from these wireless appliances are getting more and more exacting (see Table 1.1).

For example, while the appliances of the first-generation (1G) provided single-band
analog cellular connectivit capabilities, those of the second generation (!G) had to
provide dual-mode, dual-band digital voice plus data, and now those of the third ("G)
and fourth (#G) generations have to provide multimode (i.e., analog$digital),
multiband (i.e., various fre%uencies), and multi-standard performance capabilities.
(&arious standards include Global 'stem for (obile )ommunications (G'().a
leading digital cellular sstem that allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio
fre%uenc* +igital ,uropean )ordless Telecommunications (+,)T).a sstem for the
transmission of integrated voice and data in the range of 1.-- to 1.. G/0* cellular
digital pac1et data ()+2+).a data transmission technolog that uses
no longer satisfied with home-2)-based 3nternet access, demand for ubi%uitous
wireless access to information while on the move has elicited a plethora of new
products and services 4e.g., location-aware navigation guides, finance applications,
wireless 3+ cards, freight and fleet management, telemetr, smart-phones, personal
digital assistants (2+5s), and laptop computers that cater to these demands. 3n this
context, because the abilit to move seamlessl between independentl operated
3nternet 2rotocol (32) networ1s (e.g., between various countries) will be extremel
important, appliances must be e%uipped to operate over a wide variet of access and
3. SYSTEM DESIGN
This pro6ect deals with wireless communication based on 7F. 3n this pro6ect
responsibilit of the brain is handle b (icrocontroller that is going to ta1e the action
b handling its Transmitting and 7eceiving part. 3t is handled b wireless control
hardware.
The 2-.&817+! is derivative chip of an -9)81 micro controller with :# ;<
Flash and 19!# btes of data 75(. The Flash program memor supports both parallel
programming and in serial 3n-'stem 2rogramming (3'2). 3'2 allows a device to be
reprogrammed in the end product under software control.
3.
1
23= !> +igital ?utput
23= "> @inear ?utput (For Testing)
23= #> &)) (
IC 7805 (Voltage regulator IC)
!
3) A-98 (&oltage 7egulator 3))
Speciicatio!"#
5vailable output +.). voltage B C8&
@ine regulation B 9.9"
@oad regulation B 9.8
&
in
maximum B "8 &
7ipple re6ection B :: D -9 d<
Selectio! o curre!t li$iti!g re"i"ta!ce or %ED#
'election for current limiting resistance for @,+
5s output of microcontroller is e%ual to suppl voltage that is C8 &
+.).
3f we directl connect @,+ to microcontroller then ver high current
flows through it because internal resistance of @,+ is ver small,
about 8 D - E. 'o there is possibilit of damaging the @,+, so we
need current limiting resistance 7 in series with diode. The value of
this resistance is calculated from ?hmFs @aw.
& B 7$3
Ghere
3 B safe forward current following through @,+ which glows with normal
intensit H has a value - D 19 m5.
/ence 8 B 7I- m5
7 B :!8 E.
'o we select resistance of value near about :-9 E.

"
3.&' Circuit Diagra$ o t(e )irele"" Co$$u!icatio!


#
*.C+NC%,SI+N

Fig ".1. <loc1 diagram of pro6ect
8
-. .E/0+/M1NCE 1N1%YSIS
-.& .8'V5&/D2
The 2-.&817+! is an -9)81 microcontroller with :# 1< Flash and 19!#
btes of data 75(. 5 1e feature of the 2-.&817+! is its J! mode option. The
design engineer can choose to run the application with the conventional -9)81 cloc1
rate (1! cloc1s per machine ccle) or select the J! mode (: cloc1s per machine ccle)
to achieve twice the throughput at the same cloc1 fre%uenc. 5nother wa to benefit
from this feature is to 1eep the same performance b reducing the cloc1 fre%uenc b
half, thus dramaticall reducing the ,(3. The Flash program memor supports both
parallel programming and in serial 3n-'stem 2rogramming (3'2). 2arallel
programming mode offers gang-programming at high speed, reducing programming
costs and time to mar1et. 3'2 allows a device to be reprogrammed in the end product
under software control. The capabilit to field$update the application firmware ma1es
a wide range of applications possible. The 2-.&817+! is also 3n-5pplication
2rogrammable (352), allowing the Flash program memor to be reconfigured even
while the application is running.
