1.

Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents

2. Phasors
3. Complex Impedance
4. Circuit Analysis with Phasors and
Complex Impedance
Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis*
*Hambley Chapter 5 Sinusoidal Analysis
Sinusoidal Voltage
(Hertz) frequency
2
1
T
2
period
(degrees) angle phase
) (rad./sec. frequency angular
ge peak volta
= = =
=
=
=
=
=
!
"
!
"
#
"
T
f
T
Vm
) cos( ) ( ! " + = t Vm t v
WHERE
(amplitude)
Heinrich
Rudolf
Hertz
= = =
! =
! + =
=
+ =
60 200 10
,
) 60 200 cos( 10
90 30 200 cos 10
), 90 - cos(z sin(z) : using
30 200 sin 10
- , , Vm
thus
t (t) v
) t ( (t) v
) t ( (t) v
x
x
x
Sinusoidal Voltage
Sinusoids: reference is cosine
EXAMPLE:
!
"
Average Power in Sinusoidal System
R
) (
1

) ( 1
) (
1
) ( E
: period one in delivered Energy
) (
) (
: R resistance to by v(t) delivered Power
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
T
2
!
"
#
$
%
&
= =
= =
=
=
'
'
'
'
T
T
T
T
T
dt t v
T
dt
R
t v
T
Pavg
dt t p
T T
E
Pavg
dt t p
R
t v
t p
RMS: Equates Average AC & DC
Power Dissipation in Resistor
DC (Direct Current): I
DC
, Power P
DC
= I
DC
R
Average DC power dissipated:
AC (Alternating Current): I
AC
=I
o
cos(!t +")
Average AC power dissipated:
Equate: P
AC,avg
= P
DC,avg
RMS: I
RMS
I
DC,equivalent
= I
o
/!2 " 0.707 I
o

2
!
P
DC,avg
=
1
T
I
DC
2
R
T
"
dt = I
DC
2
R
!
" =
2#
T
Circular
frequency
!
P
AC,avg
=
1
T
I
o
2
cos
2
("t +#)R
0
T
$
dt =
I
o
2
R
T
1
2
0
T
$
1+ cos2(
2%t
T
+#)
&
'
(
)
*
+
dt =
I
o
2
R
2
I
DC
2
R = I
o
2
R/2
Root Mean Square (RMS) and Average Power
!
Irms =
1
T
i
2
(t)dt
0
T
"

Pavg = Irms
( )
2
R
Vrms =
1
T
v
2
(t)dt
0
T
"

Pavg =
Vrms
( )
2
R
Voltage
Current
Definition: Equivalent average AC/DC
heating of resistor, over single period
!
P
AC,avg
=
I
o
2
R
2
=
I
o
2
"
#
$
%
&
'
2
R = I
rms
2
R
Root Mean Square (RMS) of a Sinusoid
m
m
rms
T
m rms
m
V .
V
V
dt t V
T
V
t V t v
707 0
2
: to reduces
) ( cos
1
) cos( ) (
0
2 2
= =
+ =
+ =
!
" #
" #
See Text
Page 203 for
Development
Example 5.1: Power Delivered to Resistor
!
v(t) =100cos(100"t) and R = 50#
V
rms
=
V
m
2
=
100
2
= 70.7
Pavg =
Vrms
( )
2
R
=
70.7
( )
2
50
=100 W
p(t) =
v
2
(t)
R
=
100 cos(100"t)
( )
2
50
=100 1+ cos(200"t)
[ ]
also, f =
100"
2"
= 50 T =
1
50
= 20ms
T
See Book pp. 205-206
for RMS of Triangular
Waveform

Complex Variables
Cartesian form:
z = x + j y = 1 x + j y
x = Re(z), real part of z
y = Im(z), imaginary part of z
j = "-1
z plots like vector: 1 & j special unit vectors
Polar form:
z = x + j y = r cos" + j r sin" = r(cos!+j sin") = r e
j"

r = |z|, magnitude of z
" = arg z, angle or argument of z

!
cos" =1#
"
2
2!
+
"
4
4!
#
"
6
6!
+!

!
sin" =" #
"
3
3!
+
"
5
5!
+!


