AIR VENT COMPUTATIONS

MORROW POINT DAM

COLORADO RIVER STORAGE PROJEC'I'
Report No. MYD-584
HYDRAULICS BRANCH
DIVISION OF RESEARCH
OFFICE OF CHIEF ENGINEER
DENVGR, COLORADO
The information contained in this report may not be used in any
publication, advertising, or other promotion in such a manner
as t o constitute an endorsement by the United States Government
o r the Bureau of Reclamation, e i t h e ~ explicit or implicit, of
any mat eri al , product, device, o r process that may be referred
t o i n the report .
Where approximate o r nominal English units a r e used to express a
value o r range of values, the converted metric units in parentheses
are al so approximate o r nominal. Where preci se English units ar e
used, the converted met ri c units ar e expressed a s equally significant
values. A table of conversion factors--BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS
OF MEASUREMENT--is provided at the end of this report .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appl i cat i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic Consi derat i ons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Design Cr i t e r i a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Cr i t e r i a f or Airflow
. . . . . . . . . C. Descri pt i on of Comp~t at i onal Procedures
1. Quasi-steady St at e Sol ut i on . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Consideration of I n e r t i a l Ef f ect s . . . . . . . . . .
3. Consideration of Compressi bi l i t y Ef f ect s
i n t he Water Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Deviations from t he Prot ot ype
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Computer Program
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Ge n e r a l . .
B. Numerical I nt egr at i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . C. Computation of Discharge Coeffi ci ent
D. Computation of t he Gate Chamber Pressure . . . . . . . .
E. Computation of t he Nach Numbers i n t he A i r Vent . . . . .
.. F. Res t r i ct i ons Imposed on t he Computations . . . . . . . .
5
f i n i t i o n of Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . A. Discharge from Reservoir i nt o PensLock
B. Momentum Equatios f o r Gate Chamber Flow . . . . . . . . .
C. Momentum Equation f o r Penstock Fluw . . . . . . . . . . .
D. Junct i on Energy Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. I n i t i a l Conditions f or t he Di Lferent i al Equations . . . .
F. Compressible Fl ui d Flow i n t he A i r Vents . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. General
2. I nl e t f l o w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Duct flow . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Cr i t i c a l pressure r a t i o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adi abat i c Expansion i n Gate Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS.. Continued
H . Gate Chamber and Penstock Volumes a s a Function
of El evat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Results of Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
~ o c a t l o n uap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Plan and Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
Sections 3
Intake St ruct ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Intake St i uct ur e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Graphical Representation of the Solution of Di f f er ent i al
Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
. nencv Gate Discharne Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Flow Conditions with Existing A i r Vent Design . . . . . . . . . 15
*
Electronic Computer Program Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
L i s t of Symbols f or Program t o Compute Airflow i nt o
Gate Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Mainprogram 2
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
J I
routine Q
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C . Subroutine DE2 4
ATD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :tion mTNCTI 5
:tion FUNCT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . routine DEI ; 5
H:' Sunct i on FUNCT3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
LCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
A computer program was written to deter
. ing unsteady flow are given, and a computer p:
mine the time-magnitude relation-
ships of reduced pressures in the Morrow Point Dam inlet structure. The
low pressures are formed during an emergency closure of the intake gates
as water in the penstock drains through the turbine. The study was nec-
essary to properly size the air vent system and to investigate the effect
of various air vent dimensions on the reduced pressure. Consideration of
design parameters, causes for air flow, and flow conditions within the
air vent are discussed. The one-dimensional equations of gradually vky-
rogram for their solution is
presented in Fortran IV progranming language.
The program can be used
for similar problems.
DESCFlTPMRS--/ *vents/ +unsteady flow/ +air demand/ penstocks/ computer
programming/ structures/ air/ velocity/ computation/ sound/ reservoirs/
design criteria/ mathematical analysis/ flow control/ adiabatic
IDEV~'IFIERS--/ Morrow Point Dam, ~olo/ Colorado River Storage ~roj/
~olorado/ water column separation
C - discharge coef f i ci ent f or compressible f l ui ds
= Q act wl l Q i deal
Ca = constant f or atmospheric conditions of an i sent ropi
flow process
CD = discharge coef f i ci ent through emergency gat e
..
.
Dr = f r i ct i on l oss f act or
Cp = speci f i c heat with pressure held constant
=
speci f i c heat with volume held constant
=
vel oci t y coef f i ci ent f or compressible f l ui ds
- V actual/V i deal
D = conduit diameter, f t
H = length of water column i n upper gat e chamber under
steady s t a t e conditic-s, f t
,
J - the mechanical ',equivalent of heat -, .,
778.16 f t l h r / ~ t "
X = t ot a l energy l os s f act or
L = length, f t
M = Mach number = V air/V a i r sonic
v = - v (forisir)
" ~ - ~ 496
discharge, cf s
53.29 f t l b 1 ankine (for a i r )
- -
pressure i n the Morrow point Dam Powerplant i nt ake gat e st r uct ur e as a
function of t i me , t o compute t he maximum a i r vel oci t i es through t he
venting system, and t o i nvest i gat e t he ef f ect of t he a i r vent dimen-
si ons on t he reduced pressure i n t he penstock through t he use of a dlg-
i t al computer program.
CONCLUSIONS
. .
1. An individual 2-foot 9-inch by 3 - f o o ~ ~ a i r vent t o each chamber pre-
vents t he pr es s ur ei n t he gate chamber and penstock from being l es s
thaa 9.53 psia.;(pounds per square inch absolute) with an atmospheric
pressure of lL. . 26pst (pounds per square inch).
.. .,
I_.
2. The maximum exi t a i r vel cci t y i n t he 2-foot 9-inch by 3-foot vent
pipe is approximately 308 f ps ( f eet per second).
3. The maximum i n l e t vel oci t y 3 f eet from t he i nl e t t o t he 2-foot
9-inch by 3-foot air vent pipe is approximately 45 fps.
oPmn separat i o
ing t he emergency closure.
. .
,..
par t of the study which is described by t hi s r epor t i s
complete. .The computer program can be adapted for"use on other geomet-
r i cal l y si mi l ar i ns t al l at i ons by s ~ b s t i t u ~ i n g appropriate values i n a l l
st at emi nt s 'marked with an ast er i sk i n t he main program, i n t hesubrou-
t i nes, andti,n t he function subprograms: I f t he ot her i ns t al l at i ons ar e
not exactly &6rnetrically si mi l ar, the program can still be used by re-
wri t i ng the function subprograms. As with most mathematical models,
the val i di t y o'f curves presented i n t hi s report w i l l not be def i ni t el y
established u n t i l f i el d t e s t s have been performed. A time hi st or y of
e r pressure and t he percent gate opening during prototype
d be s uf f i ci ent t o ver i f y the accuracy of t he computa-
d i n t hi s report.