-9)81 )entral 2rocessing Knit
8 & ?perating voltage from 9 to #9 (/0
:# 1< of on-chip Flash program memor with 3'2 (3n-'stem 2rogramming)
and
352 (3n-5pplication 2rogramming)
'upports 1!-cloc1 (default) or :-cloc1 mode selection via software or 3'2
'23 ('erial 2eripheral 3nterface) and enhanced K57T
2)5 (2rogrammable )ounter 5rra) with 2G( and )apture$)ompare
functions
Four --bit 3$? ports with three high-current 2ort 1 pins (1: m5 each)
Three 1:-bit timers$counters
2rogrammable Gatchdog timer (G+T)
,ight interrupt sources with four priorit levels
'econd +2T7 register
@ow ,(3 mode (5@, inhibit)
TT@- and )(?'-compatible logic levels
<rown-out detection
@ow power modes
i) 2ower-down mode with external interrupt wa1e-up
ii) 3dle mode
2+32#9, 2@))## and TLF2## pac1age
:
-.&.& 3loc4 5iagra$
Fig #.1.1 <loc1 diagram 2-.&817+!
-.&.2 /eco$$e!5e5 operati!g co!5itio!"
1C co!5itio!" o te"t
DC electrical c(aracteri"tic"
A
-.2 %ED Dri6er
The eight =2= +arlington connected transistors in this famil of arras are
ideall suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitr (such as TT@,
)(?' or 2(?'$=(?') and the higher current$voltage re%uirements of lamps,
relas, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of computer,
industrial, and consumer applications. 5ll devices feature openDcollector outputs and
freewheeling clamp diodes for transient suppression. The K@=!-9" is designed to be
-
compatible with standard TT@ families while the K@=!-9# is optimi0ed for : to 18
volt high level )(?' or 2(?'.
M17IM,M /1TINGS (T5 B !8M) and rating appl to an one device in the
2ac1age, unless otherwise noted.)
7%N5 B 88M)$G
+o not exceed maximum current limit per driver.
+/DE/ING IN0+/M1TI+N
-.3 38Ter$i!al &1 .o"iti6e Voltage /egulator
The ()A-JJ$@(A-JJ$()A-JJ5 series of three terminal positive
regulators are available in the T?-!!9$+-25; pac1age and with several fixed output
voltages, ma1ing them useful in a wide range of applications. ,ach tpe emplos
internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection,
ma1ing it essentiall indestructible. 3f ade%uate heat sin1ing is provided, the can
deliver over 15 output current. 5lthough designed primaril as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain ad6ustable
voltages and currents.
.
19"olute Ma:i$u$ /ati!g"
Electrical C(aracteri"tic" (MC7805;%M7805)
(7efer to test circuit ,9M) O TN O 1!8M), 3? B 899m5, &3 B 19&, )3B 9.""PF, )?B
9.1PF, unless otherwise specified)
-.- M17 232
The (5J!"! is a dual driver$receiver that includes a capacitive voltage
generator to suppl T35$,35-!"!-F voltage levels from a single 8-& suppl. ,ach
receiver converts T35$,35-!"!-F inputs to 8-& TT@$)(?' levels. These receivers
have a tpical threshold of 1." &, a tpical hsteresis of 9.8 &, and can accept Q"9-&
inputs. ,ach driver converts TT@$)(?' input levels into T35$,35-!"!-F levels. The
driver, receiver, and voltage-generator functions are available as cells in the Texas
3nstruments @in5'3) librar.
19
/eco$$e!5e5 operati!g co!5itio!"
Electrical c(aracteri"tic" o6er reco$$e!5e5 ra!ge" o "uppl< 6oltage a!5
operati!g ree8air te$perature
-.5 I!8S<"te$ .rogra$$i!g
3n-'stem 2rogramming (3'2) is a process whereb a blan1 device mounted to
a circuit board can be programmed with the end-user code without the need to remove
the device from the circuit board. 5lso, a previousl programmed device can be
erased and reprogrammed without removal from the circuit board. 3n order to perform
3'2 operations the microcontroller is powered up in a special R3'2 modeS. 3'2 mode
allows the microcontroller to communicate with an external host device through the
serial port, such as a 2) or terminal. The microcontroller receives commands and data
from the host, erases and reprograms code memor, etc. ?nce the 3'2 operations have
been completed the device is reconfigured so that it will operate normall the next
time it is either reset or power removed and reapplied.
