DISTRICT ROUND

5
th
grade
Problem 1. Find, with proof, all positive integers a/c satisfying
/ ac = c a/ + 10.
Problem 2. Let ' be the set of palindromic numbers of the form 5:+4, where : _ 0
is an integer. (A positive integer is a palindromic number if it remains the same when its
digits are reversed. For instance, the numbers 7, 191, 23532, 3770773 are palindromic
numbers.)
a) If we write the elements of ' in increasing order, which is the 50
th
number?
b) Among all numbers in ', written with nonzero digits who sum up to 2014, which
is the greatest one and which the smallest one?
Problem 3. Let = 1, 3, 3
2
, 3
3
, . . . , 3
2014
. We obtain a partition of if is
written as a disjoint union of nonempty subsets.
a) Prove that there is no partition of such that the product of elements in each subset
is a square.
b) Prove that there exists a partition of such that the sum of elements in each subset
is a square.
Problem 4. A 10 digit positive integer is called a cute number if its digits are from
the set 1, 2, 3 and every two consecutive digits differ by 1.
a) Prove that exactly 5 digits of a cute number are equal to 2.
b) Find the total number of cute numbers.
c) Prove that the sum of all cute numbers is divisible by 1408.
6
th
grade
Problem 1. Prove that:
a)
_
1
2
_
3
+
_
2
3
_
3
+
_
5
6
_
3
= 1;
b) 3
33
+ 4
33
+ 5
33
< 6
33
.
2 THE 65TH ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD
Problem 2. We call a nonempty set ' good if its elements are positive integers, each
having exactly 4 divisors. If the good set ' has : elements, we denote by o
M
the sum
of all 4: divisors of its members (the sum may contain repeating terms).
a) Prove that = 2 37, 19 37, 29 37 is good and o
A
= 2014.
b) Prove that if the set 1 is good and 8 1, then o
B
,= 2014.
Problem 3. The points ', , and 1 are chosen on the sides 1C, C and 1 of
the triangle 1C such that 1' = 11 and C'=C. The perpendicular dropped from
1 to '1 and the perpendicular dropped from C to ' intersect at 1. Prove that the
angles
[
11 and
[
1C are congruent.
Problem 4. Determine all positive integers a for which there exist exactly 2014 pos-
itive integers / such that 2 _
a
/
_ 5.
7
th
grade
Problem 1. a) Prove that for any real numbers a and / the following inequality holds:
_
a
2
+ 1
_ _
/
2
+ 1
_
+ 50 _ 2 (2a + 1) (3/ + 1) .
b) Find all positive integers : and j such that:
_
:
2
+ 1
_ _
j
2
+ 1
_
+ 45 = 2 (2: + 1) (3j + 1) .
Problem 2. Let a, /, c be real numbers such that:
[a /[ _ [c[, [/ c[ _ [a[, [c a[ _ [/[.
Prove that one of the numbers a, /, c equals the sum of the other two..
Problem 3. Let 1C be a triangle in which :(
^
) = 135

. The perpendicular to
the line 1 erected at intersects the side [1C] at 1, and the angle bisector of \1
intersects the side [C] at 1. Find the measure of
\
111.
Problem 4. Let 1C1 be a square and consider the points 1 (1), 1 (1C),
and ' (C1) such that 11' is a right isosceles triangle, with the right angle at 1.
Prove that the lines 1 and 11 are perpendicular to each other.
Bogdan Enescu
8
th
grade
Problem 1. In the right parallelepiped 1C1
t
1
t
C
t
1
t
, with 1 = 12
_
3 cm and

t
= 18 cm, we consider the points 1 [
t
] and [
t
1
t
] such that
t
=
31
t
.
Determine the length of the line segment [1] such that for any position of the point
' [1C] , the triangle '1 is right angled at .
DISTRICT ROUND 3
Problem 2. For each positive integer : we denote by j (:) the greatest square less
than or equal to :.
a) Find all pairs of positive integers (:, :) , with : _ :, for which
j (2:+ 1) j (2: + 1) = 400.
b) Determine the set
_
: N
+

