Animal welfare

1
Animal welfare
A four-week-old puppy, found alongside a road
after flooding in West Virginia, is fed at an
Emergency Animal Rescue Service shelter in the
Twin Falls State Park.
Animal welfare is the physical and psychological well-being of
animals.
[1]
It is measured by indicators including behaviour,
physiology, longevity, and reproduction.
[2]
The term animal welfare can also mean human concern for animal
welfare or a position in a debate on animal ethics and animal rights.
[3]
This position is measured by attitudes to different types of animal
uses.
[4]
Systematic concern for animal welfare can be based on awareness that
non-human animals are sentient and that consideration should be given
to their well-being, especially when they are used by humans.
[5]
These
concerns can include how animals are killed for food, how they are
used for scientific research, how they are kept as pets, and how human
activities affect the survival of endangered species.
An ancient object of concern in some civilizations, animal welfare began to take a larger place in Western public
policy in 19th-century Britain. Today it is a significant focus of interest or activity in veterinary science, in ethics,
and in animal welfare organizations.
There are two forms of criticism of the concept of animal welfare, coming from diametrically opposite positions.
One view, dating back centuries, asserts that animals are not consciously aware and hence are unable to experience
poor welfare. The other view is based on the animal rights position that animals should not be regarded as property
and any use of animals by humans is unacceptable. Some authorities thus treat animal welfare and animal rights as
two opposing positions.
[3]
Accordingly, some animal right proponents argue that the perception of better animal
welfare facilitates continued and increased exploitation of animals.
[6][7]
Others see the increasing concern for animal
welfare as incremental steps towards animal rights.
Definitions
In animal ethics, the term animal welfare often means animal welfarism.
In Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, animal welfare is defined as "the avoidance of abuse and
exploitation of animals by humans by maintaining appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and general
care, the prevention and treatment of disease and the assurance of freedom from harassment, and unnecessary
discomfort and pain."
[8]
Donald Broom defines the welfare of an animal as "its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. This
state includes how much it is having to do to cope, the extent to which it is succeeding in or failing to cope, and its
associated feelings." He states that "Welfare will vary over a continuum from very good to very poor and studies of
welfare will be most effective if a wide range of measures is used."
[9]
Yew-Kwang Ng defines animal welfare in terms of welfare economics: "Welfare biology is the study of living things
and their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net happiness, or enjoyment minus suffering). Despite
difficulties of ascertaining and measuring welfare and relevancy to normative issues, welfare biology is a positive
science."
[10]
Animal welfare
2
Animal welfarism
Animal welfarism, also known simply as welfarism or animal welfare,
[11][12]
is the position that it is morally
acceptable for humans to use non-human animals, provided that adverse effects on animal welfare are minimized as
far as possible, short of not using the animals at all. An example of welfarist thought is Hugh
Fearnley-Whittingstall's meat manifesto.
[13]
Point three of eight is:
Think about the animals that the meat you eat comes from. Are you at all concerned about how they
have been treated? Have they lived well? Have they been fed on safe, appropriate foods? Have they been
cared for by someone who respects them and enjoys contact with them? Would you like to be sure of
that? Perhaps it's time to find out a bit more about where the meat you eat comes from. Or to buy from a
source that reassures you about these points.
[13]
Robert Garner describes the welfarist position as the most widely-held in modern society.
[11]
He states that one of
the best attempts to clarify this position is given by Robert Nozick:
[14]
Consider the following (too minimal) position about the treatment of animals. So that we can easily refer
to it, let us label this position "utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people." It says: (1) maximize
the total happiness of all living beings; (2) place stringent side constraints on what one may do to human
beings. Human beings may not be used or sacrificed for the benefit of others; animals may be used or
sacrificed for the benefit of other people or animals only if those benefits are greater than the loss
inflicted.
[15]
Welfarism is often contrasted with the animal rights and animal liberation positions, which hold that animals should
not be used by humans, and should not be regarded as their property.
[16]
However, it has been argued that both
welfarism and animal liberation only make sense if you assume that animals have "subjective welfare".