XNTRODUCTION . .
am is one of t hree dams t o be b u i l t on a 40-mile sect i on
n River i n Colorado (Figure 1) . The complex of.dams.
urecant i Unit, is primarily intended t o develes water
- ~
st or age and hydroel ect ri c power generation pot ent i al s on t he r i ver .
Other purposes of t he Unit ar e i r r i gat i on, recreat i on, and flood con-
The power generation f a c i l i t i e s a t Morrow Point Dam w i l l consi st of
two generators whose combined capacity is about 120,000 ki l owat t s
(Figures 2 and 3). The hydraulic st r uct ur es associated with t he gen-
er at or s ar e a si ngl e i nt ake st r uct ur e, two penstocks, tvo underground
hydraulic t urbi ne uni t s, and t hei r dr af t tubes (Figures 4 through 6).
i nt ake gates are f ul l y open and water stands i n t he i nt ake gat e chamber
(Figures 7P; and 7B). The standard procedure f or stopping t he, flow
through the penstocks is t o cl ose t he wicket gat es a t t he t urbi ne and
then t o cl ose t he i nt ake gates. This procedure keeps t he penstocks
f i l l e d with wa t e r and eliminates di f f i cul t i es which a r e normally expe-
rienced when t he penstocks must be f i l l ed. However, during emergency
conditions, t he i nt ake gat es could cl ose and t he wicket gat es a t t he
turbine remain open. For t hi s case, t he water l evel i n t he gat e cham-
ber would f a l l rapi dl y and eventually al l of t he water i n t he penstock
would be discharged through t he runaway turbine (Figure. 7C). This
rapid change i n the water surface decreases t he air pressure i n t he
gat e chamber and i n t he penstock. The formation of excessive subatmos-
pheric pressures i n t hese st r uct ur es is' prevented by admission of air
t o t he system t bough vent s located i n t he i nt ake st r uct ur e.
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
A. Design Cr i t er i a . +.
2. The economy of constructing l ar ge a i r vents i nt o a r el at i vel y
weak connecting st r uct ur e versus small a i r vents connected t o a
st r ongl yr ei nf or ced st r uct ur e.
4. The maximum a i r vel oci t i es a t t he entrance t o t he a i r vent duct.
5. The overal l ef f ect of t he quantity of a i r flowing through t he
vents on the flow of water through t he system.
Normally, a water conveyance st r uct ur e, such as a penstock, i s designed
f or t he maxi- posi t i ve i nt er nal pressure which might be encountered
during the l i f et i me of i t s operation. Such a design is al so saf e
against collapse up t o some c r i t i c a l negative (below atmospheric) in-
t er nal pressure. However, i f the i nt er nal pressure could f a l l below
t hi s c r i t i c a l value, t he st r uct ur e must then be designed t o r e s i s t both
l arge posi t i ve and negative i nt er nal forces. I n pract i ce t he magnitude
of the negative i nt er nal pressures is of t en reduced by admitting a i r
i nt o the st r uct ur e through a venting system. Thus, t he requirement of
designing t he st r uct ur e t o r e s i s t l arge negative pressures can be
avoided. However, t o achieve si gni f i cant reductions i n t he magnitude
of the negative pressure, t he vents may have to be qui t e large. There-
:ore, the designer must weigh t he cost of a st r uct ur e t hat can with-
stand excessive negative pressures versus t he cost of providing l arge
air vents i nt o the st r uct ur e. In some cases, t he construction of a
stronger st r uct ur e may be more economical than providing f or l ar ge a i r
vents.
Consideration of t he maximum a i r vel oci t y i n t he vent pipes is di ct at ed
primarily from physiological considerations. The l i m i t on t he a i r ve-
l oci t i es i n the a i r vents has been est abl i shed by experience a t about
300 f ps and i s generally considered t o be t hat a i r velocity a t which an
objectionable whistling sound occurs. The i nt ensi t y of the sound and
not t he mere presence of sound is t he governing fact or. For instance,
i f the sound has pressure l evel s gr eat er than about 85 db (decibles),
ear protection is recommended f or exposure times greater than 8 hours.l/
For pressure l evel s great er than about 135 db, ear protection i s recom-
mended f or any exposure time. A rel at i onshi p between a i r vel oci t i es
and sound pressure l evel s i n a i r vents cannot be given unless t he a i r
vent configuration is accurately known. However, various st udi es in-
di cat e t hat the sound pressure l evel s f or cer t ai n types of noise in-
crease as the 6th t o 8th power of the vel oci t y. / Therefore, t he noise
l evel s could quickly become objectionable i f t he 300-fps l i m i t is ex-
ceeded. I n addition to l i mi t i ng the vel oci t i es within t he vent, i t is
desi rabl e t o l i m i t a i r vel oci t i es i n t he vi ci ni t y of t he a i r intake t o
about 60 fps so t hat personnel and loose obj ect s, wi l l not be swept
through t he vents. Personnel bar r i er s, placirig t he intake i n inacces-
s i bl e locations, and g r i l l s or screens over t he a i r intake ar e used t o
reduce t hi s hazard.
l/Beranek, L. I.., and Hi l l er , L. N., The Anatomy of Noise, Machine
-
Design, Vol 39, No. 21, September 1967.
2/Davies, 11. G. , and Williams, J.E.F., Aerodynamic Sound Generation i n
-
a Pipe, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol 32, Part 4, pp 765-778, 1968.
3
The quantity of a i r fkoving through t he vents could adversely af f ect
the flow conditions i n the system. under cer t ai n circumstances. For
inetence, i nsuf f i ci ent air flow i nt o the gate chamber could r es ul t i n
the formation of a vapor pocket i n the penstock with subsequent separa-
t i on of t he water column.
The rejoining of t he water column would
cr eat e extremely high pressures and could damage t he penstock and gate
chmber. Grigg, et al 3/ have established t hat water column separation
w i l l not occur if t he cross-sectional a r e . of t he flow passage i n t he
louer par t of t he f ul l y aerated gate chamber i s great er than or equal to
I f t hi s cr i t er i on is not met, computations of t he type described i n
t hi s report must 5e performed t o determine i f water column separation
w i l l occur.
