u.S.

8ebalanclng SLraLegy and AusLralla's 8esponse:

8uslness As usual
Carlyle A. 1hayer


*


*

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:
U.S. keba|anc|ng Strategy and Austra||a's kesponse:
8us|ness as Usua|
Car|y|e A. 1hayer
*

Introduct|on
1hls paper focuses on AusLralla's response Lo resldenL Cbama's pollcy of rebalanclng
Lhe unlLed SLaLes Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc 8eglon. 1he cenLral argumenL of Lhls paper ls LhaL
AusLralla gave lLs lmmedlaLe supporL Lo Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon's sLraLegy of
rebalanclng because lL ls ln AusLralla's naLlonal lnLeresL Lo keep Lhe unlLed SLaLes
engaged ln Lhe Asla-aclflc and because u.S. engagemenL conLrlbuLes Lo AusLralla's
securlLy.
1he u.S.-AusLralla alllance predaLes Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy by slxLy years. 1he alllance
has evolved overLlme lnLo a broad-based and deep pollLlcal, dlplomaLlc, economlc,
culLural and defence relaLlonshlp. ln oLher words, Lhe u.S. sLraLegy of rebalanclng
represenLed 'buslness as usual' from an AusLrallan perspecLlve. Accordlng Lo a former
AusLrallan ueparLmenL of uefence uepuLy SecreLary for SLraLegy, 'Lhe unlLed SLaLes'
rebalance Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc has been more promlnenL ln AusLralla ln Lhe form of plans
Lo expand defence cooperaLlon beLween Lhe Lwo counLrles under an already close
alllance relaLlonshlp.'
1

1hls paper ls dlvlded lnLo flve parLs and a concluslon. arL 1 dlscusses Lhe purposes of
Lhe u.S.-AusLralla alllance, Lhe beneflLs LhaL AusLralla derlves from lL and Lhe expandlng
geographlc scope of Lhe alllance. arL 2 conslders new dlrecLlons ln u.S.-AusLralla
defence cooperaLlon under Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy. arL 3 Lraces Lhe Cbama's
AdmlnlsLraLlon's engagemenL wlLh SouLheasL Asla, a reglon of vlLal naLlon securlLy and
defence concern Lo AusLralla, prlor Lo Lhe adopLlon of Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy. arL 4
revlews u.S. bllaLeral engagemenL wlLh Lhe sLaLes of SouLheasL Asla under Lhe
rebalanclng sLraLegy. arL 3 provldes an overvlew of u.S. engagemenL wlLh mulLllaLeral
securlLy lnsLlLuLlon ln Lhe Asla-aclflc under Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy.
art 1 U.S.-Austra||a A|||ance
AusLralla's alllance wlLh Lhe unlLed SLaLes ls based on a LreaLy slgned on SepLember 1,
1931. 1hls documenL ls formally LlLled Lhe SecurlLy 1reaLy 8eLween AusLralla, new
Zealand and Lhe unlLed SLaLes of Amerlca buL ls more wldely referred Lo as Lhe AnZuS
1reaLy. 1he operaLlve clauses of Lhls LreaLy sLaLe:

*
LmerlLus rofessor, 1he unlverslLy of new SouLh Wales aL Lhe AusLrallan uefence lorce Academy,
Canberra. Lmall: c.Lhayer[adfa.edu.au.
1
eLer !ennlngs, '1he u.S. 8ebalance Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc: An AusLrallan erspecLlve,' 8oundLable 8eglonal
erspecLlves on u.S. SLraLeglc 8ebalanclng, Aslo lollcy, no. 13, !anuary 2013, 38.
N
ArLlcle lv
Lach arLy recognlzes LhaL an armed aLLack ln Lhe aclflc Area on any of Lhe arLles would
be dangerous Lo lLs own peace and safeLy and declares LhaL lL would acL Lo meeL Lhe
common danger ln accordance wlLh lLs consLlLuLlonal processes.
Any such armed aLLack and all measures Laken as a resulL Lhereof shall be lmmedlaLely
reporLed Lo Lhe SecurlLy Councll of Lhe unlLed naLlons. Such measures shall be LermlnaLed
when Lhe SecurlLy Councll has Laken Lhe measures necessary Lo resLore and malnLaln
lnLernaLlonal peace and securlLy.
ArLlcle v
lor Lhe purpose of ArLlcle lv, an armed aLLack on any of Lhe arLles ls deemed Lo lnclude an
armed aLLack on Lhe meLropollLan LerrlLory of any of Lhe arLles, or on Lhe lsland LerrlLorles
under lLs [urlsdlcLlon ln Lhe aclflc or on lLs armed forces, publlc vessels or alrcrafL ln Lhe
aclflc.
AusLralla derlves aL leasL flve ma[or beneflLs from Lhe AnZuS 1reaLy:
2

1. SecurlLy guaranLee LhaL Lhe unlLed SLaLes would come Lo AusLralla's ald ln Lhe
evenL of a ma[or sLraLeglc LhreaL,
2. LxcepLlonal access Lo hlgh-level Amerlcan pollcy-makers on pollLlcal, dlplomaLlc
and mlllLary affalrs,
3. rlvlleged access Lo Lhe flndlngs, assessmenLs and evaluaLlons of Lhe Amerlcan
lnLelllgence agencles,
4. rlvlleged access Lo advanced sclence and Lechnology, especlally ln defence-
relaLed areas, and
3. Lconomlc beneflLs of speclal access Lo Lhe Amerlcan markeL under Lhe lree
1rade AgreemenL (whlch came lnLo force ln !anuary 2003).
ln SepLember 2011, rlme MlnlsLer !ohn Poward pald an offlclal vlslL Lo WashlngLon Lo
mark Lhe 30
Lh
annlversary of Lhe AnZuS 1reaLy. Pe was physlcally presenL ln WashlngLon
when Lhe LerrorlsL aLLacks on 1he enLagon and Lhe 1wln 1owers ln new ?ork ClLy Look
place. Cn reLurn Lo AusLralla rlme MlnlsLer Poward, wlLh supporL from Lhe CpposlLlon,
led Lhe arllamenL on SepLember 14, 2001 Lo formally lnvoke Lhe AnZuS 1reaLy for Lhe
flrsL Llme.
AusLralla became one of Lhe maln allles ln Lhe u.S.-led Clobal War on 1errorlsm. lL
dlspaLched mlllLary forces Lo AfghanlsLan ln 2001-02 and [olned Lhe unlLed SLaLes and
unlLed klngdom ln Lhe lraq War ln 2003. As hlsLorlan eLer Ldwards has noLed
AusLralla's defence emphasls shlfLed from 'defence of AusLralla' Lo Lhe 'defence of

2
eLer Ldwards, letmooeot ltleoJs? nlstotlcol keflectloos oo tbe Aosttolloo-Ametlcoo Alllooce, Lowy
lnsLlLuLe aper 08. Sydney: Lowy lnsLlLuLe for lnLernaLlonal ollcy, 2003, 3-4. AusLralla was deslgnaLed a
'ma[or non-nA1C ally' ln 1989 and recelved upgrades Lo research and developmenL beneflLs under 1lLle
10 (Armed lorces) of Lhe unlLed SLaLes Code. Concernlng polnL 4 Lhe unlLed klngdom and AusLralla are
Lhe only Lwo counLrles Lo have enLered lnLo a uefence 1rade CooperaLlon 1reaLy wlLh Lhe unlLed SLaLes.
M
AusLrallan lnLeresLs and values.'
Cn March 9, 2011, rlme MlnlsLer !ulla Clllard marked Lhe 60
Lh
annlversary of Lhe
AnZuS 1reaLy by formally addresslng Lhe u.S. Congress. She summed up AusLralla's vlew
of Lhe alllance ln Lhese words:
?ou have an ally ln AusLralla. An ally for war and peace. An ally for hardshlp and
prosperlLy. An ally for Lhe slxLy years pasL and AusLralla ls an ally for all Lhe years Lo
come. Ceography and hlsLory alone could never explaln Lhe sLrengLh of Lhe commlLmenL
beLween us. 8aLher, our values are shared and our people are frlends. 1hls ls Lhe hearL
of our alllance.
ln Lhe decades slnce [Lhe AnZuS 1reaLy was slgned], we have sLuck LogeLher. ln every
ma[or confllcL. lrom korea and vleLnam Lo Lhe confllcLs ln Lhe Culf. ?our darkesL days
slnce earl Parbour were Len years ago ln WashlngLon and new ?ork. And we were wlLh
you.
AusLralla wlll sLand flrm wlLh our ally Lhe unlLed SLaLes [ln AfghanlsLan]. Cur frlends
undersLand Lhls. Cur enemles undersLand Lhls Loo.
ln sum, Lhe AnZuS 1reaLy was expanded ln geographlc scope from 'Lhe aclflc Area' Lo a
global alllance. 1hls ls reflecLed ln Lhe [olnL communlques lssued afLer Lhe annual
AusLralla-unlLed SLaLes MlnlsLerlal ConsulLaLlons (AuSMln) LhaL conLaln a secLlon on
global lssues and challenges.
art 2 keba|anc|ng: 1he Un|ted States and Austra||a
lrom Lhe very sLarL of Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon lL was clear LhaL Lhe unlLed SLaLes was
golng Lo wlLhdraw from lraq, wlnd down lLs mlllLary presence ln AfghanlsLan, and focus
more on Lhe Asla-aclflc (see arLs 3 and 4 below). lrom AusLralla's perspecLlve, Lhe u.S.
pollcy of rebalanclng daLes from november 16-17, 2011 when resldenL Cbama vlslLed
AusLralla. Cn november 16, rlme MlnlsLer !ulla Clllard and resldenL Cbama
announced Lwo force posLure lnlLlaLlves - Lhe roLaLlonal deploymenL of u.S. Marlnes Lo
uarwln and norLhern AusLralla and closer cooperaLlon beLween Lhe 8oyal AusLrallan Alr
lorce and Lhe u.S. Alr lorce LhaL wlll resulL ln Lhe lncreased roLaLlon of u.S alrcrafL ln
norLhern AusLralla.
3
Cn november 17, resldenL Cbama gave an hlsLorlc address Lo a
[olnL slLLlng of Lhe AusLrallan arllamenL.
ln hls speech resldenL Cbama revealed LhaL hls AdmlnlsLraLlon had lnauguraLed a
revlew Lo ldenLlfy Lhe unlLed SLaLes' mosL lmporLanL sLraLeglc lnLeresLs Lo gulde defence
pollcy and spendlng ln Lhe nexL decade. Accordlng Lo resldenL Cbama:
As resldenL, l've Lherefore made a dellberaLe and sLraLeglc declslon - as a aclflc naLlon, Lhe
unlLed SLaLes wlll play a larger and long Lerm role ln shaplng Lhls reglon and lLs fuLure, by
upholdlng core prlnclples and ln close parLnershlp wlLh allles and frlends.

