Vector

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007
Page 1 of 72
Syllabus
Vector Differentiation
- Velocity and Acceleration
- Gradient
- Divergence
- Curl
- Laplacian
- Solenoidal and Irrotational Vectors
Recap
3 3 2 2 1 1
b a b a b a b . a : product Scalar + + =

u u = b and a between angle the is , cos | b | | a |
. b . a is b on a of projection : ojection Pr
.
Work done : If a force F displaces are provide from A to B then
the work done is F . AB

3 2 1
3 2 1
b b b
a a a
k j i
b a : product Vector
. . .

=
both to lar perpendicu vector unit is n where n sin | b | | a |
. .
u =

b and a
Moment: If the vector moment of a force F about a point A
through a point

= F AP M is P
) c b ( . a ] c , b , a [ : product triple Scalar

=
3 3 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
c c c
b c b
a a a
=
Page 2 of 72
Equation of line :
ratios direction and ) z , y , x ( through g sin pas line a of Equations
1 1 1
a, b, c are
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
1 1 1

=
Equation of a plane : is of the form

ax + by + cz + d = 0 where a,b,c are the DR's of the normal.
Introduction
In this chapter the basic concepts of Differential Calculus of scalar functions are
extended to vector functions.
Here we study vector differentiation, gradient, divergence, curl, solenoidal and
irrational fields.
Also we study about vector integration and verification of the integral theorems.
Vector Function of a Scalar Variable
t iable var a of functions are f and f , f where k f j f i f f Let
3 2 1 3 2 1
. . .
+ + =
is called a vector function.
If f
1
, f
2
and f
3
are differentiable then we define
3 1 2
t 0
df df df d f f (t t) f (t)
lim i j k
dt t dt dt dt

. . .
o
+ o
= = + +
o
Similarly higher order derivatives can also be defined.
Note:
. vector t tan cons a is f iff 0
dt
f d

=
Page 3 of 72
Rules of differentiation
of function vector a is ) t ( f and t of function scalar a is ) t ( g If . 1

d d f d
scalar t then ( f ) f
dt dt dt

|
| = | +
of functions vector are g and f , ts tan cons scalar are and If . 2

| o
dt
g d
dt
f d
) g f (
dt
d
then t

| + o = | + o

+ = g .
dt
f d
dt
g d
. f ) g . f (
dt
d
. 3
Proof:
. . .
+ + = k f j f i f f Let
3 2 1
. . .
+ + = k g j g i g g
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
g f g f g f g . f + + =

dt
df
g
dt
dg
f
dt
df
g
dt
dg
f
dt
df
g
dt
dg
f ) g . f (
dt
d 3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + =

|
|
.
|
'
+ + +
|
|
.
|
'
+ + =
3
3
2
2
1
1 3
3
2
2
1
1
g
dt
df
g
dt
df
g
dt
df
dt
dg
f
dt
dg
f
dt
dg
f
+ = g .
dt
df
dt
g d
. f

+ = g
dt
f d
dt
g d
f ) g f (
dt
d
. 4
Proof:
.
3 2 1
. . .
+ + = k g j g i g g
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
g g g
f f f
k j i
g f
. . .

=
Page 4 of 72
=
.
) f g g f ( i g f
3 2 3 2
, ,
=

) f g g f ( i
dt
d
) g f (
dt
d
3 2 3 2
)
`
+ =
dt
df
g f
dt
dg
dt
dg
f g
dt
f d
i
3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2

)
`
+
)
`
=
dt
df
g
dt
dg
f i f
dt
dg
g
dt
f d
i
3
2
3
2 3
2
3
2
dt
g d
f g
dt
f d

+ =
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
(
(
]
1

dt
h d
, g , f h ,
dt
g d
, f h , g ,
dt
f d
h , g , f
dt
d
. 5
Proof:
|
|
.
|
'
=
(
(
]
1

h . g f
dt
d
h , g , f
dt
d
dt
h d
. g f h . g f
dt
d

|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
.
|
'
=
dt
h d
. g f h .
dt
g d
f h . g
dt
f d

|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
=
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
dt
h d
, g , f h ,
dt
g d
, f h , g ,
dt
f d
d f
6. If | f | cons tant then f . 0
dt

= =
Proof:
Let | f | C
=
2
| f | a where a is constant
=
t tan cons f . f =

0 f . f
dt
d
=
|
|
.
|
'

Page 5 of 72
0 f .
dt
f d
dt
f d
. f = +

0
dt
f d
. f =

= 0
dt
f d
f then direction fixed a has f If . 7
Proof:
.
= e f f Let
dt
f d
f Now

) e f (
dt
d
e f
. .
=
.
. .
= = 0
dt
e d
dt
df
e e f
) e e (
dt
df
f
. .
=
) 0 (
dt
df
f

=
= 0
. direction fixed a has f then 0
dt
f d
f If . 8

=
Equation of a Space Curve
Let P (x,y,z) be any point in space then its position vector is
. . .
+ + = = k z j y i x r OP
If x = x(t), y = y(t) and z = z(t) are functions of a scalar variable
. curve space the called space in curve a describes ) t ( r r then t

=
Page 6 of 72
Note 1:
which with position of change of rate ( v velocity the represents
dt
r d

) curve the describes r of int po al min ter the

Note 2:
) z , y , x ( P
at curve space the to gent tan the of direction the along is
dt
r d
Note 3:
and t by denoted is curve space the to vector gent tan unit The
.
is given by
|
dt
r d
|
dt
r d
t

.
=
Note 4:
. t time at curve the of a on accelerati the called is
dt
r d
dt
v d
2
2

=
Unit Normal to a Space Curve
Let A be a fixed point on the curve and s be the length of the arc AP where
P(x,y,z) is a point on the space curve.
Page 7 of 72
. P at vector gent tan unit the be t Let
.
1 t . t Consider =
. .
d.w.r.t s
0 t .
ds
t d
ds
t d
. t = +
.
. .
.
0
ds
t d
. t 2 =
.
.
0
ds
t d
. t =
.
.
|
ds
t d
|
ds
t d
n and curve space the to normal a is
ds
t d
.
.
.
.
=
. curve the to normal unit the called is
Scalar and Vector Fields
Scalar Valued Function
Let P(x,y,z) which is a scalar is called a scalar point function.
Note: A scalar point function is also called a scalar fixed . | = | (x,y,z)
Ex.: |(x,y,z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Vector Valued Function
Page 8 of 72
Let P(x,y,z) be a point. A vector point function is a vector whose
components are real valued functions of x,y,z. A vector point function is called a
. F field vector

. . .
+ + = = k f j f i f ) z , y , x ( f f
3 2 1
Ex:
. . .
+ + = k yz j y x i xyz F
2
: operator al Differenti V
. . .
c
c
+
c
c
+ c
c
c
V k
z
j
y
i
x
operation the denotes
.
c
c
= i
x
operator al differenti the defines only if vector a represent not does V
Gradient of a Scalar Field
Let (x, y, z) be a scalar field, then i k i
x z x
. . .
c | c| c |
| = | V | = + +
c c c
is called the gradient of denoted by . | V |

. of definition the by obtained results some are following The | V
1. . t tan cons scalar a is , ) ( o | V o = o| V
2. . fields scalar are and , ) ( | V + | V = + | V
3. ts tan cons scalar are and , ) ( | o V | + | V o = | + o| V
4. ( ) V | + = | V + V |
5.
2
V | | V
=
|
|
.
|
'
|
V
6. d dx dy dz
x y z
c | c | c |
| = + +
c c c
|
|
.
|
'
+ +
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
=
. . . .
dz k dy j dx i
z
k
y
j
x
i
| V = | r d . d
Page 9 of 72
Geometrical Interpretation
normal a represents and space in surface a represents c ) z , y , x ( Q | V =
to the surface at any point.
Note 1: Since | = c on the surface.
0 r d . d = | V = |

. int po any at plane gent tan the to lar perpendicu is that shows which | V
normal unit the called is
| |
n by denoted is along vector Unit : 2 Note
| V
| V
= | V
.
to the surface |(x,y,z) = c.
Directional Derivative
. then with angle an at inclined vector a be a Let | V | V u
. a along derivative l directiona the called is a

.
| | n is derivative l directiona of value Maximum : Note | V = = | V
.
Page 10 of 72
Divergence of a Vector Field
. . .
+ + = f of divergence then field vector a be k f j f i f f Let
3 2 1
as defined is f . or f div by denoted

