w

w
ap
eP

e
tr
.X

w
om
.c

s
er

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level

*7726080987*

5014/12

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1

May/June 2010
2 hours 15 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Additional Materials:

Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.
All questions in Section A carry 10 marks.
Both questions in Section B carry 40 marks.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiners Use

1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
This document consists of 22 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
DC (LEO/KN) 19267/4
UCLES 2010

[Turn over

For
Examiners
Use

2
Section A
1

(a) Look at the diagram which shows methods of producing energy from household waste.

heat

water

steam

turbine

electricity

incinerator
suitable
non-organic waste
household
waste
collected
and
sorted

unsuitable
waste

gas

organic
waste

ane

th
me

diesel

digester
containing
bacteria
Circle the word listed below which describes the type of energy source shown in the
lower part of the diagram.
biomass

geothermal

hydro

solar

wind

[1]

(b) Why is the organic waste separated from the other waste?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Describe what happens in the digester.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest why some household waste is unsuitable for use in the incinerator.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

3
(e) What are the advantages of using household waste in these ways?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

4
2

(a) Look at the diagram of ocean zones and the pie chart showing the potential fish harvest
from three zones.
continental
shelf

open ocean in which areas of upwelling

are less than 1%

10%

90%
sea level
200 m

continental
shelf

continental
slope
abyssal
plain

abyssal
plain

4 km

ocean
deep
12 km
open
oceans

areas of
upwelling
continental
shelf and
coastal
waters

potential fish production

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

5
(i)

What percentage of the potential fish production from the oceans is expected to
come from the continental shelf and coastal waters?

For
Examiners
Use

.............................................. % [1]
(ii)

Use both diagrams to comment on the potential fish production from the open
ocean.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i)

Why are fish important in the human diet in some parts of the world?
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Describe other valuable resources which oceans can provide.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Suggest why a full exploitation of the resources of the open oceans is unlikely.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

6
3

(a) Look at the map, which gives information for a recent year about the worlds main
exporting and importing countries of fresh pineapple, together with the main trade routes
of fresh pineapple.

SOME
EU COUNTRIES

CANADA

JAPAN

USA
China

Tropic of
Cancer
Philippines

Thailand
Costa
Rica

Equator

Kenya

Ivory
Coast

Indonesia

Tropic of Capricorn

Key
The main importing countries of the
European Union are Belgium, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, UK, France, Italy, Germany,
Portugal and Spain.

fresh pineapple exports

tonnes
200,000
100,000
0
Exporting country names in lower case

main fresh pineapple trade routes

20,000 to 100,000 tonnes per year

Countries which together

import 86% of the world
imports of fresh pineapple

100,000 to 400,000 tonnes per year

over 400,000 tonnes per year

Importing country names in capital letters

(i)

Name the country which exports the most fresh pineapple and state the amount it
exports.
country ................

(ii)

amount ................ tonnes [1]

Name one continent with large imports of fresh pineapples.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

For
Examiners
Use

7
(iii)

State one similarity in the direction of the sea trade routes shown.
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv)

Suggest why some countries export more fresh pineapples than others.
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Pineapples are often grown on plantations. Describe how commercial farming, such as
plantation farming, is organised to produce large amounts of a cash crop for export.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 10]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

8
4

(a) Look at the photograph showing vegetation growing on the edge of a clearing in a
tropical rainforest.

(i)

Describe the features of the vegetation in the photograph.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

9
(ii)

Explain how the leaves and stems are adapted to the climate in which tropical
rainforest grows.

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) Some areas of tropical rainforest have been made into National Parks. Is this method of
conservation likely to have any benefits for local people? Explain your views.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

For
Examiners
Use

10
Section B
5

(a) Look at the pie graphs showing the distribution of water on the Earths surface.
land and sea

fresh water and

salt water
fresh
water

land
salt
water

ocean

Describe the evidence from the pie graphs for each of statements A and B.
A There is a lot more water than land on the Earths surface.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
B The amount of water available for human use is very small.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The diagram gives information about fresh water stores on the Earths surface.
lakes
0.3%

rivers
less than
0.1%

groundwater
(above 1000 m)
10.6%
deep groundwater
(below 1000 m)
14%

ocean

UCLES 2010

ice & snow

75%

5014/12/M/J/10

11
(i)

Show the percentages for ice and snow, total groundwater, and lakes and rivers on
a pie graph.

