Dr.

Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

CHEM 25 - GENERAL CHEMISTRY - FALL 2014
SECTION 1


A. Professor: Dr. Silvio Rodriguez Office: Classroom Building 136
Phone: (209) 946-2598 email: srodriguez@pacific.edu
Office Hours: M, W, and F from 11:00 a.m. 12:00 a.m. Other times by appointment.


B. Texts: -Required: Chemical Principles by Steven S. Zumdahl and Donald J. DeCoste.
Hybrid Edition. Seventh Edition.


C. Classes: Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 8:00 a.m. in Classroom Building, Room 238.
Attendance is not required, but highly recommended. Students are expected to attend
classes regularly but proficiency, rather than attendance, is the criterion for judging a
student's performance. Attendance is required for all laboratory periods and exams.

D. Objectives: This is the first semester of a one year course in General Chemistry. In this
course students will acquire skills in critical thinking and problem solving. At the
end of the course they should be able to synthesize chemical knowledge and
apply it to new situations. In addition, students will be expected to develop through
individual, class, Workshop, and laboratory study, an understanding and
appreciation of the vital part chemistry plays in our daily life. Opportunities will be
provided for the development of manual skills in the laboratory.

E. Learning Outcomes in the Cognitive Domain:

Chapter 1 - Chemists and Chemistry

Define and use the terms listed in Key Terms.
Describe the principal features of the scientific method and its limitations.
Use common units of measurement in the metric and English system.
State the relationships between metric and English units.
Write a conversion factor from a relationship between two quantities, and use
conversion factors to solve problems.


Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

State and apply the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportion, and multiple
proportions.
State the basic assumptions of Daltons atomic theory.
Describe Avogadros hypothesis and Cannizaros interpretation.
List some of the characteristic properties of cathode rays.
Describe the production of X-rays, the phenomenon of radioactivity, and the
characteristics of , , and radiation.
Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

Describe Thompsons m/e experiment, Millikans oil drop experiment and
Rutherfords gold foil experiment.
State the features of Rutherfords nuclear atom and how it differs from Thompsons
model of the atom.
Perform calculations involving the masses and charges of the proton, neutron, and
electron.
List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons present in atoms and ions,
using the symbolism
Z
A
X.
Use the periodic table to identify, write the names and the chemical symbols of the
more common elements.
Use the periodic table in fundamentals ways, including locating elements with
certain properties and predicting the charges of ions of representative elements.
Know the names, formulas, and charges of common ions and be able to write
formulas and names of the compounds formed from theses ions.
Be able to write formulas and names of simple binary compounds and binary acids.


Chapter 3 Stoichiometry

Describe how atomic mass ratios are determined by mass spectrometry and use
these ratios to determine relative atomic masses.
Calculate the atomic mass of an element from the known masses and relative
abundance of its naturally occurring isotopes.
Obtain and use relationships between the mole, the Avogadros number, and the
molar mass of an element.
Distinguish between a mole of atoms and a mole of molecules.
Distinguish between formula unit and molecule, formula mass and molecular mass
or molecular weight, and empirical formula and molecular formula.
Use the formula of a compound to determine its mass percent composition.
Use the mass percent composition of a compound to determine its empirical
formula.
Use the masses of the products of the complete combustion of a compound to
determine its percent composition or empirical formula.
Write word equations and symbolic equations for chemical reactions.
Predict the products of some simple types of chemical reactions: combination,
decomposition, displacement, and double displacement reactions.
Balance chemical equations by inspection.
From balanced chemical equations derive conversion factors for use in
stoichiometric calculations.
Solve problems based on balanced chemical equations with quantities given or
sought in a variety of units.
Determine the reactant(s) in excess, the limiting reactant, and the amount of
products obtained in a chemical reaction.
Define the terms actual yield, theoretical yield, and percent yield and compute these
quantities for a given reaction.



Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014


Identify compounds according to whether they are nonelectrolytes, weak or strong
electrolytes; strong or weak acids; or salts.
Define the terms associated with solutions, including molarity; calculate molarities
solution volumes, and number of moles of solutes.
Relate the molarities of ions in solutions to the concentrations of strong electrolytes
from which they are derived.
Solve dilution problems and those involving the mixing of two solutions.
Solve stoichiometry problems when either the reactants or the products are species
in solution and concentration and volume data are given.
State general rules that apply to the aqueous solubility of ionic compounds, and
write net ionic equations based on these solubility rules.
Calculate the mass of precipitate(s) obtained by the reaction of different volumes of
reactants of a certain molarity. Determine the concentration of the ions remaining in
solution after the reaction.
Write net ionic equations for neutralization reactions and extend stoichiometric
methods and calculations to these reactions.
Describe acid-base titrations. Describe how the experiment is performed, what data
are collected, why an indicator is used, and how to use the data.
Recognize an oxidation-reduction reaction by changes in oxidation states and
identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in an oxidation-reduction reaction.
Separate an oxidation-reduction equation into half equations; complete and balance
the half equations; and recombine them into a balanced net oxidation-reduction
equation.
Extend stoichiometric methods and calculations to oxidation-reduction reactions.
Describe oxidation-reduction titrations.


Chapter 5 Gases

Be able to convert among the common units of pressure.
Describe Boyles law both mathematically and graphically; use the law in various
isothermal calculations.
Explain Charless law both mathematically and graphically; use the law in isobaric
calculations.
Discuss the significance of the absolute zero of temperature and be able to convert
between Celcius and Kelvin temperatures.
Describe Avogadros law mathematically and apply it to gases isobaric and
isothermal conditions.
State the ideal gas law and be able to solve for one of the P, V, T, or n variables
given values of the other three for an ideal gas.
Obtain the value of one final variable (P, V, T, or n), given the values of the other
final variables and all of the initial variables, excluding those that remain constant, in
the ideal gas law.
Use alternate versions of the ideal gas law for calculating molar masses and
densities of ideal gases.
State what is meant by STP and the STP molar volume, and be able to use the
latter in calculations.
Solve stoichiometry problems involving gases.
Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

Solve problems involving mixtures of gases with the ideal gas law and Daltons law
of partial pressures.
Compute the pressure of gases collected over water.
State the postulates and the basic mathematical relationships of the kinetic
molecular theory of gases.
Calculate molecular velocities and apply Grahams law of effusion.
Explain why real gases differ from ideal gases and how the differences lead to the
van der Waals equation. Know under what conditions gases are most nearly ideal.



Chapter 6 Chemical Equilibrium

Describe the condition of equilibrium in a reversible reaction.
Describe how equilibrium concentrations are established experimentally.
Write the equilibrium constant expression in terms of concentrations, K for a
reaction and use the value of K

and the concentrations of all species but one to
determine the equilibrium concentration of that species.
Derive K values for situations where the chemical equations are reversed, multiplied
through by constant coefficients, or added together.
Assess the relative importance of the forward and reverse reactions from the
magnitude of the equilibrium constant.
Write the equilibrium constant expression in terms of partial pressures of gases, K
P
,
and relate the value of K
P
to the corresponding value of K.
Express the equilibrium constant in terms of activities. Know that the activities of
pure solids and liquids are equal to 1; therefore, in heterogeneous equilibria, they
are omitted from equilibrium constant expressions.
Calculate a numerical value of an equilibrium constant if equilibrium conditions are
given.
Predict the direction in which a reaction proceeds toward equilibrium by comparing
the reaction quotient, Q, to K.
Solve a wide range of equilibrium problems involving concentrations or partial
pressures.
Make qualitative predictions of how equilibrium conditions change when an
equilibrium mixture is disturbed. That is, apply Le Chteliers principle.


Chapter 7 Acids and Bases

Describe the similarities and differences among the Arrhenius, Brnsted-Lowry, and
Lewis theories of acids and bases.
Identify Brnsted-Lowry conjugate acids and bases; write equations of acid-base
reactions.
Identify Lewis acid-base reactions and write equations for acid-base reactions that
involve them.
Identify a weak acid or base, write a chemical equation to represent its ionization,
and set up its ionization constant expression.
Explain what self-ionization (or autoionization) is and describe the nature of the
proton in aqueous solution.
Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

Calculate ionic concentrations in aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes, and
relate [H
3
O
+
] and [OH
-
] through K
w
.
Define and determine the percent dissociation of a weak acid or a weak base in
aqueous solution.
Given a value of any one of pH, pOH, [H
3
O
+
] or [OH
-
], be able to compute values of
the other three.
Calculate the pH of strong acid and strong base aqueous solutions.
Calculate the pH of weak acid and aqueous weak base aqueous solutions.
Determine one of K
a
, [H
3
O
+
], or the molarity of a weak acid, given the other two (and
perform similar calculations for a weak base). Know how to simplify these
calculations by making suitable approximations.
Describe the ionization of a polyprotic acid in aqueous solution and calculate the
concentrations of the different species present in such a solution.
Predict which ions will hydrolyze and whether salt aqueous solutions are acidic,
basic or neutral.
Calculate values of K
a
for cations and K
b
for anions from ionization constants of
their conjugates and K
w
of water. Calculate the pH values of salt solutions in which
hydrolysis occur.
Calculate the pH of very dilute aqueous solutions in which water contributes to the
[H
+
] concentration of the system.