V
i
3 1 2
f
f f f
div. f . f
x y z x

c
c c c
= V = + + =
c c c c
Physical Interpretation
represents v div then , t time at P int po a at fluid moving a of velocity the v If

the rate at which the fluid moves out of a unit volume enclosing the point P.
Solenoidal Vector
. 0 f . div if solenoidal be to said is f field vector A =

Properties
1. . fields vector are g and f where , g div f div ) g f ( div

=
2. . t tan cons scalar a is where f div ) f ( div o o = o

3.
. ts tan cons
scalar are and where g div f div ) g f ( div | o | o = | o

4.

| V + | = | | . f div ) f ( div then field vector a is f and field scalar a is If
Proof:
. . .
3 2 1
. . .
| + + | = | k f j f i f f then
3 2 1
) f (
z
) f (
y
) f (
x
) f ( div
3 2 1
|
c
c
+ |
c
| c
+ |
c
c
= |
y
f
y
f
y
f
y
f
x
f
x
f
3
3
2
2
1
1
c
| c
+
c
c
| +
c
| c
+
c
c
| +
c
| c
+
c
c
| =

. .
c
| c
+
)
`
c
c
| = i f .
x
i
x
f
1
1
.
| V + | = f . f div
Page 11 of 72
Laplacian of a scalar field
Let | = |(x,y,z) be a scalar field
field vector a is then | V
| V V = | V . ) ( div and
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
=
z z y y x x
2 2
2
2
2
z y x c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
=
. field scalar a of Laplacian the called is by denoted
2
| V
Note 1:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
Note 2:
0 if function harmonic a called is field scalar A
2
= | V |
Note 3:
2 2 2
( ) , where and are cons tants, V o | | = o V | |V o |
and are scalar fields. |
Curl of a Vector field
or f curl by denoted f of curl then k f j f i f f Let
3 2 1
. . . .
+ + =
3 2 1
f f f
z / y / x /
k j i
f as defined is f c c c c c c = V V
. . .

.
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
= i
z
f
y
f
2 3
If v is the velocity of a particle in rigid body rotating about a fixed
. v curl
2
1
by given is int po any at velocity angular the then axis

Page 12 of 72
Irrational Vector

= 0 f curl if irrational to said is f
Properties
(i)

= g curl f curl ) g f ( curl then fields vector are g and f If
(ii) . t tan cons scalar a is where , f Curl ) f ( Curl o o = o

(iii) then field vector is f and field scalar a is If
.
|

| V + | = | f f curl ) f ( curl
Proof:
.
)
`
|
c
c
|
c
c
= | i ) f (
z
) f (
y
) f ( Curl
2 3
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
| c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
| =
. .
i f
z
f
y
i
z
f
y
f
2 3
2 3

. .
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
| c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
| = | ) 1 ...( i f
z
f
y
i
z
f
y
f
) f ( Curl
2 3
2 3
Consider
3 2 1
f f f
z / y / x /
k j i
f c | c c | c c | c = | V
. . .
.
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
| c
= i f
z
f
y
2 3

| V + | = | f f curl ) f ( Curl
(iv)

= | V 0 ) ( Curl
Proof:
.
)
`
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
= | V i
y z z y
) ( Curl
= 0
(v). 0 ) f Curl ( div then field vector a is f If =

Proof:
Page 13 of 72
. . .
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
= k
y
f
x
f
i
x
f
z
f
i
z
f
y
f
f Curl
1 2 3 1 2 3
)
`
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
)
`
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
)
`
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
.
y
f
x
f
x x
f
z
f
z z
f
y
f
x
) f curl ( div
1 2 3 1 2 3
y z
f
x z
f
x y
f
z y
f
z x
f
y x
f
1
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
c c
c
c c
c
+
c c
c
c c
c
+
V c c
c
c c
c
=
= 0
Some important Identities
(i) Divergence of a vector product:
then fields vector are g and f If

.
= g curl . f f curl . g ) g f ( div
Proof:
. . .
3 2 1
. . .
+ + = k g j g i g g
3 2 1
. . . .
+ + = k ) g f g f ( j ) g f g f ( i ) f g g f ( g f
1 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 3 2
, ,

c
c
=
. .
2 3 3 2
g f g f
x
) g f ( div
) g f (
x
. i
. .
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=

.
x
g
f g
x
f
. i

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=
.
.
f
x
g
. i g
x
f
. i

.
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
= f .
x
g
i g .
x
f
i

V V = f . ) g ( g . ) f (

= g Curl . f f Curl . g
(ii) Curl of Curl of a vector:
Page 14 of 72

V = f ) f div ( grad ) f Curl ( Curl
2
Proof:
. . .
3 2 1
3 2 1 2 2 1
1
f f f f f f
f i j k
y z z x x y
. . .
| c c c c c c | |
V = + +
| | |
c c c c c c
' . ' . ' .
)
`
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
x
f
z
f
z y
f
x
f
y
i ) f Curl ( Curl
3 1 1 2
.
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
= i
x z
f
z
f
y
f
x y
f
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
.
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
+ j
y x
f
x
f
z
f
y z
f
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
.
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
+ k
z y
f
y
f
x
f
z x
f
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
2
. terms the of each to
z
f
,
y
f
g subtractin and adding
2
3
2
2
1
2
c
c
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
(
]
1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
.
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1
z
f
y
f
x
f
z
f
y
f
x
f
x
i

V
c
c
= f ) f div (
x
i
2

V V = f ) f div (
2
Note 1:
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ + = V
. . . . . .
k
z
j
y
i
x
. ) k f j f i f ( . f operator The
3 2 1
z
f
y
f
x
f
3 2 1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
is called the Linear differential operator.
Note 2: If | is a scalar field
z
f
y
f
x
f . f
3 2 1
c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
= |
|
|
.
|
'
Note 3:
Page 15 of 72
field vector a is g If

z
g
f
y
g
f
x
g
f g . f
3 2 1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V

(iii) Gradient of a scalar field:

V + V + + = V f ) . g ( g ) . f ( f Curl g g Curl f ) g . f (
Proof:

c
c
= V ) g . f (
x
i ) g . f ( Consider
c
c
+
c
c
=

x
g
. f g .
x
f
i

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

) 1 ...(
x
g
. f i
x
f
. g i
c
c
=

.
x
f
i g f Curl g Now
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

.
x
f
i g
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

. .
x
f
i . g i
x
f
. g

.
|
|
.
|
'
V
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=
f . g
x
f
. g i
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
= V +

.
) 2 ...(
x
f
. g i g ) . g ( f Curl g
Similarly
) 3 ...(
x
g
. f i g ) . f ( g curl f

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
= V +

.
Page 16 of 72
From (1), (2) and (3)

Note:

V + = V = f ) . f ( 2 f Curl f 2 ) f . f ( then g f If

V + = f ) . f ( f Curl f ) f . f ( grad
2
1
or
(iv) Curl of a vector product

V V + = g ) . f ( f ) . g ( f div g g div f ) g f ( Curl
Proof:
) g f (
x
i ) g f ( Curl
.
c
c
=

c
c
+
c
c
=

.
x
g
f g
x
f
i

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

.
x
g
f g
x
f
i

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

.
.
x
g
f i g
x
f
i

(
(
(
]
1
c
c
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
(
(
(
]
1
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
=

.
.
x
g
) f . i ( f
x
g
i g
x
f
. i
x
f
) g . i (

c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=

.
x
g
f
x
g
. i f
x
f
. i g
x
f
g
1 1

V + V = g ) . f ( g div f f div g f ) . g (

V V + = g ) . f ( f ) . g ( f div g g div f
Integration of Vector functions
a be C and space in R region a over defined field vector a be f Let

Page 17 of 72
curve in R whose equation is
. . .
+ + = k ) t ( z j ) t ( y i ) t ( x r
Let A and B be two points on Curve C corresponding to t = a and t = b,
|
dt
r d
|
dt
r d
t have We

.
=
}
.
AB
. B and A between C curve along f of egral int line the called is ds t . f
Note 1:
}
.
C
ds t . f as d represente also is egral int above The
Note 2:
} }
.
.
= =
C C
r d . f ds t . f
ds
r d
t Since
Note 3:
} } } }
+ + =

C C C C
3 2 1
dz f dy f dx f r d . f
Note 4:
} }
|
.
|
'
+ + =

C
b
a
3 2 1
dt
dt
dz
f
dt
dy
f
dt
dx
f r d . f Also
Physical Meaning:
Page 18 of 72
}

C
mass unit of particle a moving in done work the represents r d . f
along the Curve C from A to B.
Surface Integral of a vector function
}
. .
S
n where dS n . f as defined is S surface a over f of egral int surface The
is the unit normal to the surface S and dS = dx dy
Physical Meaning:
. surface a through flux normal total the gives f of egral int surface The