3
'rlme MlnlsLer Clllard and resldenL Cbama Announce lorce osLure lnlLlaLlves,' Cfflce of Lhe ress
SecreLary, 1he WhlLe Pouse, november 16, 2011.
O
As we end Loday's wars, l have dlrecLed my naLlonal securlLy Leam Lo make our presence and
mlsslon ln Lhe Asla aclflc a Lop prlorlLy. As a resulL of, reducLlon ln u.S. defence spendlng wlll
noL - l repeaL, wlll noL - come aL Lhe expense of Lhe Asla-aclflc.
4

1he word 'rebalance' was noL used ln Cbama's address. Powever ln !anuary 2012 Lhe
u.S. ueparLmenL of uefense lssued new sLraLeglc guldance LhaL formally ldenLlfled
teboloocloq as a key u.S. prlorlLy. Accordlng Lo 5ostololoq u.5. Clobol leoJetsblp.
ltlotltles fot tbe 21
st
ceototy (p. 2):
u.S. economlc and securlLy lnLeresLs are lnexLrlcably llnked Lo developmenLs ln Lhe arc
exLendlng from Lhe WesLern aclflc and LasL Asla lnLo Lhe lndlan Ccean reglon and SouLh
Asla, creaLlng a mlx of evolvlng challenges and opporLunlLles. Accordlngly, whlle Lhe u.S.
mlllLary wlll conLlnue Lo conLrlbuLe Lo securlLy globally, we wlll of oecesslty tebolooce towotJ
tbe Aslo-loclflc teqloo. Cur relaLlonshlps wlLh Aslan allles and key parLners are crlLlcal Lo Lhe
fuLure sLablllLy and growLh of Lhe reglon. We wlll emphaslze our exlsLlng alllances, whlch
provlde a vlLal foundaLlon for Asla-aclflc securlLy. We wlll also expand our neLworks of
cooperaLlon wlLh emerglng parLners LhroughouL Lhe Asla-aclflc Lo ensure collecLlve
capablllLy and capaclLy for securlng common lnLeresLs [emphasls ln orlglnal].
AusLralla's supporL for and commlLmenL Lo Lhe u.S. sLraLegy of rebalanclng can be
Lraced Lhrough Lhe annual AusLralla-unlLed SLaLes MlnlsLerlal ConsulLaLlons (AuSMln)
beLween Lhelr respecLlve forelgn mlnlsLer/secreLary of sLaLe and defence mlnlsLers.
1hese are revlewed below.
AUSMIN 2012D 1he flrsL mlnlsLerlal consulLaLlons Lo Lake place afLer Lhe formal
announcemenL of Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy Look place ln erLh, WesLern AusLralla on
november 14, 2012. ln Lhe very flrsL paragraph of Lhe cusLomary !olnL Communlque Lhe
mlnlsLers reafflrmed 'Lhe value Lhe AusLralla-unlLed SLaLes alllance ln helplng Lo shape
Lhe securlLy and prosperlLy of Lhe Asla aclflc, whlle also conLrlbuLlng Lo global securlLy,
good governance and Lhe rule of law.'
1he !olnL Communlque now referred Lo resldenL Cbama's speech Lo Lhe AusLrallan
arllamenL 'as parL of a rebalance Lo Lhe Asla aclflc.' lndeed Lhe very flrsL polnL ln Lhe
!olnL Communlque was headed 'roLecL and promoLe Asla aclflc SecurlLy.' 1hls secLlon
ldenLlfled eleven counLry-speclflc lnlLlaLlves LhaL Lhe u.S. and AusLralla would carry ouL,
lncludlng worklng wlLh !apan Lhrough Lhe 1rllaLeral SLraLeglc ulalogue and by
conducLlng LrllaLeral defence exerclses 'Lo enhance securlLy Lhrough alr, land and
marlLlme cooperaLlon.'
olnL Lwo of Lhe !olnL Communlque focused on supporL for reglonal dlalogue Lhrough
Lhe followlng mulLllaLeral mechanlsms: LasL Asla SummlL, AssoclaLlon of SouLheasL Aslan
naLlons 8eglonal lorum (ASLAn 8eglonal lorum or A8l) and Lhe ASLAn uefence
MlnlsLers' MeeLlng lus (AuMM lus). Speclflcally Lhe u.S. and AusLralla would supporL

4
8arack Cbama, '8emarks 8y resldenL Cbama Lo Lhe AusLrallan arllamenL, Canberra, november 17,
2011', 1he WhlLe Pouse, Cfflce of Lhe ress SecreLary. Cplnlon ln AusLralla was dlvlded abouL Lhe
message resldenL Cbama dellvered, some vlewed lL as an dlrecL challenge Lo Chlna whlle oLhers
welcomed Lhe speech as a u.S. commlLmenL Lo AusLralla's securlLy. See: !ennlngs, '1he u.S. 8ebalance Lo
Lhe Asla-aclflc: An AusLrallan erspecLlve,' 39-40.
P
efforLs by Lhe ASLAn and Chlna Lo develop a Code of ConducL ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea.
WlLh respecL of bllaLeral defence cooperaLlon, Lhree ma[or areas of cooperaLlon were
dlscussed. 1he flrsL concerned u.S. force posLure lnlLlaLlves agreed beLween rlme
MlnlsLer Clllard and resldenL Cbama ln november 2011. 1he !olnL Communlque
'welcomed Lhe success of Lhe flrsL roLaLlon of uS Marlne Corps personnel Lo norLhern
AusLralla, and looked forward Lo Lhe nexL roLaLlon ln 2013.' 1he roLaLlon of u.S. Marlnes
would be conducLed ln 'an lncremenLal and consldered manner.'
1he second area of cooperaLlon comprlsed 'enhanced alrcrafL cooperaLlon' Lhrough
norLhern AusLralla and 'poLenLlal opporLunlLles for addlLlonal naval cooperaLlon aL a
range of locaLlons, lncludlng PMAS 5tltlloq. Powever, Lhe !olnL Communlque noLed 'all
of Lhese areas of cooperaLlon would requlre subsLanLlal furLher sLudy and addlLlonal
declslons by boLh sldes.'
1he Lhlrd area of defence cooperaLlon focused on space. A Memorandum of
undersLandlng was slgned on Lhe relocaLlon and esLabllshmenL of a [olnLly-operaLed uS
C-8and space survelllance radar aL Lhe Parold L. PolL naval CommunlcaLlon SLaLlon ln
WesLern AusLralla ln 2014 and Lhe fuLure relocaLlon of a hlghly advanced u.S. Space
Survelllance 1elescope Lo AusLralla. 1hese new acLlvlLles were underLaken under Lhe
ausplces of Lhe Space SlLuaLlonal Awareness arLnershlp agreed Lo aL Lhe 2010 AuSMln.
1he mlnlsLers dlscussed Lhe posslble esLabllshmenL of a Comblned CommunlcaLlons
CaLeway ln WesLern AusLralla Lo provlde greaLer access Lo Lhe Wldeband Clobal
SaLelllLe communlcaLlons consLellaLlon under Lhe ausplces of Lhe MlllLary SaLelllLe
CommunlcaLlons arLnershlp SLaLemenL of rlnclples (2008).
ln addlLlon, Lhe mlnlsLers agreed Lo:
SLep up lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe uefence 1rade CooperaLlon 1reaLy Lo lncrease
cooperaLlon beLween u.S. and AusLrallan defence lndusLrles and 'enhance
lnLeroperablllLy on [olnL operaLlons and exerclses.'
ConsulL on Lhe developmenL of a phased adapLlve approach Lo balllsLlc mlsslle
defence and develop a more deLalled undersLandlng of reglonal balllsLlc mlsslle
LhreaLs
lncrease whole-of-governmenL parLlclpaLlon ln 1allsman Sabre exerclse wlLh Lhe
parLlclpaLlon of clvlllan agencles from boLh sldes.
3

AUSMIN 2013. 1he nexL AuSMln meeLlng was held ln WashlngLon, u.C. on november 20,
2013. 1he !olnL Communlque noLed LhaL Lhe unlLed SLaLes and AusLralla are commlLLed
Lo modernlzlng our Alllance by worklng LogeLher Lo supporL Lhe u.S. rebalanclng Lo Lhe
Asla-aclflc reglon.'
Cnce agaln Lhe mlnlsLers placed prlorlLy on u.S. force posLure lnlLlaLlves, Lhey slgned a
[olnL SLaLemenL of rlnclples relaLed Lo Lhe roLaLlonal presence of u.S. Marlnes ln