[17]
There is
some evidence that the observed difference between human belief in animal welfare and animal rights originates
from two distinct attitudes towards animals:
[18]
1. 1. Attitudes towards suffering; and
2. 2. Reverence for animals.
Motivation
Motivations to improve the welfare of animals may stem from many factors including sympathy, empathy, utility,
[19]
genes (inherited traits), and memes (cultural factors).
[20]
Motivations can be based on self-interest. For example,
animal producers might improve welfare in order to meet consumer demand for products from high welfare systems.
Typically, stronger concern is given to animals that are useful to humans (farm animals, pets etc.) than those that are
not (pests, wild animals etc.). The different level of sentience that various species possess, or the perception of such
differences, also create a shifting level of concern. Somewhat related to this is size, with larger animals being
favored.
There is some evidence to suggest that empathy is an inherited trait (genetic needs). Multiple studies have found
women have greater concern for animals than men,
[21][22]
possibly the result of it being an evolutionarily beneficial
trait in societies where women take care of domesticated animals while men hunt. Interestingly, more women have
animal phobias than men. But animal phobias are at least partly genetically determined, and this indicates that
attitudes towards animals have a genetic component. Also, children exhibit empathy for animals at a very early age,
when external influences cannot be an adequate explanation.
[23]
Laws punishing cruelty to animals tend to not just be based on welfare concerns but the belief that such behavior has
repercussions toward the treatment of other humans by the animal abusers. Another argument against animal cruelty
is based on aesthetics. Within the context of animal research, many scientific organisations believe that improved
animal welfare will provide improved scientific outcomes. If an animal in a laboratory is suffering stress or pain it
could negatively affect the results of the research.
[24]
Animal welfare
3
Cultural factors that affect people's concern for animal welfare include affluence, education, tradition, religious
beliefs, and political ideology.
[25]
Increased affluence in many regions for the past few decades afforded consumers
the disposable income to purchase products from high welfare systems.
[26]
The adaptation of more economically
efficient farming systems in these regions were at the expense of animal welfare and to the financial benefit of
consumers, both of which were factors in driving the demand for higher welfare for farm animals. A 2006 survey
concluded that a majority (63%) of EU citizens "show some willingness to change their usual place of shopping in
order to be able to purchase more animal welfare-friendly products."
[27]
Interest in animal welfare continues to grow, with increasing attention being paid to it by the media, governmental
and non-governmental organizations.
[28]
The volume of scientific research on animal welfare has also increased
significantly in some countries.
[29]
History, principles, practice
By the 21st century, promoting the interests of
animals was mainstream and widespread. This
German stamp uses the polar bear Knut to
advocate for environmental responsibility.
Systematic concern for the well-being of other animals probably arose
in the Indus Valley Civilization as the religious ancestors return in
animal form, and that animals must therefore be killed with the respect
due to a human. This belief is exemplified in the existing religion,
Jainism, and in varieties of other Indian religions. Other religions,
specially those with roots in the Abrahamic religions, treat animals as
the property of their owners, codifying rules for their care and
slaughter intended to limit the distress, pain and fear animals
experience under human control.
From the outset in 1822, when British MP Richard Martin shepherded
a bill through Parliament offering protection from cruelty to cattle,
horses, and sheep (earning himself the nickname Humanity Dick), the welfare approach has had human morality, and
humane behaviour, at its central concern. Martin was among the founders of the world's first animal welfare
organization, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or SPCA, in 1824. In 1840, Queen Victoria gave
the society her blessing, and it became the RSPCA. The society used members' donations to employ a growing
network of inspectors, whose job was to identify abusers, gather evidence, and report them to the authorities.
But significant progress in animal welfare did not take place until the late 20th century.
