13-42 I E S LIGHTING HANDBOOK

Railroad grade crossings. Railroad grade crossings should be well

lighted. If the street or highway is not lighted, two luminaires utilizing
not less than 2,500 lumen lamps are recommended for the crossing. (See
Fig. 13-34.)
Alleys. Alleys should be lighted so as to permit safe passage and fa-
cilitate police protection.
Bridges, overpasses, and viaducts. The level of illumination for such
structures should not be less than that recommended for streets or high-
ways carrying an equivalent amount of traffic. When pedestrian walk-
ways are so located that they cannot be lighted by the roadway luminaires,
additional lighting for safety and policing should be provided.
Underpasses and tunnels. When an underpass or a tunnel is short,
adequate illumination may be obtained from adjacent street-lighting
luminaires on the approaches. However, long underpasses and tunnels
require special treatment, since electrical illumination may be needed
both day and night. In general, the illumination should be approximately
50 per cent greater than that recommended for the connecting street or
highway or for a roadway carrying the same volume of traffic.
Vehicular tunnels often utilize design features not common to streets
and highways to overcome special problems. The availability of ceiling
and walls is an impor-
tant consideration. For
this reason, lighting by
the conventional street-
lighting methods and
equipment may not be
the most satisfactory
obtainable.
Daytime tunnel
en-
trance electrical illumina-
tion should be planned
so
that drivers may become
adapted gradually to the
lower tunnel levels of
illumination as theyenter
and to the higher day-
light levels as they leave.
A graduation in level by
which this may be ac-
complished for a driving
speed of 35 miles per
hour is shown in Fig.
13-35.
A-BORDERLINE SEEING
(OBSERVERS AT CONCENTRATED ATTENTION)
B-MINIMUM FOR SAFE SEEING
(FACTOR OF SAFETY -APPROX. 2)
C-RECOMMENDED FOR SAFE SEEING
(FACTOR OF SAFETY -APPROX. 5)
D-DAYLIGHT PENETRATION
(ENTRANCE 42 FT WIDE, 14 FT HIGH)
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
DISTANCE IN FEET WITHIN ENTRANCE OF TUNNEL
Fig. 13-35. Daytime tunnel-entrance illumination
conditions evaluated with respect to 35-miles-per-
hour driving speed.