(ii) C l M g - C l - Mg and Cl both with 8 electrons in outer shell, (accept 0 electrons for Mg) Cl must have one dot to seven crosses or vice versa (1) correct charges on each ion (1) 2
(iii) MgCl 2 does not conduct when solid because ions are fied in lattice (1) ! 2 " does not conduct as there are no free charge carriers#water molecules are uncharged (1) MgCl 2 conducts when a$ueous because ions are free to move (1) % [6]
2. (i) 2&a(s) + Cl 2 (g) 2&aCl(s) 1st mar' for e$uation 2 2nd mar' for state symbols (ii) (iant ionic (lattice) or %) with alternating &a + and Cl * 2 [4]
3. (i) shared pair of electrons 2 i.e. shared electrons is worth 1 mark. Pair of electrons for second mark (ii) correct dot+and cross diagram 1 [3] 4. dative covalent, bonded pair comes from same atom# 1 electron pair is donated from one atom# both electrons are from the same atom [1]
5. (i) , * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * , , , , , , , , , positive ions#cations and negative electrons Can be described in words only for both mar's 2 (ii) contain free#mobile#delocalised electrons 1 [3] 6. (i) ! 2 " &! % 2 % (1) 2 1 (1) 2 (ii)
& ! ! ! 1 0 - . shape (1) bond angle labelled on diagram as 10-/ (1)
1 2 0 . 0 " " shape (1) bond angle labelled on diagram as 110*120/ (1) 1 [6] 7. (i) 2ttraction of electrons in a bond towards an atom 2 (ii) C" 2 is symmetrical#! 2 " is not symmetrical 3n C" 2 , dipoles cancel#in ! 2 ", the dipoles don4t cancel 2 [4] 8. ! 2 " ! bonding from " of 1 molecule to ! of another dipoles shown or described % with lone pair of " involved in the bond C! 1 van der 5aals4 forces from oscillating dipoles# temporary dipoles# transient dipoles# instantaneous dipoles leading to induced dipoles caused by uneven distribution of electrons % [6]
9. ice is less dense than water hydrogen bonds hold ! 2 " molecules apart in ice # hydrogen bonds cause an open lattice structure 2 [2]
10. 6o boil Cl 2 , van der 5aals4 forces#intermolecular forces are bro'en (with van der 5aals#intermolecular spelt correctly) (1) 6o boil C, covalent bonds are bro'en (1) covalent bonds are stronger than van der 5aals4 forces (1) [3]
11. (a) % element structure 7onding Mg giant Metallic
0i giant Covalent
0 simple Covalent
1 mark for each correct row (b) 0i has strong forces between atoms# covalent bonds are bro'en 8 has wea' forces between molecules# intermolecular forces#van der 5aals4 forces are bro'en 2 (c) 9rom &a 2l, no of delocalised electrons increases charge on positive ion increases# ionic si:e decreases# charge density increases attraction between + ions and electrons increases# metallic bonding gets stronger 2 [7]