: _ 100 and
j (: + 1)
j (:)
, N
_
.
Problem 3. Let 1C111 be a regular hexagon with side length a. At point , the
perpendicular o, with length 2a
_
3, is erected on the hexagon's plane. The points ',
, 1, Q, and 1 are the projections of point on the lines o1, oC, o1, o1, and o1,
respectively.
a) Prove that the points ', , 1, Q, 1 lie on the same plane.
b) Find the measure of the angle between the planes ('1) and (1C).
Problem 4. Let : _ 2 be a positive integer. Determine all possible values of the sum
o = r
2
r
1
| +r
3
r
2
| +... +r
n
r
n1
| ,
where r
1
, r
2
, ..., r
n
are real numbers whose integer parts are 1, 2, . . . , :, respectively.
9
th
grade
Problem 1. Find the irrational number r with the property that r
2
+r and r
3
+ 2r
2
are integer numbers.
Adapted from Gazeta Matematic a
Problem 2. Let 1C be a triangle and let the points 1 (1C) , 1 (C) ,
1 (1), such that
11
1C
=
1C
1
=
1
11
.
The halines (1, (11, and (C1 intersect the circumcircle of 1C at points ',
and 1. Prove that the triangles 1C and '1 share the same centroid if and only if the
areas of the triangles 1'C, C and 11 are equal.
Problem 3. The medians 1, 11 and C1 of triangle 1C intersect at G. Let 1 be
a point lying in the interior of the triangle, not belonging to any of its medians. The line
through 1 parallel to 1 intersects the side 1C at
1
. Similarly one denes the points
1
1
and C
1
. Prove that

1
1 +1
1
1 +C
1
1 =
3
2
1G.
Bogdan Enescu
Problem 4. Find all functions ) : N
+
N
+
with the properties:
a) ) (:+:) 1 divides ) (:) +) (:) , for all :, : N
+
;
b) :
2
) (:) is a square, for all : N
+
.
4 THE 65TH ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD
10
th
grade
Problem 1. Solve in complex numbers the equation
[. [. + 1[[ = [. +[. 1[[.
Problem 2. Solve in real numbers the equation
r + log
2
_
1 +
_
5
x
3
x
+ 4
x
_
= 4 + log
1=2
_
1 +
_
25
x
7
x
+ 24
x
_
.
Problem 3. Let j and : be positive integers, with j _ 2, and let a be a real number
such that 1 _ a < a +: _ j. Prove that the set
_
log
2
r| +log
3
r| + +
_
log
p
r
_
[ r R, a _ r _ a +:
_
has exactly : + 1 elements.
Problem 4. Find all functions ) : Q Q such that
)(r + 3)(j)) = )(r) +)(j) + 2j,
for all r, j Q.
11
th
grade
Problem 1. (a) Give an example of matrices and 1 from /
2
(R), such that

