Collision Theory
• Particles must collide with each
other with enough energy to react
• Temperature, surface area,
catalysts, concentrations of
substances
The Effect of a catalyst
• It lessens the amount of energy
needed, therefore making the
reaction cheaper
• Catalysts are often efficient for
only one reaction
Reversible Reactions
• When the reactants react to make
products, which then react again to
make reactants
• It reaches equilibrium
• By altering concentration on
conditions
How fast?
• Rate = amount of reactant used
(or products formed) / time
• Measure the amount of gas given
off a reaction every 10 seconds, or
weigh the reaction every 10
seconds
The effect of concentration
• The particles are closer together
and therefore collide more often
Making Ammonia – Haber process
• Nitrogen and Hydrogen
• Iron, 450oc, 200 atmospheres
• They are recycled and put through
the process again
• 20% BUT It is quick and there are
no waste products
Chemistry
Rates of Reaction
Answers
The effect of Temperature
• The particles have more energy,
therefore move faster, colliding
more frequently and with more
energy
• 10oc
• 10oc
Chemistry
• A metal that is found pure, not in an ore,
e.g. gold.
• Zinc, iron, copper, lead, tin
• Aluminium, magnesium, potassium
• Reduction is the removal of oxygen in a
compound
• Iron (III) oxide, coke, 4% impurities
(makes it hard and brittle, only used for
cast iron but produces steels)
 Chemistry
• CnH2n+n
• Saturated Hydrocarbons are hydrogen
and carbon only and they contain as much
hydrogen as possible on each molecule.
Alkanes are saturated, Alkenes are
unsaturated (they contain one or more
double bond).(
Chemistry
• Because the substances in it burn
in different conditions.
• Fractional distillation
• Compounds containing only
carbon and hydrogen.
• Molecular formula and structural
formula
Chemistry
• They stop the suns heat escaping the
earth atmosphere causing global warming.
• Global dimming is particulates of carbon
and hydrocarbons reflecting the suns rays.
• We can reduce the amount of sulphur in
the fuels or in the exhaust gasses after
they are burnt.
Chemistry
• The oil is vaporised, and sent into a
fractional distillation column. Here they’re
separated by gasses with different boiling
points condensing at different levels,
lowest boiling points (small carbon chains)
at the top (gas) and highest at the bottom
(for making roads – long carbon chains).
These are more difficult to burn.
Chemistry
• Incomplete combustion takes place in
places with little air supply (like engines).
It can produce carbon particles and
carbon monoxide. Also fuels that contain
sulphur can produce sulphur dioxide.
• Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain,
Carbon particles cause global dimming
and carbon dioxide causes global
warming.