T TA AW WI I T TA AW WI I C CO OR RA AL L R RE EE EF F A AS SS SE ES SS SM ME EN NT TS S

F Fi i r r s s t t I I n nt t e er r i i m m R Re ep po or r t t


A A P Pr ro oj j e ec ct t P Pr ro op po os sa al l f f o or r t t h he e E Es st t a ab bl l i i s sh hm me en nt t o of f a a C Co om mm mu un ni i t t y y C Co om mm me er r c ci i a al l C Co or ra al l F Fa ar rm m f f o or r
H Hi i g gh h V Va al l u ue e M Ma ar ri i n ne e A Aq qu ua ar ri i u um m T Tr ra ad de e H Ha ar rd d C Co or r a al l s s ( (S Sc cl l e er ra ac ct t i i n ni i a a, , M Mi i l l l l e ep po or ri i n na a, , H He el l i i o op po or ra ac ce ea a) )
& & L Li i m mi i t t e ed d S So of f t t C Co or ra al l s s ( (A Al l c cy yo on na ac ce ea a) )

P Pr ro ov vi i n nc ce e o of f T Ta aw wi i T Ta aw wi i
A Au ut t o on no om mo ou us s R Re eg gi i o on n o of f M Mu us sl l i i m m M Mi i n nd da an na ao o - - A AR RM MM M
R Re ep pu ub bl l i i c c o of f t t h he e P Ph hi i l l i i p pp pi i n ne es s

























Growth with Equity in Mindanao (GEM) Program is financed by the U.S. Agency for International Development and implemented in
partnership with the Mindanao Economic Development Council







February 2009


T TA AW WI I T TA AW WI I C CO OR RA AL L R RE EE EF F A AS SS SE ES SS SM ME EN NT TS S

F Fi i r r s s t t I I n nt t e er r i i m m R Re ep po or r t t

A A P Pr ro oj j e ec ct t P Pr ro op po os sa al l f f o or r t t h he e E Es st t a ab bl l i i s sh hm me en nt t o of f a a C Co om mm mu un ni i t t y y C Co om mm me er r c ci i a al l C Co or ra al l F Fa ar rm m
f f o or r H Hi i g gh h V Va al l u ue e M Ma ar ri i n ne e A Aq qu ua ar ri i u um m T Tr ra ad de e H Ha ar rd d C Co or ra al l s s ( (S Sc cl l e er ra ac ct t i i n ni i a a, , M Mi i l l l l e ep po or ri i n na a, ,
H He el l i i o op po or ra ac ce ea a) ) & & L Li i m mi i t t e ed d S So of f t t C Co or r a al l s s ( (A Al l c cy yo on na ac ce ea a) )

P Pr ro ov vi i n nc ce e o of f T Ta aw wi i T Ta aw wi i
A Au ut t o on no om mo ou us s R Re eg gi i o on n o of f M Mu us sl l i i m m M Mi i n nd da an na ao o - - A AR RM MM M
R Re ep pu ub bl l i i c c o of f t t h he e P Ph hi i l l i i p pp pi i n ne es s













Growth with Equity in Mindanao (GEM) Program is financed by the U.S. Agency for International Development and
implemented in partnership with the Mindanao Economic Development Council







February 2009




2 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

T TA AW WI I T TA AW WI I C CO OR RA AL L R RE EE EF F A AS SS SE ES SS SM ME EN NT TS S F Fe eb br r u ua ar r y y 2 20 00 09 9


CONTENTS



PREFACE 3


1.0 SUMMARY 4


2.0 CORAL REEF ASSESSMENTS .. 6

Site Lato Lato . 7
Site Tangu . 9
Site Laa . 13
Site Sanga Sanga . 17


3.0 GEM AQUACULTURE STAFF TRAINING .. 22


4.0 REFERENCES 27



























3 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

P PR RE EF FA AC CE E


Under the agreed Scope of Works noted in the contract agreement, recent works
undertaken in the Tawi Tawi were with the following premise.