B. Cr i t er i a f or Airflow
The quantity of air which flows through t he a i r vent is determined by
both the c~nf i gur at i on of t he a i r vent and the flow conditions i n t he
st r uct ur e t o which the vent is connected. Typical examples of flow
conditions which may occur in t he connecting st r uct ur e are: t he foma-
t i on of a hydraulic jump which seal s off t he conduit, spray downstream
from a gate, hi ghvel oci t y flow i n a par t i al l y f i l l e d conduit and a
f al l i ng vat er surface. Each of these conditions is described by its
char act er i st i c air-water flow relationship. Due t o, t he vari et y of
possible flow coaditions.-compressibility of t he f l ui d flow through t he
a i r vent, and t he design considerations enumerated previously, an a i r
instances, mathematical models.
Of t he various flow conditions which
water flaw rel at i onshi ps t hat can be
the hydraulic jump i n a conduit51 and f or a f al l i ng water surface.
Even though an expl i ci t r el at i onshi p cannot be obtained f or a f al l i ng
water surface i n a complex st r uct ur e, t hi s report i ndi cat es a means by
which the i mpl i ci t rel at i onshi ps can be evaluated t o approximate t he
t r ue ai r-wat er flow rel at i onshi p.
C. Description of Computational Procedures
ii. Quasi-steady St at e Solution
The system could be analyzed i n several di f f er ent manners depending
upon t he r a t e of change of t he waterflow r at e. For i nst ance, i f
t he r a t e of change of t he discharge is small enough, t he assumption
of quasi-steady flow is valid. For t hi s case, t he flow a t t he end
of each time increment would be t reat ed a s though i t had reached a
steady s t a t e condition. The sol ut i on would involve t he repeated
application of Bernoulli' s equation and the continuity equation. Tl~e
a i r inflow r a t e has an influence on t he pressure terms i n Bernoulli' s
equation and simultaneously t he continuity equation has an influence
on the a i r inflow r at e. Therefore, t he sol ut i on involves a t r i a l
and er r or computation t o ar r i ve a t t he f i na l r es ul t f or each time
increment.
2. Consideration of I ne r t i a l Effects
I f i ne r t i a l ef f ect s ar e not small, t he system can be analyzed as a
surge-type problem. In t hi s type of problem, two equations based on
conservation of momentum ar e wr i t t en t o describe t he flow i n t he
penstock and i n t he gate chamber, respectively. The rel at i onshi p
between the two equations is established through consideration of t he.
energy equation a t t he poi nt where t he gate chamber flow joins t he
penstock flow. For some specialized cases, these two nonlinear sec-
ond order di f f er ent i al equations can be combined i nt o one equation
which can be solved numerically./ However, si nce a numerical
method i s generally used f or solving t he equation, a simpler proce-
dure is t o solve t he two di f f er ent i al equations simultaneously by
standard Runge-Kutta numerical methods.7/81 After t he water drai ns
out of t he gate chamber, t he flow can be described by one r el at i vel y
simple second order di f f er ent i al equation.
5/ ~al i ns ke, A. A., and Robertson, J. M., Closed Conduit Flow, ASCE
-
Transactions, Vol 108, pp 1435-1516. 1943.
6/Burgreen, D., Development of Flow i n Tank Draining, ASCE Proceedings,
-
HY3. pp 13-28, March 1960.
7/Scarborough, J. B., Numerical Mathematical Analysis, John Hopkins
-
Press, 1966.
This type of computation generally f a l l s under t he heading of "Rigid
Water Column Theory" and oms the basi s f or t he computations de-
scribed i n t hi s report.
3. Consideration of Compr essi bi l i t v~f f ect s i n t he Water Columns
The previous method assumes t hat t he water column i s incompressible.
which means pressure changes due to closure of t he emergency gate
are transmitted throughout t he ent i r e system instantaneously.
Parmakian9/ s t at es t hat t hi s assumption is sat i sf act or y when t he
gate closure time, T, is great er than L11.000, where L is t he
length of the water column. I f T is l es s than Lll.OOO, t he ef-
f ect s of compressibility of the water column should be included i n
the analysis. The analysis which considers compressibility ef f ect s
is known as "Elastic Water Column Theory." The mathematics i s made
more complex than t he previous methods through t he introduction of
par t i al di f f er ent i al equations. Therefore, an examination of the
necessity f or considering an el as t i c water column can lead t o s i m-
pl i f i cat i ons i n t he analysis.
The Marrow Point Dam penstock is about 470 f eet long, and t he t ot al
gate closing time was assumed t o be 60 seconds. Thus. T is about
120 times greater than L/1,000 and the ef f ect s of compressibility i n
t he water columns can be safel y neglected.
D. Deviations from t he Prototype
Various discrepancies frequently occur between a mathematical model and
t he prototype because of simplifying assumptions made i n t he mathemati-
cal model. 1f:these deviations from act ual conditions ar e minor, t he
mathematical model can still be expected t o yi el d accurate r esul t s.
The simplifying assumptions used i n the method of analysis described by
t hi s report which could cause discrepancies are:
a. Flow i nt o t he gate chamber along t he upstream face of t he
par t i al l y open emergency gate is neglected.
b. The emergency gate closing r at e is constant.
c. The l oss coeffi ci ent across t he turbine i s constant.
The ef f ect of these deviations was assumed t o be minor. The val i di t y
of t hi s assumption should be confirmed by prototype t est s.
-
9fParmakian. J. , Water Hammer Analysis, Rover Publications, New York,
-
1963.
THE COMPUTER ?ROGRAM
A. General
The computer program determines quant i t i es which s at i s f y t he r i gi d wa-
ter column flow equations. A general out l i ne of t he st eps which t he
computer performs is shown i n t he flow char t (Figure 8). Basically.
the program consi st s of two computational loops. The purpose of t he
major loop is t o solve t he two second-order, nonlinear di f f er ent i al
equations simultaneously. Within t he major loop, a secondary loop de-
termines t he ai rfl ow quant i t i es through t he vents. The program begins
a t t he time corresponding t o t he inception of t he emergency gat e clo-
sure, computes t he flow quant i t i es f or t hi s time, increases t he t i m e by
a fixed t i me increment and then repeat s t he computations. This proce-
dure i s continued unt i l some preestablished time from inception of t he
gate closure has been reached. Then t he program st ops t he computations.