Volume integral of a vector function
as defined is V volume a over f of egral int volume The

} } } }
. . .
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
=
V V V
2
V
1
k V d j dV f i V d f dV f
Integral Theorems
Green's Theorem (Statement only)
Let M(x,y) and N(x,y) be two functions defined in a region A in the xy plane with
a simple closed curve C as its boundary then
}} } |
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
= +
A C
dy dx
y
M
x
N
) Mdy dx M (
Strokes Theorem (Statement only)
Let S be an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C for a field
Page 19 of 72
. C and S containing region a over defined f
} }
.
=
S C
S d n . ) f Curl ( r d . f
Gauss Divergence theorem (Statement only)
Let S be the closed boundary surface of a region of Volume V. Then for a
. S on and V in defined f field vector

} }
.
=
S S
dV f div dS n . f
i.e., in Cartesian form
}} }}}
)
`
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + +
S V
3 2 1
3 2 1
dz dy dx
z
f
y
f
x
f
dy dx f dx dz f dz dy f
Note:
Page 20 of 72
S surface closed any and , f field vector any For

}
=
.
S
0 dS n . f Curl
Page 21 of 72
Summary
Vector function: A vector function of a scalar variable t is of the form
. . .
+ + k ) t ( f j ) t ( f i ) t ( f
3 2 1
Differentiation of a Vector:
. . .
+ + = k
dt
df
j
dt
df
i
dt
df
dt
f d
3 2 1
Equation of a space curve: Equation of a space curve is represented by
. . .
+ + = k ) t ( z j ) t ( y i ) t ( x ) t ( r
. curve space
the to gent tan the along is and v velocity the is
dt
r d
: Velocity

|
dt
r d
|
dt
r d
t : vector gent tan Unit

.
=
|
ds
t d
|
ds
t d
n : normal Unit
.
.
.
=
Scalar field: A scalar corresponding to each (x,y,z) in a region R.
Vector field: A vector corresponding to each (x,y,z) in a region R
. . .
+ + = k ) z , y , x ( f j ) z , y , x ( f i ) z , y , x ( f r
3 2 1
the called is
z
k
y
j
x
i then field scalar a is If : Gradient
c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
= | V |
.
gradient of |.
Unit Normal to the surface : If | = c is a surface then
. surface the to normal unit the is n
| |
.
=
| V
| V
Page 22 of 72
. a of direction the
in derivative l directiona the called is a . : derivative l Directiona
.
| V
field vector a is k f j f i f f If : field vector a of Divergence
3 2 1
. . .
+ + =
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V =

x
f
z
f
y
f
x
f
f . f div then
1 3 2 1
0 f div of l . solenoida is f : Solenoidal =

Laplacian of a scalar field: Let | be a scalar field then
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
= | V

f of curl then field vector a be f Let : field vector a of Curl
3 2 1
f f f
z y x
k j i
f f Curl
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V =
. . .

.
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
= i
z
f
y
f
2 3

= 0 f Curl if irrational is f : Irrational
Introduction
In this chapter the basic concepts of Differential Calculus of scalar functions are
extended to vector functions.
Here we study vector differentiation, gradient, divergence, curl, solenoidal and
irrational fields.
Also we study about vector integration and verification of the integral theorems.
Vector Function of a Scalar Variable
t iable var a of functions are f and f , f where k f j f i f f Let
3 2 1 3 2 1
. . .
+ + =
is called a vector function.
Page 23 of 72
If f
1
, f
2
and f
3
are differentiable then we define
3 1 2
t 0
df df df d f f (t t) f (t)
lim i j k
dt t dt dt dt

. . .
o
+ o
= = + +
o
Similarly higher order derivatives can also be defined.
Note:
. vector t tan cons a is f iff 0
dt
f d

=
Rules of differentiation
of function vector a is ) t ( f and t of function scalar a is ) t ( g If . 1

d d f d
scalar t then ( f ) f
dt dt dt

|
| = | +
of functions vector are g and f , ts tan cons scalar are and If . 2

| o
dt
g d
dt
f d
) g f (
dt
d
then t

| + o = | + o

+ = g .
dt
f d
dt
g d
. f ) g . f (
dt
d
. 3
Proof:
. . .
3 2 1
. . .
+ + = k g j g i g g
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
g f g f g f g . f + + =

dt
df
g
dt
dg
f
dt
df
g
dt
dg
f
dt
df
g
dt
dg
f ) g . f (
dt
d 3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
+ + + + + =

|
|
.
|
'
+ + +
|
|
.
|
'
+ + =
3
3
2
2
1
1 3
3
2
2
1
1
g
dt
df
g
dt
df
g
dt
df
dt
dg
f
dt
dg
f
dt
dg
f
+ = g .
dt
df
dt
g d
. f
Page 24 of 72

+ = g
dt
f d
dt
g d
f ) g f (
dt
d
. 4
Proof:
.
3 2 1
. . .
+ + = k g j g i g g
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
g g g
f f f
k j i
g f
. . .

=
=
.
) f g g f ( i g f
3 2 3 2
, ,
=

) f g g f ( i
dt
d
) g f (
dt
d
3 2 3 2
)
`
+ =
dt
df
g f
dt
dg
dt
dg
f g
dt
f d
i
3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2

)
`
+
)
`
=
dt
df
g
dt
dg
f i f
dt
dg
g
dt
f d
i
3
2
3
2 3
2
3
2
dt
g d
f g
dt
f d

+ =
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
(
(
]
1

dt
h d
, g , f h ,
dt
g d
, f h , g ,
dt
f d
h , g , f
dt
d
. 5
Proof:
|
|
.
|
'
=
(
(
]
1

h . g f
dt
d
h , g , f
dt
d
dt
h d
. g f h . g f
dt
d

|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
.
|
'
=
dt
h d
. g f h .
dt
g d
f h . g
dt
f d

|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
=
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
dt
h d
, g , f h ,
dt
g d
, f h , g ,
dt
f d
Page 25 of 72
d f
6. If | f | cons tant then f . 0
dt

= =
Proof:
Let | f | C
=
2
| f | a where a is constant
=
t tan cons f . f =

0 f . f
dt
d
=
|
|
.
|
'

0 f .
dt
f d
dt
f d
. f = +

0
dt
f d
. f =

= 0
dt
f d
f then direction fixed a has f If . 7
Proof:
.
= e f f Let
dt
f d
f Now

) e f (
dt
d
e f
. .
=
.
. .
= = 0
dt
e d
dt
df
e e f
) e e (
dt
df
f
. .
=
) 0 (
dt
df
f

=
= 0
. direction fixed a has f then 0
dt
f d
f If . 8

=
Page 26 of 72
Equation of a Space Curve
Let P (x,y,z) be any point in space then its position vector is
. . .
+ + = = k z j y i x r OP
If x = x(t), y = y(t) and z = z(t) are functions of a scalar variable
. curve space the called space in curve a describes ) t ( r r then t

=
Note 1:
which with position of change of rate ( v velocity the represents
dt
r d

) curve the describes r of int po al min ter the

Note 2:
) z , y , x ( P
at curve space the to gent tan the of direction the along is
dt
r d
Note 3:
and t by denoted is curve space the to vector gent tan unit The
.
is given by
|
dt
r d
|
dt
r d
t

.
=
Page 27 of 72
Note 4:
. t time at curve the of a on accelerati the called is
dt
r d
dt
v d
2
2

=
Unit Normal to a Space Curve
Let A be a fixed point on the curve and s be the length of the arc AP where
P(x,y,z) is a point on the space curve.
. P at vector gent tan unit the be t Let
.
1 t . t Consider =
. .
d.w.r.t s
0 t .
ds
t d
ds
t d
. t = +
.
. .
.
0
ds
t d
. t 2 =
.
.
0
ds
t d
. t =
.
.
|
ds
t d
|
ds
t d
n and curve space the to normal a is
ds
t d
.
.
.
.
=
Page 28 of 72
Scalar and Vector Fields
Scalar Valued Function
Let P(x,y,z) which is a scalar is called a scalar point function.
Note: A scalar point function is also called a scalar fixed . | = | (x,y,z)
Ex.: |(x,y,z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Vector Valued Function
Let P(x,y,z) be a point. A vector point function is a vector whose
components are real valued functions of x,y,z. A vector point function is called a
. F field vector