Mr. Don E. Baker will be engaged as Coral Farming Consultant to the
Mariculture Group of the GEM Business Development Team. He will report to
Mariculture Team Leader Stanley Swerdloff, and will be assisted in his field
work by Mariculture Team technical assistants. Mr. Baker will determine the
technical and business feasibility of commercial coral farming, with a targeted
output to the world-wide marine aquarium market.


Works commenced on J anuary 30
th
, 2009 to implement coral farm feasibility project
works to:

- Conduct approximately three weeks of site surveys to determine suitable coral
farming areas, with particular reference to offshore islands with clean water and
suitable substrate

- - Identify potential coral grower groups (primarily MNLF clusters)

- - Undertake a one-day training of Mariculture Team staff in coral culture
techniques


This Report is presented as a fulfillment of the USAID requested interim assessment of
on site works.






















4 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

1 1. .0 0 S SU UM MM MA AR RY Y

Considered the most biodiverse ecosystem type on Earth, coral reefs harbor 1 of every 4
marine species documented globally. Only 10% of the existing coral reef ecosystems of
the Pacific region have been fully explored and species catalogued.

It has been determined that a minimally productive acre of a coral reef can produce an
equivalent of more than 75,000 aquarium size small coral colonies in one year
(Borneman, 2001). This perhaps is why coral farming efforts are underway in Indo-
Pacific region to cater too the growing international marine aquarium trade.

With regards to assessing the coral reef health and conditions in the Tawi Tawi region, it
is entirely possible to even identify new species of corals and fishes that would add more
variety to the marine aquarium trade.

This brief coral reef survey was commenced with the idea / plan of determining those
areas with the best fit conditions to sustainably accommodate a Provincial coral farming
endeavor to cater to the international marine aquarium trade markets.

The very first best fit criterion for site suitability is the abundant presence of market
demand coral types that comprise primarily of:

- Colorful hard (S Sc cl le er ra ac ct ti in ni ia a, , M Mi il ll le ep po or ri in na a, , H He el li io op po or ra ac ce ea a) ) branching types (i.e.
Acropora, Porites, Anacropora)

- Colorful soft corals but limited to non-toxic types

With the above in view, two major site categories are to be determined through field site
visits and investigations:

- - Community Coral Farm Units (CCFU) / offshore areas suitable with available,
willing, and qualified manpower to maintain underwater coral culturing tables
(CCT)

- - A receiving / holding / shipping (RHS) site that will not only be able to receive
cultured corals from the CCFU but also be able to culture additional coral stocks
to ensure shipment quality & quantity.

To address the tentative site survey selection, and start planning the full spectrum
logistics involved with this mariculture endeavor, the criteria for determining the best fit
locations for the above two categories are also as follows.

No high population centers close by (i.e. considerations of nutrient /
eutrophication affection/s & of course, security of the seedlings)

No coastal agriculture/plantation/construction runoff affections that reduce light
transmission to reef & cause eutrophication conditions (present & future dev)

Good water clarity/visibility and stable temperature year round (to concurrently
culture a higher number of genus types)



5 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

Good water movement from tidal changes and area current flow but not strong
flows

Closeness of farm sites to transport product to market - via specialized carrier
boat for longer transport to simple boats for short distances. 'Market' is basically
an adequately arranged/setup Receiving/Holding/Shipping facility (RHS) to buy
the product from farmers.

Available coastal fisher communities to provide manpower to maintain CCTs.

RHS must be close by air cargo facilities to start/begin the international export
train of value enhancement / appreciation.


Indicator species, such as the presence of or lack of presence, were used to determine
the overall health of the site area. Such types of marine life used are:

- Sea urchins
- Butterfly fishes
- Giant clams (Tridacna)


The distribution and abundance of these types of marine life can often be directly
correlated with the distribution and abundance of the live corals. For example, if a coral
reef site is adversely affected by traumatic environmental conditions, such as pollution,
over harvesting, and aberrant fishing methods (explosives & chemicals), their health will
deteriorate. This deterioration can often be detected by observing the above types of
marine life. In short, if a reef site harbors several types of coral eating butterfly fishes
then it may be construed that there is an adequate abundance of live coral present to
cater to their daily sustenance.