Only the major di vi si ons of t he program a r e discussed i n t he headings
which follow, si nce det ai l s of the act ual st eps can be obtained from an
examination of t he program i t s e l f (wri t t en i n FORTRAN), see Appendix.
B. Numerical Int egrat i on
The numerical i nt egr at i on is performed by the computer using t he Runge-
Kutta method i n combination with "smoothing" or correct or equations.
The Runge-Kutta method is act ual l y a family of procedures f or solving
di f f er ent i al equations i n which each procedure has its own characteris-
t i c degree of accuracy.l0/ The par t i cul ar method used i n t h i s report
consi st s of t he following procedure ( r ef er t o Figure 9A):
r l
The f i r s t approximation of t he di f f er ent i al equation i s a s t r ai ght
l i ne whose slope is determined a t t he s t ar t i ng point.
The second approximation is a s t r ai ght l i ne passing through t he
s t ar t i ng point but whose slope i s determined a t t he midpoint of t he
f i r s t approximation.
The slope f or the t hi r d approximation is determined a t t he midpoint
of the second approximation.
Finally, the slope of t he fourt h approximation is determined a t the
end point of the t hi r d approximation.
These four approximations result i n four values of the di f f er ent i al
equation a t t he end of t he time i nt er val , A t , where At is the time
increment used i n t he i nt egrat i on. An average value is obtained by
using Simpsons r u l e . g l The inherent er r or with t hi s method is of t he
order A t 5.
lO/Streeter, V., and Wylie. E. B., Hydraulic Transients, McGraw-Hill
-
Book Company, 1967.
The simultaneous sol ut i on of two di f f er ent i al equations, gl and
k,
can be considered geometrically as t he determination of a sol ut i on
curve i n three-dimensional space with coordinates x, y, and t
(Figure 9B). The Runge-Kutta method of i nt egrat i on f or t hi s three-
dimensional case is si mi l ar t o t hat f or t he two-dimensional case de-
scribed by one di f f er ent i al equation. A t t he end of t he time i nt er val
&t, values of both Ax and Ay ar e determined f or t he two differen-
tial equations. v
To insure t he accuracy of t he i nt egrat i on, short-time i nt er val s were
used. The values of x , y, v, and vy computed by t he Runge-Kutta
method were checked and corrected by assuming t hat t he second-order
time-derivatives could be expanded with a five-term Taylor ser i es. For
example, i n t hi s program t he basi c time increment f or which values were
desired was 1.0 second. To perform t he i nt egrat i on t hi s i nt er val was
broken i nt o f i ve equal i nt er val s and t he i nt egrat i on was performed us-
ing the Runge-Kutta method f or each i nt er val giving f i ve values of x,
y, v, and vy. These values were then corrected using standard cor-
r ect or equations which ar e based on a five-term Taylor s e r i e s . 21 A
forward i nt egrat i on technique wasgced t o extend t he computations from
t he f i f t h value (t he end of t he fourth i nt er val ) t o t he end of the 1.0-
second i nt er val . This procedure resulted i n water vel oci t i es which
were correct t o four places.
A t the end of each time increment, t he airflow r at e through t he vents
is computed by solving simultaneously t he compressible f l ui d flow
equations f or t he airflow with the equation f or t he adi abat i c expan-
sion of air i n t he gate chamber. Although t hi s computation changes t he
value of t he pressure above t he water surface i n t he gat e chamber, t he
use of small time increments and t he r el at i vel y slow r a t e of change of
gate chamber pressure eliminates the need for repeating the integration.
C. Computation of Discharge Coefficient
The discharge coeffi ci ent f or t he i nt ake gate is a function of both t he
gate opening and of the downstream conditions. If the water surface
dwnstream from t he gate is high enough to ef f ect t he discharge coeffi-
cient, the effl ux is termed "submerged." For lesser water depths, t he
effl ux is cal l ed "free." Unfortunately, t he ef f ect of submergence on
.
the discharge coeffi ci ent of a s l i de gate located i medi at el y down-
stream from t he end of a bellmouth entrance is not presently available.
Therefore, t he discharge coef f i ci ent s f or a freel y discharging s l i de
gate were used i n the program.21 The discharge coeffi ci ent curve was
approximated with a f i f t h degree polynomial wi ng a l eas t squares f i t
(Figure lo).
11/Levy, B., and Baggott. E. A., Numerical Solutions of Di f f er ent i al
-
Equations, Dover Publications. S168, 1950.
121Falvey. H. T., Twin Buttes Auxiliary Regulating Gate. Report
-
No. HYD-475, United St at es Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado.
8
used-for the free-flow condition.
The emergency gate was assumed t o have a l i near r a t e of closure, going
from wide open t o f ul l y closed i n 1 minute. Thus, f or each time i nt er -
val , t he percent gat e opening was defined. Thk discharge coef f i ci ent
which corresponded t o a given gat e opening was obtained from t he polyno-
mial expansion.
D. Computatior, of t he Gate Chamber Pressure
As t he water sur f ace drops, t he a i r i n the gat e chamber and penstock
w i l l expand adi abat i cal l y. This r es ul t s i n a decrease of t he gat e
chamber pressure. The decreased gat e chamber pressure i n turn v i l l in-
crease the airflow r at es through t he a i r vents. The increased amount
of ai r in t he chamber w i l l par t i al l y r el i eve t he low pressure. This
portion of the program was repeated u n t i l t he pressure which created a
cer t ai n ai rfl ow rate equaled t he pressure formed by t he adi abat i c ex-
pansion of the previous a i r volume and of t he air volume which flowed
through t he air vent.
E. Computation of t he Mach Numbers i n t he A i r Vent
Part of t he computation of the gate chamber pressure involved computa-
t i on of t he ai r f l ow rate through t he vent. Because t he flow i n t he
a i r vent is compressible, the Mach number of t he flow i nt o the vent is
less than t he Mach number of t he flow out of t he vent. The computer
program computed t he out l et Mach number based on a g r wn value of the
i nl et Mach nuober. The i n l e t Mach number was determined from t he ai r -
flow r a t e required t o s at i s f y t he gat e chamber pressure.
F. Rest ri ct i ons Imposed on t he Computations
Since t he flow equations were solved through successive approximations,
maximum allowable er r or l i m i t s were imposed on t he required accuracy of
speci f i c computations. These limits were as follows:
1. The pressure of t he a i r i n the gat e chamber or penstock must be
correct t o with 0.01 ps i of its t r ue value.