3
Lxerclse 1allsman Saber 2013 ls a blennlal comblned AusLrallan and unlLed SLaLes acLlvlLy, deslgned Lo
Lraln Lhe Lwo mlllLary forces ln plannlng and conducLlng Comblned 1ask lorce operaLlons Lo lmprove Lhe
combaL readlness and lnLeroperablllLy.
8
norLhern AusLralla. 1hey agreed LhaL Lhe roLaLlon of u.S. Marlnes would be conducLed
'ln a manner conslsLenL wlLh boLh counLrles' reglonal securlLy ob[ecLlves, lncludlng Lhe
common goal of lncreaslng pracLlcal cooperaLlon beLween AusLralla and Lhe unlLed
SLaLes and oLher reglonal counLrles.'
8oLh sldes agreed Lo work Lowards Lhe ob[ecLlve of roLaLlng a full Marlne Alr Cround
1ask lorce of 2,300 u.S. Marlne Corps personnel and equlpmenL, lncreased roLaLlons of
u.S. Alr lorce alrcrafL ln norLhern AusLralla, and Lo examlne fuLure opporLunlLles for
naval cooperaLlon. 1he mlnlsLers relLeraLed Lhelr 2012 commlLmenL 'Lo sLrengLhen and
regularlze whole-of-governmenL parLlclpaLlon' ln Lxerclse 1allsman Sabre wlLh a vlew Lo
underLake 'posL-confllcL sLablllzaLlon and reconsLrucLlon' and humanlLarlan asslsLance
and dlsasLer rellef mlsslons.
lurLher, Lhe mlnlsLers agreed:
Lo commence negoLlaLlons on a blndlng agreemenL Lo supporL fuLure defense cooperaLlon
lnvolvlng Lhe u.S. roLaLlonal presence ln norLhern AusLralla, lncludlng acLlvlLles such as: [olnL
and comblned Lralnlng, humanlLarlan asslsLance and dlsasLer rellef, and comblned exerclses
ln AusLrallan and mulLllaLeral engagemenL ln Lhe broader reglon.
1he mlnlsLers revlewed cooperaLlon ln space acLlvlLles hlghllghLed ln Lhe AuSMln 2012
!olnL Communlque and renewed Lhelr commlLmenL Lo relocaLe a u.S. C-8and space
survelllance radar Lo AusLralla ln 2014. 1he mlnlsLers also slgned a Memorandum of
undersLandlng governlng Lhe relocaLlon and [olnL operaLlon of a u.S. space survelllance
Lelescope scheduled Lo begln funcLlonlng ln 2016. 1he Lwo sldes pledged Lo compleLe
Lhe drafLlng of an lnLernaLlonal Code of ConducL for CuLer Space AcLlvlLles.
1he !olnL Communlque also Louched upon [olnL cooperaLlon ln deallng wlLh cyber and
balllsLlc mlsslle LhreaLs.
1he mlnlsLers also addressed mulLllaLeral cooperaLlon ln Lhe Asla-aclflc and lndlan
Ccean reglons. Speclal sLress was puL on enhanclng capaclLy Lo deal wlLh naLural
dlsasLers ln llghL of Lhe devasLaLlon lnfllcLed on Lhe hlllpplnes by 1yphoon Palyan.
1he Lwo sldes sLressed Lhe lmporLance of ASLAn's cenLral role ln promoLlng peace and
securlLy ln SouLheasL Asla and wlLh worklng wlLh lndonesla as a reglonal leader. 1he
mlnlsLers reafflrmed supporL for ASLAn's cenLrallLy ln Lhe ASLAn 8eglonal lorum,
AuMM lus, LasL Asla SummlL and Lhe newly creaLed Lxpanded ASLAn MarlLlme lorum.
And Lhe mlnlsLers once agaln encouraged ASLAn and Chlna 'Lo reach agreemenL on a
subsLanLlve and meanlngful Code of ConducL ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea as soon as
posslble.'
1he mlnlsLers reafflrmed Lhe lmporLance of deepenlng cooperaLlon wlLh !apan Lhrough
boLh Lhe 1rllaLeral SecurlLy ulalogue and Lhe SecurlLy and uefence CooperaLlon lorum.
6

AuSMln 2013 also reflecLed Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon's efforL Lo emphaslze Lhe non-

6
uefence offlclals from AusLralla, !apan and Lhe unlLed SLaLes held Lhelr flrsL LrllaLeral SecurlLy and
uefence CooperaLlon lorum ln 2007.
Q
defence relaLed aspecL of Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy. 1he !olnL Communlque sLressed Lhe
lmporLance of economlc developmenL and lnLegraLlon. lor example, Lhe mlnlsLers
pledged Lhelr supporL Lo 'ALC [Asla aclflc Lconomlc CooperaLlon] as Lhe premler
forum for advanclng Lrade llberallzaLlon and a key forum for advanclng economlc
lnLegraLlon across Lhe reglon. 1he mlnlsLers also reafflrmed 'Lhelr lnLenL Lo conclude a
hlgh-sLandard and comprehenslve 1rans-aclflc arLnershlp agreemenL ln 2013' as a
'poLenLlal paLhway Lo an evenLual lree 1rade Area of Lhe Asla aclflc.'
AUSMIN 2014. 1he mosL recenL AuSMln was held ln Sydney on AugusL 12, 2014. 1he
!olnL Communlque lssued afLer Lhe consulLaLlon hlghllghLed Lhe slgnlng of a legally
blndlng lorce osLure AgreemenL beLween Lhe unlLed SLaLes and AusLralla. 1he
agreemenL provldes a legal and pollcy framework and flnanclal prlnclples for Lhe
lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe roLaLlonal presence of u.S. mlllLary forces ln AusLralla. And,
accordlng Lo Lhe !olnL Communlque 'demonsLraLes Lhe unlLed SLaLes' sLrong
commlLmenL Lo Lhe Asla aclflc and lndlan Ccean reglons and AusLralla's flrm supporL
for Lhe uS rebalance.' AL Lhe Llme of Lhe 2014 AuSMln meeLlng AusLralla was hosLlng
Lhe Lhlrd roLaLlon of u.S. Marlne Corps personnel.
1he !olnL Communlque once agaln referred Lo on-golng dlscusslons for enhanced
alrcrafL cooperaLlon and 'Lhe poLenLlal for addlLlonal bllaLeral naval cooperaLlon'. lL was
noLed LhaL 'slgnlflcanL, wlde-ranglng serles of porL vlslLs' was planned for 2013. 1he
mlnlsLers Lask defence offlclals 'Lo develop pracLlcal opLlons Lo enhance naval Lralnlng ln
AusLralla and Lhe reglon.'
1he mlnlsLers also gave Lhelr approval for conLlnued cooperaLlon ln eleven speclflc
areas:
ConLlnued llnks beLween Lhelr speclal forces.
LsLabllshmenL of a [olnL worklng group 'Lo examlne poLenLlal AusLrallan
conLrlbuLlons Lo balllsLlc mlsslle defence ln Lhe reglon.'
ConLlnued sLraLeglc plannlng Lo develop common approaches Lo reglonal securlLy
challenges.
Lndorsed clvlllan parLlclpaLlon ln Lxerclse 1allsman Sabre Lo sLrengLhen capaclLy Lo
dellver humanlLarlan asslsLance and dlsasLer rellef and Lo lncorporaLe 'women,
peace and securlLy ob[ecLlves lnLo our comblned plannlng.'
racLlcal comblned operaLlons Lo enhance space survelllance and compleLlng a drafL
lnLernaLlonal Code of ConducL for CuLer Space AcLlvlLles.
CooperaLlon ln defence sclence and Lechnology lncludlng cyber, elecLronlc warfare,
hypersonlcs, lnLegraLed lnLelllgence, survelllance and reconnalssance Lechnologles.
ConLlnued defence lndusLry cooperaLlon Lo ensure lnLeroperablllLy.
Adherence Lo lnLernaLlonal law governlng sLaLe conducL ln cyberspace.
8llaLeral Lrade and lnvesLmenL leadlng Lo deepened economlc lnLegraLlon.
eople-Lo-people Lles such as Lhe AusLrallan-Amerlcan lulbrlghL Commlsslon.
lnnovaLlon cooperaLlon ln energy, sclence, Lechnology and healLh.
1he !olnL Communlque addressed Lhe llnkages beLween Lhe Asla aclflc and lndlan
R
Cceans covered ln earller AuSMln [olnL communlques. AusLralla 'expressed supporL for
Lhe unlLed SLaLes' role ln underplnnlng Lhe reglons' securlLy, sLablllLy and prosperlLy.'
Cnce agaln mlnlsLers addressed Lhe non-mlllLary aspecLs of Lhe unlLed SLaLes'
rebalanclng sLraLegy by recognlslng Lhe lmporLance of reglonal economlc developmenL
and lnLegraLlon Lhrough compleLlon of Lhe 1rans-aclflc arLnershlp and supporL for
ALC.
WlLh respecL Lo Lhe reglon's securlLy archlLecLure, Lhe mlnlsLers once agaln sLaLed Lhelr
vlew LhaL Lhe LasL Asla SummlL was 'Lhe premler reglonal forum for dlalogue and
cooperaLlon on Lhe pollLlcal, securlLy, sLraLeglc and relevanL economlc challenges
confronLlng Lhe Asla aclflc and lndlan Ccean reglons.'
1he mlnlsLers welcomed Lhe consLrucLlve role played by Lhe ASLAn 8eglonal lorum and
AuMM lus. 1hey pledged Lo 'bulld confldence Lhrough marlLlme securlLy and marlLlme
domaln awareness, non-prollferaLlon and dlsarmamenL, humanlLarlan asslsLance and
dlsasLer rellef, counLer-Lerrorlsm, space and cyber securlLy. 1he mlnlsLers volced
supporL for lncreased cooperaLlon beLween Lhe A8l and AuMM lus 'Lo develop a
reglonal sLraLeglc mulLl-year exerclse plan Lo coordlnaLe and lmprove Lhe effecLlveness
of humanlLarlan asslsLance and dlsasLer rellef acLlvlLles. And Lhe mlnlsLers reafflrmed
Lhelr supporL for Lhe Lxpanded ASLAn MarlLlme lorum as an lmporLanL reglonal forum
for dlscusslon of marlLlme lssues.
Clven Lhe splke ln reglonal Lenslons ln 2014, Lhe !olnL Communlque devoLed Lwo
paragraphs Lo Lenslons ln Lhe LasL and SouLh Chlna Seas. 1hey called for 'respecL for
lnLernaLlonal law, unlmpeded lawful commerce, and upholdlng freedom of navlgaLlon
and overfllghL.' 1he mlnlsLers called on clalmanL sLaLes 'Lo refraln from acLlons LhaL
could lncrease Lenslons and Lo clarlfy and Lo pursue clalms ln accordance wlLh
lnLernaLlonal law.' 1he mlnlsLers also called on clalmanLs Lo effecLlve lmplemenL Lhe
ueclaraLlon on ConducL of arLles ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea by clarlfylng 'whaL Lypes of
acLlvlLles should be permlsslble, and whaL Lypes of acLlvlLles should be avolded ln areas
LhaL are ln dlspuLe.'
1he mlnlsLers also Lurned Lhelr aLLenLlon Lo speclflc counLrles lncludlng lndonesla
(presldenLlal elecLlons), 1halland (LranslLlon Lo clvlllan rule), and Myanmar
(consLlLuLlonal reform, 2013 elecLlons, lncluslve pollLlcal dlalogue).
1he mlnlsLers welcomed efforLs by Lhe Abe governmenL Lo permlL !apan Lo underLake
collecLlve self-defence,' and once agaln sLressed Lhe lmporLance of Lhe 1rllaLeral
SecurlLy ulalogue. 1he mlnlsLers 'reafflrmed Lhelr commlLmenL Lo bulldlng a poslLlve and
consLrucLlve relaLlons wlLh Chlna, lncludlng by pursulng dlalogue on sLraLeglc securlLy
lssues and by expandlng pracLlcal cooperaLlon ln supporL of Lhelr common lnLeresLs.
and respecL for lnLernaLlonal law.' 1he mlnlsLers welcomed Chlna's parLlclpaLlon ln Lhe
2014 8lm of Lhe aclflc Lxerclse (8lMAC). And ln a slgnlflcanL developmenL, Lhe
mlnlsLers welcomed Chlna's parLlclpaLlon ln Lxerclse kowarl, an lnaugural LrllaLeral
7;
defence exerclse Lo be held ln AusLralla ln CcLober 2014.
7