Site specific parameters for several Tawi Tawi regional coral reef sites were assessed in
this Interim Report. Additional reef sites in the Province will be assessed Feb 13
th
to
17
th
.

At each site, digital underwater photographs were taken of both hard and soft corals
found there. In addition, time and duration of the assessment was recorded along with
GPS data via a Magellan type hand held unit or navigational chart reference.

In addition to live corals present, dead skeleton sections and pieces were observed to
assess what types of corals that once thrived at the site area prior to explosive or
chemical fishing methods affecting the reef bottom but could very well be re-grown in the
site.

It is important that there are more than a few coral reef sites to locate CCTs so as to
ensure optimum availability of cultured coral products for international export. Locating
CCTs on one or two coral reef sites could seriously jeopardize product availability if
there are any future aberrant events that would affect underwater farm production. With
more sites available for CCT deployment, the more assurance of product quantity and
quality.



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2 2. .0 0 C CO OR RA AL L R RE EE EF F A AS SS SE ES SS SM ME EN NT TS S



FIELD SITE ASSESSMENTS

Site Quick Suitability Code


1 Site unacceptable / no corals / no security / poor water parameters [visibility,
pollution, boat traffic]

2 Site partially acceptable for soft corals and not hard corals

3 Site moderately acceptable for hard & soft corals, limited security, limited CCT
locations, limited donor corals

4 Site acceptable; hard & soft corals available but not abundant; security
acceptable; CCT deployment space limited

5 Site acceptable; donor hard & soft corals readily available; security acceptable;
CCT ok for 10 +units




7 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

January 30
th
, 2009

Site Name: SITE Lato Lato

Time of Water Entry: 1630
Time of Water Exit: 1720

GPS Data: 05 03 - 56 N
119 47 44 E

Site Grade 3







































This Acropora sp. was found
detached from any solid reef
base rock and laying on the soft
silt sea grass bottom and
transferred to a coral rock,
whereas, the colony would have
a better chance for base re-
attachment

An excellent pink color
variation of Acropora millipora
that would be high in the
aquarium market demand if
successful in seedling planting.
This Acropora sp. was found
attached to a loose coral rock
buried in the sea grass silt sand


8 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9




















































This is an excellent yellow/gold
version of Acropora millipora.
This colony was found detached
from any hard base and loose on
the sea grass silt sand bottom.
A Nepthea soft coral found in
the sea grass soft bottom.
Finger Leather soft coral /
Lobophytum sp.


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February 2
nd
, 2009

Site Name: SITE Tangu

Time of Water Entry: 1615
Time of Water Exit: 1720

GPS Data: 05 - 02 - 37 N
119 50 - 06 E

Site Grade 4




































Montipora digitata is an
excellent candidate coral for
farming.
Acropora millipora / pink
branches with yellow tips. This
is a delicate coral to culture but
with good reef SSP can be an
excellent coral for trade.


10 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9



















































This plate type of Montipora
can also be cultured with a
plug/mount made with a v slit
across the base.
A gray/blue variety of a
Montipora sp. coral, where both
the plate sections and the central
branches can both be cultured
through fragmentation.
An Acropora / possible species:
humilis / nice coloring of
green/blue branches with blue
tips.


11 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9




















































The purple/blue color of this
Acropora is a high market
demand type.
This Acropora (possible species
nobilis) shows how it has
settled on the reef bottom and
grown its branches, whereas,
this is a natural concept of
farming.
Another excellent color variety
of Acropora.


12 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9




















































This is a nice golden/yellow
Acropora that can provide up to
30 fragment seedling starts from
the outer tips. This donor coral
will then re-grow its tips within
4 to 5 months usually
completely masking any prior
harvest of its tips.
A fire coral / Millepora
dichotoma is virtually unknown
in the marine aquarium trade
and is an excellent species to
culture as such usually has rapid
branching growth.
Acropora florida is an excellent
species to farm, whereas, the
Sabah, Malaysian farm is now
selling their stocks to EU.