. . .
+ + = = k f j f i f ) z , y , x ( f f
3 2 1
Ex:
. . .
+ + = k yz j y x i xyz F
2
: operator al Differenti V
. . .
c
c
+
c
c
+ c
c
c
V k
z
j
y
i
x
operation the denotes
.
c
c
= i
x
operator al differenti the defines only if vector a represent not does V
Gradient of a Scalar Field
Let (x, y, z) be a scalar field, then i k i
x z x
. . .
c | c| c |
| = | V | = + +
c c c
is called the gradient of denoted by . | V |

. of definition the by obtained results some are following The | V
1. . t tan cons scalar a is , ) ( o | V o = o| V
2. . fields scalar are and , ) ( | V + | V = + | V
3. ts tan cons scalar are and , ) ( | o V | + | V o = | + o| V
4. ( ) V | + = | V + V |
5.
2
V | | V
=
|
|
.
|
'
|
V
Page 29 of 72
6. d dx dy dz
x y z
c | c | c |
| = + +
c c c
|
|
.
|
'
+ +
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
=
. . . .
dz k dy j dx i
z
k
y
j
x
i
| V = | r d . d
Geometrical Interpretation
normal a represents and space in surface a represents c ) z , y , x ( Q | V =
to the surface at any point.
Note 1: Since | = c on the surface.
0 r d . d = | V = |

. int po any at plane gent tan the to lar perpendicu is that shows which | V
normal unit the called is
| |
n by denoted is along vector Unit : 2 Note
| V
| V
= | V
.
to the surface |(x,y,z) = c.
Directional Derivative
. then with angle an at inclined vector a be a Let | V | V u
. a along derivative l directiona the called is a

.
Page 30 of 72
| | n is derivative l directiona of value Maximum : Note | V = = | V
.
Divergence of a Vector Field
. . .
+ + = f of divergence then field vector a be k f j f i f f Let
3 2 1
as defined is f . or f div by denoted

V
i
3 1 2
f
f f f
div. f . f
x y z x

c
c c c
= V = + + =
c c c c
represents v div then , t time at P int po a at fluid moving a of velocity the v If

the rate at which the fluid moves out of a unit volume enclosing the point P.
Solenoidal Vector
. 0 f . div if solenoidal be to said is f field vector A =

Properties
1. . fields vector are g and f where , g div f div ) g f ( div

=
2. . t tan cons scalar a is where f div ) f ( div o o = o

3.
. ts tan cons
scalar are and where g div f div ) g f ( div | o | o = | o

4.

| V + | = | | . f div ) f ( div then field vector a is f and field scalar a is If
Proof:
Page 31 of 72
. . .
3 2 1
. . .
| + + | = | k f j f i f f then
3 2 1
) f (
z
) f (
y
) f (
x
) f ( div
3 2 1
|
c
c
+ |
c
| c
+ |
c
c
= |
y
f
y
f
y
f
y
f
x
f
x
f
3
3
2
2
1
1
c
| c
+
c
c
| +
c
| c
+
c
c
| +
c
| c
+
c
c
| =

. .
c
| c
+
)
`
c
c
| = i f .
x
i
x
f
1
1
.
| V + | = f . f div
Laplacian of a scalar field
Let | = |(x,y,z) be a scalar field
field vector a is then | V
| V V = | V . ) ( div and
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
=
z z y y x x
2 2
2
2
2
z y x c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
=
. field scalar a of Laplacian the called is by denoted
2
| V
Note 1:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
Note 2:
0 if function harmonic a called is field scalar A
2
= | V |
Note 3:
2 2 2
( ) , where and are cons tants, V o | | = o V | |V o |
and are scalar fields. |
Curl of a Vector field
or f curl by denoted f of curl then k f j f i f f Let
3 2 1
. . . .
+ + =
Page 32 of 72
3 2 1
f f f
z / y / x /
k j i
f as defined is f c c c c c c = V V
. . .

.
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
= i
z
f
y
f
2 3
If v is the velocity of a particle in rigid body rotating about a fixed
. v curl
2
1
by given is int po any at velocity angular the then axis

Irrational Vector

= 0 f curl if irrational to said is f
Properties
(i)

= g curl f curl ) g f ( curl then fields vector are g and f If
(ii) . t tan cons scalar a is where , f Curl ) f ( Curl o o = o

(iii) then field vector is f and field scalar a is If
.
|

| V + | = | f f curl ) f ( curl
Proof:
.
)
`
|
c
c
|
c
c
= | i ) f (
z
) f (
y
) f ( Curl
2 3
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
| c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
| =
. .
i f
z
f
y
i
z
f
y
f
2 3
2 3

. .
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
| c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
| = | ) 1 ...( i f
z
f
y
i
z
f
y
f
) f ( Curl
2 3
2 3
Consider
3 2 1
f f f
z / y / x /
k j i
f c | c c | c c | c = | V
. . .

Page 33 of 72
.
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
| c
= i f
z
f
y
2 3

| V + | = | f f curl ) f ( Curl
(iv)

= | V 0 ) ( Curl
Proof:
.
)
`
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
c
| c
c
c
= | V i
y z z y
) ( Curl
= 0
(v). 0 ) f Curl ( div then field vector a is f If =

Proof:
. . .
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
= k
y
f
x
f
i
x
f
z
f
i
z
f
y
f
f Curl
1 2 3 1 2 3
)
`
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
)
`
c
c
c
c
c
c
+
)
`
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
.
y
f
x
f
x x
f
z
f
z z
f
y
f
x
) f curl ( div
1 2 3 1 2 3
y z
f
x z
f
x y
f
z y
f
z x
f
y x
f
1
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
c c
c
c c
c
+
c c
c
c c
c
+
V c c
c
c c
c
=
= 0
Some important Identities
(i) Divergence of a vector product:

.
= g curl . f f curl . g ) g f ( div
Proof:
. . .
3 2 1
. . .
+ + = k g j g i g g
3 2 1
. . . .
+ + = k ) g f g f ( j ) g f g f ( i ) f g g f ( g f
1 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 3 2
, ,

c
c
=
. .
2 3 3 2
g f g f
x
) g f ( div
Page 34 of 72
) g f (
x
. i
. .
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=

.
x
g
f g
x
f
. i

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=
.
.
f
x
g
. i g
x
f
. i

.
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
= f .
x
g
i g .
x
f
i

V V = f . ) g ( g . ) f (

= g Curl . f f Curl . g
(ii) Curl of Curl of a vector:

V = f ) f div ( grad ) f Curl ( Curl
2
Proof:
. . .
3 2 1
3 2 1 2 2 1
1
f f f f f f
f i j k
y z z x x y
. . .
| c c c c c c | |
V = + +
| | |
c c c c c c
' . ' . ' .
)
`
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
x
f
z
f
z y
f
x
f
y
i ) f Curl ( Curl
3 1 1 2
.
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
= i
x z
f
z
f
y
f
x y
f
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
.
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
+ j
y x
f
x
f
z
f
y z
f
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
.
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
+ k
z y
f
y
f
x
f
z x
f
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
2
. terms the of each to
z
f
,
y
f
g subtractin and adding
2
3
2
2
1
2
c
c
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
(
]
1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
.
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3 2 1
z
f
y
f
x
f
z
f
y
f
x
f
x
i
Page 35 of 72

V
c
c
= f ) f div (
x
i
2

V V = f ) f div (
2
Note 1:
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ + = V
. . . . . .
k
z
j
y
i
x
. ) k f j f i f ( . f operator The
3 2 1
z
f
y
f
x
f
3 2 1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
is called the Linear differential operator.
Note 2: If | is a scalar field
z
f
y
f
x
f . f
3 2 1
c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
= |
|
|
.
|
'
Note 3:
field vector a is g If

z
g
f
y
g
f
x
g
f g . f
3 2 1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V

(iii) Gradient of a scalar field:

Proof:

c
c
= V ) g . f (
x
i ) g . f ( Consider
c
c
+
c
c
=

x
g
. f g .
x
f
i

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

) 1 ...(
x
g
. f i
x
f
. g i
c
c
=

.
x
f
i g f Curl g Now
Page 36 of 72
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

.
x
f
i g
c
c
|
|
.
|
'
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

. .
x
f
i . g i
x
f
. g

.
|
|
.
|
'
V
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=
f . g
x
f
. g i
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
= V +

.
) 2 ...(
x
f
. g i g ) . g ( f Curl g
Similarly
) 3 ...(
x
g
. f i g ) . f ( g curl f

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
= V +

.
From (1), (2) and (3)

Note:

V + = V = f ) . f ( 2 f Curl f 2 ) f . f ( then g f If

V + = f ) . f ( f Curl f ) f . f ( grad
2
1
or
(iv) Curl of a vector product

V V + = g ) . f ( f ) . g ( f div g g div f ) g f ( Curl
Proof:
) g f (
x
i ) g f ( Curl
.
c
c
=

c
c
+
c
c
=

.
x
g
f g
x
f
i
Page 37 of 72

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

.
x
g
f g
x
f
i

|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
=

.
.
x
g
f i g
x
f
i

(
(
(
]
1
c
c
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
+
(
(
(
]
1
|
|
|
.
|
'
c
c
c
c
=

.
.
x
g
) f . i ( f
x
g
i g
x
f
. i
x
f
) g . i (

c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=

.
x
g
f
x
g
. i f
x
f
. i g
x
f
g
1 1

V + V = g ) . f ( g div f f div g f ) . g (

V V + = g ) . f ( f ) . g ( f div g g div f
Question and answers
01. If

h , g , f are vectors functions of a scalar variable t. Prove that
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
.
|
'
|
|
.
|
'

dt
h d
x g x f h x
dt
g d
x f h x g x
dt
f d
h x g x f
dt
d
Suggested answer:
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
.
|
'
|
|
.
|
'

h x g
dt
d
x f h x g x
dt
f d
h x g x f
dt
d
+ +
|
|
.
|
'
dt
h d
x g h x
dt
g d
x f h x g x
dt
f d
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
.
|
'
dt
h d
x g fx h x
dt
g d
x f h x g x
dt
f d
02. If
. . . . .
+ + = + + = = | k t j t sin i t cos g , k t 2 j e i e f , e
t t t 2
Page 38 of 72
|
|
.
|
'
|
|
.
|
'
+
|
|
.
|
'
|

g x f
dt
d
) iii g f
dt
d
) ii , f
dt
d
) i find
Suggested answer:
.
+ + = | k te 2 j e i e f ) i
t 2 t 3 t
.

.
|
.
|
'
+ + =
|
|
.
|
'
| k e te 2 2 j e 3 i e f
dt
d
t 2 t 2 t 3 t
. .
.
+ + + + =
|
|
.
|
'
+ k ) 1 2 ( j ) t cos e ( i ) t sin e ( g f
dt
d
) ii
t t
t t sin t cos
t 2 e e
k j i
g x f ) iii
t t
. . .

=
) e t sin e ( k ) t cos e te ( j ) t sin t 2 te ( i
t t t t t
.
.
+ =
, ,
, ,
, ,
t t
t t t t
t t t t
d
( f x g) i te e 2t cos t 2 sint
dt
j e te e cos t e sint
k e cos t e sint e cos t e sint .
.

.

.

=
+ + + +
+ + + +
03. A particle moves along the curve whose parametric coordinates are x = e
-t
,
y = 2 cos 3t, z = 2 sin 3t. Here t is time i) Determine its velocity and
acceleration at time t ii) find the magnitude of velocity and acceleration at t =
0.
Suggested answer:
Page 39 of 72
i) Equation to the curve is
. . .
+ + = k t 3 sin 2 j t 3 cos 2 i e r
t
. . .
+ = = k t 3 cos 6 j t 3 sin 6 i e
dt
r d
v
t
. . .
= = k t 3 sin 18 j t 3 cos 18 i e
dt
r d
a
t
2
2
ii) At t = 0,
. . . .
= + = j 18 i a , k 6 i v and
| v | 37, | a | 325

= =
04. Find the unit tangent vectors at any point on the curve x = t
2
+1, y = 4t - 3,
z = 2t
2
- 6t. Determine the unit tangent at the point t = 2.
Suggested answer:
Equation to the space curve is
. . .
+ + + = k ) t 6 t 2 ( j ) 3 t 4 ( i ) 1 t ( r
2 2
. . .
+ + = k ) 6 t 4 ( j 4 i t 2
dt
r d
. . .
=
+ + =
|
|
|
.
|
'
k 2 j 4 i 4
dt
r d
2 t
unit tangent
dt
r d
dt
r d
t
.
=
Page 40 of 72
36
k 2 j 4 i 4
. . .
+ +
=
. . .
+ + = k
3
1
j
3
2
i
3
2
05. A particle moves so that its position vector is given by
that show t tan cons a is , j t sin i t cos r e e + e =
. .

r to lar perpendicu is v velocity ) i
ii) acceleration

a is directed towards the origin and has magnitude proportional
to the distance from the origin.
iii) . vector t tan cons a is v x r

Suggested answer:
i)
. .
e + e = j t sin i t cos r
. .
= e e + e e = v j t cos i t sin
dt
r d
Now

= r v 0 r . v
ii)
. .
e e e e = = j t sin i t cos
dt
r d
a
2
2
2

e = r a
2
| r | | a |
2

e =
iii)

v x r
Page 41 of 72
) j t cos i t sin ( x ) j t sin i t (cos
. . . .
e e + e e e + e =
2 2
cos t (i x j) sin t ( j x i )
. . . .
= e e e e
. .
e e + e e = k t sin k t cos
2 2
.
e = k
= constant vector.
06. Two vector

g and f such that

e = e = g x
dt
g d
, f x
dt
f d
for some

e , prove that ) g x f ( x ) g x f (
dt
d

e = .
Suggested answer:

+ = g x
dt
f d
dt
g d
x f ) g x f (
dt
d

e + e = g x ) f x ( ) g x ( x f

e e + e e = ) f . g ( f ) . g ( g ) . f ( ) g . f (

e e = g ) . f ( f ) . g (
) g x f ( x

e =
07. If x = t
2
+1, y = 4t - 3, z = 2t
2
- 6t represents the parametric equations of a
space curve. Find the angle between the unit tangents at t = 1 and t = 2.
Page 42 of 72
Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + + = k ) t 6 t 2 ( j ) 3 t 4 ( i ) 1 t ( r
2 2
. . .
+ + = k ) 6 t 4 ( j 4 i t 2
dt
r d
t 48 36 t 16 16 t 4
k ) 6 t 4 ( j 4 i t 2
t
2 2
+ + +
+ +
=
. . .
.
52 t 48 t 20
k ) 6 t 4 ( j 4 i t 2
2
+
+ +
=
. . .
) say ( a
24
k 2 j 4 i 2
t
1 t

. . .
=
.
=
+
=
36
k 2 j 4 i 4
t
2 t
. . .
=
.
+ +
=
) say ( b k
3
2
j
3
2
i
3
2
. . .
= + + =
Let u be the angle between

b and a
= u

| b || a |
b . a
cos
1
)
`
= u

6 3
5
cos
1
08. If

| + o = nt sin nt cos f where n is a constant scalar and

| o and are
constant vectors prove that
Page 43 of 72
d f
i) f x n( a x b)
dt
= f n
dt
f d
) ii
2
2
2
0
dt
f d
,
dt
f d
, f ) iii
2
2
=
(
(
(
]
1
Suggested answer:
Given

+ = b nt sin a nt cos f

+ = b nt cos n a nt sin n
dt
f d
) b nt cos n a nt sin n ( x ) b nt sin a nt (cos
dt
f d
x f ) i

+ + =
) a x b ( t sin n ) b x a ( nt cos n
2 2

=
) b x a ( n

=

= b nt sin n a nt cos n
dt
f d
) ii
2 2
2
2
= f n
2
0 f n ,
dt
f d
, f
dt
f d
,
dt
f d
, f ) iii
2
2
2
=
(
(
(
]
1
=
(
(
(
]
1
09. A particle moves along the curve x = t

3
+ 1, y = t
2
, z = t + 5 where t is the
time. Find the components of velocity and acceleration along the vector
Page 44 of 72
. . .
+ + = k 2 j 3 i c at t = 1.
Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + + + = k ) 5 t ( j t i ) 1 t ( r
2 3
. . .
+ + = k j t 2 i t 3
dt
r d
2
. .
+ = j 2 i t 6
dt
r d
2
2
. . .
=
+ + = =
|
|
|
.
|
'
k j 2 i 3 v
dt
r d
1 t
Now velocity along
14
11
c v is c =
.
Acceleration along .
14
12
c . a is c =
.
10. Show that .
dt
A d
x
dt
A d
. A
dt
A d
,
dt
A d
, A
dt
d
3
3
2
2
|
|
|
.
|
'
=
(
(
(
]
1
Suggested answer:
(
(
(
]
1
2
2
dt
A d
,
dt
A d
, A
dt
d
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1
+
(
(
(
]
1

3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
dt
A d
,
dt
A d
, A
dt
A d
,
dt
A d
, A
dt
A d
,
dt
A d
,
dt
A d
Page 45 of 72
(
(
(
]
1
+ + =