ln sum, Lhe u.S. sLraLegy of rebalanclng ls of vlLal lmporLance Lo AusLralla because lL meL
AusLralla's long-sLandlng lnLeresL 'ln keeplng WashlngLon engaged ln Lhe broader
securlLy of Lhe Asla-aclflc.'
8
As noLed by eLer !ennlngs:
1here ls an obvlous defense value for AusLralla ln havlng Lhe near conLlnuous presence of
u.S. mlllLary personnel ln Lhe norLh, boLh Lo show WashlngLon's commlLmenL Lo AusLralla's
securlLy and Lo compllcaLe Lhe plans of any counLry LhaL mlghL seek Lo harm AusLrallan
lnLeresLs. Powever, Lhe mosL lmmedlaLe sLraLeglc value of enhanced cooperaLlon ls Lo
provlde a Langlble expresslon of Lhe u.S. commlLmenL Lo Lhe securlLy of SouLheasL Asla, a
reglon LhaL has assumed greaLer lmporLance ln u.S. sLraLeglc Lhlnklng because of Lhe
compeLlLlon for lnfluence beLween Asla's ma[or powers.
9

arLs 3, 4 and 3 dlscuss unlLed SLaLes engagemenL ln SouLheasL Asla under Lhe Cbama
AdmlnlsLraLlon before and afLer Lhe enunclaLlon of Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy. 1hls
dlscusslon ls necessary Lo underscore Lhe conLrlbuLlon LhaL u.S. engagemenL provldes
for AusLrallan securlLy. 1he u.S. Marlne Alr Cround 1ask lorce LhaL roLaLes Lhrough
uarwln wlll also conducL Lralnlng exerclses wlLh SouLheasL Aslan counLrles, some of
whlch wlll lnvolve AusLrallan uefence lorces. lor example, Lhe flrsL LrllaLeral exerclse
lnvolved AusLralla and lndonesla wlLh Lhe supporL of Lhe unlLed SLaLes, lL was conducLed
ln uarwln from !une 3-6, 2013 and lnvolved a humanlLarlan asslsLance/dlsasLer rellef
scenarlo.
10

art 3 1he Cbama Adm|n|strat|on and Southeast As|a
When Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon Look offlce lL was clear LhaL Chlna's rapld mlllLary
modernlsaLlon and LransformaLlon was poslng an lncreased challenge Lo u.S. naval
prlmacy ln Lhe WesLern aclflc. lurLher, Chlna had become more asserLlve ln presslng lLs
soverelgnLy and LerrlLorlal clalms ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea. Chlna's challenge Lo u.S. naval
prlmacy and lncreaslng asserLlveness ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea ralsed reglonal securlLy
concerns abouL 8el[lng's ulLlmaLe sLraLeglc lnLenLlons. Several SouLheasL Aslan sLaLes
soughL reassurance from Lhe u.S. LhaL lL would conLlnue Lo remaln engaged ln Lhe
reglon and balance Chlna's mlllLary power Lo deLer lL from furLher asserLlve acLlons. 1he
Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon responded by lnLervenlng dlplomaLlcally and by sLrengLhenlng lLs
mlllLary posLure.

7
Chlna's parLlclpaLlon was formally announced durlng Lhe vlslL of lan Changlong, vlce Chalrman of
Chlna's CenLral MlllLary Commlsslon, Lo AusLralla from !uly 16-19, 2014.
8
!ennlngs, '1he u.S. 8ebalance Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc: An AusLrallan erspecLlve,' 39.
9
!ennlngs, '1he u.S. 8ebalance Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc: An AusLrallan erspecLlve,' 39.
10
MlnlsLer for uefence and MlnlsLer for uefence Sclence and ersonnel, !olnL Medla 8elease, 'AusLralla
and lndonesla conducL humanlLarlan asslsLance and dlsasLer rellef LableLop exerclse ln uarwln,' !une 7,
2014. hLLp://www.mlnlsLer.defence.gov.au/2013/06/07/mlnlsLer-for-defence-and-mlnlsLer-for-defence-
sclence-and-personnel-[olnL-medla-release-ausLralla-and-lndonesla-conducL-humanlLarlan-asslsLance-
and-dlsasLer-rellef-LableLop-exerclse-ln-darwln/.
77
ln 2009, Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon qulckly gave promlnence Lo SouLheasL Asla and
ralsed u.S. parLlclpaLlon ln ASLAn-cenLrlc reglonal mulLllaLeral lnsLlLuLlons Lo new levels
(SuLLer 2009, 204-211 and 1hayer 2011b, 18-21). ln lebruary 2009, for example,
SecreLary of SLaLe Plllary CllnLon vlslLed Lhe ASLAn SecreLarlaL ln !akarLa durlng her flrsL
overseas Lrlp. 1he followlng year she famously proclalmed 'Lhe unlLed SLaLes ls back'
when she arrlved ln 1halland Lo aLLend a serles of ASLAn-relaLed meeLlngs. More
lmporLanLly she slgned Lhe lnsLrumenL of accesslon Lo Lhe ASLAn 1reaLy of AmlLy and
CooperaLlon and launched Lhe Lower Mekong lnlLlaLlve. 1he Lower Mekong lnlLlaLlve
alms Lo develop cooperaLlon ln envlronmenL, healLh and educaLlon among 1halland,
Laos, Cambodla and vleLnam. ln 2010 Lhe u.S. esLabllshed a ermanenL Mlsslon Lo
ASLAn and laLer a resldenL ambassador.
ln

laLe 2009, resldenL 8arrack Cbama broke new ground when he aLLended Lhe llrsL
ASLAn-unlLed SLaLes Leaders' MeeLlng ln Slngapore. 1hls meeLlng reafflrmed Lhe
commlLmenL of Lhe leaders Lo promoLe developmenL cooperaLlon, counLer-Lerrorlsm
cooperaLlon, Mlllennlum uevelopmenL Coals,