2. The Mach number of the a i r ent eri ng t he gat e chamber must be
with 0.1 percent of its t r ue value as determined by t he compressible
flow equations.
These er r or limits r es ul t i n a sol ut i on which converges rapidly.
Smaller increments f or the various st eps i ncrease t he computation t i m e
S
but do not si gni f i cant l y change the absolute values of the flow quan-
t i t i e s . Theref or:, these l i mi t s can be r considered as an optimization
of the required computational accuracy f or a minimum computation time.
In addition t o t hese r est r i ct i ons, the computations w i l l cease i f vapor
pressure is reached i n the system si nce t hi s is a condition which is
not defined by t he di f f er ent i al equations.
Then too, the st r uct ur e
could be endangered i f vapor pressures-:did form i n the water columns.
To insure a unique sol ut i on a t t he very low airflow r at es, t he spe-
c i f i c weight of the a i r i n the gat e chamber must be equal t o or l es s
than the speci f i c weight of a i r a t atmospheric pressure.
DEFINITION OF BASIC EQUATIONS
The flaw r at e from the reservoir i nt o t he penstock is a function of t he
reservoi r el evat i on, the gate opening, and t he pressure d-tream from
the gate. These quant i t i es were r el at ed through the expression:
$ = A g C D G J ~ ~ r e S - Z p - P R / 7 (la)
for f r ee flow i n t he penstock
a t e chamber
I f the f r ee water surface is i n the penstock. the length
$
i s t he
length of the water column i n the penstock between the f r ee water sur-
face and the turbine.
D. Jmct i on Energy Equations
The equation f or the reservoir flow (Equation l ) , the equation f or the
gate chamber flow (Equation 6 or Equation 71, and the penstock flaw
equation (Equation 10) ar e a l l related t o each other through energy
considerations a t the junction of the gate ~hamber with the penstock.
' The di st r i but i on of energy a t a pipe branch /or t ee has been investb-
gated by several researchers.U/&/
The r esul t s of anal yt i cal computa-
t i ons were-found t o agree r el at i vel y well weh e&rimental data.
If
: the water ent ers the penstock from both the ,gate chamber and from the
reservoir, the approximate relationship begeen the pressure h e d i -
': at el y below the emergency gate and the pecs t ~ck pressure is:
where
v2
Similarly,: the - pressure ) i n t he gate c
P P v2 v :
3 'P
- = - + - P - - - D + h
7 17 , ; 2g 2g P
where
U/ Bl ai sdel l , F. W., Loss of Energy a t sharp-ddged Pipe Junctions,
-
Technical Bulletin No. 1283, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1963.
14/Gardel, A., Chambers D'Equilibre, F. Rouge and Cie, Lausanne, 1356, see
7
al so' ~er ki ns, F. E. e t a l , 1964, Hydro Power Plant Transients, Part 111,
Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 71, Massachusetts I nst i t ut e of
Technology.
-
!1
I
initial cond
Hall, New Jersey,
The sol ut i ons t o these equations can be found i n standard thermodynamic
textbooks.l5/16/17/ --- The most pert i nent solutions using these equations
ar e summarized and discussed i n t he. f ol l ar i ng sections.
The sol ut i on of ei t her equation is based on adi abat i c (no heat trans-
ferred) flow i n the air vent because both the length of the vents and
the flow b r a t i o n s ar e short. Therefore, the amount of heat t r ansf er
(16)
t i on of both tem-
ranges which ar e experienced with a i r vent flows, t he value of t he fac-
t or is essent i al l y constant.
,gime can b.e carried out i n two di s t i nct ways. Fi r s t , t he i nl e t flow
regime can be considered as consisting of an accelerating zone followed
by a decelerating zone, Figure 1ZA. The flow in' the accelerating zone
is charactericed by varying area adi abat i c flow with no change i n eh-
tropy. The decelerating zone is characterized by constant area adia-
bat i c flow i n which changes i n entropy ar e determined by i nt egrat i on of
~ ~ u a t i o n 14. The drag term Di is definedias:
!I,
F~Ctxiipzessib.le -===-z..
---. -::~
-:/:iiii
following equations; t he pressure a t t he end of t he duct i n terms of
the pressure a t "1" is given by:
the f r i ct i on fact or is given by:
The pressure r at i o, a t the duct exi t when the Mach number h& is not
equal t o 1.0, is given by: \ \
- Both experiments and t he flow equations
sed af t er t he
does not increase.
at i o i s obtained.
t o unity (or a shock
For i deal flow through a f r i ct i onl es s nozzle, t he value of t he c r i t i c a l
pressure r a t i o is 0.5283. However, the value of the c r i t i c a l pressure
r at i o is l es s than 0.5283 when f r i ct i on l osses or i nl e t l osses ar e
si gni fi cant . The c r i t i c a l pressure r a t i o considering only f r i ct i on
losses f or a speci f i c Mach number a t "1" can be obtained from Equations
20 and 28 using the relationship:
pl e
P
e
- =- . -
Po Po Pl
(32)
The f r i ct i on coef f i ci ent which corresponds t o t he specified Mach number
a t "1" is given by Equation 29.
I f both f r i ct i on and i nl e t losses ar e to be considered, then Equations
25b and 28 must be used i n conjunction with Equation 32.
The c r i t i c a l pressure r at i os with and without i nl et l oss f or various
lengths of a i r vent conduits ar e shown i n Figure 13. The values given
represent a shock wave forming a t t he end of t he a i r vent. The asymp-
t ot i c l i nes (dashed l i nes on t he ordinate) represent a shock wave i n
the vena contracta of the i nl e t region. The curves ar e referenced t o
both the downstream stagnation pressure and t he pressure a t t he duct
exit. Nonnally the c r i t i c a l pressure r a t i o is referenced t o t he pres-
sure at t he duct exi t and t he i nl et stagnation pressure.
G. Adiabatic Expansion i n Gate Chamber
The adiabatic expansion of a i r i n t he gate chamber is base
p. ? .* = Ca
,
The speci f i c volumn, v , is co or each time i n
the equation:
v t+&t = 7 Vol t +~t
where
vO1t+~t
= a i r volume a t end of time increment
Wt = mass of a i r a t beginning of increment
=
change i n a i r mass during time i nt er val from
time = t t o t + A t
w = mass flow r a t e through the a i r vent
The constant,
C,
, i n Equation 33 is computed from known atmospheric
conditions i n the gat e chamber a t the steady s t a t e condition before t he
gat e begins closing.