13 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

February 4
th
, 2009

Site Name: SITE Laa

Time of Water Entry: 1130
Time of Water Exit: 1240

GPS Data: 04 56 - 55 N
119 52 - 20 E

Site Grade 5




































This is an excellent photo
showing not only Porites
branching corals but three (3)
adult giant clams (Tridacna
maxima)
This is a large Acropora colony
that can provide perhaps over
two hundred seedling plantings


14 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9




















































Color variations of this Porites
and Montipora corals can
provide more than 200 seedlings
without permanent damage to
the donors. Again, the tips are
only fragmented off from the
donor colonies and the colonies
will re-grow their tips within a
few months.
These branching Montipora,
Hydnopora colonies can
provide a good, sustainable
supply of seedling fragment
plantings.
The area is affected by marine
aquarium fish collectors using
cyanide, whereas the coral show
to upper right is dead and
having brown algae covering it.
The lower Acropora and nearby
branching Montipora colonies
seem unaffected.


15 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9




















































Acropora sp. that shows
excellent growth and branching
and a good colony for seedling
harvesting / possibly 50
seedlings.
An excellent cluster of several
different color variations of
Montipora sp. that can provide
upwards of 2 to 300 seedlings.
This photo shows a clear area
nearby the mother/donor corals
that can have 3 to 4 CCT units
deployed. Each CCT would
culture about 400 seedlings.


16 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9




















































Additional open areas between
the donor coral regions that can
have several CCTs deployed.
Another picture/view of more
than one colony of Montipora
with different color variations
This golden Acropora was
partially buried in the reef sandy
bottom and would be an
excellent seedling donor for not
only farming but also for reef
replanting & conservation
efforts.


17 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

February 4
th
, 2009

Site Name: SITE Sanga Sanga

Time of Water Entry: 1130
Time of Water Exit: 1240

GPS Data: 05 04 - 57 N
119 45 - 35 E

Site Grade: 3





















This reef front exists in a relatively high energy zone in which
heavy/large surf can be present. Branching corals are few as the
wave force and surge will prevent such growth formations with the
Montipora and Acropora colonies. Also there was quite a bit of
suspended and floating plastic waste and garbage present.


18 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9















































Approximately 30 to 40 meters
away from the reef edge, this
picture show soft coral with a
pink colored Montipora colony.
Another coral mound with
Montipora and soft corals,
whereas, the color variations are
good donors for seedlings.
Soft corals, Montipora plate and
branching corals intermittently
present on this reef front
location between open
sections of coral silt and rubble.


19 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9















































A nice pink variation of
Acropora millipora but very
few such colonies were present
in this site.
A single/sole colony of either a
Montipora or Porites branching
coral. Seedling availability in
this site is limited.
This Acropora cytherea is
poorly attached to the reef base
rock and will eventually detach
in the wave surge force.


20 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9















































An Acropora coral colony ripped off the
reef base rock possibly by the high wave
surge that can occur at this site. This also
can affect seedlings inside a CCT that
could also detach from the netting and
clump/bunch together in a pile and killing
them. (prior experience in trying to
culture corals in moderate to high energy
zones in Sabah, Malaysia.
A nice Pachyseris coral but only
one colony was found and
should not be used for seedling
plate fragmentation for reasons
of conservation.
This type of reef bottom
predominated in this reef front
site; with few areas safe for
CCT deployment without
securing / anchoring.


21 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

The following reef sites were visited on February 4
th
, 2009, whereas both areas did not
have sufficient criteria to categorize for reasons of having very little viable live coral
coverage located in easily accessible conditions that are not safe to potential CCFU
manpower and CCT security.