narrowlng Lhe developmenL gap, research
on cllmaLe lmpacLs and Lhe developmenL of approprlaLe mlLlgaLlon pollcles.
11
ln addlLlon,
Lhe !olnL SLaLemenL pledged cooperaLlon 'Lo prevenL and combaL oLher LransnaLlonal
crlmes, such as llllclL drug Lrafflcklng, Lrafflcklng ln persons, money launderlng, arms
smuggllng, sea plracy, lnLernaLlonal economlc crlme and cyber crlme...'. 1he followlng
year resldenL Cbama hosLed Lhe Second ASLAn-unlLed SLaLes Leaders' MeeLlng ln new
?ork.
1he year 2010 marked a ma[or Lurnlng polnL. 8espondlng Lo reglonal concerns abouL
Chlna's lncreaslng asserLlveness ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea senlor offlclals arLlculaLed u.S.
naLlonal lnLeresLs and sLressed Lhe lmporLance of ASLAn's cenLrallLy ln reglonal
securlLy.
12
ln mld-year SecreLary of uefense 8oberL CaLes (CaLes 2010) aLLended Lhe
Shangrl-La ulalogue ln Slngapore, whlle SecreLary CllnLon aLLended Lhe sevenLeenLh A8l
meeLlng ln Panol. 8oLh dellvered Lhe message LhaL Lhe unlLed SLaLes had a naLlonal
lnLeresL ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea. SecreLary CllnLon's remarks afLer Lhe A8l meeLlng ln
!uly 2010 seL ouL Lhe essenLlals of unlLed SLaLes pollcy LhaL have been repeaLed slnce:
1he unlLed SLaLes, llke every oLher naLlon, has a naLlonal lnLeresL ln freedom of navlgaLlon,
open access Lo Asla's marlLlme commons, and respecL for lnLernaLlonal law ln Lhe SouLh
Chlna Sea. We share Lhese lnLeresLs wlLh noL only ASLAn members and ASLAn 8eglonal
lorum parLlclpanLs buL wlLh oLher marlLlme naLlons and Lhe broader lnLernaLlonal
communlLy.
1he unlLed SLaLes supporLs a collaboraLlve, dlplomaLlc process by all clalmanLs for resolvlng
Lhe varlous LerrlLorlal dlspuLes wlLhouL coerclon. We oppose Lhe use or LhreaL of force by any
clalmanL. Whlle Lhe unlLed SLaLes does noL Lake sldes on Lhe compeLlng LerrlLorlal dlspuLes
over land feaLures ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea, we belleve clalmanLs should pursue Lhelr

11
'!"#$"%&' )$*+"&*,#-. /0* !"'1*-"2 )&$%& $"' )*0,.&*-+34, !olnL SLaLemenL - 1
sL
ASLAn-u.S. Leaders'
MeeLlng, Slngapore, 13 november 2009.
12
Plllary 8odham CllnLon, '8emarks on 8eglonal ArchlLecLure ln Asla: rlnclples and rlorlLles', LasL-WesL
CenLer, Ponolulu, 12 !anuary 2010.
7:
LerrlLorlal clalm and Lhe company [slc] and rlghLs Lo marlLlme space ln accordance wlLh Lhe
un convenLlon on Lhe law of Lhe sea.
13

SecreLary CllnLon's lnLervenLlon on Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea aL Lhe 2010 A8l meeLlng
recelved Lhe supporL of Lwelve reglonal forelgn mlnlsLers (Saunders 2013, p. 4).
8y mld-2010 Lhe u.S. had deployed LhlrLy-one of lLs flfLy-Lhree fasL aLLack submarlnes Lo
elLher earl Parbor or Cuam. ln laLe !une-early !uly 2010, ln a calculaLed demonsLraLlon
of naval power, Lhree u.S. nuclear aLLack submarlnes slmulLaneously surfaced aL ulego
Carcla (lndlan Ccean), 8usan (SouLh korea) and Sublc 8ay (Lhe hlllpplnes). Lach of
Lhese submarlnes has been modlfled Lo carry 134 convenLlonal 1omahawk crulse
mlsslles.
ln CcLober 2010, SecreLary of uefense CaLes aLLended Lhe lnaugural meeLlng of Lhe
AuMM lus ln Panol. Pe Loo carrled Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon's message LhaL Lhe
unlLed SLaLes had a naLlonal lnLeresL ln freedom of navlgaLlon ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea.
1he unlLed SLaLes and lndonesla Leamed up Lo co-chalr Lhe AuMM lus LxperL Worklng
Croup on CounLer-1errorlsm. u.S. supporL for Lhe AuMM lus was anoLher afflrmaLlon
of Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon's commlLmenL Lo ASLAn-cenLrlc reglonal lnsLlLuLlons.
uurlng lLs flrsL Lwo years ln offlce Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon sLrengLhened relaLlons wlLh
SouLheasL Asla because of Lhe lnLrlnslc lmporLance of Lhe reglon Lo u.S. naLlonal
lnLeresLs and ln response Lo reglonal anxleLles abouL Chlnese lncreaslng asserLlveness ln
Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea. ln sum, Lhe u.S. was already comprehenslvely engaged ln
expandlng lLs fooLprlnL ln SouLheasL Asla prlor Lo Lhe formal adopLlon of Lhe pollcy of
rebalanclng. 1he u.S. recelved AusLralla's full supporL durlng Lhls perlod.
art 4 U.S. keba|anc|ng and Southeast As|a
ln laLe 2011 Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon offlclals broughL all Lhe sLrands of u.S. engagemenL
wlLh Lhe Asla-aclflc LogeLher ln an overarchlng concepLual framework. resldenL
Cbama (Cbama 2011) ouLllned Lhe sLraLeglc shlfL ln hls speech Lo Lhe AusLrallan
arllamenL ln november. SecreLary CllnLon arLlculaLed Lhls new pollcy ln deLall. She
argued LhaL wlLh Lhe draw down of Lhe war ln lraq and Lhe wlLhdrawal of u.S. forces
from AfghanlsLan 'Lhe unlLed SLaLes sLands aL a plvoL polnL' (CllnLon 2011, p. 37).
Accordlng Lo SecreLary CllnLon '[o]ne of Lhe mosL lmporLanL Lasks of Amerlcan sLaLecrafL
over Lhe nexL decade wlll Lherefore be Lo lock ln a subsLanLlally lncreased lnvesLmenL -
dlplomaLlc, economlc, sLraLeglc, and oLherwlse-ln Lhe Asla-aclflc 8eglon'.
CllnLon argued LhaL Lhls new reorlenLaLlon ln prlorlLles would requlre 'smarL execuLlon
of a coherenL reglonal sLraLegy' LhaL 'wlll proceed along slx key llnes of acLlon:
sLrengLhenlng bllaLeral securlLy alllances, deepenlng our worklng relaLlonshlps wlLh
emerglng powers, lncludlng wlLh Chlna, engaglng wlLh reglonal mulLllaLeral lnsLlLuLlons,
expandlng Lrade and lnvesLmenL, forglng a broad-based mlllLary presence, and
advanclng democracy and human rlghLs' (CllnLon 2011, 37-38). As noLed above, Lhe new

13
Plllary 8odman CllnLon, SecreLary of SLaLe, 8emarks aL ress AvallablllLy, naLlonal ConvenLlon CenLer,
Panol, 23 !uly 2010.
7N
u.S. pollcy was offlclally seL ouL ln 5ostololoq u.5. Clobol leoJetsblp. ltlotltles fot 21
st

ceototy uefeose.
1he u.S. pollcy of rebalanclng generaLed sLraLeglc uncerLalnLy over a number of lssues.
Some reglonal offlclals vlewed rebalanclng as prlmarlly a mlllLary sLraLegy Lo overcome
Chlna's counLer-lnLervenLlon capablllLles lf noL a pollcy of ouLrlghL conLalnmenL (LlpperL
2013). 1hls percepLlon was underscored by Lhe announcemenL LhaL Lhe rebalance would
lnclude shlfLlng slxLy per cenL of u.S. naval asseLs Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc by 2020 and
enhanclng Lhe capablllLles of Lhe u.S. Alr lorce wlLh Lhe mosL modern alr plaLforms
(SLuarL 2012, p. 211, LlpperL 2013). 1here was also sLraLeglc uncerLalnLy abouL Chlna's
response. ln oLher words, rebalanclng could desLablllse Lhe reglon by provoklng ma[or
power rlvalry.
u.S. offlclals were aL palns Lo emphaslse LhaL Lhe unlLed SLaLes was Lrylng Lo engage
wlLh Chlna noL conLaln lL (Cbama 2011, CarLer 2012, uonllon 2013). 8eglonal concerns
were parLly allayed by an lmprovemenL ln u.S.-Chlna relaLlons followlng xl !lnplng's
accesslon Lo power and Lhe Cbama-xl lnformal summlL ln Sunnylands ln !une 2013.
MlllLary-Lo-mlllLary relaLlons also lmproved followlng Lhe AugusL 2013 meeLlng beLween
uefence MlnlsLers Chuck Pagel and Ceneral Chang Wanquan aL 1he enLagon. SecreLary
Pagel accepLed Ceneral Chang's lnvlLaLlon Lo vlslL Chlna ln 2014. Chlna agreed Lo co-
hosL Lhe aclflc Army Chlefs Conference and Lo parLlclpaLe ln Lhe 8lm of Lhe aclflc
exerclses off Pawall ln 2014.
SLraLeglc uncerLalnLy was also generaLed by wldespread reglonal scepLlclsm abouL Lhe
u.S. ablllLy Lo fund lLs rheLorlcal commlLmenL Lo rebalanclng Lowards Lhe Asla-aclflc. ln
oLher words, Lhe u.S. would noL be able Lo balance Chlna's growlng power and ln a
worsL case Lhe u.S. would reLreaL from Lhe reglon.
ln 2012, when rebalanclng was announced, Lhe unlLed SLaLes was sLlll sLruggllng Lo
overcome lLs domesLlc economlc dlfflculLles. 1he u.S. defence budgeL was cuL $300
mllllon over Lhe nexL decade (CarLer 2012). 8eglonal sLraLeglc uncerLalnLy perslsLed ln
Lhe face of conLlnued u.S. Congresslonal ln-flghLlng over Lhe federal governmenL's
budgeL, dlsagreemenL abouL removlng Lhe cap on Lhe governmenL's auLhorlLy Lo borrow
money and Lhe lmposlLlon of sequesLraLlon.
14