Chapter 8 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

Describe the effect of common ions in the ionization of weak acids and bases in
aqueous solution. Calculate the concentrations of all species present in solutions of
weak acids or bases and their common ions.
Explain why the pH of water changes markedly when a small amount of H
3
O
+
or
OH
-
is added, and why the pH of a buffer does not change much with a similar
addition.
Describe how buffer solutions can be prepared.
Derive and explain the limitations of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used to
determine the pH of aqueous buffer solutions.
Determine the changes in pH of aqueous buffer solutions that result from the
addition of acids or bases.
Define and compute values for buffer range and buffer capacity.
Calculate pH values and plot the titration curve of a strong acid with a strong base,
or a strong base with a strong acid.
Calculate pH values and plot the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base,
or a weak base with a strong acid.
Explain how an acid-base indicator works to determine the equivalence point in a
titration.
Plot titration curves and use those curves to determine the initial pH, buffer region,
and the pH at the equivalence point, and to select an appropriate indicator.
Calculate pH values and plot the titration curve of polyprotic acids with a strong
base.
Write the solubility product expression, K
sp
, for a slightly soluble ionic compound in
aqueous solution.
Calculate K
sp
from the solubility of an ionic compound in water or solubility in
Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

aqueous solution from the value of K
sp
.
Calculate the effect of common ions on the aqueous solubilities of sparingly soluble
salts.
Describe how the presence of uncommon ions in aqueous solution, or the
formation of ion pairs, in concentrated solutions increases the solubility of a
sparingly soluble salt.
Determine if a salt will precipitate from aqueous solution based on the concentration
of its ions.
Determine the concentration of ions remaining in solution after precipitation and
predict whether precipitation will be complete.
Describe, through net ionic equations and calculations, the effect of pH on the
precipitation and dissolving of certain substances.
Predict whether metal sulfides will precipitate from saturated H
2
S (aq) solutions of
known pH.
Write equations showing the effect of complex ion formation on other equilibrium
processes such as solubility equilibria in aqueous solution.
Use K
f
values along with K
sp
values to determine the solubilities of slightly soluble
solutes in the presence of complexing ligands.


Chapter 9 Energy, Enthalpy, and Thermochemistry

Distinguish between heat, q, and work, w.
State the first law of thermodynamics and the sign convention used for heat, q, and
work, w.
State the meaning and mathematical implications of path function and state
function.
Apply the first law of thermodynamics to calculations of internal energy from known
values of heat absorbed or emitted and PV work done on the system or by the
system.
Explain the purpose served by the thermodynamic property of enthalpy (H),
describe how H is related to E, and calculate one from the other for reactions
involving gases.
Calculate q, w, E and H associated with the changes of state of an ideal gas.
Explain how to use a coffee cup calorimeter to calculate the enthalpy of a reaction.
Calculate the heat of reaction at constant volume, q
v
, from bomb calorimetry data.
Apply Hesss law of constant heat summation.
State the definitions of standard state and standard enthalpy of formation. Write
the standard reaction of formation for any substance.
Determine the enthalpy change for a given reaction from the standard enthalpies of
formation of reactants and products.


Chapter 10 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

Explain the meaning of the term spontaneous change as it applies to chemical
reactions.
Explain why entropy is important and how entropy is related to the disorder of the
system.
Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

State the second law of thermodynamics.
Predict whether entropy increases or decreases for certain processes.
Explain why entropy alone is not used to predict a spontaneous change and why
free energy is needed.
Use G = H TS to analyze the various possible combinations of H and
S that make reactions spontaneous or nonspontaneous as a function of
temperature.
State the third law of thermodynamics.
Determine the change in entropy for a reaction from the tabulated standard entropy
values S at 298 K and 1 atm.
Use the tabulated values of Selected Thermodynamic Data to predict if reactions
are spontaneous under standard conditions.
Compute values of K
eq
from tabulated data and G = - RT ln K
eq
.
Use the vant Hoff equation to calculate K
eq
at a certain temperature if H and K
eq

are known at a given temperature. Indicate any assumptions involved in this
calculation.
Determine the work associated with the reversible, adiabatic expansion-
compression, of an ideal gas.