2
+1
2
=
_
2 3
3 2
_
.
(b) Let and 1 be matrices from /
2
(R), such that
2
+ 1
2
=
_
2 3
3 2
_
. Prove
that 1 ,= 1.
Problem 2. (a) Let ) : R R be a function such that q : R R, q(r) = )(r) +
)(2r), and /: R R, /(r) = )(r) + )(4r), are continuous functions. Prove that ) is
also continuous.
(b) Give an example of a discontinuous function ) : R R, with the following
property: there exists an interval 1 R, such that, for any a in 1, the function q
a
: R R,
q
a
(r) = )(r) +)(ar), is continuous.
Problem 3. (a) Let be a matrix from /
2
(C), ,= a1
2
, for any a C. Prove that
the matrix A from /
2
(C) commutes with , that is, A = A, if and only if there
exist two complex numbers c and c
t
, such that A = c+c
t
1
2
.
(b) Let , 1 and C be matrices from /
2
(C), such that 1 ,= 1, C = C and
1C = C1. Prove that C commutes with all matrices from /
2
(C).
DISTRICT ROUND 5
Problem 4. Let ) : N N
+
be a strictly increasing function. Prove that:
(a) there exists a decreasing sequence of positive real numbers, (j
n
)
nN
, converging
to 0, such that j
n
_ 2j
f(n)
, for all : N;
(b) if (r
n
)
nN
is a decreasing sequence of real numbers, converging to 0, then there
exists a decreasing sequence of real numbers (j
n
)
nN
, converging to 0, such that r
n
_
j
n
_ 2j
f(n)
, for all : N.
12
th
grade
Problem 1. For each positive integer : we consider the function )
n
: [0, :] R
dened by )
n
(r) = arctg (r|), where r| denotes the oor of the real number r. Prove
that )
n
is a Riemann integrable function and nd lim
no
1
n
_
n
0
)
n
(r)dr.
Problem 2. Let ) : [0, 1] R be a derivable function, with continuous derivative,
and let :
n
=

n
k=1
)
_
k
n
_
.
Prove that the sequence (:
n+1
:
n
)
nN
converges to
_
1
0
)(r)dr.
Problem 3. Let (, +, ) be an unit ring with the property: for all r ,
r +r
2
+r
3
= r
4
+r
5
+r
6
.
a) Let r and let : _ 2 be an integer such that r
n
= 0. Prove that r = 0.
b) Prove that r
4
= r, for all r .
Problem 4. Let (G, ) be a group with no elements of order 4, and let ) : G G be
a group morphism such that )(r) r, r
1
, for all r G. Prove that either )(r) = r
for all r G, or )(r) = r
1
for all r G.
DISTRICT ROUND
SOLUTIONS
5
th
grade
Problem 1. The given condition rewrites as /(10a + c) = c(10a + /) + 10, from
which a(/ c) = 1, and hence a = / c = 1. The numbers are 110, 121, 132, 143, 154,
165, 176, 187, and 198.
Problem 2. a) The last (and hence, the rst) digit of a number from ' equals 4 or 9.
A direct count shows that ' contains 2 one digit numbers, 2 two digit numbers, 20 three
digit and 20 four digit numbers, hence the 50th number is the 6th ve digit number, that
is, 40504.
b) The greatest number in ' has the maximum number of digits. Therefore, we put
4 as the rst and last digit and complete the decimal representation with 2006 digits 1,
obtaining thus 4 11 . . . 1
. .
2006 digits 1
4. Similarly, the smallest number in ' has the least number of
digits. The answer is 98 99 . . . 9
. .
220 digits 9
89.
Problem 3. a) Assume that such a partition exists. Then the product of all elements