1hese reglonal concerns were addressed by uefense SecreLary Leon aneLLa aL Lhe 2012
Shangrl-La ulalogue. SecreLary aneLLa soughL Lo reassure scepLlcs by ouLllnlng
amblLlous plans for enhanced mlllLary cooperaLlon wlLh allles and key parLners lncludlng
an lncrease ln number and scope of [olnL exerclses. 1he followlng year SecreLary Pagel
addressed slmllar concerns ln hls remarks Lo Lhe Shangrl-La lorum. Pagel argued
lL ls Lrue LhaL Lhe ueparLmenL of uefense wlll have fewer resources Lhan ln Lhe pasL. lL
would be unwlse and shorL-slghLed, however, Lo conclude LhaL our commlLmenL Lo Lhe
rebalance cannoL be susLalned - parLlcularly glven Lhe LruLh LhaL even under Lhe mosL

14
Zachary Colfarb, 'uS faces mld-CcLober deadllne Lo ralse debL llmlL', 1be Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, 28
AugusL 2013.
7M
exLreme budgeL scenarlos, Lhe unlLed SLaLes wlll conLlnue Lo represenL nearly 40 percenL of
global defense expendlLures' (u.S. ueparLmenL of uefense 2013).
neverLheless, lL ls clear LhaL u.S. allles and parLners wlll be expecLed Lo conLrlbuLe more
of Lhelr resources Lo fuLure exerclses.
A flnal source of sLraLeglc uncerLalnLy concerned wheLher Lhe u.S. would conLlnue Lo
glve prlorlLy Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc lf evenLs ln Lhe Mlddle LasL (lnsLablllLy ln LgypL and Syrla)
Look a Lurn for Lhe worse. 1hese concerns were helghLened when !ohn kerry became
SecreLary of SLaLe ln lebruary 2013 and gave prlorlLy Lo Mlddle LasL peace Lalks.
1he mosL slgnlflcanL aspecL of rebalanclng has been Lhe hlgh-level aLLenLlon pald by Lhe
Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon Lo Lhe reglon (Saunders 2013, p. 3). uurlng resldenL Cbama's
flrsL Lerm ln offlce he vlslLed Asla flve Llmes, lncludlng four Lrlps Lo SouLheasL Asla.
SecreLary CllnLon underLook fourLeen Lrlps Lo Asla durlng her Lerm ln offlce. She
aLLended all ASLAn osL-MlnlsLerlal Conferences and A8l mlnlsLerlal meeLlngs.
SecreLarles of uefense CaLes (2010 and 2011) and aneLLa (2012) Lravelled Lo Asla
LhlrLeen Llmes and aLLended all meeLlngs of Lhe Shangrl-La ulalogue ln Slngapore.
ln !une 2013 resldenL Cbama lnsLrucLed hls CablneL members Lo each plan a Lrlp Lo
Asla aL leasL once a year Lo enhance u.S. engagemenL (8ower 2013b). ln !une, Lhe
PealLh and Puman Servlces SecreLary vlslLed vleLnam and 1halland. ln !uly, vlce
resldenL !oe 8lden vlslLed lndla and Slngapore. ln AugusL, Lhe unlLed SLaLes 1rade
8epresenLaLlve (uS18) aLLended Lhe ASLAn Lconomlc MlnlsLers MeeLlng and uefence
SecreLary Pagel aLLended Lhe Second AuMM lus meeLlng boLh held ln 8runel.
art S U.S keba|anc|ng and the As|a-ac|f|c
1he u.S. pollcy of rebalanclng Lowards Lhe Asla-aclflc also lnvolves a rebalanclng of u.S.
resources ln response of lLs lncreased geosLraLeglc lmporLance (Pagel 2013a). u.S.
rebalanclng lnvolves a whole-of-governmenL approach Lo pollLlcal, economlcs and Lrade,
and defence engagemenL wlLh Lhe reglon. A key componenL of Lhe Cbama
AdmlnlsLraLlon's approach ls recognlLlon of Lhe cenLrallLy of ASLAn and u.S. supporL for
ASLAn-cenLrlc mulLllaLeral lnsLlLuLlons and securlLy archlLecLure. AusLralla fully supporLs
u.S. engagemenL ln Lhe reglonal's mulLllaLeral securlLy and economlc archlLecLure.
A5AN keqloool lotom (A8l). SecreLary CllnLon and her successor SecreLary kerry
aLLended Lhe annual A8l meeLlngs ln hnom enh (2012), 8runel (2013) and Myanmar
(2014). Cn each occaslon Lhe u.S. SecreLary of SLaLe relLeraLed u.S. supporL for ASLAn's
efforLs Lo reach a blndlng Code of ConducL ln Lhe SouLh Chlna Sea wlLh Chlna. SecreLary
CllnLon also successfully supporLed efforLs Lo lnLegraLe Lhe A8l and AuMM lus LxperL
Worklng Croups by lncludlng members from Lhe laLer ln relevanL A8l lnLer-Sesslonal
MeeLlngs.
A5AN uefeoce Mlolstets Meetloq llos (AuMM lus). 1he u.S. has been an acLlve
parLlclpanL ln Lhe AuMM lus slnce lLs foundlng ln 2010 (1hayer 2011b, 22-23). AL LhaL
Llme Lhe u.S. and lndonesla agreed Lo co-hosL Lhe AuMM lus LxperLs Worklng Croup
on CounLer-1errorlsm. ln 2013, Lhe u.S. asslsLed 8runel ln sLaglng Lhe flrsL AuMM lus
7O
PumanlLarlan AsslsLance/ulsasLer 8ellef (PA/u8) and mlllLary medlclne exerclse by
provldlng a loglsLlcs shlp, a medlcal Leam and plannlng experLlse. lndonesla and Lhe u.S.
co-hosLed Lhe second AuMM lus fleld exerclse on counLer-Lerrorlsm ln SepLember.
uefense SecreLary Pagel aLLended Lhe second AuMM lus meeLlng ln 8runel ln AugusL
2013. Pagel called for Lhe AuMM lus Lo esLabllsh norms of behavlour ln cyber securlLy.
Pe addressed marlLlme securlLy and called for all parLles Lo exerclse resLralnL and Lo
resolve Lhelr dlspuLes peacefully wlLhouL resorL Lo lnLlmldaLlon, coerclon or aggresslon.
Pagel relLeraLed u.S. supporL for ASLAn's efforLs Lo sLarL formal negoLlaLlons on a
blndlng Code of ConducL. SecreLary Pagel held bllaLeral meeLlngs on Lhe sldellnes wlLh
hls counLerparLs from 8runel, Chlna, !apan, Myanmar, SouLh korea and vleLnam.
xpooJeJ A5AN Motltlme lotom (LAMl) 1he unlLed SLaLes became a foundlng
member of Lhe Lxpanded ASLAn MarlLlme lorum when lL was esLabllshed ln 2012. 1he
u.S. Labled a proposal for an Lxpanded ASLAn Seafarer 1ralnlng program (8ower 2013a)
LhaL ls currenLly underway.
ost Aslo 5ommlt (LAS). resldenL Cbama aLLended Lhe flrsL Lwo LAS meeLlngs slnce Lhe
unlLed SLaLes became a member ln 2011. uue Lo budgeL ln-flghLlng ln WashlngLon
Cbama had Lo pull ouL of Lhe 2013 LAS. Pe was lnsLrumenLal ln expandlng Lhe agenda Lo
lnclude non-prollferaLlon and marlLlme securlLy. Accordlng Lo AcLlng AsslsLanL SecreLary
of SLaLe !oseph ?un (2013) Lhe u.S. would llke Lo see Lhe LAS become Lhe premler forum
Lo dlscuss pollLlcal and sLraLeglc lssues and shape Lhe agenda for Lhe A8l and AuMM
lus.
Conc|us|on
AusLralla has fully supporLed Lhe Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon's rebalanclng sLraLegy because
lL meanL LhaL unlLed SLaLes would be subsLanLlally engaged ln Lhe Asla-aclflc 8eglon
(SouLheasL Asla ln parLlcular) and Lhus conLrlbuLe dlrecLly Lo AusLralla's securlLy.
lrom AusLralla's perspecLlve Lhe cenLerplece of Lhe u.S. rebalanclng sLraLegy concerns
changes ln u.S. force posLure wlLh Lhe roLaLlonal deploymenL of u.S. Marlnes ln
norLhern AusLralla. Slnce 2012 Lhere have been Lhree roLaLlonal deploymenLs, aL Lhe
same Llme AusLralla and Lhe unlLed SLaLes have moved from a !olnL SLaLemenL of
rlnclples Lo a legal agreemenL concernlng Lhe cosLs and responslblllLles of each parLy.
ln fuLure lLs ls expecLed LhaL a fully-funcLlonlng u.S. Marlne Alr Cround 1ask lorce of
2,300 wlll roLaLe ln and ouL of norLhern AusLralla. 1he 1ask lorce wlll conducL Lhelr own
exerclses supporLed by AusLralla, conducL comblned exerclses wlLh AusLralla, and
engage wlLh reglonal sLaLes on boLh a bllaLeral and mulLllaLeral basls. AusLralla and Lhe
unlLed SLaLes are ln Lhe process of exLendlng Lxerclse 1allsman Sabre Lo address noL
only humanlLarlan asslsLance and dlsasLer rellef mlsslon buL posL-confllcL sLablllzaLlon
and consLrucLlon operaLlons as well.
u.S. rebalanclng has also led Lo Lhe sLrengLhenlng of LrllaLeral defence cooperaLlon
beLween AusLralla, !apan and Lhe u.S. as well as bllaLeral defence cooperaLlon beLween
AusLralla and 1okyo. AusLralla and Lhe u.S. boLh supporL efforLs by Lhe Abe CovernmenL
7P
Lo remove resLrlcLlons on !apan's parLlclpaLlon ln collecLlve self-defence. A key elemenL
of LrllaLeral cooperaLlon ls Lhe lnLegraLlon of balllsLlc mlsslle defence sysLems. luLure
cooperaLlon could lnclude Lhe consLrucLlon of convenLlonal submarlnes based on
!apanese deslgns and Lechnology and u.S. weapon sysLems.
8eferences ln Lhe AuSMln [olnL communlques Lo lncreased u.S. alrcrafL presence ln
norLhern AusLralla and pro[ecLed naval cooperaLlon are a slgn LhaL cosLs are an lssue.
lor example, lL has been esLlmaLed LhaL lL wlll cosL A$1.6 bllllon Lo bulld lnfrasLrucLure
Lo accommodaLe a full u.S. Marlne Alr Cround 1ask lorce ln uarwln.
13
AusLralla now
spends 1.6 percenL of lLs Cross uomesLlc roducL on defence, Lhe lowesL level slnce
1938. 1he AbboLL CovernmenL has promlsed Lo lncrease defence spendlng Lo 2 percenL
of Cu ln llne wlLh economlc growLh ln Lhe nexL decade.
16
1he lack of flnance, for
example, severely resLrlcLs proposals Lo homeporL u.S. warshlps aL PMAS 5tltlloq ln
WesLern AusLralla where expenslve modlflcaLlons would have Lo be underLaken. 1he
AbboLL CovernmenL has been relucLanL Lo fund Lhe upgradlng of defence faclllLles.
8eporLedly Lhere has been some u.S. concern abouL AusLralla's 'free rldlng' ln defence
cooperaLlon.
17