3
3
dt
A d
,
dt
A d
, A 0 0
11. vectors t tan cons are B and A where , e B e A R If
nt nt

+ =
then show that . R n
dt
R d
2
2
2
=
Suggested answer:
= B ne A ne
dt
R d
nt nt
+ = B e n A e n
dt
R d
nt 2 nt 2
2
2
= R n
2
12. Find unit vector normal to the curve . k t 3 j t cos 4 i t sin 4
. . .
+ +
Suggested answer:
We have
. . .
+ + = k t 3 j t cos 4 i t sin 4 r
. . .
+ = k 3 j t sin 4 i t cos 4
dt
r d
5
dt
r d
=

Page 46 of 72
dt
r d
dt
r d
t
.
=
5
k 3 j t sin 4 i t cos 4
. . .
+
=
dt / ds
dt / t d
ds
dt
dt
t d
ds
t d
. . .
= |
.
|
'
=
also 5
dt
r d
dt
ds
= =

) j t cos 4 i t sin 4 (
25
1
ds
t d
. .
.
=
and
(
]
1
+
=
. .
.
2
) 25 /( 16
) j t cos i t (sin
25
4
N
) j cos i t (sin
. .
+ =
13. Find the unit normal vector to the curve x = 3 cost, y = 3sint, x = 4t.
Suggested answer:
We have
. . .
+ + = k t 4 j t sin 3 i t cos 3 r
) vector gent (tan k 4 j t cos 3 i t sin 3
dt
r d
v
. . .
+ + = =
5 | v | =

Page 47 of 72
| dt / r d |
dt / t d
dt / ds
dt / r d
t

.
.
= =
) j t sin 3 i t cos 3 (
25
1
. .
=
unit normal vector
| ds / t d |
ds / t d
N
.
.
.
=
25 / 3
) j t sin i t (cos
25
3
. .
+
=
) j t sin i t (cos
. .
+ =
14. The position vectors of a moving particle at time t is . k t j t i t r
4 3 2
. . .
+ =
Find the tangential and normal components of its acceleration at t = 1.
Suggested answer:
. . .
+ = k t j t i t r
4 3 2
. . .
+ = = k t 4 j t 3 i t 2
dt
r d
v
4 2
. . .
=
+ = k 4 j 3 i 2 v
1 t
) k 4 j 3 i 2 (
29
1
v
. . . .
+ =
. . .
=
+ = k 12 j 6 i 2 a
1 t
Page 48 of 72
tangential component acceleration is
29
70
v . a =
.
Normal component of acceleration | v ) v . a ( a |
. .
=
29
k 68 j 36 i 82
. . .
+ +
=
2 2 2
68 36 82
29
1
+ + =
= 3.8774
15. If | is a function of r only, then prove that
. r
dr
d
r
dr
d
r
1
.
|
=
|
= | V
Suggested answer:
We have
2 2 2 2
z y x r . r r + + = =

r
z
z
r
,
r
y
y
r
,
r
x
x
r
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
z
k
y
j
x
i
c
| c
+
c
| c
+
c
| c
= | V
. . .
r
z
dr
d
k
r
y
dr
d
j
r
x
dr
d
i
|
+
|
+
|
=
. . .
) k z j y i x (
dr
d
r
1
. . .
+ +
|
=
Page 49 of 72
.
.
|
=
|
=
|
= r
dr
d
r
r r
dr
d
r
dr
d
r
1
16. Find | V in the following
i)
4 3 2
z y x = | at (1, 0, -2)
2
r
1
) ii = |
Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + = | V k z y x 4 j z y x 3 i z xy 2 ) i
3 3 2 4 2 2 4 3
. . .
+ = | V k 4 j 3 i 2 ) (
) 2 , 0 , 1 (
2
r
1
) ii = |
we have

|
= | V r
dr
d
r
1
|
|
.
|
'

= | V r
r
2
r
1
3
4
r
r 2
=
17. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface xyz = 6 at the point (1,
2, 3).
Suggested answer:
xyz = |
. . .
+ + = | V k xy j xz i yz
, ,
. . .
+ + = | V k 2 j 3 i 6
) 3 , 2 , 1 (
Page 50 of 72
unit normal to the surface
7
k 2 j 3 i 6
| |
n
. . .
.
+ +
=
| V
| V
=
Equation of the tangent plane in vector form is 0 n ). a r ( =
.
Where
. . . . . .
+ + = + + = k 3 j 2 i a , k z j y i x r
0 ) 3 z ( 2 ) 2 y ( 3 ) 1 x ( 6 ie = + +
i.e., 6x + 3y + 2z = 18
18. Find the angle between the surfaces xlogz = y
2
- 1 and x
2
y = 2 - z at the
point (1, 1, 1).
Suggested answer:
2
1
y z log x Let = |
z y x
2
2
+ = |
. . .
+ = | V k
z
x
j y 2 i z log
1
. . .
+ + = | V k j x i xy 2
2
2
. .
+ = | V k j 2 ) (
) 1 , 1 , 1 ( 1
. . .
+ + = | V k j i 2 ) (
) 1 , 1 , 1 ( 2
The angle between the surfaces is the angle between . and
2 1
| V | V
Page 51 of 72
Let u be the angle between
2 1
and | V | V
| || |
.
cos
2 1
2 1 1
| V | V
| V | V
= u

30
1
cos
1

=

30
1
cos
1
= u
19. Find the constants a and b such that the surfaces ax
2
- byz = (a + 2)x and
4x
2
y+z
3
are orthogonal at (1, -1, 2).
Suggested answer:
) 1 ...( x ) 2 a ( byz ax Let
2
1
+ = |
) 2 ...( 4 z y x 4
3 2
2
+ = |
. . .
+ = | V k by j bz i )] 2 a ( ax 2 [
1
. . .
+ + = | V k z 3 j x 4 i xy 8
2 2
2
. . .
. . .
+ + = | V + = | V k 12 j 4 i 8 ) ( , k b j b 2 i ) 2 a ( ) (
) 2 , 1 , 1 ( 2 ) 2 , 1 , 1 ( 1
given
2 1
and | | are orthogonal
0 .
2 1
= | V | V
i.e., -8(a - 2) + 4(-2b) + 12b = 0
) 3 ...( 4 b a 2 =
Page 52 of 72
Also
2 1
| = | at (1, -1, 2)
4 8 4 ) 2 a ( b 2 a + = + +
i.e., 2b - 2 = 0
1 b =
substituting in (3), we get
a = 5/2.
20. Find the directional derivative of xyz = | along the direction
2 2 2
of the normal to the surface x z y x yz 3, at (1,1,1). + + =
Suggested answer:
Let
2 2 2
yz x y z x , xyz + + = = |
. . .
+ + = | V k xy j xz i yz
. . .
+ + = | V k j i ) 1 , 1 , 1 ( at
. . .
+ + + + + = | V k ) zy 2 x ( j ) z yx 2 ( i ) y xz 2 (
2 2 2
. . .
+ + = V k 3 j 3 i 3 ) 1 , 1 , 1 ( at
3
k j i
| |
n
. . .
.
+ +
=
V
V
=
Directional directive of | along
.
n is
Page 53 of 72
3
3
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1
n . =
+ +
= | V
.
21. If . F curl and F div find ) xyz 3 z y x ( F
3 3 3

+ + V =
Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + = k ) xy 3 z 3 ( j ) xz 3 y 3 ( i ) yz 3 x 3 ( F
2 2 2
z 6 y 6 x 6 F div + + =
2 2 2
i j k
Curl F
x y z
3x 3yz 3y 3xz 3z 3xy
. . .
c c c
=
c c c

) z 3 z 3 ( k ) y 3 y 3 ( j ) x 3 x 3 ( i + + + + =
. . .
= 0
22. If

e is a constant vector and

e = r x v then show that
. 0 v div =
Suggested answer:
Let
. . .
+ + = k z j y i x r

e = r x v
Page 54 of 72
z y x
k j i
3 2 1
e e e =
. . .
] x y [ k ] x z [ j ] y z [ i v
2 1 2 1 3 2
e e + e e e e =
. . .
) x y (
z
) x g y (
y
) y z (
x
v div
2 1 3 1 3 2
e e
c
c
+ e e
c
c
+ e e
c
c
=
= 0
23. If . f div find k ) z 2 y x ( j ) z y x ( i ) z y 2 x ( f
. . .
+ + + + + + =
Suggested answer:
) z 2 y x (
z
) z y x (
y
) z y 2 x (
x
f div + +
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +
c
c
=
2 1 1 + =
2 =
24. If
. . . . . .
+ + = + + = k xy j zx i yz g and k z j y i x f
2 2
show that

g x f is a solenoidal vector.
Suggested answer:
xy zx yz
z y x
k j i
g x f
2 2 2
. . .