!
e
j"
=1+ ( j") +
( j")
2
2!
+
( j")
3
3!
+
( j")
4
4!
+
( j")
5
5!
+!= 1#
"
2
2!
+
"
4
4!
#
"
6
6!
+!
$
%
&
'
(
)
+ j " #
"
3
3!
+
"
5
5!
+!
$
%
&
'
(
)
= cos" + j sin"
Note, Taylor series:
x = r cos" y = r sin"
!
r =| z |= x
2
+ y
2

!
" = arctan
y
x

x = Re z
= r cos !
y = Im z
= r sin !
r = |z|
! = z
j
1
z=x+jy=re
j!
Complex Variables
Polar form, compact notation:
z = r e
j"
= r !
r = magnitude
" = angle
Comment: exponential function implicit in
Phasors (Rotating Vectors)
!
v(t) =V
m
cos("t +#)
= Re[V
m
cos("t +#) + jV
m
sin("t +#)]
= Re[V
m
e
j("t +# )
]
= Re[V
m
e
j#
e
j"t
]
Vm
v(t) = Projection of
Rotating Phasor onto
Real Axis
Phasor Rotates
Around Origin @
Angular Frequency #
! = Phase of Vector
Comment: e
j#t
implicit
Comment: like clock second hand,
phasor of fixed length V
m
rotates
@ velocity #. Angle ! = initial
position in complex plane.
V
m
= V
m
" (Phasor notation)
Phasors
!
v
1
(t) =V
1
cos("t +#
1
)
In phasor notation,
V
1
=V
1
$#
1
v
2
(t) =V
2
sin("t +#
2
)
In phasor notation,
V
2
=V
2
$ #
2
%90
( )
Phasor Is
Rotating Vector
!1
V1
#
Re
Im
Comment: plot vectors
V
1
!!
1
& V
2
!!
2
in complex
plane, then rotate @
velocity #
!
Comment: Both phasors have fixed
lengths & rotate @ velocity #. Initial
angles !!
1
& !!
2
indicate relative
positions between phasors
V2
!2-90
!
#
Rotating Phasor
Example 5.3: Adding Sinusoids Using Phasors
!
v
1
(t) = 20cos("t # 45)
v
2
(t) =10sin("t + 60)
Sinusoids in phasor notation:
V
1
= 20$# 45, V
2
=10$# 30
Add phasors, which are complex numbers in polar form:
V
s
= 20$# 45 + 10$# 30 = 20e
#45 j
+10e
#30 j
= 20[.707 - j.707] +10[.866 - j.5]
= 22.80 # j19.14
= 29.77$- 40 = 29.77e
#40 j
v
s
(t) = 29.77cos("t # 40)
Goal: add v1+v2
Work on
Board
e
j#t
implicit
Restore e
j#t
& take Re part
Phase Relationships
Projections
!
v
1
(t) = 3cos("t + 40)
v
2
(t) = 4cos("t #20)
Thus,
V
1
leads V
2
by 60, or
V
2
lags V
1
by 60.
!
V
1
= 3"40
V
2
= 4"#20
Sinusoidal voltages:

Phasors:

!
V
1
Phasor
!
= 3
amplitude
!
"40
phase
!
V
2
Phasor
!
= 4
amplitude
!
"#20
phase
!
Angles give relative
positions of phasors
e
j#t
implicit!
Current and Voltage in Inductor
!
Current :
i
L
(t) = I
m
sin("t +#)
Voltage :
v
L
(t) = L
di
L
(t)
dt
= "LI
m
cos("t +#)
In Phasors:
!
I
L
= I
m
"# $90
V
L
=%LI
m
"# =V
m
"#
Current Lags
Voltage by 90
e
j#t
implicit!
Rotating Inductor Phasor
Complex Impedance of Inductor
!
V
L
="LI
m
#$
V
L
="L#90 % I
m
#$ &90
V
L
="L#90 %IL
V
L
= j"L %IL
let Z
L
= j"L,
then
V
L
= Z
L
%I
L
Complex
Impedance for L
Ohms Law in
Phasors

!
V
L
= "LI
m
#$ = "LI
m
e
j$
= "Le
j 90
!
[ ]
I
m
e
j $ %90
!
( ) &
'
(
)
*
+
|j| = 1
90
j
1
Impedance Z: treat as
frequency dependent
resistance for L and C
e
j#t
implicit!
Current Leads
Voltage by 90
Complex Impedance of Capacitor
+ ! =
" !
!
= =
! =
" ! = " = =
# =
90
90 ) / 1 (
: then , Let
90
1 1