H. Gate Chamber and Penstock Volumes as a Function of Elevation
.
The a i r volume of t he gate chamber and t he penstock above any water
surface el evat i on is a function of elevation. This function is a com-
pl i cat ed algebraic expression. Therefore, t o simplify t he computation,
the complicated expression is r%placed with four l i near equations.
A
pl ot of the volume as a function of elevation is given i n Figure 14.
RESULTS OF COMPUTATIONS
The a i r vent configuration which was used i n t he f i nal design consisted
of a separate 2-foot 9-inch by 3-foot a i r vent t o each gat e chamber.
With t hi s design the maximum pressure drop i n t he gate chamber is 1.73
ps i or 3.99 f eet of water below atmospheric pressure, Figure 15A.
The maximum a i r vel oci t y i n t he vent is 308 f ps, Figure 15B. Assuming
t hat t he air flow approaches only from i n f r ont of t he ai r vent, an
a i r vel oci t y of 101 f ps w i l l r es ul t a t a point 2 f eet di st ant from t he
a i r vent intake. A t 3 f eet , t he a i r vel oci t y is reduced t o 45 fps.
Therefore, personnel should be prevented from approaching nearer than
about 4 f eet from the i nt ake t o the a i r vent.
The minimum pressure i n the penstock and gat e chamber does not drop
below the vapor pressure of the water. Figure 15C. Therefore, separa-
t i on of the water column w i l l not occur.
EXPLANATION
UNCL.PSIPIEO \,
\i.
COLORADO RI VER
READ BASI C
VARI ABLES
I
CONDI TI ONS CONDITIONS
+ 10
SAVE
I NI T I AL
CONDITIONS
I
+ DE 2
-
SOLVE ONE
SOLVE TWO
DI FFERENTI AL
SI MULTANEOUS
EQUATI ON
DI F F E RE NT I AL
( FUNCT 3)
EQUATI ONS
I FUNCT I B FUNCT 2)
I
- -
I h
- I
+ AMACH
COMPUTE AIR FLOW
RATE AND GATE
CHAMBER PRESSURE
I
PI SCHARGE
RATES
NO
BEEN SbVED
F I GURE I 1
M O R R O W P O I N T D A M
A I - R V E N T
DEF I NI T I ON SKETCH F OR F L OW I N
FIGURE 13
I EPOeT "10-$a.
&.%
STORAGE REQUIRED
ABSPGC - Absolute pressure i n t he gate chamber (psia)
2
AD - Cross-sectional area of lover section i n gate chamber ( f t
ADUCT - Array name f or t i t l e
AG - Area of emergency gate (ft")
AGC - Array name t o st or e ABSPGC
AP - Array name t o s t or e QP
AR - Array rime t o s t or e QR
2
ARPAP - Cross-sectional area of penstock ( f t )
AS - Array name t o st or e WS
AU - Cross-sectional area of upper section i n gate chamber (f'.')
2
AVENT - Cross -sect i onal area of the air vent ( f t )
AVOL - Voime of a i r in gate cheber and penstock above the
f r ee water surface (ftJ)
AVOLRE - AVOL f or steady s t a t e condition
C - Compressible discharge coeffi ci ent f or a i r
CA - Array name f or CD
CD - Biergency gate discharge coeffi ci ent
CINC - Incompressible discharge coeffi ci ent f or air
MA - Accuracy t o which t he gate chamber pressure has been
computed (psi)
CKB - Array name for CKA
CONST - Constant for an i sent ropi c process
DELT - Time increment f or which computations ar e printed (sec)
DELTIM - Time i nt er val from nearest second t o time when water
leaves upper sect i on of gate chamber or time when
water leaves lower section of gate chamber (sac)
EK - Loss f act or between l arge and small sections of the gat e
chamber
2
-
EMTAP - I ner t i a i n penstock (f t l s ec )
ERTAGC - I ner t i a i n gate chamber (ft/sec2)
FP - Fr i ct i on fact or i n penstock
FRICT - Fri ct i on coeffi ci ent i n a i r vent (Eq 27)
GCR - Time r at e of emergency gate closure (%/ set )
HCOL - WSREF minus elevation of entrance t o lower gate chamber
I - Counter
J - Counter
JFIRST - Integer t o check f or speci al conditions
JN - Counter
MACHA - Array name f or MIR, see subroutine AMACH
HGA - Array 'name f or MACflGC ,t
HGC - Mach number a t gate chamber end of a i r vent
HI N -Math number a t i nl et end of a i r vent
2
MINC - Percent accuracy t o which Mach number must be computed
divided by 100
N - Counter
NLPS - Counter
NTIM - Councer
P3 - Pressure a t lower end of small sect i on of gate chamber ( f t )
PA - Array name f or PP
PATM - Atmospheric pressure (psi )
PGA - Array name f or PGO
PGC - Gate chamber pressure ( f t )
PGCINC - Accuracy t o which gate chamber pressure must be
computed ( psi )
PGO - Percent emergency gat e opening (%I
PIN - Pressure i n i nl e t of air vent ( psi )
PL - Length of water column i n penstock ( f t )
PP - Penstock pressure ( f t )
QGA - Array name f or QX
QGC - Discharge from gate chamber (cfs)
QP - Discharge from penstock (cfs)
QF. - Discharge through emergency gzte (cfs)
SWOL - Specific volume of a i r ( f t llb,)
SPWTA - Specific weight of a i r ( l b d f t 3 )
SPUTAG - Array name f or SPWTA
T - Elapsed time from beginning of gat e closure f or which
output is pri nt ed (sec)
TLOSS - Loss f act or across turbine
TOUT - Time a t which water leaves l ar ge sect i on of gat e
chamber or time a t which water leave." small sect i on
of gat e chamber (sec)
VEL2 - Velocity at which water leaves l ar ge sect i on of gat e
chamber o r vel oci yi a t which water leaves small
sect i on of gate chamber ( f t l s ec)
- t
VGC - Velocity of t he f r ee water surface i n t he gat e chamber
( f t l s ec)
VI N - Air vel oci t y i n i nl et sect i on of a i r vent ( f t l sec)
VOLGC - Volume of water i n gate chamber between l a s t time
increment and time water leaves t he gat e chamby: (ft3)
VOUT - Air vel oci t y i n out l et sect i on of a i r vent (ftlsd:,.,
VP - Water vel oci t y i n penstock ( f t l s ec)
WS - Free water surface elevation i n gate chamber or penstock
USREF - Free water surface elevation i n gat e chamber f or steady
s t a t e condition
WSTEST - Dummy vari abl e t o check location-of f r ee water surface
i n gate chamber
-
WTAIR - Weight! of a i r i n gate chamber and penstock (l b)
WPFLA - Airflow r at e through a i r vent (lb, /sec)
X - Distance par t i cl e of water moves i n penstock af t er gate
begins closing ( f t )
Y - Distance water surface f a l l s i n gat e chamber a f t e r gat e
D. Subroutine DELTD
of a series of f i ve quantities
DEL4 - The fourth difference
E. Function FUNCTI
WAPOR - Vapor pressure of water (ft)
VHGC - Velocity head i n the gate chamber ( f t )
VHP - Velocity head i n the penstock ( f t )
VHR.7 Velocity head immediately downstream from the
emergency gata
F. Function F2NCT2
From Subroutine DE2
DEL2F . "
P in main program
NCT3 - The inertia of flow in the pensfock (ft/sec2)
- X in the main program
-VP in the main program
and tailwater elevation (ft)
OLU - Airvolume above elevation 7113
- Sum of all the .terns i n EQ 31
SAV- Dumy variable' to save.CKA
MACH - Dummy var i abl e repl aci ng gi ven Mach number i n t he
expressi on EQ
MACSAV - hmmy var i abl e t o save MACHIN
Mu -
MOON -
N - Counters
NDO -
; ..