=
} zy zx { k } yz y x { j } xz xy { i g x f
3 3 3 3 3 3
+ =
. . .
Page 55 of 72
) y x ( ) x z ( ) z y ( ) g x f ( div
3 3 3 3 3 3
+ + =

0 =
. solenoidal is g x f

25. Prove that

n n
r ) 3 n ( ) r r ( div + =
.
Suggested answer:

+ V = r div r r . r ) r r ( div
n n n
)
`
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
+ + =
.

.
z
y
y
x
x
r r . k
r
z
nr
r
y
nr i
r
x
nr
n 1 n 1 n 1 n
) 3 .( r r }. k z j y i x {
r
nr
n
1 n
+ + + =
. . .
) 3 ( r r . nr
n 2 2 n
+ =

n
r ) 3 n ( + =
26. If

a is a constant vector then prove that
0 ) r x a ( div ) i =

) a . r ( 2 )) a x r ( x r ( div ) ii

=
. t tan cons a being n , 0 )} r x a ( r { div ) iii
n
=

Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + = k a j a i a a Let
3 2 1
Page 56 of 72
. . .
+ + = k z j y i x r
z y x
a a a
k j i
r x a ) i
3 2 1
. . .

=
. . .
+ + = k ) x a y a ( j ) z a x a ( i ) y a z a (
2 1 1 3 3 2
0 ) x a y a (
z
) z a x a (
y
) y a z a (
x
) r x a ( div
2 1 1 3 3 2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

= a ) r . r ( r ) a . r ( ) a x r ( x r ) ii
) a r ( div r div ) a . r ( r ). a . r ( )) a x r ( x r ( div
2

+ V =

V + = a div r r . a 3 ) a . r ( r . a
2 2
} k
r
z
r 2 j
r
y
r 2 i
r
x
r 2 { a ) r . a ( 3 r . a
. . .
+ + + =
) r . a ( 2 ) r . a ( 3 r . a

+ =
) r . a ( 2

=
) r x a ( div r ) r x a .( r )} r x a ( r { div ) iii
n n n

+ V =
) r x a ( div r ) r x a .(
r
r
nr
n 1 n

+ =
Page 57 of 72
) r x a ( div r 0
n

+ =
z y x
a a a
k j i
r x a
3 2 1
. . .

=
2 3 1 3 1 2
i (a z a y) j(a z a x) k(a y a x)
. . .
= +
) x a y a (
z
) z a x a (
y
) y a z a (
x
) r x a ( div
2 1 1 3 3 2

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

= 0 + 0 + 0
= 0
0 )) r x a ( r ( div
n
=

27. If

b and a are constant vectors, prove that

= b . a } b ) r x a {( div ) i
) b . a ( 2 )} b x r ( x a { div ) ii

=
] r , b , a [ )} r x b ( x ) r x a {( div ) iii

+ =
Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + = k a j a i a a Let
3 2 1
. . .
+ + = k b j b i b b
3 2 1
Page 58 of 72
. . .
+ + = k z j y i x c

+ V = b div r . a b ). r . a ( ] b ) r . a [( div ) i
) 0 )( r . a ( b . a

+ =

= b . a

= b ) r . a ( r ) b . a ( ) b x r ( x a have we ) ii
} b ) r . a {( div } r ) b . a {( div )} b x r ( x a { div

=

V = b div ) r . a ( b ). r x a ( r div ) b . a (
0 ) r a ( b . a 3 ) b . a (

=
) b . a ( 2

=

= p r x a Let ) iii
) r x b ( x p ) r x b ( x ) r x a (

=

= r ) b . p ( b ) r . p (

= r } b ). r x a {( b } r ). r x a {(
) b . a ( 2

=
Page 59 of 72

= p r x a Let ) iii
) r x b ( x p ) r x b ( x ) r x a (

=

= r ) b . p ( b ) r . p (

= r } b ). r x a {( b } r ). r x a {(

= r ] b , r , a [ 0

= r ] r , b , a [ ) r x b ( x ) r x a (

+ V = r div ] r , b , a [ r ]. r , b , a [ )} r x b ( x ) r x a {( div
) 1 ...( ) 3 ]( r , b , a [ ] r , b , a [ . r

+ V =
z y x
b b b
a a a
] r , b , a [
3 2 1
3 2 1
=

) x b y b ( a ) x b z b ( a ) y b z b ( a
2 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 1
+ =
. . .
+ + + = V k ) b a b a ( j ) b a b a ( i ) b a b a ( ] r , b , a [
1 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 3 2

= b x a
Now ) b x a .( r ] r , b , a [ . r

= V
z ) b a b a ( y ) b a b a ( x ) b a b a (
1 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 3 3 2
+ + + =
Page 60 of 72
] r , b , a [

=
) 1 ( In
] r , b , a [ 3 ] r , b , a [ )} r x b ( x ) r x a {( div

+ =
] r , b , a [

=
28.

b and a If are vectors, prove that
)}. b . a ( r ) r . b )( r , a ( 3 {
r
1
}
r
1
. b { . a
2
5

= |
.
|
'
V V
Suggested answer:
r
r
r
1
. b
r
1
. b
2

|
|
.
|
'

= |
.
|
'
V
) r . b (
r
1
3

=
|
|
.
|
'

V + V
=
|
|
.
|
'
|
.
|
'
V V

3 3
r
1
) r . b ( ) r . b (
r
1
r
1
. b
r
r
r
3
). r . b ( ] b [
r
1
4 3

|
|
.
|
'
=
|
|
.
|
'
|
.
|
'
V V r
r
) r . b ( 3
r
b
r
1
. b
5 3

+
|
|
|
.
|
'
=
|
|
.
|
'
|
.
|
'
V V r . a .
r
) r . b ( 3
r
b
. a
r
1
. b . a
5 3
Page 61 of 72
=

2
5
r ) b . a ( ) r . b )( r . a ( 3
r
1
29. . 0 F Curl . F that show k ) y x ( j i ) 1 y x ( F If = + + + + =
. . .
Suggested answer:
) y x ( 1 1 y x
z y x
k j i
F Curl
+ + +
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
. . .
) 1 ( k ) 1 ( j ) 1 ( i + =
. . .
. . .
+ = k j i F Curl
) 1 )( y x ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 )( 1 y x ( F Curl . F + + + + =

= -x - y - 1 + 1 + x + y
= 0
30. ). F x ( x find k yz 2 j xz 2 i y x F If
2
. . .
V V + =
Suggested answer:
yz 2 xz 2 y x
z y x
k j i
F x
2

c
c
c
c
c
c
= V
. . .
) x z 2 ( k ) 0 ( j ) x 2 z 2 ( i
2
+ + =
. . .
Page 62 of 72
2
x z 2 0 x 2 z 2
z y x
k j i
) F x ( x
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V V
. . .
.
+ = j ) 2 x 2 (
31. Find the directional derivative of
2 2
xz 4 yz x + = | at (1, -2, -1)
in the direction . k 2 j i 2
. . .

Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + + + = | V k ) xz 8 y x ( j z x i ) z 4 xyz 2 (
2 2 2
. . .
| V k 10 j i 8 is ) 1 , 2 , 1 ( at
. . .
= k 2 j i 2 c Let
Directional derivative in the direction of

c is
3
) k 2 j i 2 (
). k 10 j i 8 ( c .
. . .
. . . .