[30]
In 1965, the UK
government commissioned an investigationled by Professor Roger Brambellinto the welfare of intensively
farmed animals, partly in response to concerns raised in Ruth Harrison's 1964 book, Animal Machines. On the basis
of Professor Brambell's report, the UK government set up the Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee in 1967,
which became the Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1979. The committee's first guidelines recommended that
animals require the freedoms to "stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs". The
guidelines have since been elaborated to become known as the five freedoms:
[31]
Freedom from thirst and hunger by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour.
Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting
area.
Freedom from pain, injury, and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Freedom to express normal behavior by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the
animal's own kind.
Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.
A number of animal welfare organisations are campaigning to achieve a Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
(UDAW) at the United Nations. In principle, the Universal Declaration will call on the United Nations to recognise
animals as sentient beings, capable of experiencing pain and suffering, and to recognise that animal welfare is an
Animal welfare
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issue of importance as part of the social development of nations worldwide. The campaign to achieve the UDAW is
being co-ordinated by the World Society for the Protection of Animals, with a core working group including
Compassion in World Farming, the RSPCA, and the Humane Society International (the international branch of
HSUS).
[32]
Farm animals
- Egg laying hens (chickens) in a factory farm battery cage (above) can be
contrasted with free range chickens (below) who are given space to roam and a shelter for shade. Concern for farm
animals is mainly focused on factory farming, where farm animals are raised in confinement at high stocking
density. Issues revolve around the limiting of natural behavior in animals (see battery cage, veal and gestation crate),
and invasive procedures such as debeaking and mulesing. Other issues include methods of animal slaughter,
especially ritual slaughter.
While the killing of animals need not necessarily involve suffering, the general public considers killing an animal an
act that reduces its welfare.
[33]
This leads to concerns with premature slaughtering, such as the chick culling. This
applies in a lesser extent to all food animals.
Animal welfare science is an emerging field that seeks to answer questions raised by the use of animals, such as
whether hens are frustrated when confined in cages, or whether the psychological well-being of animals in
laboratories can be maintained.
[34]
Welfare laws
United States
In the United States, a federal law called the Humane Slaughter Act (P.L. 85-765; 7 U.S.C.1901
[35]
et seq.) was
designed to decrease suffering of livestock during slaughter.
[36]
The Georgia Animal Protection Act of 1986, was a state law enacted in response to the inhumane treatment of
companion animals by a pet store chain in Atlanta.
[37]
The Act provided for the licensing and regulation of pet shops,
stables, kennels, and animal shelters, and established, for the first time, minimum standards of care. Additional
provisions, called the Humane Euthanasia Act were added in 1990.
[38]
The law was further expanded and
strengthened with the Animal Protection Act of 2000.
[39]
On November 5, 2002, Florida voters passed Amendment 10, an amendment to the Florida Constitution banning the
confinement of pregnant pigs in gestation crates. The Amendment passed by a margin of 55% for and 45%
against.
[40]
On November 7, 2006, Arizona voters passed Proposition 204 with 62% support. The measure prohibits
Animal welfare
5
the confinement of calves in veal crates and breeding sows in gestation crates. On June 28, 2007, Oregon Governor
Ted Kulongoski signed a measure into law prohibiting the confinement of pigs in gestation crates (SB 694, 74th Leg.
Assembly, Regular Session).
[41]
On May 14, 2008, Colorado Governor Bill Ritter signed into law a bill, SB 201, that
phases out gestation crates and veal crates.
[42][43]
Also during 2008, California passed Proposition 2, known as the
"Prevention of Farm Animal Cruelty Act", which orders new space requirements for farm animals starting in 2015.
European Union
Legislation in the European Union aims to reduce animal suffering during slaughter.
[44]
Germany, Sweden, and Austria have all banned battery cages for egg-laying hens. European Union Council
Directive 1999/74/EC came into act on January 1, 2012, meaning that conventional battery cages for laying hens are
now banned across the Union.
Laboratory animals
The use of animals in scientific, medical, and
business laboratories remains controversial.
Animal welfare advocates push for minimum
standards to ensure the health and safety of those
animals used for tests.
In the US, every institution that uses vertebrate animals for federally
funded laboratory research must have an Institutional Animal Care and
Use Committee (IACUC).