Chapter 11 Electrochemistry

Using the concepts of electrodes, salt bridges, half-cell equations, net cell reaction,
and cell diagram, describe how a galvanic cell operates.
Describe the standard hydrogen electrode and explain how other standard
electrode potentials are related to it.
Use tabulated Standard Reduction Potentials,
red
, to determine
cell
for an
oxidation-reduction reaction and predict whether the reaction is spontaneous.
Qualitatively and quantitatively predict the effect of varying concentrations and gas
pressures on values of
cell
.
Know and be able to use the equations that relate G,
cell
, and K.
Determine
cell
for a concentration cell and explain how the cell works.
Describe some common voltaic cells: lead storage battery, dry cell battery, and the
fuel cell.
Explain the corrosion of metals in electrochemical terms and describe methods of
corrosion protection.
Describe an electrolytic cell and how it differs from a galvanic cell.
Calculate the mass of metal deposited from an aqueous solution by the flow of a
given current for a specified time.
Discuss commercial electrolytic processes.


F. Grading: We will cover, in consecutive order Chapters 1 through 11 of the text. Plan to complete
approximately one chapter per week with five biweekly exams and a comprehensive final
exam. This course has a Workshop in which you are supposed to be enrolled; questions
from the Workshop, with minor modifications, will be included on every biweekly exam.
Exams are closed book and all exams count towards the final grade. Biweekly exams will
be: #1, Friday, September 12
th
; #2, Wednesday, October 1
st
; #3, Wednesday, October
Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

22
nd
; #4, Friday, November 7
th
; #5, Monday, November 24
th
. No make-up exams.
Questions regarding grades on exams should be brought to the instructor's attention within
one week after receiving the exam back. A passing grade in the laboratory is required in
order to pass the course.
Grades are based upon the degree of learning and competence demonstrated on biweekly
exams, final exam, laboratory work, and Workshop participation. Final grades will be
calculated according to the following scheme:

Biweekly Exams 60%
Laboratory 15%
OWL 5%
Final Exam 20%

90.0 94.0% A
86.0 - 89.9% A-
82.0 - 85.9% B+
78.0 - 81.9% B
74.0 - 77.9% B-
70.0 - 73.9% C+
66.0 - 69.9% C
62.0 - 65.9% C-
58.0 - 61.9% D+
54.0 - 57.9% D
<54.0% F

G. Final Exam: The Final Exam is comprehensive and is scheduled for Friday, December 12
th
,
from 8:00 a. m. to 11:00 a. m. in Classroom Building, Room 238.

H. Workshops: Chemistry is often perceived -although incorrectly- to be a difficult subject to
master. The University and the Chemistry Department have invested time and resources
to provide you with the opportunity to work many problems during workshop sessions with
the help of student leaders. The student leaders were previously successful in this
course. Student leaders are not there to provide you with the answers to problems but to
help small groups of you work toward reaching solutions. Remember, active learning is
best. To encourage your participation, one of the questions on all my biweekly exams will
be taken with minor modifications from the workshop problems sheets.

I. Statement on the Honor Code: The College of the Pacific holds all of its students to a strict
standard of academic integrity. In case of a suspected violation of the University academic
honor code, the faculty member will evaluate the alleged infraction and report it to the chair
of the department, the College Academic Affairs office and the Office of Judicial Affairs,
which will begin a formal investigation. If the Office of Judicial Affairs determines that the
student is responsible for the honor code violation, the standard penalty in the College is
failure of the assignment and/or the course. In such cases, the student will be prevented
from dropping or withdrawing from the course, even if the deadline to do so has not
expired. Further disciplinary action may also be taken by the Office of Judicial Affairs.

J. Special needs: Please notify me about any special needs during the first week of the
semester. Those students needing accommodations due to disability should arrange a
meeting with me during my office hours and provide an accommodations request letter
obtained from the Office of Services for Students with Disabilities in McCaffrey Center, 1
st

Dr. Silvio Rodriguez CHEM 25 Fall 2014

floor.

K. Assessment: In accordance with University regulations, copies of student work may be
scanned and retained to assess how the learning objectives of the course are being met.