4. 7a$a' &tatistical Bulletins. 7a$a' Agricultural
&c$eme, +a-, Ce' ,a'eni 8 &u'an.
11-Samsaa Els"ek"8 011)!44 An approac$ to mac$inery selection. ,. &c. t$esis,
University of 7ea'ing, >on'on.
%"-Siemens8 ;4 C4 Ham,!2e8 $4 011::4. +arm mac$inery selection programme to 'esign
flee' of agricultural system. 7ivista 'e 5ngegneria, 6# 0%4; PP; M)!8 :2N.