>r
rn - !\
PGCTRL - Gate chamber pr essur e based on Mach numbers ( ps i )
PGCTST - Gate chamber pr essur e based on adi abat i c expansion
of a i r i n gat e chamber (pbi )
PGCSAV - D-y var i abl e t o save ABSPGC
PIN - st agt i =t i on pr es s ur e a t end of i n l e t i egi on i n ? a i r vent ( ps i )
R - Rat i o .between atmospheric pr essur e and cpressure i n i n l e t
s ect i on of air vent
RADICL -'Dummy var i abl e us ed, & computing MIR,. ;,,
RC - Cr i t i c a l pr essur e r a t i o i n i n l e t s ect i on of ai ri l vent .
RNLUP - hmmy var i abl e 1 )
<' ;
ROOT - Dumy var i abl e used i n computing MI R , . '
.:" .
.,
j\
1, ; S . : ,
A l l ot her var i abl es are defi ned i n t he main program.
,.\
I ? : : . : .
COMPUTER REQUIRED (y$,
, . .' Q, T<~,
The program conforms t o USASI s c e c i f i c a t i oni f o r F0~TR4h'iIV.and i s , , ~ o
pat i bl e wi t h most computers usi ng FORTRAN I V compilers. ' The program
wr i t t en h a s been run on aHoneywel1 H-800 and a Cont rol Data CDC,6400
computer. ,. .. , . . ,
. ,
r.,. '.
::5
.> 5~ . .
RUfiNING TIME
d
, ..
< i
, With t he CDC 6400, 18 seconds of c e nt r a l p r o c e s a k t i m e and 7 seconds
i nput l out put t i m e ar e- r equi r ed. About 15,000 wor ds of core memory a r e
needed f or . t he program.
; 52
i(
With t he Honeywell H-800, about 7 rninuies of cent r al process& time a i e
requi red f o r compi l at i on and execut i on. O f t h i s time, 3mi nut es are
r equi r ed f o r compilation. Core memory requi red is 7.378 words:
, .
5 .?
:,, *
. , :..,.
I , ,
. .
,..
. .
, .
.?,
",>; '. 7
The input data consist of vari abl es v,hich. t he user w i l l want t o vary to
,:-,. ( .
determine t hei r ef f ect on the solutson. These include:
. ,
the time increment f or which ourput is required
atmospheric pressure
, s peci f i c weight of a i r
cross-sectional area of a i r vent
a i r vent f r i ct i on factor
emergency gate closing r at e
accuracy t o which gate chamber pressure must be determined
accuracy t o which out l et Mach number must be determined for
a given i nl et Mach number
t i t l e f or the type of a i r vent studied
The f i r s t ei ght values of input data should be placed i n Columns 1-64
of the f i r s t data card using an F8.4 format. The t i t l e should be
placed i n Columns 1-72 of the second data card using an 12A6 format.
The t i t l e should be centered about Colmn 37 of the title card.
-
. --
The deck should be stacked according t o t he following diagram:
. ? , : ,
:'/ +- - - - Do t o
~,
- ---Dot. Card
.. . i
FUNCTI ON FUNCT3 1 / 1
FUNCTI ON F U K T ~ ( A C * B C I D C I
REAL MACHAIKACHGA
l P P 1 P 3 1 5 0 ) r J
~ ~ P L I F P I T L o s s . A u I A D * ~ B E A P ~ A GI E K
~ ~ G C R I P G O * J F I R S T I
~ w T F L A ( ~ ~ ) I M P C H A ( S O ~ * M A C H G A ~ ~ O )
S* AVOL* PI N. C
b r T l 5 0 ) * J C ~
PGO' 100, - GCR*DC
I F( PGO. LE. O. ) GO TO 100
01 QRTSTZ A G ~ C D Q S Q R T ( ~ ~ . ~ * ( ~ L . ~ ~ * P ~ C - ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A T M ) )
GATEZZ 1 0 7 3 . 2 5 + 1 3 ~ 5 ~ ~ G 0 / 1 ~ ' 0 .
1- 7229a9) / 143~14
COMDUTATI ON OF AI R F L O ~ I NTO THE G r T E CHAYBER DURI ~VG AN
E ME RGE WY GATE CLOSURE I N THE PENSTOCK-
I NT AKE STRl l CTURE
M O R R O ~ P P I N T DAM
ATMOSPHERI C PRESSURE S P E C I F I C WEI GHT OF A I R
11-26 P S I , 0596 LB/ cu. FT.
OFT- 9I t J. BY 3 F T RECTANGULAR A I R CUCT
COMPIITATION OF A I R FL Oh I NT O T h E GATE CHAMBER DURI NG AN
EMERGENCY GATE CLOSURE It4 THE PENSTOCK-
I NTAKE STRI I CTURE
MORROh POI NT DAM
ATMosPHEPI C PRE
11. 26 P S I
SSORE S P E CI F I C WEI GHT OF A I R
,0596 LB/ CU. FT,
T I ME
( SCC
.o
1.0
2.0
3.0
4 . 0
5. 3
6.0
7.0
n. 0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0;.