The 3'2 function uses five pins> Tx+, 7x+, &'', &)), and &22 . ?nl a
small connector needs to be available to interface our application to an external
circuit in order to use this feature. The &22 suppl should be decoupled and &22 not
allowed to exceed datasheet limits.
Fig #.8 3n-'stem 2rogramming
11
5. C+NC%,SI+N
Gireless connectivit is fast becoming a feature of choice for man applications,
toda. 7adio Fre%uenc (rf) transmission uses radio waves li1e radio or television
signals to transmit audio via a carrier from a transmitter to a receiver. @i1e a radio
station transmitter the transmitter has an antenna usuall attached to the transmitter
unit which needs to be positioned to ade%uatel cover the listening area. Gireless
communication involves the electromagnetic spectrum, which has man uni%ue
%ualities. 7adio waves propagate according to the spectrumFs wavelength. 5ntennas
provide an impedance match to the airwaves. There is an abundant selection of
wireless devices on the mar1et. The choices of which to use depend on fre%uenc,
modulation, and data encoding. This pro6ect we can enhance b including 'mall hand
held portable transmitter usuall with have a built-in antenna.
5.&# 0uture Scope
The wireless communication revolution is bringing fundamental changes to
data networ1ing, telecommunication, and is ma1ing integrated networ1s a realit. <
freeing the user from the cord, personal communications networ1s, wireless @5=Ts,
mobile radio networ1s and cellular sstems, harbor the promise of full distributed
mobile computing and communications, antime, anwhere. =umerous wireless
services are also maturing and are poised to change the wa and scope of
communication. Gireless =etwor1s focuses on the networ1ing and user aspects of
this field. 3t provides a single common and global forum for archival value
contributions documenting these fast growing areas of interest. The 6ournal publishes
refereed articles dealing with research, experience and management issues of wireless
networ1s. 3ts aim is to allow the reader to benefit from experience, problems and
solutions described.
5.2 1pplicatio!
3t is used in automotive remote entr sstems, 5utomotive alarm sstems, gate
and garage door openers, wireless data transmission, electronic door loc1s, burglar
alarm sstems. This 7F receiver is sensitive to 7F noise in the pass band because the
desired transmitter signals are at ver low power levels. 'ome common noise sources
are microprocessors, brush-tpe motors and high-speed logic circuits. 3f the rise time
1!
and fall time of the cloc1 in a microprocessor are fast enough to produce harmonics in
the fre%uenc range of the receiver input and the harmonics fall within the pass band
of the receiver, then special care must be ta1en to reduce the level of the harmonic at
the antenna port of the receiver. <ased on above analsis, the following actions have
to be ta1en>
5. (icroprocessor choice>
)hoose those microprocessors which have lowest rise time and lowest fall time, if
available.
<. <rush-tpe motor choice>
)hoose those brush-tpe motors, which has spar1 suppression built in or better not to
use such tpe of motors.
). @ogic circuits choice>
/igh-speed logic circuits generate noise similar to microprocessors. Thus better to
choose those
circuits with the lowest rise time and the lowest fall time, if available.
+. 2lace the receiver and its antenna as far from the noise source as possible.
,. +uring 2)< laout, 1eep line lengths at a minimum that carr high-speed logic
signals or suppl brush tpe motors. 'uch lines wor1 li1e antennas that radiate the
unwanted noise.
F. 3f possible, enclose the noise source in a grounded metal box and use 7F-
decoupling on the input$output lines.
G. 3t is advisable to use separate voltage regulator for the 7F receiver. 3f the same
voltage regulator has to be used for cost purpose, then a decouple circuit is
recommended so that high fre%uenc noise can be screened.
1"
/. The ground path from the receiver module should go directl to the power ground,
in between, no other ground paths can 6oin in, otherwise, noise will be introduced in
and receiver function will be greatl influenced.
5.3 156a!tage"
1) )ost of installation is reduced.
!) Kses reliable communication, such as satellite communication.
") )ommunication in remote area is possible using wireless
communication.
#) /igh-speed wireless internet access from home and business,
bpassing the telephone sstem.
5.- %i$itatio!"
1) 7e%uires high maintenance due to which the the noise entering into
the sstem is removed.
!) Geather condition should be fair enough during the transmission
and reception of data.
") 7e%uires a medium such as transmitter and receiver to transfer data
from source to destination.
1#