of must be a square as well. But this equals 3
1+2+3++2014
= 3
20151007
, obviously
not a square.
b) Observe that 3
2n
+ 3
2n+1
= (3
n
2)
2
, hence a possible partition is
= 1, 3 ' 3
2
, 3
3
' ' 3
2012
, 3
2013
' 3
2014
.
Problem 4. a) In the decimal representation of a cute number, the parity of the digits
clearly alternates, hence exactly 5 digits are even, that is, equal to 2.
b) There are 2
5
= 32 cute numbers of the form 2a2/2c2d2c and another 32 of the
form a2/2c2d2c2, therefore the requested number is 64.
c) If a
1
a
2
. . . a
10
is a cute number, then
(4 a
1
)(4 a
2
) . . . (4 a
10
)
8 THE 65TH ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD
is also cute and distinct from the previous one. They add up to 4444444444. Grouping
the cute numbers in 32 such pairs, we obtain that their sum equals 32 4444444444 =
2
7
11 101010101 = 1408 101010101, hence the conclusion.
6
th
grade
Problem 1. a) A straightforward computation proves the claim.
b) It sufces to show that
3
33
6
33
+
4
33
6
33
+
5
33
6
33
< 1, that is,
_
1
2
_
33
+
_
2
3
_
33
+
_
5
6
_
33
< 1.
But
_
1
2
_
33
+
_
2
3
_
33
+
_
5
6
_
33
<
_
1
2
_
3
+
_
2
3
_
3
+
_
5
6
_
3
= 1.
Problem 2. a) Any number equal to the product of two distinct primes j, , has
exactly 4 divisors: 1, j, and j, hence is good. A short computation shows that
o
A
= 2014.
b) A number : having exactly 8 divisors is either the product of two distinct primes,
or the cube of a prime. It is not difcult to see that the divisor's sum of such a number is
even, except for : = 8. Therefore, if 8 1, then o
B
must be odd, hence o
B
,= 2014.
Problem 3. Since C' = C and C1 l ', the line C1 is the perpendicular
bisector of the line segment ', hence 1' = 1. Similarly, we have 1' = 11.
Triangles 1'C and 1C are equal, so
\
1'C =
[
1C, and, in a similar way, we deduce
that
\
1'1 =
[
111. It follows that
[
11 =
\
1'C, and, nally, that
[
11 =
[
1C.
Problem 4. Rewrite 2 _
a
/
_ 5 as 2a _ 10/ _ 5a. It follows that the sequence
2a, 2a + 1, . . . , 5a contains 2014 multiples of 10, hence it contains at least 2013 and at
most 2015 groups of 10 consecutive numbers. We deduce that 2013 10 _ 5a 2a <
2015 10, which leads to a 6710, 6711, . . . , 6716. By inspection, we conclude that
the desired values of a are: 6710, 6712, and 6713.
7
th
grade
Problem 1. a) The given condition rewrites as (a/ 6)
2
+ (a 2)
2
+ (/ 3)
2
_ 0,
obviously true.
DISTRICT ROUNDSOLUTIONS 9
b) Similarly, we obtain (:j 6)
2
+ (: 2)
2
+ (j 3)
2
= 5, hence the numbers
(:j 6)
2
, (: 2)
2
, and (j 3)
2
are equal to 0, 1, and 4, in some order. By inspection,
we nd (:, j) (2, 4), (2, 2).
Problem 2. Squaring the the rst inequality gives (a /)
2
_ c
2
, hence (a / +
c)(/ + c a) _ 0. Multiplying the latter with the other two similar inequalities implies
(a +/ c)
2
(/ +c a)
2
(c +a /)
2
_ 0, hence one of a, /, c is the sum of the other two.
Problem 3. Let 1 (11) such that 1 bisects the angle
\
11. We deduce that
11 is the bisector of the angle
\
11. A short computation shows that :(
[
111) = 135