Sangasiapu Reef

GPS Data: 05 03 - 56 N / 119 47 44 E


Simunul Reef

GPS Data: 04 57 - 62 N / 119 49 50 E









22 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9

3 3. .0 0 G GE EM M A AQ QU UA AC CU UL LT TU UR RE E S ST TA AF FF F T TR RA AI IN NI IN NG G

GEM Aquaculture staff undertook three (3) training sessions (J an 30
th
, Feb 2
nd
& 3
rd
) to
demonstrate hands-on fabrications of:

- CCT (Coral Culture Table) & Deployment (1 small unit)
- Coral Plug/Mountings (48 units)
- Seedling Planting

GEM Aquaculture staff training was undertaken at the Lato Lato Hatchery site, whereas,
such was undertaken with the kind permission of the present management of Mega
Sardines company.

In no manner or intension do these training sessions constitute the establishment of any
actual coral farming endeavor; neither in the Lato Lato area of Tawi Tawi or in the
Province itself.

Staff from Mega Sardine graciously assisted in the fabrications and also learned from
these training sessions.



Date: J an 30th


Fabrication of the coral seedling plugs or mounts
























23 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9















Date: J an 30
th



Fabrication of the demo Coral Culture Table
(CCT)





























24 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9


Date: Feb 2
nd















Completion of the CCT and underwater deployment
(quick works; less than 1 hour)






























25 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9


Date: Feb 3
rd



Live coral seedling mounting / to only show one (1)
method used in the Solomon Islands.










































26 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9


















Sabah, Malaysia Seedling method with
underwater / plumbing epoxy putty
(non-toxic) / 2006 & 2007











Seedling delivery to CCTs in
the Sabah, Semporna coral
farm site.








27 | P P a ag ge e T T A A W W I I T T A A W W I I C C O O R R A A L L R R E E E E F F A A S S S S E E S S S S M M E E N N T T S S F F E E B B 2 2 0 0 0 0 9 9


4 4. .0 0 R RE EF FE ER RE EN NC CE ES S


Borneman, E. H. [2001]. Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History, TFH
Publications & Microcosm Ltd., Neptune, NJ and Charlotte, VT, USA. 464p.

Crosby, M.P., and Reese, E.S. [1996]. A Manual for Monitoring Coral Reefs With Indicator
Species: Butterflyfishes as Indicators of Change on the Indo-Pacific Reefs, Office of Ocean
and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA],
Silver Spring, MD, USA, 45p.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001.
Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 5: Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine
Protected Areas. Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 106p.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
of the Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior and Local Government. 2001.
Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook No. 7: Managing Impacts of Development in
the Coastal Zone. Coastal Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment
and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Philippines. 108p

Ellis S. and Ellis, S. [2002]. Recent Advances in Lagoon-based Farming Practices for Eight
Species of Commercially Valuable Hard and Soft Corals - A Technical Report. Center for
Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture (CTSA), Publication 147, 63p.

Ellis S. and Sharron, l. [2002]. The Culture of Soft Corals (Order: Alcyonacea) for the Marine
Aquarium Trade. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture (CTSA), Publication 137, 77p.

English, S., Wilkinson, C., and Baker, V. Editors, [1994]. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine
Resources, AIMS Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, Australia, 368p.

Heeger, T., Cashman, M. and Sotto, F., Coral Farming as Alternative Livelihood, for
Sustainable Natural Resource Management and Coral Reef Rehabilitation, [1999]. University
of San Carlos, Marine Biology Section, Cebu, Philippines, 14p.

Pattengill-Semmens, C., S.R. Gittings, and T. Shyka. [2000]. Flower Garden Banks National
Marine Sanctuary: A Rapid Assessment of Coral, Fish, and Algae Using the AGGRA
Protocol. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series MSD-00-3. U.S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, Marine Sanctuaries Division, Silver Spring, MD, USA. 15p.

REEF CHECK Survey Instruction Manual, Institute of the Environment, University of California
at Los Angeles, USA, [No date]32p.

Rogers, C.S., Garrison, G., Grober, R., Hillis, ZM., and Franke, M.A. [1994]. Coral Reef
Monitoring Manual for the Caribbean and Western Atlantic, National Park Service Virgin
Islands National Park, U.S. Virgin Islands, 92pp.