For
Examiners
Use

fresh water stores on the Earths surface

[3]
(ii)

Explain more fully why the amount of water available for human use is so small.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

(iii)

How can people obtain their water supply from groundwater stores? Describe one
method.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

(iv)

State two advantages of using groundwater stores for water supply.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

12
(c) In many countries large dams have been built to increase natural stores in rivers and
lakes.
(i)

Name or state the location of an example of a large dam.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Describe its advantages and explain why it was built.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[4]

(iii)

Why are decisions to build large dams often controversial? Describe some of the
economic, social and environmental factors which help to explain why some people
object to the building of large dams.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[5]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

For
Examiners
Use

13
(d) Look at the spider diagram showing some uses of rivers.
domestic for
cooking and washing
irrigation water
for crops

waste disposal
uses of
rivers

navigation and
shipping

recreation, swimming
and canoeing
cooling water
for power stations
(i)

Which two uses are most likely to lead to pollution of river water? Explain why.
Use 1 .........................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Use 2 .........................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[4]

(ii)

Conflicts of interest can arise between people using rivers for different purposes.
Giving examples, explain some of these conflicts of interest.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

For
Examiners
Use

14
(e) Look at the graphs showing access to water supply and sanitation.
water supply

sanitation

90

90

80

80

70

70

60

60

% access

100%

% access

100%

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

world

urban

rural

world

urban

rural

Use values from the graphs to describe how they show that access to sanitation is
(i)

less widely available than for water supply;

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

particularly poor in rural areas.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

15
(iii)

Give reasons why access to water supply and sanitation is much poorer in rural
than in urban areas.

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]
(f)

Costs from lack of safe water supply and sanitation

1.6 million children a year die
from diarrhoea

economic loss of the time taken

in fetching water every day

Explain why
(i)

children are most at risk from water-related diseases;

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

(ii)

economic costs result from people having to walk long distances to fetch water.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 40]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

16
6

(a) (i)

Complete the table of birth and death rates and population change for selected
countries from Europe and Asia.
Country

Birth rate
per 1000

Death rate
per 1000

Population change
per 1000

11.0

10.2

+0.8

8.7

10.7

China

14.5

7.1

India

23.8

8.3

Saudi Arabia

31.5

3.7

UK
Germany

+27.8
[3]

(ii)

How is Germany different from the other countries in the table?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(b)

World distribution of birth rates

Key
Live births per
1000 population
Very high
above 40
High
2540
Moderate
1524.9
Low
below 15
(i)

Equator

Name the continent with the largest number of countries with very high birth rates
above 40 per 1000.
..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

In which continent are there the most countries with birth rates below 15 per
1000?
..............................................................................................................................[1]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

17
(iii)

Describe the distribution of countries with high and very high birth rates above 25
per 1000.

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]
(iv)

Give reasons why some countries have very low birth rates, below 15 per 1000.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[4]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

For
Examiners
Use

18
(c) Look at the pyramids showing population structure for Ethiopia and the UK.
Ethiopia

UK

75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4

90+
85-89
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
% males

6 5 4 3 2 1 0
% males

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
% females

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
% females

(i)

On each pyramid, shade in the age group with the highest total percentage of
population.
[1]

(ii)

What is the approximate total percentage of population in Ethiopia below the age
of 15?
..............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii)

What is the approximate total percentage of population aged 65 and above in the
UK? Circle one answer.
6.5

(iv)

9.5

12

16

[1]

State two differences in shape between the population pyramids for Ethiopia and
the UK.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

(v)

The UK has an ageing population. State the evidence for this from its population
pyramid.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

19
(vi)

Some countries like Ethiopia have a young population; others like the UK have an
ageing population. Their population problems are different.

For
Examiners
Use

Explain how and why their problems are different.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[4]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

20
(d) Look at the world map which shows the course of the dividing line between the rich
North and poor South.
N
North
America
26,900
T. of Cancer

th
Nor
The South
The

Europe
12,100

Africa
690
Latin
America
3,100

Equator

T. of Capricorn

Asia
2,200
Th
Th e N
e or
So th
ut
h

Oceania
13,900
Key
Average income per
head in US $

(i)

Rank the six continents by income per head from highest to lowest. State whether
each continent is mainly developed or developing.
Continent

Developed or Developing

1 ............................................................. ...............................................................
2 ............................................................. ...............................................................
3 ............................................................. ...............................................................
4 ............................................................. ...............................................................
5 ............................................................. ...............................................................
6 ............................................................. ........................................................... [2]
(ii)

Why does the North-South dividing line not continue running west to east all the
way across the world?
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

For
Examiners
Use

21
(iii)

How well does the line split the world between a rich North and a poor South?
Answer as fully as you can describing where the fit is good and not so good.

For
Examiners
Use

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]
(iv)

Look back to the map showing the world distribution of birth rates in part (b).
How well would the North-South dividing line separate countries with high and low
birth rates?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

[Turn over

For
Examiners
Use

22
(e) Two strategies for reducing the wealth gap between rich and poor countries:
Improved trade such as Fair Trade
Non-governmental aid organisations (NGOs) from rich countries.
(i)

How is Fair Trade different from other trade?

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

Explain some of the advantages and disadvantages of aid for helping poor countries
and reducing the wealth gap between them and rich countries.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[4]

(iii)

In your view, which of the two strategies is better for reducing the wealth gap
between rich and poor countries in the long term? Explain your choice.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 40]

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

23
BLANK PAGE

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10

24
BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UCLES 2010

5014/12/M/J/10