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6

 91/230 , (Children with Specific

Learning Disabilities Act, 1969).

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5
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Hallahan & Kanfman (1976) :
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12



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Benton & Joynt (1960)
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. 19
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(1773-1870). 1843
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Wernicke, Jackson.

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.
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,
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, , .
1900 Hinshelwood ,
.

.

16

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. 1917
Congenital World-blindness
.

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Samuel
Orton . Orton ,
Iowa 1920.
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Iowa
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15 .
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1915 Orton
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1928 Orton "School and
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. ' Orton
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18

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1936 Orton
, Salmon.
1937

.
1) A A
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20


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.
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21

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,
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. Kephart
.

23

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.

. M
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Developmental Test of Visual Perception , -,
. E . O

'60 '70 ,
.
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25

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28

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Hammond (1962)

.

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. (Laberge &
Samuels, 1974)
.

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.

29

 ,
.

. Adams
.
.
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,

.
(Liberman, 1984, Pennington
et.al. 1987).
Adams

.

(Rumelhart, 1977).
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30


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31

 . ,

(Liberman et al, 1977). ,
(Vellutino et al,
1977).
. Veiner
(1980) 100
55 (, , , ),
15
. Thomas, Englert
Gregg (1987).
, , , 20%
5% .
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..


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32

, ,

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(Wilkening, 1981).

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(Lauth, 1988).

35

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H
National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities
(Hammill, 1987). O
,

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36

4.1.1

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Lansdown (Richman 1988) o
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DSM-III-R (315.40)
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38


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(Bayey, McCarthy, ..) )

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: 2 : 1 (Richman,
1988).
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O Bax & Whitmore (1987) 351
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5
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O Hadders et al. (1988) 133
205 9
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39

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. 13
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40

3.
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41

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. DSM-III-R
(314.01) DSM-III-R
A. :

1.
2.
3.
4.

5. '
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1.
2.
3.
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6.
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42

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43







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44

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E -
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. O Bradley & Bryant (1983)

- .
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) "" "M" "" "" (
).
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et al. 1974, Rutter & Yule, 1973 0.6.
-

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45

 . ,
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,
. 8-13
1-2 (Kaplan & Sadock,1985).
3-15%.
.
(Makita, 1968). 3-4 : 1. (, ,
1991) ,
, :
: A' ' (13 15%
), 50% ' (7%) '
4%.
: ' ' (13 33%
). A' , ,
(22 20% ).
,
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.
.
, Vellutino (1978),
. ,
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, .

46

 - . M ,
.
(Orton, 1925. Hermann, 1959),
(Rabinovitch, 1959,
Downing, 1973, Shankweiler, 1963).
.
.
(Eustis, 1947, Sparrow, 1970).
(Hermann 1959)
. , ,
(Zurif &
Karson, 1970, Corkin, 1974).
,
. ,
,
(Myklebust & Johnson, 1962, Mattis, French & Rapin,1975).
Birch,
(1962), 1)
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, ""
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.
. , (short-term)
47


. (Long-term) .
( ).
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.


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48

""
- .. ,

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-



. Harris & Sipay, (1980) :
-
-
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-
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49

 (
).
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30
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. (Chomsky,
1972).
50


,
18 . A
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DSM-III-R (315.31)


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51


:

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52

 ( ..
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7
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.
3-10% (DSM-III-R).

(315.39- DSM-III-R),
.
(Attention Deficit Disorders DSM-III-R).
.
..
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.

. O
Strominger & Bashir (1977)
5 ,
9-11 . O Hall & Tomblin, (1978)
, ,

53

 '
.
O Aram & Nation, (1980) 4-10
. 80%

. O



. O Barkley (1981),
,
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60%
, 10-20% ,
.
. O King (1982)

,

.
E -

.


(Wagner & Torgensen, 1987) T
.
. I


(Stankweiler & Liberman, 1976) H

54


.

. A
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(Baddeley, 1986).
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,
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1978)

:
M -
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55


.

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Johnson & Myklebust (1967)
:
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56

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.
10 2 1
10 , 1 4
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(Gordon,
1992).
Kosc (1974) .
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Rourke (1993)
.
.
57

 -. , ,
.
Shalev et al., (1995) '
,

.

.
,
(Russel & Ginsburg,
1984).
Ackerman, Anhalt & Dykman, (1986),
Shafrir & Siegel, (1994)
,
.

Luria ,
(Diggory, 1992).
. :
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.

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58

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(Diggory, 1992).
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,
59

 )
.

H
- -
National Joint Committee on Learning
Disabilities (1987).
,
.
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H
.

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60

(misreading).

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61

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62

,
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(Silver and
Brunstetter, 1987). .. ,
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DSM-III-R). 0 Silver
,

(Clark, 1970, Rutter & YIe, 1973, Bale, 1981, Perlmutter et
al, 1983, Rutter & Giller, 1983, Bender, 1987).
H

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(Ruter & Giller, 1983)
.
.
H
, ,
.
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(Rutter et al., 1970, Varlaam, 1974, Meltzer et al., 1986), )
(Ayllon & Roberts, 1974),
) (Ellitt
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,
,
(McMichael, 1979, Richman et al., 1982).
H

- ,
63

,
(Offrd et al., 1978, Richman et al., 1988)

64




.

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70 (Torgesen, 1977, Wong, 1979)
.

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(Deshler, Schumaker, 1986).

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65

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69

 - ,

.

,
(Goodlad, 1984).

(Hobbs, 1975, Reschly, 1984).
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(Heshusius, 1982).

9
. (Ysseldyke,
1983).


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(Good, Stipek, 1983, Goodlad, 1984). ,

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70


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(Thomas, 1979, Licht Kistner, 1986).
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.

John Dewey (Popkewitz, 1983). Dewey
,

Dewy

, .

.
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(Morris Pal, 1976).
71


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Dewey
Kurt Levin. Bigge (Bigge, 1982,
Bigge & Hunt, 1980)

.

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74

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Vocabulary Test-Revised P.P.V.T.-R). T

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.
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.
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Intelligence Scale Revised). , 1916
L. Terman Binet-Simon,
. 1985 (Thorndike et al., 1985)
75


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