1
I Z V
$ %
%
$
$
% % %
CVm
C
Vm
Z
V
I
V V
C C
j
C j
Z
C
C
C
m C
C
C C C
Complex
Impedance
for C
|-j| = 1
!90
-j
1

!
"j =1e
j "90
!
( )
e
j#t
implicit!
Rotating Capacitor Phasor
Complex Impedance of Resistor
R ZR
R R R
=
! = I Z V
Complex
Impedance
for R
Current and
Voltage in
Phase
e
j#t
implicit!
Rotating Resistor Phasor
Sinusoidal Circuit Analysis with
Phasors & Complex Impedances
1. Replace Voltage & Current Sources with Phasors
2. Must Have Same Angular Frequency #
3. Replace Inductors with Complex Impedance j#L
4. Replace Capacitors with Complex Impedance (1/j#C)
5. Analyze Circuit Using Ohms Law, KVL & KCL
Comment: For sinusoidal excitations, can analyze Ls & Cs like Rs, & avoid
differential equations
Capacitor Impedance

!
v
C
= v
o
cos("t +#) = Re v
o
e
j("t +# )
V
C
! " # $ #
$
%
&
&
&
'
(
)
)
)
i
C
= C
dv
C
dt
= Re C
d(v
o
e
j("t +# )
)
dt
$
%
&
'
(
)
= Re Cv
o
j"e
j("t +# )
I
C
! " # # $ # #
$
%
&
&
&
'
(
)
)
)
I
C
= j"CV
C
V
C
=
1
j"C
I
C
Summary: V
C
= Z
C
I
C
Z
C
= 1/j#C
Impedances
Valid for sinusoidal excitation
Phasor math
Ohms law V = I Z for elements
d/dt replaced by j#, from e
j#t
Summary: V = IZ
Z
R
= R
Z
C
= 1/j#C
Z
L
= j#L
Example 5.4: AC Analysis of Series Circuit Using Phasors
!
Using KVL, I =
V
s
Z
eq
V
s
=100"30, Z
eq
= Z
R
+ Z
L
+ Z
C
= R+ j#L $
j
#C
Z
eq
=100 + j150 $ j50 =100 + j100 =141.1"45
e
j#t
implicit!
Example 5.4: (cont.)
!
I =
V
s
Z
eq
=
100"30
141.1"45
= 0.707"#15
V
R
=100I = 70.7"#15
V
L
= j150I =150"90 $0.707"#15
=106"75
V
C
= #j50I = 50"#90 $0.707"#15
= 35.4"#105

!
V
L
= j150I =150"90
!
#0.707"$15
!
= 150e
j 90
!
[ ]
0.707e
j $15
!
( ) %
&
'
(
)
*
=150(0.707)e
j 90
!
$15
!
( )
e
j#t
implicit!
Rotating Phasor - Series RLC circuit
Example 5.5: Series & Parallel Circuits Using Complex
Impedances
!
Z
RC
=
Z
R
" Z
C
Z
R
+ Z
C
=
100 "(#j100)
100 # j100
=
10,000$#90
100 2$# 45
= 70.7$# 45
Z
RC
= 50 # j50
!
Z
L
= j"L = j100
Z
C
= #j
1
"C
= -j
1
1000 $10 $10
#6
= #j100
Z
R
=100
!45
-100 j
100
100 - 100j = 100!2 e
-45j
Example 5.5: (cont.)
!
V
C
=V
s
Z
RC
Z
L
+ Z
RC
=10"#90 $
70.7"# 45
j100 + (50 # j50)
=10"#90 $
70.7"# 45
70.7"+ 45
V
C
=10"#180
I =
V
s
Z
L
+ Z
RC
=
10"#90
70.7"+ 45
= 0.1414"#135
I
R
=
V
C
Z
R
=
10"#180
100
= 0.1"#180
I
C
=
V
C
Z
C
=
10"#180
100"#90
= 0.1"#90
Current
Phasor
Diagram
Example 5.6: AC Node-Voltage Analysis Using Phasors
!
V
1
10
+
V
1
"V
2
"j5
"2#"90 = 0
V
2
j10
+
V
2
"V
1
"j5
"1.5#0 = 0
!
(0.1+ j0.2) V
1
" j0.2 V
2
= "j2
" j0.2 V
1
+ j0.1 V
2
=1.5
1
2
2 Eqns, 2 Unknowns
Node
Node
Exercise 5.11: Mesh Current Analysis Using Phasors
!
j100I
1
+100(I
1
" I
2
) "100#0 = 0
"j200I
2
+ j100I
2
+100(I
2
" I
1
) = 0
1
2
= j100
= - j200
= j100
= 100
Loop
Loop
2 Eqns, 2 Unknowns
Complex Impedances in Red