= | V
) 20 1 16 (
3
1
+ + =
3
37
=
32. Find the directional derivative of z y x 3 xz 4
2 2 3
= | at (2, -1, 2)
in the direction of . k 6 j 3 i 2
. . .
+
Page 63 of 72
Suggested answer:
. . .
+ + = | V k ) y x 3 xz 12 ( j ) yz x 6 ( i ) z xy 6 x 4 (
2 2 2 2 2 3
. . .
+ + = | V k 84 j 48 i 8 ) 2 , 1 , 2 ( at
. . .
+ = k 6 j 3 i 2 c
)] 6 )( 84 ( ) 3 ( 48 ) 2 ( 8 [
7
1
c . + + = | V
.
7
376
=
33. Find the directional derivative of
2 2 2
z y x = | at (1, 1, -1)
in the direction of the tangent to the curve x = e
t
, y = 1 + 2sint,
z = t - cost, . 1 t 1 s s
Suggested answer:
2 2 2
z y x = |
. . .
+ + = | V k z y x 2 j yz x 2 i z xy 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
. . .
+ = | V k 2 j 2 i 2 ) 1 , 1 , 1 ( at
. . .
+ + + = k ) t cos t ( j ) t sin 2 1 ( i e r
t
. . .
+ + = k j 2 i is 0 t at
dt
r d
Page 64 of 72
6
k j 2 i
dt
r d
dt
r d
t
. . .
.
+ +
= =
directional derivative of | in the direction of

c is
6
) k j 2 i (
). k 2 j 2 i 2 (
. . .
. . .
+ +
+
] 2 4 2 [
6
1
+ =
6
4
=
34. Find the equation of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface z =
x
2
+ y
2
at (2, -1, 5).
Suggested answer:
z y x
2 2
+ = |
. . .
+ = | V k j y 2 i x 2
Equation to the normal line at (2, -1, 5) is
1
5 z
2
1 y
4
2 x
+
=
Equation the tangent plane is 4(x - 2) + (-1)(y + 2)(-1)(z - 5) = 0

i.e., 4x - 2y - z - 5 = 0
Page 65 of 72
35. Find the angle between the surface x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9 and z = x
2
+ y
2
-3 at
the point (2, -1, 2).
Suggested answer:
9 z y x Let
2 2 2
1
+ + = |
3 z y x
2 2
2
+ = |
. . .
+ + = | V k z 2 j y 2 i x 2
1
. . .
+ = | V k 4 j 2 i 4 ) 2 , 1 , 2 ( at
1
. . .
+ = | V k j y 2 i x 2
2
. . .
= | V k j 2 i 4 ) 2 , 1 , 2 ( at
2
Angle between the surfaces is the angle between . and
2 1
| V | V
)
`
| V | V
| V | V
=

| || |
.
cos
2 1
2 1 1
)
`
+ +
=

21 36
) 1 ( 4 ) 2 )( 2 ( ) 4 ( 4
cos
1
)
`
=

21 3
8
cos
1
36. Find the values of a and b such that the surfaces ax
2
- byz = (a + 2)x and
4x
2
y + z
3
= 4 are orthogonal at (1, -1, 2).
Suggested answer:
) 1 ...( 0 x ) 2 a ( byz ax : Let
2
1
= + |
Page 66 of 72
) 2 ...( 0 4 z y x 4 :
3 2
2
= + |
Given (1, -1, 2) is a point on (1) and (2)
) 2 , 1 , 1 ( at
2 1
| = |
i.e., a + 2b - (a + 2) -4 + 8 - 4
2b - 2 = 0
1 b =
. . .
+ = | V k by j bz i )) 2 a ( ax 2 (
1
. . .
= | V k by j 2 i ) 2 a ( ) 2 , 1 , 1 ( at
1
. . .
+ + = | V k z 3 j x 4 i xy 8
2 2
2
. . .
+ + = | V k 12 j 4 i 8 ) 2 , 1 , 1 ( at
2
since
2 1
and| | are orthogonal
0 .
2 1
= | V | V
-8(a - 2) - 8 + 12 = 0
i.e., a = 5/2
1 b and 2 / 5 a = =
37. Find the constant a, b, c so that the vector
. al irrotation is k ) z 2 cy x 4 ( j ) z y 3 bx ( i ) az y 2 x ( f
. . .
+ + + + + + =
Page 67 of 72
Suggested answer:

= 0 F Curl if al irrotation is F
i j k
Curl F 0
x y z
x 2y az bx 3y z 4x cy 2z
c c c
= =
c c c
+ + + +
0 2 b , 0 a 4 , 0 1 c = = = +
1 c , 2 b , 4 a = = =
38. If | and are scalar fields prove that
V | V + V | = V | . } { div ) i
2
V | V + | V + V | = | V . 2 ) ( ) ii
2 2 2
Suggested answer:
) ( div . ) ( div ) i V | + V | V = V |
) 1 ...( .
2
V + V | V =
ii) similarly
) 2 ...( . ) ( div
2
| V + V | V = | V
adding (1) and (2)
) 3 ...( . 2 ) ( div ) ( div
2 2
| V | V + | V + V | = | V + V |
Also ) ( )) ( ( div ) ( div ) ( div
2
| V = | V = | V + V |
V | V + | V + V | = | V . 2 ) (
2 2 2
39. Evaluate
i)
2 2
r V
Page 68 of 72
ii)
|
|
|
.
|
'
V

2
2
r
r
div
Suggested answer:
) r (
z
) r (
y
) r (
x
r ) i
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
|
.
|
'
c
c
+ |
.
|
'
c
c
+ |
.
|
'
c
c
=
r
z
r 2
z r
y
r 2
y r
x
r 2
x
= 2 + 2 + 2
= 6
ii)

+
|
|
.
|
'
V =
r div
r
1
r .
r
1
r
r
div
2 2 2
) 3 (
r
1
r .
r
r
r
2
2 3
+
|
|
|
.
|
'
2 2
r
3
r
2
+
=
2
r
1
=
40.
3 2 2
Find the value of a if f (axy x ) i (a 2)x j (1 a)xz k
. . .
= + +
is irrotational.
Suggested answer:
Since

f is irrotational
Page 69 of 72

= 0 f Curl
0
xz ) a 1 ( x ) 2 a ( z axy
z y x
k j i
., e . i
2 2 3
=

c
c
c
c
c
c
. . .
, , , ,
. . .
= + + 0 ax x 2 ) 2 a ( k z 3 z ) a 1 ( j } 0 0 { i
2 2
, , , , 0 a 2 ) 2 a ( x and 0 3 a 1 z
2
= = +
4 a =
41. Show that
3
r
r
is both solenoidal and irrotational.

Suggested answer:

|
|
.
|
'
V + =
r .
r
1
r div
r
1
r
r
div
3 3 3
|
|
|
.
|
'
+ = r .
r
r
r
3
) 3 (
r
1
4 3
3 3
r
3
r
3
=
= 0

|
|
.
|
'
V + =
|
|
|
.
|
'
r x
r
1
r Curl
r
1
r
r
Curl
3 3 3
Page 70 of 72
|
|
|
.
|
'
+ = r x
r
r
r
3
) 0 (
r
1
4 3

= 0 0
= 0
42. If

a is a constant vector prove the following

=
0 a ) r . a ( Curl ) i
) a x r ( 3 )} r x a ( x r { Curl ) ii

=

+ = r ) a . r ( nr a r ) 2 n ( )} r x a ( r { Curl ) iii
2 n n n
Suggested answer:

V + = a x ) r . a ( a Curl ) r . a ( } a ) r . a {( Curl ) i

= V + = a ) r . a ( a x a 0 ) r . a (

+ = 0 0
= 0
ii) } r ) a . r ( a ) r . r {( Curl )} r x a ( x r { Curl

=
} r ) a . r {( Curl } a ) r . r {( Curl

=

V + = r x ) a . r ( a x ) r . r ( a Curl ) r . r (
Page 71 of 72

+ = r x a 0 ) a . r ( a x
r
r
r 2 0

+ = a x r ) a x r ( 2
) a x r ( 3

=
iii) ) r x a ( x r ) r x a ( Curl r )} r x a ( r { Curl
n n n

V + =
) r x a ( x
r
r
nr ) r x a ( Curl r
1 n n

+ =
} r ) a . r ( a ) r . r {( nr ) r x a ( Curl r
2 n n

+ =
) 1 ...( r ) a . r ( nr a nr ) r x a ( Curl r
2 n n n

+ =
Consider ) x a y a ( k ) z a x a ( j ) y a z a ( i
z y x
a a a
k j i
) r x a (
2 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 1
+ + = =
. . .
. . .

. . .

=

c
c
c
c
c
c
= a 2
x a y a z a x a y a z a
z y x
k j i
) r x a ( Curl
2 1 1 3 3 2
) 1 ( in

+ = r ) a . r ( nr a nr a r 2 )} r x a ( r { Curl
2 n n n n

+ = r ) a . r ( nr a r ) 2 n (
2 n n
Page 72 of 72

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Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

the work done is F . AB

Equation of a plane : is of the form

) curve the describes r of int po al min ter the

is called the gradient of denoted by . | V |

. a along derivative l directiona the called is a

) curve the describes r of int po al min ter the

is called the gradient of denoted by . | V |

. a along derivative l directiona the called is a

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

09. A particle moves along the curve x = t

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

Engineering Mathematics - II - Vector Calculus - 2007

25. Prove that

Equation the tangent plane is 4(x - 2) + (-1)(y + 2)(-1)(z - 5) = 0

is both solenoidal and irrotational.

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