,
hence triangles 11 and 111 are similar. It follows that
AB
IB
=
BE
BD
, so that
AB
EB
=
BI
BD
.
Thus, triangles 11 and 111 are similar, as well, and since :(
\
111) = :(
[
11), we
deduce that :(
\
111) = 45

.
Problem 4. It is not difcult to observe that 111 = 1'C, hence 11 = 1C.
Because 1 = 1C, it follows that 1 = 11. But then, 11 = 11, and since
1 l 11 and 1 l 1, we deduce that 1 l 11, as well.
8
th
grade
Problem 1. We have 1C l (11
t
) , therefore 1C l 1. Since 1 l ', it
follows that 1 l (1C) , hence 1 l 1, that is, triangle 11 is right angled at
. Let 1 = r; we obtain 11
2
= r
2
+432, 1
2
= (18 r)
2
+243 and 1
2
= 351.
But 11
2
= 1
2
+1
2
, and hence r = 13, 5 cm.
Problem 2. a) Since 400 = 1 400 = 4 100 = 16 25, we analyze three cases.
If j (2:1) = 1, j (2: 1) = 400, we obtain 1 _ 2: 1 < 4 and 400 _
2: 1 < 441, hence : 1, 2 and : 200, 201, ..., 219 , giving 40 pairs (:, :) .
Similarly, in the second case we obtain 20 pairs, and in the last case, 24 pairs, leading to
a total of 84 pair.
Ib) Let : N, and let j (:) = /
2
; it follows /
2
_ : _ (/ + 1)
2
1, hence
/
2
< :+1 _ (/ + 1)
2
. We deduce that, j (: + 1) /, / + 1 . Then
j (: + 1)
j (:)
, N if
and only if j (:) = /
2
,= 1 and j (: + 1) = (/ + 1)
2
, that is, : = (/ + 1)
2
1, / N,
/ _ 2. Since : _ 100, it results / _ 9. The requested set is 8, 15, 24, 35, 48, 63, 80, 99 .
10 THE 65TH ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD
Problem 3. a) Using the theorem about the three perpendiculars, fromo l (1C)
and 1 l 11, it results o1 l 11. Since 11 l 1 and 11 l o1, it follows that
11 l (o1) , hence 11 l '.
Since ' l o1, it results ' l (o11) , hence ' l o1. We also have
o1 l 1, therefore we obtain that o1 l ('1). In a similar way one can show that
o1 l (11), o1 l (1) and o1 l (Q1) , therefore the points ', , 1, Q, 1
lie on the same plane..
b) Because '1 | 11, it follows that the intersection between the planes ('1)
and (1C) is the line d parallel to 11 and passing through . Since d l o and
d l 1, it results that d l (o1) , hence d l 1. Therefore the angle between the
planes ('1) and (1C) equals
\
11.
Using the Pythagorean theorem, one obtains o1 = 4a, hence :(
\
11) = 60

and
:(
\
11) = 30

.
Problem 4. Let a and / be arbitrary reals. We have /| a| 1 < / a <
/|a|+1, hence /|a|1 _ /a _ /|a|. Applying this to some consecutive
terms of the sequence, we obtain 0 _ r
k
r
k1
| _ 1, for all / = 2, 3, ..., :. Thus,
0 _ o _ : 1. We claim that the set of all possible values of o is 0, 1, 2, ..., : 1 .
The value o = : 1 can be obtained, for instance, for r
k
= /, / = 1, 2, ..., : . For the
value o = j, with 0 _ j _ : 2, one can take, for instance,
r
k
=
_
/ +
1
/ + 1
, if 1 _ / _ : 1 j
/, if : j _ / _ :
.
9
th
grade
Problem 1. Denote r
2
+r = a and r
3
+2r
2
= /. Then / ar = r
2
= ar, hence
r(a 1) = / a. Since r is an irrational number and a, / are integers, we deduce that
a = / = 1, and, nally, r =
1
_
5
2
.
Problem 2. First, observe that 1 +11 + C1 = 0 (+) . Denoting the areas of the
triangles 1C, 1'C, Cand 11 by :, :
a
, :
b
, and :
c
, respectively, we have
DM
AD
=
sa
s
, hence
AM
AD
=
s+sa
s
, which implies ' =
s+sa
s
1, and the analogous equalities.
Triangles 1C and '1 share the same centroid if and only if ' +1 +C1 = 0,
hence if and only if
: +:
a
:
1 +
: +:
c
:
11 +
: +:
c
:
C1 = 0,
or, equivalently,
:
a
1 +:
b
11 +:
c
C1 = 0.
Using (+) , the latter rewrites as
(:
a
:
c
) 1 + (:
b
:
c
) 11 = 0,
and since 1 and 11 are non colinear vectors, this holds if and only if :
a
= :
b
= :
c
.
DISTRICT ROUNDSOLUTIONS 11
Problem 3. Let us draw through point 1 parallels to the triangle's sides. If the paral-
lels to 1 and C intersect the side 1C at points
B
and
C
, then the triangles 1C
and 1
B