[45]
Each local IACUC reviews research
protocols and conducts evaluations of the institution's animal care and
use which includes the results of inspections of facilities that are
required by law. the IACUC committee must assess the steps taken to
"enhance animal well-being" before research can take place. This
includes research on farm animals.
[46]
According to the National
Institutes of Health Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, researchers
must try to minimize distress in animals whenever possible: "Animals
used in research and testing may experience pain from induced
diseases, procedures, and toxicity. The Public Health Service (PHS)
Policy and Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs) state that procedures
that cause more than momentary or slight pain or distress should be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia,
or anesthesia. However, research and testing studies sometimes involve pain that cannot be relieved with such agents
because they would interfere with the scientific objectives of the study. Accordingly, federal regulations require that
IACUCs determine that discomfort to animals will be limited to that which is unavoidable for the conduct of
scientifically valuable research, and that unrelieved pain and distress will only continue for the duration necessary to
accomplish the scientific objectives. The PHS Policy and AWRs further state that animals that would otherwise
suffer severe or chronic pain and distress that cannot be relieved should be painlessly killed at the end of the
procedure, or if appropriate, during the procedure."
[46]
The National Research Council's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals also serves as a guide to
improve welfare for animals used in research in the US.
[47]
The Federation of Animal Science Societies' Guide for
the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching is a resource addressing welfare concerns in
farm animal research.
[48]
Laboratory animals in the US are also protected under the Animal Welfare Act. The United
States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) enforces the Animal Welfare
Act. APHIS inspects animal research facilities regularly and reports are published online.
[49]
In the UK, every individual conducting research, every animal research facility, and every project involving animals
must be licensed by the Government Home Office.
[50]
Those applying for a license must explain why such research
cannot be done through non-animal methods. The project must also pass an ethical review panel which aims to
decide if the potential benefits outweigh any suffering for the animals involved.
Other welfare issues includes the quality of animal sources and housing conditions.
Animal welfare
6
Criticisms
American philosopher Tom Regan is an animal
rights advocate who has criticized the animal
welfare movement for not going far enough to
protect animals' interests.
At one time, many people denied that animals could feel anything, and
thus the concept of animal welfare was meaningless. For example,
many Cartesians were of this opinion. Descartes wrote that animals act
"without consciousness", much like a machine.
[51]
In addition, there
are accounts of Descartes visiting slaughter houses to observe how
animals died. Believing that the animals were devoid of sentience,
Descartes thought the death throes of animals was akin to "taking apart
a spring-driven clock". In the Discourse, published in 1637, Descartes
wrote that the ability to reason and use language involves being able to
respond in complex ways to all the "contingencies of life", something
that animals "clearly cannot do". He argued from this that any sounds
animals make do not constitute language, but are simply "automatic
responses to external stimuli".
[52]
Animal rights advocates, such as Gary L. Francione and Tom Regan,
argue that the animal welfare position (advocating for the betterment of
the condition of animals, but without abolishing animal use) is
inconsistent in logic and ethically unacceptable. However, there are
some animal rights groups, such as PETA, which support animal welfare measures in the short term to alleviate
animal suffering until all animal use is ended. According to PETA's Ingrid Newkirk in an interview with Wikinews,
there are two issues in animal welfare and animal rights. "If I only could have one thing, it would be to end
suffering," said Newkirk. "If you could take things from animals and kill animals all day long without causing them
suffering, then I would take it...Everybody should be able to agree that animals should not suffer if you kill them or
steal from them by taking the fur off their backs or take their eggs, whatever. But you shouldn't put them through
torture to do that."
[53]
Abolitionism (animal rights) holds that focusing on animal welfare not only fails to challenge animal suffering, but
may actually prolong it by making the exercise of property rights over animals appear less unattractive. The
abolitionists' objective is to secure a moral and legal paradigm shift, whereby animals are no longer regarded as
property.
Animal welfare organizations
Global
The WSPA was founded in 1981 to fight animal
cruelty.