Cver Lhe pasL Lhree years AusLralla and Lhe unlLed SLaLes have modernlzed Lhelr alllance
Lo lnclude defence cooperaLlon ln a number of areas lncludlng: balllsLlc mlsslles defence,
space survelllance, cyber, defence Lechnology and defence lndusLrles. 1he geographlc
scope of Lhe AnZuS alllance has been exLended from Lhe Asla-aclflc 8eglon Lo lnclude
Lhe lndlan Ccean 8eglon as well. Arguably Lhese developmenLs could have occurred as a
producL of Lhe AnZuS alllance or as a resulL of Lhe u.S. rebalanclng sLraLegy. ln elLher
case, Lhese developmenLs represenL conLlnulLy - or buslness as usual - raLher Lhan an
abrupL change ln defence relaLlons.
1he Cbama AdmlnlsLraLlon's rebalanclng sLraLegy 'rebalanced' u.S. resources wlLhln
Asla Lowards SouLheasL Asla. 1he rebalanclng sLraLegy was a mulLlfaceLed one LhaL
lncluded slx faceLs: sLrengLhenlng bllaLeral securlLy alllances, deepenlng u.S. relaLlons
wlLh emerglng powers, engaglng wlLh reglonal mulLllaLeral lnsLlLuLlons, expandlng Lrade
and lnvesLmenL, forglng a broad-based mlllLary presence, and advanclng democracy and
human rlghLs. 1he u.S. gave hlgh prlorlLy Lo Lhe LAS and soughL Lo shape lL lnLo Lhe
reglon's premler securlLy forum, overseelng Lhe work of Lhe A8l, AuMM lus and LAMl.
1he u.S. sLraLegy of rebalanclng offers beneflLs Lo boLh Canberra and WashlngLon. 1he
new u.S. emphasls on SouLheasL Asla, ln AusLralla's vlew, conLrlbuLes Lo reglonal
sLablllLy and relnforces AusLralla's broad sLraLeglc ob[ecLlves Lowards Lhe reglon. ln
AusLralla's vlew, for example, ASLAn and lLs relaLed securlLy lnsLlLuLlons provlded a
venue for engaglng boLh Lhe unlLed SLaLes and Chlna. u.S. supporL for ASLAn and oLher

13
8rendan nlcholson, 'Marlnes lodglng blll Lo hlL $1.6 bn,' 1be Aosttolloo, Aprll 22, 2013.
16
8rendan nlcholson, 'uS welcomes defence spendlng rlse,' 1be Aosttolloo, SepLember 12, 2013.
17
ChrlsLopher !oyce, 'lree rlde onus defence musL sLop,' 1be Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, AugusL 19,
2013.
78
ASLAn-cenLrlc reglonal mulLllaLeral organlsaLlons was congruenL wlLh AusLralla's
susLalned supporL for Lhese bodles over a longer perlod of Llme.
AusLralla's supporL for Lhe rebalanclng sLraLegy has ralsed Lhe lmporLance of Lhe AnZuS
alllance Lo Lhe unlLed SLaLes.
18
lor example, AusLralla's fuLure Alr Warfare uesLroyers
are llkely Lo Lake parL ln a reglonal anLl-balllsLlc mlsslle neLwork alongslde Lhe unlLed
SLaLes and !apan. As a resulL of AusLralla's supporL for rebalanclng, Canberra has been
able Lo lncrease lLs ablllLy Lo lnfluence Amerlcan pollcles of dlrecL lnLeresL Lo AusLralla,
especlally ln SouLheasL Asla. ln addlLlon, AusLralla has been able Lo leverage Lhe
rebalanclng sLraLegy Lo upgrade defence cooperaLlon wlLh !apan and lndonesla, Lwo
counLrles of sLraLeglc lmporLance Lo AusLralla's securlLy.
1here are also domesLlc beneflLs for AusLralla. 1he capablllLles of Lhe AusLrallan uefence
lorce have ralsed Lhrough lncrease lnLeroperablllLy wlLh Lhe u.S. armed forces and Lhe
procuremenL of Amerlcan weapon sysLems such as Lhe AlenlaC-27! SparLan LransporL
alrcrafL, L-7A early warnlng alrcrafL, Lhe -8A oseldon marlLlme survelllance alrcrafL,
LA-18C Crowler and drones. AusLralla wlll also acqulre Lhe l-33 !olnL SLrlke llghLer
when lL comes lnLo producLlon.
19

AusLrallan defence sclence and Lechnology and naLlonal defence lndusLry have
beneflLLed from expanded cooperaLlon under Lhe u.S. rebalanclng sLraLegy. lor
example, Lhe u.S. and AusLralla slgned a uefence 1rade CooperaLlon 1reaLy on May 13,
2013 whlch wlll reduce red Lape, mlnlmlse procuremenL delays, lmprove daLa sharlng,
and permlL AusLralla 'Lo galn access Lo advanced defence Lechnologles, whlch lL would
be unable Lo develop domesLlcally.'
20
1hese developmenLs make AusLralla an aLLracLlve
defence parLner for many Aslan counLrles.
1he unlLed SLaLes also beneflLs from AusLralla's supporL. Accordlng Lo one defence
analysL:
Lhe AusLrallan lnlLlaLlves demonsLraLe Lo oLher Asla-aclflc counLrles Lhe value of closer
cooperaLlon wlLh Lhe u.S. mlllLary. ln pracLlcal Lerms, lf WashlngLon cannoL make a success of
lncreased defense cooperaLlon wlLh AusLralla, lL wlll have llLLle chance of dolng so wlLh
SouLheasL Aslan counLrles, whlch have less experlence of worklng wlLh Lhe unlLed SLaLes, and
less capable mlllLary forces, wlLh Lhe excepLlon of Slngapore.
21

Cne Amerlcan analysL argued LhaL

18
1hls secLlon draws ln parL on !ennlngs, '1he u.S. 8ebalance Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc: An AusLrallan
erspecLlve,' 42.
19
!ohn kerln, 'CablneL Lo approve anoLher 70 l-33 flghLers,' 1be Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, March 13,
2014.
20
naLhan Church, '1he AusLralla-unlLed SLaLes defence alllance,' arllamenL of AusLralla 8rleflng 8ook, no
daLe. Accessed !uly 20, 2014.
hLLp://www.aph.gov.au/AbouL_arllamenL/arllamenLary_ueparLmenLs/arllamenLary_Llbrary/pubs/8rle
flng8ook44p/AusLuSuefence.
21
!ennlngs, '1he u.S. 8ebalance Lo Lhe Asla-aclflc: An AusLrallan erspecLlve,' 42.
7Q
AusLralla's cooperaLlve relaLlonshlp wlLh Chlna poslLlons Canberra well Lo encourage Lhe new
Chlnese leadershlp Lo reconslder Chlna's hard-llne poslLlon on LasL Aslan LerrlLorlal dlspuLes.
8aLher Lhan become enLangled ln reglonal dlspuLes, AusLrallan forelgn pollcy can conLrlbuLe
Lo uS-Chlna cooperaLlon and Lo a resLoraLlon of reglonal sLablllLy.
22