C
are similar, and since 1
1
is parallel to the median 1, it follows that
1
is the midpoint of the line segment
B

C
. With the notations in the gure, we have
2
1
1 =
1
1 +
1
C =
B
1 +
C
C = 1C
B
+11
C
.
and the similar equalities. We deduce that the sum 2
_

1
1 +1
1
1 +C
1
1
_
equals
= 1C
B
+11
C
+1
C
+1C
A
+11
A
+1
B
.
But 1C
A
+11
A
= 1,and adding up all similar equalities yields
= 1+11 +1C = 31G,
hence the conclusion.
Problem 4. It is not difcult to check that ) (1) = 1 and ) (2) = 3. We prove
inductively that ) (:) = 2: 1, for all :. Indeed, assume that for some / 1, ) (/) =
2/1. Then ) (/ + 1)1 divides 2/, hence ) (/ + 1) _ 2/+1. If the inequality is strict,
then (/ + 1)
2
) (/ + 1) (/ + 1)
2
(2/ + 1) = /
2
, and since it is a square, we have
(/ + 1)
2
) (/ + 1) _ (/ + 1)
2
, a contradiction. We deduce that ) (/ + 1) = 2/ + 1,
as desired.
10
th
grade
Problem 1. Writing the equation as [. [. + 1[[
2
= [. + [. 1[[
2
, and using
[n[
2
= n n, for any complex number n, yields the equivalent form
(. +.) ([. 1[ +[. + 1[ 2) = 0.
We deduce that either . + . = 2 Re . = 0, hence . = ia, for some real a, or [. 1[ +
[. + 1[ = 2. In this second case, we deduce that, in the complex plane, the sum of dis-
tances from the point . to the points 1 and 1 equals 2, which is possible if and only if .
is a real number, lying on the line segment [1, 1] .
12 THE 65TH ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD
Problem 2. Rewrite the equation as
r + log
2
_
1 +
_
1
(3,5)
x
+ (4,5)
x
_
= 4 + log
1=2
_
1 +
_
1
(7,25)
x
+ (24,25)
x
_
,
and observe that the left hand side is an increasing function, while the right hand side is a
decreasing one. We conclude that the equation has at most a solution, and it is not difcult
to guess it: r = 2.
Problem 3. Let )(r) =

p
k=2
log
k
r| and let ' = )(r) [ r [a, a + :]. It
is easy to show that if / _ 2 is a positive integer, then log
k
r|| = log
k
r| . This
implies that )(r) = )(r|), for all r [1, ), and hence ' = )(r) [ r o, where
o = a| , a| + 1, . . . , a| + : has : + 1 elements. On the other hand, for : o,
: < a| +: _ j, we have : + 1 2, 3, . . . , j, and
)(: +1) )(:) =
p