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): The
intergovernmental organisation responsible for improving animal
health worldwide. The OIE has been established "for the purpose of
projects of international public utility relating to the control of animal
diseases, including those affecting humans and the promotion of
animal welfare and animal production food safety".
[54]
World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA): Tackles animal cruelty across the globe. WSPAs objectives
include; helping people understand the critical importance of good animal welfare, encouraging nations to commit to
animal-friendly practices and building the scientific case for the better treatment of animals. They are global in a
sense that they have consultative status at the Council of Europe and collaborate with national governments, the
United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the world Organization for Animal Health.
[55]
Animal welfare
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Canada
There are many organizations in Canada to help with the protection of animal welfare. They include all kinds of
animals including, wildlife, livestock, companion animals, and exotic/zoo animals. In Canada most organizations are
non-government Animal Welfare organizations and are heavily reliable on donations.
Non-government organizations
National Farm Animal Care Council: Their objectives are to facilitate collaboration among all members with
respect to farm animal care issues, to facilitate information sharing and communication and to monitor trends and
initiatives in both the domestic and international market place
[56]
Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS): The only national organization representing human societies
and SPCAs in Canada. They provide leadership on animal welfare issues and spread the message across Canada.
[56]
The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: Brings in veterinary involvement of Animal Welfare. Their
objective is to share this concern of animals with all members of the profession, with the general public, with
government at all levels and with other organizations such as the CFHS, which have similar concerns.
[56]
Canadian Council on Animal Care: The national organization responsible for overseeing the care and use of
animals involved in Canadian Science.
[56]
National Office of Animal Health A British organisation that represents its members drawn from the animal
medicines industry.
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[2] [2] Phillips 2009. pp 1-12.
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[52] Descartes, Ren. Discourse on the Method. First published 1637, cited in Cottingham, John. "Descartes, Ren" in Honderich, Ted. (ed.) The
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Animal welfare
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External links
Animal Welfare Index: JM Welfare Index (http:/ / jmeng. goodeasy. info/
AnimalWelfareIndexAnimalRightsIndex/ )
Careers Helping Animals (http:/ / www. humanesocietyuniversity. org/ careers/ working_from_the_heart/ intro/
career_helping_animals. html?expandable=2#ANIMAL_WELFAREPROTECTION)
The Animal Welfare Science Centre (http:/ / www. animalwelfare. net. au)
Chesley V. Morton v. Georgia Department of Agriculture and Tommy Irvin in his Official Capacity as
Commissioner (http:/ / www. kittyvillage. com/ morton_v_irvin. pdf)
Humane Education Past, Present, and Future (http:/ / www. hsus. org/ web-files/ PDF/ hsp/ soa_ii_chap03. pdf)
from The State of the Animals II: 2003 (http:/ / www. hsus. org/ press_and_publications/ humane_bookshelf/
the_state_of_the_animals_ii_2003. html)
Farm Animal Welfare: Philosophical Aspects (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1SQl7Ao3mHoC&
pg=PA356) from the Encyclopedia of Animal Science
Article Sources and Contributors
10
Article Sources and Contributors
Animal welfare Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=524248516 Contributors: (, 23dx5assd, 5 albert square, 7george7, A.k.abrams, ARAWS, AWSC, Accounting4Taste,