1he u.S. rebalanclng sLraLegy has generaLed some sLraLeglc uncerLalnLy ln AusLralla.
23

llrsL, Lhere ls concern abouL Lhe ablllLy of Lhe u.S. Lo carry ouL lLs rebalanclng sLraLegy ln
Lhe Asla-aclflc whlle undergolng economlc and flnanclal dlfflculLles. Some AusLrallan
sLraLeglc analysLs fear Lhe u.S. evenLually wlll reLreaL from Lhe reglon.
A relaLed sLraLeglc uncerLalnLy focuses on Lhe sLraLeglc lnLenL behlnd Chlna's mlllLary
modernlzaLlon and lncreaslng asserLlveness ln Lhe LasL and SouLh Chlna Seas. 1here ls
concern LhaL Lhe u.S. rebalanclng sLraLegy wlll provoke rlvalry beLween Chlna and Lhe
u.S. and Lhus desLablllze Lhe reglon. A longer-Lerm concern ls LhaL Chlna wlll become
more powerful Lhan Lhe u.S. and dlsplace Lhe unlLed SLaLes as Lhe reglon's hegemon.
ln an lmporLanL sLaLemenL of offlclal pollcy, AusLralla's 2013 uefence WhlLe aper
sLaLed unequlvocally"
1he CovernmenL does noL belleve LhaL AusLralla musL choose beLween lLs longsLandlng
Alllance wlLh Lhe unlLed SLaLes and lLs expandlng relaLlonshlp wlLh Chlna, nor do Lhe unlLed
SLaLes and Chlna belleve LhaL we musL make such a cholce. 1helr growlng economlc
lnLerdependence and developlng securlLy cooperaLlon relnforce Lhls polnL. 1he CovernmenL
does noL approach Chlna as an adversary. 8aLher, lLs pollcy ls almed aL encouraglng Chlna's
peaceful rlse and ensurlng LhaL sLraLeglc compeLlLlon ln Lhls reglon does noL lead Lo confllcL.
24


22
8oberL S. 8oss, '1he uS lvoL Lo Asla and lmpllcaLlons for AusLralla,' 1he CenLre of CravlLy Serles aper
no. 3, SLraLeglc and uefence SLudles CenLre, 1he AusLrallan naLlonal unlverslLy, Canberra, March 2013, 3.
23
See: Carlyle A. 1hayer, 'Chlna's 8lse and Lhe asslng of u.S. rlmacy: AusLralla uebaLes lLs luLure,'
8oundLable u.S. 8e-engagemenL ln Asla, Aslo lollcy [naLlonal 8ureau of Aslan 8esearch], no, 12, !uly 2011,
20-26, eLer Leahy, 'We MusL noL CeL 1oo Close Lo u.S.,' 1be Aosttolloo, Aprll 12, 2012, Creg Sherldan,
'Seven 8easons noL Lo WrlLe off Lhe u.S.,' 1be Aosttolloo, !uly 12, 2012, kevln 8udd, 'WesL unprepared for
Chlna's 8lse,' 1be weekeoJ Aosttolloo, !uly 14-13, 2012, Pugh WhlLe, 'uS can learn Lo share power wlLh
Chlna,' 1be Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, AugusL 6, 2012, aul keaLlng, '1he uS bllnd Lo Chlna's rlse,' 1be
Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, AugusL 7, 2012, 'aper presenLed by SLephen SmlLh M MlnlsLer for uefence
Lo Lhe Lowy lnsLlLuLe on Lhe 2013 uefence WhlLe aper,' Sydney AugusL 9, 20912, aul keaLlng, 'A case for
Chlnese leglLlmacy.' 1be weekeoJ Aosttolloo, AugusL 11-12, 2012, 8rlan 1oohey, 'uS allgnmenL should noL
exclude Chlna,' 1be weekeoJ Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, AugusL 11-12, 2012, aul ulbb, 'Why l ulsagree
wlLh Pugh WhlLe on Chlna's 8lse,' 1be Aosttolloo, AugusL 13, 2012, Ceoffrey 8arker, 'SecurlLy can'L be
lgnored,' 1be Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, AugusL 27, 2012, Mlchael Wesley, 'Calm AssessmenL of u.S.
Alllance needed,' 1be Aosttolloo, AugusL 27, 2012, Malcolm lraser, 'AusLralla-uS 8elaLlons ln Lhe 'Aslan
CenLury,' Address Lo Aslallnk, 1he unlverslLy of Melbourne, SepLember 23, 2012, !ohn Poward, 'Chlna
cholce a muddled noLlon,' 1be weekeoJ Aosttolloo lloooclol kevlew, CcLober 6-7, 2012, eLer Alford, 'We
can be frlends wlLh uS and Chlna, says our man on Lhe dlplomaLlc fronL.' 1be weekeoJ Aosttolloo, Aprll
20-21, 2013, Cerard Penderson, 'ropheL of doom falls Lo geL real,' 1be weekeoJ Aosttolloo, !anuary 4-3,
2014, !ohn Lee, 'no need Lo 1ake a SofLly SofLly SLand on Chlna,' 1be Aosttolloo, lebruary 13, 2014, eLer
ParLcher, 'We rely on Lhe uS aL our perll,' 1be 5yJoey Motoloq netolJ, May 7, 2013, aul ulbb,
'Manoeuvres Make Waves 8uL ln 1ruLh Chlnese navy ls a aper 1lger,' 1be Aosttolloo, March 7, 2014,
Pugh WhlLe, 'Sharlng ower WlLh Chlna,' 1be New otk 1lmes, March 19, 2014.
24
AusLrallan CovernmenL, ueparLmenL of uefence, uefeoce wblte lopet 201J, 11.
7R
AL Lhe 2014 AuSMln AusLralla and Lhe unlLed SLaLes commlLLed Lhemselves Lo:
conLlnue Lo bulld poslLlve, cooperaLlve and comprehenslve relaLlons wlLh Chlna, lncludlng
Lhrough sLrong economlc engagemenL and encouraglng progress on human rlghLs,
sLrengLhen mlllLary-Lo-mlllLary relaLlons wlLh Chlna and encourage Chlna Lo exhlblL greaLer
Lransparency ln lLs ongolng mlllLary modernlsaLlon.
Whlle some AusLrallan commenLaLors asserL LhaL AusLralla wlll have Lo make a cholce
beLween Lhe unlLed SLaLes and Chlna Lhls ls noL Lhe vlew of AusLralla's Lwo ma[or
pollLlcal parLles, Lhe Llberal arLy of AusLralla, now Lhe governmenL ln AusLralla,
23
and
Lhe AusLrallan Labor arLy, whose Lwo recenL prlme mlnlsLers (kevln 8udd and !ulla
Clllard) supporLed Lhe u.S. rebalanclng sLraLegy.

23
MlnlsLer for lorelgn Affalrs, 1he Pon. !ulle 8lshop M, 'uS-AusLralla: 1he Alllance ln an Lmerglng Asla,'
Speech dellvered Lo Lhe CenLer for SLraLeglc and lnLernaLlonal SLudles, WashlngLon, u.C., !anuary 22,
2014.
:;
keferences
AuSMln (AusLralla-unlLed SLaLes MlnlsLerlal ConsulLaLlons) 2012 !olnL Communlque,
november 14, 2012. hLLp://forelgnmlnlsLer.gov.au/releases/2012/bc_mr_121114.hLml.
AuSMln 2013 !olnL Communlque, november 20,l 2013.
hLLp://forelgnmlnlsLer.gov.au/releases/ages/2013/[b_mr_131120.aspx?mlnlsLerld=4.
AuSMln 2014 !olnL Communlque, AugusL 12, 2014.
hLLp://www.sLaLe.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/230324.hLm.
8ower, Lrnle 2013a. 'LngagemenL ln Lhe lndo-aclflc: 1he enLagon Leads by Lxample',
5ootbeost Aslo ftom tbe cotoet of 18
tb
& k 5tteets (CenLer for SLraLeglc & lnLernaLlonal
SLudles), 22 AugusL.
8ower, Lrnle 2013b. 'Sendlng Lhe CablneL Lo Asla: Cbama lollowlng 1hrough on
8ebalanclng', coqltA5lA (CenLer for SLraLeglc & lnLernaLlonal SLudles), 19 AugusL.
CarLer, AshLon 2012. 8emarks by uepuLy SecreLary for uefense CarLer aL Lhe Woodrow
Wllson CenLer', u.S. ueparLmenL of uefense, Cfflce of Lhe AsslsLanL SecreLary of uefense
(ubllc Affalrs), News 1toosctlpt, 3 CcLober.
CllnLon, Plllary 2011, 'Amerlca's aclflc CenLury', lotelqo lollcy, no. 198, pp. 36-63.
uonllon, 1om 2013. '1he unlLed SLaLes and Lhe Asla-aclflc ln 2013, 8emarks 8y 1om
uonllon, naLlonal SecurlLy Advlsor Lo Lhe resldenL, 1he Asla SocleLy, new ?ork, new
?ork , Monday, March 11, 2013', 1he WhlLe Pouse, Cfflce of Lhe ress SecreLary.
Ldwards, eLer 2003. letmooeot ltleoJs? nlstotlcol keflectloos oo tbe Aosttolloo-
Ametlcoo Alllooce, Lowy lnsLlLuLe aper 8. Sydney: Lowy lnsLlLuLe for lnLernaLlonal
ollcy, 3-4.
CaLes 8pberL M. 2010. 'SLrengLhenlng SecurlLy arLnershlps ln Lhe Asla-aclflc', 1he
Shangrl-La ulalogue, 1he nlnLh llSS Asla SummlL, llrsL lenary Sesslon, Slngapore, 3 !une
2010.
CaLes 8oberL M. 2011. 'Lmerglng SecurlLy Challenges ln Lhe Asla-aclflc', 1he Shangrl-La
ulalogue, 1he 1enLh llSS Asla SummlL, llrsL lenary Sesslon, Slngapore, 4 !une 2011.
Pagel, Chuck 2013a. '8emarks by SecreLary of uefense Chuck Pagel aL Lhe Malayslan
MlnlsLry of uefense, kuala Lumpur, Malaysla, Sunday, AugusL 23, 2013', 1be Nelsoo
kepott, AugusL 27, 2013.
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