k=2
(log
k
(: + 1)| log
k
:|) _
_
log
s+1
(: + 1)
_

_
log
s+1
:
_
= 1,
therefore )(: + 1) )(:), and this proves that ' has exactly : + 1 elements.
Problem 4. We claim that the solutions are )
1
(r) = r and )
2
(r) = 2r,3, for all
real r.
Set r = j 3)(j) to obtain )(j 3)(j)) = 2j, j Q. Replacing j with
j 3)(j) in the initial equation gives )(r 6j) = )(r) 2j + 2(j 3)(j)), hence
)(r 6j) = )(r) 6)(j), for all r, j Q. Set now r = j = 0 to get )(0) = 0 and
replace r = 6j to obtain )(6j) = 6)(j), for all j Q.
We derived that )(r 6j) = )(r) )(6j), which, for n = 6j and = r 6j,
yields )(n +) = )(n) +)(), for all n, Q. The solution of this classical functional
equation is )(r) = r)(1), r Q. On the other hand, by setting r = j = 1 in the initial
equation we obtain 3)
2
(1))(1)2 = 0, hence )(1) = 1 or )(1) = 2,3, thus proving
our claim.
11
th
grade
Problem 1. (a) An example is =
_
3,2
_
1 1
1 1
_
and 1 =
_
0 1
1 0
_
.
(b) If the matrices and 1 commute, then
2
+ 1
2
= ( + i1)( i1), hence
[det(+ i1)[
2
= det(+ i1) det(i1) = det(
2
+1
2
) = det
_
2 3
3 2
_
= 5,
a contradiction.
Problem 2. (a) Since q and / are continuous, and
)(r) = (q(r) q(2r) +/(r)) ,2,
r R, it follows that ) is continuous, as well.
DISTRICT ROUNDSOLUTIONS 13
(b) The function ) : R R,
)(r) =
_
_
_
1, r < 0,
0, r = 0,
1, r 0,
is discontinuous at 0, but q
a
: R R, q
a
(r) = )(r) + )(ar) = 0, is continuous on R,
for all a < 0.
Problem 3. (a) Clearly, if A = c+c
t
1
2
, then A and commute. Conversely, let
=
_
a
1
a
2
a
t
1
a
t
2
_
and A =
_
r
1
r
2
r
t
1
r
t
2
_
. The equality A = A implies
a
2
r
t
1
= a
t
1
r
2
, (1)
(a
1
a
t
2
)r
2
+a
2
(r
t
2
r
1
) = 0, (2)
(a
1
a
t
2
)r
t
1
+a
t
1
(r
t
2
r
1
) = 0. (3)
Since ,= a1
2
, a C, either one of a
2
, a
t
1
is non-zero, or a
2
= a
t
1
= 0 and a
1
,= a
t
2
.
In the rst case, if, for instance, a
2
,= 0,we obtain
A =
r
2
a
2
+
_
r
1

a
1
a
2
r
2
_
1
2
,
while in the second case
A =
r
1
r
t
2
a
1
a
t
2
+
a
1
r
t
2
a
t
2
r
1
a
1
a
t
2
1
2
.
(b) We prove that C = 1
2
, for some complex number , hence C commutes with all
matrices in /
2
(C). Suppose the contrary. Since and C commute, there exist c and
c
t
, such that = cC +c
t
1
2
. Similarly, there exist , and ,
t
, such that 1 = ,C +,
t
1
2
,
therefore 1 = 1, a contradiction.
Problem 4. (a) Since )(0) 0 and ) is strictly increasing, it follows that )(:) :,
for all : N. Consider the sequence of non-negative integers (:
k
)
kN
, dened by
:
0
= 0 and :
k
= )(:
k1
), / N
+
. The properties of ) imply that the sequence is
strictly increasing. We dene the decreasing sequence (j
n
)
nN
, by j
n
= 2
k
, for all :
with :
k
_ : < :
k+1
, / N, obviously convergent to 0.
It sufces to prove that j
n
_ 2j
f(n)
, : N, for :
k
_ : < :
k+1
, / N. Since )
strictly increasing, :
k+1
= )(:
k
) _ )(:) < )(:
k+1
) = :
k+2
, hence j
f(n)
= 2
k1
=
j
n
,2.
(b) Obviously, r
n
_ 0, for all : N. Using the previously dened sequence (:
k
) ,
we dene the decreasing sequence of positive reals (.
k
)
kN
, as follows: .
0
= r
1
and
.
k
= max (r
n
k
, .
k1
,2), / N
+
. The monotony of this sequence follows inductively.
Moreover, (.
k
)
kN
converges to 0: if .
k
= r
n
k
, for innitely many /'s, then .
k
0
because it is decreasing and r
n
0; if .
k
= r
n
k
, only for nitely many /'s, then
.
k
= .
k1
,2 from some / onwards, and again, .
k
0.
14 THE 65TH ROMANIAN MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD
Finally, we dene the sequence (j
n
)
nN
by j
n
= .
k
, :
k
_ : < :
k+1
, / N.
Clearly, the sequence decreases to 0. In order to prove the inequalities r
n
_ j
n
_ 2j
f(n)
,
: N, it sufces to check them for :
k
_ : < :
k+1
, / N. Obviously, r
n
_ r
n
k
_
.
k
= j
n
. On the other hand, :
k+1
= )(:
k
) _ )(:) < )(:
k+1
) = :
k+2
, since ) is
strictly increasing, hence j
f(n)
= .
k+1
_ .
k
,2 = j
n
,2.
12
th
grade
Problem 1. The function )
n
is locally constant, hence Riemann integrable. Next, we
have
_
n
0
)
n
(r)dr =
k1