AcesOfClubs, Adhib, Aircorn, Akarthiks, Akhran, Alan Liefting, Alex1011, All Worlds, Allen3, Alyeska, Andries, Animalresearcher, Armaghanje, Auror, Barticus88, Bayerischermann, Beland,
Bethgranter, Bhadani, Bhuston, Bob98133, Boing! said Zebedee, BoomerAB, Borreby, BuckwikiPDa535, Buddy13, Burlywood, Byelf2007, C mon, Capricorn42, Cash4nowt, Cassy82,
Cathead7, Ciar, CiaranG, Comte0, Conb123, CottageDream, Creativekiwi, DCkevin, DSush12, Dariusz Szwed, David Shankbone, DavidLevinson, DavidYork71, Dawn Bard, Deeptrivia, Diego
Vara, Dingar, Discospinster, Dodo bird, Download, DrChrissy, Dspcagillian, Dspradau, Duncharris, EWHRDIII, Edward321, Electricmuffin11, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Epskionline, Eunicenah,
Fanatix, Fantastic4boy, Faradayplank, Fastily, FelineAvenger, Fieldday-sunday, Figgisfiggisfiggis, Fryed-peach, FuelWagon, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Gaygaygay3, Gloriamarie, Green Squares,
GsusMaiKing, Gulbenk, GuyWithGlasses23, Hall Monitor, Hashemi1971, Hayduke2000, Hdt83, Health animal, Hede2000, Henry Flower, HexaChord, Hu12, Idleguy, Indon, Ivantegreat, Jack
Merridew, JayC, JayFC 91, Jeff G., Joanna890, JoergenB, John, Johnand thegolden, Joostvandeputte, Joseph Solis in Australia, Juanchm, Jusdafax, Jvbishop, Kablammo, Kbthompson, Kellen`,
Kglavin, Kilo-Lima, Kinu, Kissekatt, Koavf, L Kensington, Larryroeder, Lecochonbleu, Lematilde, Lkinkade, London prophet, Losuhh, Lotje, Lumos3, Lupinelawyer, Lurch23, Lpton, MER-C,
Madelinems, MakeRocketGoNow, Marek69, Mark91, Mbjp65, Michaelc111, Microcell, MikeAllen, MikeHobday, Mirrormundo, Misssunshine, Modernist, MrOllie, Mtd2006, NawlinWiki,
Neurolysis, Nexbee, Niceguyedc, Nirvana2013, Nitramrekcap, Northamerica1000, Nothingofwater, Nrets, NuclearWarfare, Oda Mari, OldakQuill, OllieFury, Onco p53, Otashiro, Otolemur
crassicaudatus, Owain.davies, PDH, Pabbles, Paulinepau, PennyLane12, Polentario, Publunch, Pvosta, R. fiend, Randallbock, Raskolnikov 101, Rhobite, Richard D. LeCour, Richerman, RickK,
Rjay62, Rjwilmsi, Rklawton, Robert Daoust, RobertPlamondon, Rockpocket, Rosemaryamey, Rrburke, Ryulong, Sam Li, Sammetsfan, Sannab, Satori Son, Schmidi9, Scuiqui fox, Shadowjams,
ShelfSkewed, Shibboleth, Shonali, Sir Paul, SirIsaacBrock, SlimVirgin, Ssilvers, StephanieShannon, Steven Walling, Stor stark7, Sue Wallace, Susanfleur, Sztybel, Tabbycas, Tacu, Temuler,
Texture, The Anome, The Librarian, The Thing That Should Not Be, TimMony, Trilobitealive, Tryptofish, Turn685, UtherSRG, Verbal, Violetriga, Viriditas, W guice, WJetChao, Walden,
Wavelength, Wayland, Whistling42, Wi-king, Wideangle, WikHead, Wizardman, Wspa, Yahel Guhan, Yaminator, Yaris678, Youdontownwiki, ZooPro, 378 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:FEMA - 3634 - Photograph by Leif Skoogfors taken on 07-21-2001 in West Virginia.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FEMA_-_3634_-_Photograph_by_Leif_Skoogfors_taken_on_07-21-2001_in_West_Virginia.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Martin H.
File:Knut Briefmarke 2008.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Knut_Briefmarke_2008.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Deutsche Bundespost
Image:Animal Abuse Battery Cage 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: MyName
(Ethelred)
Image:Chickens seeking shade.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chickens_seeking_shade.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors:
Geoffrey McKim from Bloomington, IN, USA
File:Lab animal care.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lab_animal_care.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lawrencia E, Trelio
File:TomRegan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TomRegan.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Rainer Ebert
File:World Society for the Protection of Animals Logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Animals_Logo.svg License:
Trademarked Contributors: World Society for the Protection of Animals
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/