13.0
14.0
15.0'
15.0
17.0
1a. o
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
26.0
77.0
ze.0
29.1)
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36,O
37.0
38.0
30.0
40.0
'ENSTOC8
PRESS
1FT)
I R EUCT
I N E R T I A
GAT E
TERMS
;NSTOCK
COMPUTATI ON OF A I R FL OW I N T O THE GATE CHAMBER DURI NG AN
EMERGENCY GATE CLOSURF I N THE PENSTOCK-
I NT AKE STRl l CTUPE
MOPROW POI NT DAM
ATMnSPHEHI C PRESSURE S P E C I F I C WEI GHT OF A I R
1 1 . 2 6 P S I , 0 5 9 6 LB/ CU. FT.
2 F T - 9 1 ~ . aY 3 F T RECTANGULAQ A I R DUCT
T I Y E MACh NO
k T
I N L E T
( SEC)
ACH NO,
AT
OUTLET
P E C I F I
h E I GHT
OF A I P
b/CU F
P E C I F I
VOLUME
OF A I R
U F T / L
I R F L O
QATE
DM/SEC
CCl i RACY
F PSESS
CALC*
( P S I )
Q
I Q I
WS I GATE I NL ET / OUTLET
RE5 PENSTOCK ELEV CHAMBER X R VEL A I R VEL
COMPUTATI CN OF AI R FLOW I NT O THE GATE CHAMBER DURI k G AN
EMERGENCY GATE CLOSURE I N THE PENSTOCK-
I NTAKE STRUCTURE
M O R R O ~ P OI NT LAM
ATMOSPHERI C PRESSURE S P E C I F I C WEI GHT OF A I R
1 1 . 2 6 P S I , 0 5 9 6 LB/ CU. FTm
2 F T - 9 I a . BY 3 F T RECTANGULAD AI R DUCT
GATE
I PENI NC
i O/ Ol
..
--
COEFF
DI SCH.
.I TERMS
' ENSTOCI
COMPUTATIOr4 OF A I R FLOW I NT O ThE GATE CHAMBER D U R I h G AN
EMERGENC-. GATE CLOSIJRE I h THE PENSTOCK-
INTAKE STRUCTURE
RORROW P OI NT DAK
AT!-iOsPHERIC PRESSURE
<!, 11.26 P S I
SPECIFIC W E I G H T OF A I R
e0596 LB/CU*FTe
2FT-918. BY 3FT PECTAKGULAo A I R DUCT
T I V E MACH NO
AT
INLET
1 SEC
PECI FI l
VOL'JME
OF A I R
U FT/ LI
16.81
16.82
16.82
16.63
16- 84
16.66
16.87
1 6 . 8 ~
16.91
16.92
16.93
16.92
16.93
16.99
!8.25
18- 67
16- 85
18.90
18.86
18.80
18.73
18.65
18.58
16- 36
18.24
18.13
18.04
17- 96
17.88
1 7 - 6 1
17 - 74
17.67
17. 61
17.54
17. 48
17. 43
17.'37
17.32
17- 26
17.21
17.1'
I R FLO
9ATE
bM/SEC
17936
18.93
20.62
22.47
24.52
26.73
29.15
31.78
34.55
35.65
37.13
36.37
36.90
43.29
108.48
120.26
124.73
125.78
124.05
123.40
121.68
119.83
117,95
111.60
107,87
104:51
101,37
98,38
95,46
92:58
69,71
86 b 2
83.91
8(3,96
77.97
74.93
71.83
58?69
65r 52
62.24
59.07
CCURACY
F PRESS
CALC.
( PSI ! 1
8
i
LIST OF SPMBOLS FOR PROGRAM TO COMPUTE
I N INLET REGION OF AIR VENT
FLOW CONDITIONS
AREA - Area of Air vent (in2)
CINC - Incompressible discharge coeffi ci ent
CCOM - Compressible discharge coeffi ci ent
LVEL - Velocity coeffi ci ent
EILPENT - Ratio of stagnation pressures
/ft lb*\
I
GASCON - Engineering gas constant for air
2
GEAV - Gravitational constant ( f t / sec )
K - Isentropie flow constant
MACH21 - I deal Mach number at end of i nl et re1
HACHZR - Real Mach amber a t end of i nl e t reg1
MACHSQ - Dlrmmy vari abl e
R - Pressure r a t i o bemeen atmosphere and end of id(
section
3ion
Lon
RCRIT - Reciprocal of c r i t i c a l pressure r at i o
RC - Dummy vari abl e
RR - Reciprocal of R
T - Temperature ('Rankine)
WTFLO - Mass flow r at e of a i r (lb,/sec)
,
CCMPUTER REQUIRED
The program was wr i t t en i n FORTRAN I1 language f or use i n a GE time-
sharing computer.
The time required for compi?ation and execution
was about 10 seconds.
-
INLET REGION OF THE AIR DUCT
t t e n t o determine t he time-&itude rel at i on-
i n t he Mor r ow Point Dam i nl et st ruct l up. The
ing an emergency closure of t he intake gat es
nstock drains through the turbine. The study vas nec-
I ;
,.
A computer program was wri t t en t o aetermine We time-magnitude rel at i on-
s h i p ~ of reduced pressures i n t he Morrow Point D m i nl et st ruct ure. The
low pressures are formed during an emergency closure of t he intake gat es
as water i n t he penstock drai ns thmugh t he turbine. The study ua. nec-
essary t o properly si ze t he air vent system and to i nvest i gat e t he ef f ect
of various air vent dimensions on t he reduced pressure. Consideration of
deaign parameters, causes f or air Plow, and flow conditions within t he
air vent ar e discussed. The one-dimensional equations of gradually vary-
ing unsteady flow ar e given, and a mmputer program f or t hei r sol ut i on i n
preeepted i n Fortran N programming language. The program can bs used
f or similar problems.
A mmputer program was vr i t t en t o determine the time-magnitude rel at i on-
ships of reduced pressurea i n the Morrow Point Dam i nl et st ruct ure. The
low pressures ar e formed during an emergency closure of t he intake gates
as water i n t he penstock drains through t he turbine. The study vas nec-
essary t o properly si ze the air vent system and t o Investigate the ef f ect
of variotls a i r vent dimensions on the reduced pressure. Consideration of
design permet ers, causes for a i r flow, and flow conditions within t he
a i r vent ar e discussed. The one-dimensional equations of gradually vary-
ing unsteady flow ar e given, and a comwter uronram f or t hei r solution i s