i=0
_
i+1
i
)
n
(i)dr =
n1

i=0
arctgi.
Applying Stolz-Cesro theorem, we obtain
lim
no
arctg1 + arctg2 +. . . + arctg:
:
= lim
no
arctg: =

2
.
Problem 2. Using the mean value theorem, we obtain
:
n+1
:
n
=
n+1

k=1
)
_
/
: + 1
_

k=1
)
_
/
:
_
= )(1)
n

k=1
_
)
_
/
:
_
)
_
/
: + 1
_
_
= )(1)
1
:(: + 1)
n

k=1
/)
t
(r
k
),
for some r
k
,
k
n+1
< r
k
<
k
n
, / = 1, 2, . . . , :.
If )
t
_ 0, then
r
k
)
t
(r
k
)
: + 1
_
/)
t
(r
k
)
:(: + 1)
_
r
k
)
t
(r
k
)
:
, / = 1, 2, . . . , :, hence
1
: + 1
n

k=1
r
k
)
t
(r
k
) _
1
:(: + 1)
n

k=1
/)
t
(r
k
) _
1
:
n

k=1
r
k
)
t
(r
k
). Because 0 _ r
1
_
1,: _ r
2
_ . . . _ r
n
_ :,: is a tagged partition of the interval [0, 1], it follows that
lim
no
1
:(: + 1)
n

k=1
/)
t
(r
k
) =
_
1
0
r)
t
(r)dr = r)(r)

1
0

_
1
0
)(r)dr,
hence the conclusion.
If )
t
takes negative values, replace ) with q : r )(r) +'r, where ' = sup[)
t
[.
As above, for t
n
=

n
k=1
q(
k
n
) we have (t
n+1
t
n
)
n

_
1
0
q(r)dr =
_
1
0
)(r)dr +
M
2
,
and t
n+1
t
n
= :
n+1
:
n
+
M
2
, therefore the conclusion holds in this case as well.
Problem 3. a) From the given equality we derive that r
n1
= r
n
(r
4
+ r
3
+ r
2

r 1) = 0 and, step by step, that r

n2
= r
n3
= . . . = r = 0.
b) Rewrite the given equation as r(r
3
1)(r
2
+r+1) = 0. It follows that (r
4
r)
2
=
r
2
(r 1)(r
3
1)(r
2
+r + 1) = 0, hence r
4
r = 0.
DISTRICT ROUNDSOLUTIONS 15
Problem 4. Assume, by way of contradiction, that there exist a, / G such that
)(a) = a ,= a
1
and )(/) = /
1
,= /. Then )(a/) = )(a))(/) = a/
1
,= a/,
therefore )(a/) = (a/)
1
= /
1
a
1
. It follows that a/
1
= /
1
a
1
, which implies
/
1
= a/
1
a. Next, )(a/
2
) = )(a))
2
(/) = a/
2
. If )(a/
2
) = a/
2
, then a/
2
= a/
2
,
therefore either /
2
= c, which contradicts / ,= /
1
, or ord(/) = 4, which is impossible.
Thus, )(a/
2
) = (a/
2
)
1
= /
2
a
1
, hence a/
2
= /
2
a
1
. It follows that a/
2
a =
/
2
= (/
1
)
2
= a/
1
aa/
1
a, so a
2
= c, again a contradiction.